1. ABSTRACT Since the dawn of electronics, we've had only three types of circuit component--resistors, inductors, and capacitors. But in 1971, UC Berkeley researcher Leon Chua theorized the possibility of a fourth type of component, one that would be able to measure the flow of electric current: the memristor. Now, just 37 years later, Hewlett- Packard has built one. A mathematical model and a physical example that prove the memristor's existence appear in a paper published in the April 30, 2008 issue of the journal Nature. MEMRISTOR- A groundbreaking breakthrough in fundamental electronics!! The memristor, a microscopic component that can "remember" electrical states even when turned off. Memristors are basically a fourth class of electrical circuit, joining the resistor, the capacitor, and the inductor, that exhibit their unique properties primarily within the nanoscale. the functional equivalent of a synapse--could revolutionize circuit design. Memristors circuits lead to ultra small PCs. Williams says these memristors can be used as either digital switches or to build a new breed of analog devices. Memristors can be used in Signal Processing, Arithmetic Processing,Pattern Comparison, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and virtual reality etc. 1
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1. ABSTRACT
Since the dawn of electronics, we've had only three types of circuit component--resistors,
inductors, and capacitors. But in 1971, UC Berkeley researcher Leon Chua theorized the possibility of a
fourth type of component, one that would be able to measure the flow of electric current: the memristor.
Now, just 37 years later, Hewlett-Packard has built one. A mathematical model and a physical example
that prove the memristor's existence appear in a paper published in the April 30, 2008 issue of the
journal Nature. MEMRISTOR- A groundbreaking breakthrough in fundamental electronics!! The
memristor, a microscopic component that can "remember" electrical states even when turned off.
Memristors are basically a fourth class of electrical circuit, joining the resistor, the capacitor, and the
inductor, that exhibit their unique properties primarily within the nanoscale. the functional equivalent of
a synapse--could revolutionize circuit design. Memristors circuits lead to ultra small PCs. Williams says
these memristors can be used as either digital switches or to build a new breed of analog devices.
Memristors can be used in Signal Processing, Arithmetic Processing,Pattern Comparison, Robotics,
Artificial Intelligence and virtual reality etc.
1
2. INTRODUCTION
2.1 Missing link of electronics discovered: "Memristor":
After nearly 40 years, researchers have discovered a new type of building block for electronic
circuits. And there's at least a chance it will spare you from recharging your phone every other day.
Scientists at Hewlett-Packard Laboratories in Palo Alto, California, report in Nature that a new
nanometer-scale electric switch "remembers" whether it is on or off after its power is turned off. (A
nanometer is one billionth of a meter.) Researchers believe that the memristor, or memory resistor,
might become a useful tool for constructing nonvolatile computer memory, which is not lost when the
power goes off, or for keeping the computer industry on pace to satisfy Moore's law, the exponential
growth in processing power every 18 months. You may dimly recall circuit diagrams from your middle
school science class; those little boxes with a battery on one end and a light bulb on the other. Ring any
bells? Until now, electrical engineers had only three "passive" circuit elements (those that dissipate the
energy from a power source) The capacitor accumulates electric charge; the resistor (represented by the
light bulb) resists electric current; and the inductor converts current into a magnetic field.
Fig:2.1 Fundamental Circuit Components: Resistors, Inductors, Capacitors
In 1971 researcher Leon Chua of the University of California, Berkeley, noticed a gap in that
list. Circuit elements express relationships between pairs of the four electromagnetic quantities of
charge, current, voltage and magnetic flux.
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Missing was a link between charge and flux. Chua dubbed this missing link the memristor and
created a crude example to demonstrate its key property: it becomes more or less resistive (less or more
conductive) depending on the amount of charge that had flowed through it.
.
The memristor consists of two titanium dioxide layers connected to wires. When a current is
applied to one, the resistance of the other changes. That change can be registered as data, Physicist
Stanley Williams of HP Labs says that after a colleague brought Chua's work to his attention, he saw
that it would explain a variety of odd behaviors in electronic devices that his group and other nanotech
researchers had built over the years. His "brain jolt" came, he says, when he realized that "to make a
pure memristor you have to build it so as to isolate this memory function." So he and his colleagues
inserted a layer of titanium dioxide (TiO2) as thin as three nanometers between a pair of platinum layers
[see image above]. Part of the TiO2 layer contained a sprinkling of positively charged divots (vacancies)
where oxygen atoms would have normally been. They applied an alternating current to the electrode
closer to these divots, causing it to swing between a positive and negative charge.
When positively charged, the electrode pushed the charged vacancies and spread them
throughout the TiO2, boosting the current flowing to the second electrode. When the voltage reversed, it
slashed the current a million-fold, the group reports.
