Meningeal Worm • Moose, elk, caribou, reindeer, mule deer, black- tailed deer, mule deer/white- tailed deer hybrids, fallow deer, red deer, red deer/elk hybrids, domestic sheep and goats, llamas, guinea pigs, and several bovid and cervid species in zoos • Appears reindeer, caribou, llamas, and domestic goats are very susceptible • Speculated that caribou and reindeer may be more likely to acquire infected gastropods because of their feeding habits • Causes incoordination, circling, recumbency, paralysis
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Meningeal Worm• Moose, elk, caribou, reindeer,
mule deer, black-tailed deer, mule deer/white-tailed deer hybrids, fallow deer, red deer, red deer/elk hybrids, domestic sheep and goats, llamas, guinea pigs, and several bovid and cervid species in zoos
• Appears reindeer, caribou, llamas, and domestic goats are very susceptible
• Speculated that caribou and reindeer may be more likely to acquire infected gastropods because of their feeding habits
• thousands of eggs per gram of deer feces • larvae are highly resistant to environmental forces • weather dependent (wet and cool) – support high gastropod
abundance
Meningeal Worm
• Distribution of meningeal worm in eastern and western South Dakota. Note separation of eastern from western South Dakota by the Missouri River.
(Christopher and Jenks 2004. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 40:133-136)
Raccoon Roundworm
midwestern U.S. documented in 68–82% of raccoons
Raccoon Roundworm
- Prevalence, intensity of infection, avg # of larvae significantly higher in the highly fragmented landscape. Within the agricultural landscape- Probability of infection, intensity of infection, and avg # of larvae per mouse per patch as functions of forest patch area and isolation
Raccoon Roundworm
• A study conducted in Northern California tried to determine if a pattern existed to the preferred location of latrines. While latrines on the ground and on roofs appeared to be the most favorable, preferences varied by location.
Raccoon Roundworm
• Percentage of California properties that contained at least one raccoon latrine positive for Baylisascaris procyonis eggs (number of properties = 164).
Raccoon Roundworm
• Former range of the Allegheny woodrat (inside bold line), and regions where woodrats have disappeared in recent decades (stippled areas).
Raccoon Roundworm
• Range of raccoon roundworm in Allegheny woodrat states
Sarcoptic Mange• Sarcoptes scabiei mite• Throughout year, but most
commonly observed during winter months when hair loss can be life threatening
• Infections found in humans (called "scabies"), wild and domestic dogs and cats, bears and mustelids
• Common in red fox, wolves, and coyotes in North America
• Predominantly impacts younger animals.
• Highly contagious, direct transfer of mites at any stage of their development
• Indirect transfer of mites (mechanical transfer) – importance?
Sarcoptic Mange
• ~1/64 of an inch long
• Pearly white and oval-shaped
• Spines on bodies
Sarcoptic Mange• Populations of S. scabiei
usually highly specific to host type, e.g., canid-adapted types specific and spread rapidly among canids
• Life cycle of mite completed in burrows within epidermis of host
• Adult mites mate in small pockets near the surface of the skin
• Hatched larvae pass through a nymphal stage and continue migration through the epidermis, becoming adults within 2 weeks
Sarcoptic Mange• Mites use small suckers on their
legs to hold onto their hosts• Female mites burrow into the skin
of the host using jaws and front legs to cut the skin
• Inside the burrow, the female will lay eggs. She lays 2 or 3 eggs each day, for up to 2 months.
• Mite larvae hatch from the eggs in 3 or 4 days
• Immediately crawl out of the burrow onto the surface of the skin, remain there using host hair as shelter.
• Both larvae and adult mites eat skin cells from their hosts
Sarcoptic Mange• Oily skin, crusting, hair loss, and scab
formation • Typically begin on elbows and towards
the tips of the ears and can eventually involve large areas of the body
• Lesions result from physical damage to the skin, irritation caused by parasite excretions, and the allergic response of the host
• Hair is often lost in characteristic patterns (alopecia)
• Poor body condition and listlessness may be observed in severely infected animals, exhibit abnormal behavior
• Severely affected carnivores may scavenge with increased frequency
• Severely affected carnivores may ultimately die from complications with mange infection or exposure to the elements that results from hair loss in winter
Sarcoptic Mange
• Trichodectes canis• Dog biting louse • 2ndary infection
Sarcoptic Mange – WI Wolves• Sarcoptic mange 1st identified in a
Great Lakes wolf in 1991• Since 1991, signs of mange
detected in 27% of wolves • High of 58% in 1992-1993 • 1993 = 11% decline in wolf
population • Some literature suggesting
population impact most severe in 2nd or 3rd year of epidemic
• Also other disease testing, e.g., Lyme Disease tested positive in 48% of 69 wolf serum samples