Memory Memory Memory: persistence of Memory: persistence of learning over time via the learning over time via the storage and retrieval of storage and retrieval of information. information. Gives us our sense of self and Gives us our sense of self and connects us to past connects us to past experiences. experiences.
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Memory Memory: persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information. Memory: persistence of learning over time via the storage.
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MemoryMemory
Memory: persistence of learning Memory: persistence of learning over time via the storage and over time via the storage and retrieval of information.retrieval of information.
Gives us our sense of self and Gives us our sense of self and connects us to past experiences.connects us to past experiences.
Reading backwards requires effort at first but after practice becomes automatic.
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Automatic processing allows us to do multiple things at once and re-illustrates the concept of parallel processing.
Effortful ProcessingEffortful Processing
Effortful Processing: type of encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Ex: Learning new vocabulary terms, memorizing historical events/chronology, etc.
Encoding can be aided by maintenance rehearsal: simple rote repetition of information in consciousness or even more successfully by elaborate rehearsal: processing of information for meaning which can more easily help produce long term memories.
King of Memory Experiments King of Memory Experiments is Hermann Ebbinghausis Hermann Ebbinghaus
Wanted to research capacity of verbal memory.
Looked to study to see capacity of peoples’ memories to study strings of non-sense syllables.
Ex: JIH, FUB, YOX, XIR,
General Findings General Findings
1. Next in Line Effect- don’t concentrate/remember when you know you are going to have to speak next
2. Info right before we sleep is not remembered
3. Taped info is not remembered
Findings of EbbinghausFindings of Ebbinghaus4. Practice makes perfect. The more rehearsal he did on day 1, the less rehearsal it took to learn the syllables again on day 2. Over learning increased retention.
5. The Spacing Effect: the tendency for studying over a long period of time produces better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. SPACED STUDYING BEATS CRAMMING!!!
Findings of EbbinghausFindings of Ebbinghaus6. Serial Position Effect: our tendency
to recall best the last and first items in a list. Ex: Presidents
Types of EncodingTypes of EncodingSemantic Encoding: encoding of
meaning, including the meaning of words…yields best memory.
Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words….usually the least effective.“ if the glove doesn’t fit , you must
acquit” Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture
images.Self Reference Effect- do better on on
things we relate back to ourselves
Example Example 1. Is the word in capital letters?
HOMES- Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, SuperiorA way to get over the 7 +/- 2 rule
Process of Chunking: Process of Chunking: Organized Information is Organized Information is More Easily RememberedMore Easily Remembered
Hierarchies Hierarchies Organized info. is remembered
bettercomplex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories
Encoding(automatic or effortful)
Imagery(visualEncoding)
Meaning(semanticEncoding)
Organization
Chunks Hierarchies
Memory Demo 1 Memory Demo 1
ZIN ZIN
LTD LTD
VEX VEX
KZF KZF
ABCABC
QBJ QBJ
CUGCUG
WCF WCF
CXK CXK
TAJ TAJ
PSK PSK
THR THR
DAZ DAZ
PBSPBS
BNK BNK
BIP BIP
Demo 2 Demo 2
Bed Quilt D ark Silence Bed Quilt D ark Silence Fatigue Clock Snoring Night Fatigue Clock Snoring Night Toss Tired Night Toss Tired Toss Tired Night Toss Tired Night artichoke Turn Night Night artichoke Turn Night Rest Dream Rest Dream