Memory What would it be like to be John Kingsley?.

MemoryMemoryWhat would it be like to be John

Kingsley?What would it be like to be John

Kingsley?

Vocabulary• Memory - the storage and retrieval of

what has been learned or experienced.

• Encoding - the transforming of information so the nervous system can process it.

• Storage - the process by which information is maintained over a period of time.

• Retrieval - the process of obtaining information that has been stored in memory.

Sensory memoryIconic memory - up to 1 secondEchoic memory - Up to 2 seconds

Short-term Memory - limited capacity• Up to 30 seconds only 5 to 9 itemsLong-term Memory - unlimited capacity

Vocabulary

George Miller (1956)Miller writes the article The Magic Number SevenPosits the concept of “Chunking”

Short Term Memory

Explicit MemoryRecall - the ability to retrieve and reproduce information encountered earlier.

Implicit Memory*Recognition - the ability to identify something you have previously observed.

Ways to Measure Memory

Another way to measure memory is the method of “relearning”Hermann Ebbinghaus (1885-1913)

Ebbinghaus learned a list of nonsense syllables and then he kept track of what he forgot and how long it took to relearn.

Methods to Measure

Mean retentio

n (savings method)

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 hour20minutes

9 hours 24 hours 2 days 6 days 31 days

Retention interval

Ebbinghaus’s Model

Which are Rudolph’s Friends?

Blitzen Dander Dancer Masher

Cupid Dasher Prancer Comet

Kumquat Donder Flasher Pixie

Bouncer Blintzes Trixie Vixen

These are the coconspirators.

Blitzen Dander Dancer Masher

Cupid Dasher Prancer Comet

Kumquat Donder Flasher Pixie

Bouncer Blintzes Trixie Vixen

Fig76

27

Sensorymemory

Stimulus

Forgetting

Attention Encoding

Retrieval

Short-termmemory(STM)

Forgetting Forgetting

Long-termmemory(LTM)

Models of MemoryModels of Memory

InputInputShort-term

Memory

Short-term

Memory

Long Term

Memory

Long Term

Memory

The Information Processing ModelBased on the computer.

Models of MemoryModels of Memory

Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP)

Lets Review

1. Alberta solved a crossword puzzle a few days ago. She no longer recalls the words in the puzzle, but while playing a game of Scrabble with her brother, she unconsciously tends to form words that were in the puzzle, showing that she has __________ memories of some of the words.

implicit

2. The three basic memory processes are ________________, storage, and ____________.3. Do the preceding two questions ask for recall, recognition, or relearning? (and what about this question)

What do you know?

encoding retrieval

Answer: The first two both measure recall, question three measures recognition

Dumbo, Surly, Horny, Wheezy, Mork.

4. If you know the story of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, can you remember which of the following are not among the seven?

What do you know?

Dopey, Dumbo, Sneezy, Sleepy, Surly, Bashful, Horny, Doc, Wheezy, Grumpy, Happy, Mork.

How do you know?

5. One objection to traditional information-processing theories of memory is that unlike most computers, the brain performs many independent operations _______________________________.

What Do You Know?

simultaneously or in parallel

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MODELS OF MEMORY

Model

Levels of

processing

Transfer-

appropriate

processing

Parallel distributed

processing (PDP)

Information

processing

Assumptions

The more deeply material is processed, the

better the memory of it.

Retrieval is improved when we try to recall

material in a way that matches how the material

was encoded.

New experiences add to and alter our overall

knowledge base; they are not separate,

unconnected facts. PDP networks allow us to

draw inferences and make generalizations about

the world.

Information is processed in three stages:

sensory,

short-term, and long-term memory.

100

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

3 9 12

Recall interval (in seconds)

186 15

Percentage of syllables

recalled

90

Based on a Brown - Peterson Procedure

The procedure is to give the subject items to remember such as GRB, give them a followup task and see what they remember.

08_09

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Probability of recall

1 5 1510 20

Position of word in list

Recencyeffect

Primacyeffect

Fig7_10

Parallel Distributed Processing - (PDP)

Semantic Networks

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InRev7aInRev6bInRev6aInRev5bInRev5aInRev4bInRev2aFactors Affecting Retrieval from Long-Term Memory

Retrieval cues are effective only to the extent that they tap into information that was originally encoded.

Retrieval is most successful when it occurs in the same environment in which the information was originally learned.

Retrieval is most successful when people are in the same psychological state as when they originally learned the information

In Freud’s theory, a defense mechanism in which impulses, memories or ideas are forcibly blocked from the conscious mind..

Process

Encoding specificity

Context dependence

State dependence

Repression

Effect on Memory

08_19

Hippocampus

The hippocampus is the primary location for short-term memory

Thalamus

acts as a relay station for sensory information

Amygdala

the emotional center which is very important in memory

Cerebralcortex

the cerebral cortex stores segments of memories in a variety of locations.

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Use mnemonics.

Look for meaningful acronyms.

Try the method of loci.

Follow the SQ3R system.

Allocate your time to allow for distributed practice.

Read actively, not passively.

Take notes, but record only the main points.

Think about the overall organization of the material.

Review your notes as soon after the lecture as possible in order to fill in missing points.Write a detailed outline of your lecture notes rather than passively reading them.

Domain Helpful Techniques

Lists of items

Textbook material

Lectures

Studying for exams