THE LEARNING COLLECTIVE the-learning-collective.com MEMORY AND RETENTION STRATEGIES Making revision more fun and more effective! Prior to trying out the 10 memory and retention strategies provided, read through the following abridged information about… Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Darwin's theory of evolution explains how species of living things have changed over geological time. The theory is supported by evidence from fossils, and by the rapid changes that can be seen to occur in microorganisms such as antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Many species have become extinct in the past and the extinction of species continues to happen. Darwin's Finches Darwin studied the wildlife on the Galápagos Islands - a group of islands on the equator almost 1,000 kilometres west of Ecuador. He noticed that the finches - songbirds - on the different islands there were fundamentally similar to each
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MEMORY AND RETENTION STRATEGIES · MEMORY AND RETENTION STRATEGIES Making revision more fun and more effective! Prior to trying out the 10 memory and retention strategies provided,
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Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Darwin'stheoryofevolutionexplainshowspeciesoflivingthingshavechangedovergeologicaltime.Thetheoryissupportedbyevidencefromfossils,andbytherapidchangesthatcanbeseentooccurinmicroorganismssuchasantibiotic-resistantbacteria.Manyspecieshavebecomeextinctinthepastandtheextinctionofspeciescontinuestohappen.
other,butshowedwidevariationsintheirsize,beaksandclawsfromislandtoisland. For example, their beaks were different depending on the local foodsource. Darwin concluded that, because the islands are so distant from themainland,thefinchesthathadarrivedthereinthepasthadchangedovertime.Darwinstudiedhundredsmoreanimalandplantspecies.Afternearly30yearsofresearch,in1858heproposedhistheoryofevolutionbynaturalselection.Thebasicideabehindthetheoryofevolutionisthatallthedifferentspecieshaveevolvedfromsimplelifeforms.Thesesimplelifeformsfirstdevelopedmorethanthreebillionyearsago-theEarthisabout4.5billionyearsold.
The Horse Oneofthefewanimalsforwhichwehaveafairlycompleteevolutionaryrecordis the horse. All the main stages of the evolution of the horse have beenpreserved in fossil form.Over60millionyears, thehorseevolved fromadog-sizedcreature that lived in rainforests intoananimaladapted to livingon theplainsandstandingupto2metreshigh.Intheprocessitsmulti-toedfeet,thatwereadaptedforwalkingacrosstheforestfloor,evolvedintosingle-toedhoovesmoresuitedforrunningoveropencountry.
Evidence for Evolution - Rapid Changes Rapidchangesinspecieshavebeenobserved.Thesesupportthetheoryofevolution.
Peppered Moths
BeforetheindustrialrevolutioninBritain,most peppered moths were of the palevariety. This meant that they werecamouflagedagainst thepalebirch treesthat they rest on. Moths with a mutantblack colouring were easily spotted andeatenbybirds.Thisgavethewhitevarietyanadvantage,andtheyweremore likelytosurvivetoreproduce.
Airborne pollution in industrial areasblackened the birch tree barkwith soot.Thismeant that themutant blackmoths
were now camouflaged, while the white variety became more vulnerable topredators.Thisgavetheblackvarietyanadvantage,andtheyweremorelikelytosurviveandreproduce.Overtime,theblackpepperedmothsbecamefarmorenumerousinurbanareasthanthepalevariety.
Extinction Individualsthatarepoorlyadaptedtotheirenvironmentarelesslikelytosurviveandreproducethanthosethatarewelladapted. Similarly, it is possible that aspeciesthatispoorlyadaptedtoitsenvironmentwillnotsurviveandwillbecomeextinct.Herearesomeofthefactorsthatcancauseaspeciestobecomeextinct:• changestotheenvironment,suchasachangeinclimate• newdiseases• newpredators• newcompetitors
Thefossilrecordshowsthatmanyspecieshavebecomeextinctsincelife on Earth began. Extinction isstill happening and a lot of itoccurs because of humanactivities.Wecompetewithotherliving things for space, food andwater,andweareverysuccessfulpredators. The dodo was a largeflightless bird that lived onMauritius, an island in the IndianOcean. The island wasuninhabitedandthedodohadnonaturalpredators.ThenMauritius
1. METHOD OF LOCI BreaktheNaturalSelectioninformationdownintoavisualtourofyourhome,usingitemsinparticularrooms,andintherequiredorder,tobringaconcept,processorfactualinformationalive.Forexample:
3. SPEAK IT: WRITE IT Readthesectiononfinches.Sayitoutloudthenwriteitdownatleastthreetimes!
4. PLAY IT BACK Recordthefactorsofextinctionontoyourphone.Youcanplaybackusingyourownvoice.Playitthroughyourheadphoneswheneveryoucan.Closeyoureyes,whenappropriate,whenlistening.Thisissaidtoimproveyourretention.Ifyou’repushedfortime,playbackatdoublespeed.