When the researchers turned the current off, the vacancies stopped moving, which left the
memristor in either its high- or low-resistant state. "Our physics model tells us that the memristive state
should last for years," Williams says. Chua says he didn't expect anyone to make a memristor in his
lifetime. "It's amazing," he says. "I had just completely forgotten it." He says the HP memristor has an
advantage over other potential nonvolatile memory technologies because the basic manufacturing tools
are already in place.Williams adds that memristors could be used to speed up microprocessors by
synchronizing circuits that tend to drift in frequency relative to one another or by doing the work of
many transistors at once. We will see how the textbooks choose to define it. However, there are some
good arguments for why it should be considered the Fourth Fundamental Nonlinear Circuit Element.
Chua has shown mathematically that it is not possible to construct an equivalent circuit for a memristor
using any combination of only passive nonlinear resistors, capacitors and inductors. Thus, the memristor
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represents an independent 'basis function' for constructing passive nonlinear circuits, so it has a status
similar to the nonlinear resistor, capacitor and inductor.
The figure below is an illustration of thisargument. The upper panel shows an applied voltage
sine wave (gray) versus time with the corresponding current for a resistor (blue), capacitor (red),
inductor (green) and memristor (purple). The lower figures show the current-voltage characteristics for
the four devices, with the characteristic pinched hysteresis loop of the memristor in the bottom right. It
is nearly obvious by inspection that the memristor curve cannot be constructed by combining the others.
There are also arguments that there are far more than four fundamental electronic circuit elements. In
fact, Chua has shown that there are essentially an infinite number of two-terminal circuit elements that
can be defined via various integral and differential equations that relate voltage and current to each other
[L. O. Chua, Nonlinear Circuit Foundations for Nanodevices, Part I: The Four-Element Torus. Proc.
IEEE 91, 1830-1859 (2003) – this is an interesting tutorial for the beginner], to which the memcapacitor
and eminductor belong. It comes down to whether one wants to think of all of these possible circuit
elements as being on an equal footing or choose the four lowest order relations to be a fundamental set
with a large number of higher order cousins. The memristor as a mathematical model or entity was
discovered and made rigorous by Leon Chua. Independent of and even preceding his discovery, there
were experimental observations of pinched hysteresis loops in two-terminal electrical measurements in a
variety of material systems and subsequent development of devices based on those observations.
We are not aware of any useful mathematical models presented in any of these previous works
for predicting the behavior of these devices in an electronic circuit. We never claimed to be the first to
have observed these electrical characteristics.
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Fig 2.1.2.Characterstics Of Memristror when compared with the passive components.
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3. TIMELINE OF MEMRISTOR
1960
Bernard Widrow develops a 3-terminal device called a "memistor" as a new fundamental circuit
component forming the basis of a neural network circuit called ADALINE (ADAptive LInear
NEuron).
1967
J.G. Simmons and R.R. Verderber publish an article in the Proceeding of the Royal Society of
London entitled "New conduction and reversible memory phenomena in thin insulating films."
The article notes hysteretic resistance switching effects in thin film (20-300 nm) silicon oxide
having injected gold ions. Electron trapping is suggested as the explanation for the phenomena.
1971
Leon Chua, a professor at UC Berkeley, postulates a new two-terminal circuit element
characterized by a relationship between charge and flux linkage as a fourth fundamental circuit
element in the article "Memristor-the Missing Circuit Element" published in IEEE Transactions
on Circuit Theory.
1976
Leon Chua and his student Sung Mo Kang publish a paper entitled "Memristive Devices and
Systems" in the Proceedings of the IEEE generalizing the theory of memristors and memristive
systems including a property of zero crossing in the Lissajous curve characterizing current vs.
voltage behavior.
1986
Robert Johnson and Stanford Ovshinsky receive U.S. Patent 4,597,162 describing manufacturing
of a 2-terminal reconfigurable resistance switching array based on phase changing materials.
While distinct from memristor behavior, some of the basic elements later used by Stan Williams
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group such as the use of a crossbar architecture and the basic use of a 2-terminal resistance
switch are found in this patent.
1990
S.Thakoor, A. Moopenn, T. Daud, and A.P. Thakoor publish an article entitled "Solid-state thin-
film memistor for electronic neural networks" in the Journal of Applied Physics. The article
teaches a tungsten oxide electrically reprogrammable variable resistance device but it is unclear
whether the "memistor" referred to in the title has any connection to the memristor of Chua. In
addition, the cited references of this article do not include any of Chua's publications on the
memristor so this appears to be a coincidence.
1992
Juri H. Krieger and Nikolai F. Yudanov receive RU. Patent 2,071,126 in the first describing
application of a super-ionic material with high ion mobility for creating a resistance switching
memory cell (August 27)
2006
Stanford Ovshinsky receives U.S. Patent 6,999,953 describing a neural synaptic system based on
phase change material used as a 2-terminal resistance switch. Leon Chua's original memristor
paper is cited by the U.S. Patent Office as a pertinent prior art reference but no specific reference
of connection to the memristor theory is made. (February 14)
Ju. H. Krieger and N.F. Yudanov receive U.S. Patents 6,992,323 (January 31), 7,026,702 (April