Memory and Intelligence

Memory and Intelligence

Ch. 8 & 9

MemoryMemory

persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Flashbulb Memorya clear memory of an emotionally

significant moment or event

How Does Your Memory Work?

Memory

Encoding the processing of information into the memory

system (extracting meaning)Storage

the retention of encoded information over timeRetrieval

process of getting information out

Memory

Short-Term Memoryactivated memory that holds a few items

brieflyLong-Term Memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

Encoding

Automatic Processing unconscious encoding of incidental information

space time frequency

well-learned information word meanings

we can learn automatic processing reading backwards

Encoding

Effortful Processing requires attention and conscious effort

Rehearsalconscious repetition of information

to maintain it in consciousness to encode it for storage

Encoding Imagery

mental pictures a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined

with semantic encoding Mnemonics

memory aids (ROY G BIV) especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and

organizational devices Chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units use of acronyms

HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior

Storage: Long-Term Memory How does storage work?

Karl Lashley (1950) rats learn maze lesion cortex test memory

Synaptic changes Long-term Potentiation

Strong emotions make for stronger memories some stress hormones boost learning and retention

Storage: Long-Term Memory

Implicit vs. Explicit Memory Retention independent of conscious recollection vs. memory

of facts and experiences

Tasks requiring implicit memory

Tasks requiring explicit memory

   mirror tracing recalling last yearreading reversed text paired associate learningdoing a word-completion task

identifying the head of state

singing part of a familiar song

writing a term paper

Retrieval

Recall the person must retrieve information

learned earlier as on a fill-in-the blank test

Recognition the person has only to identify items

previously learned as on a multiple-choice test

Retrieval Cues

Deja Vu (French)--already seencues from the current situation may

subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience

"I've experienced this before."

Retrieval Cues

Mood-congruent Memory tendency to recall experiences that are

consistent with one’s current mood memory, emotions, or moods serve as

retrieval cuesState-dependent Memory

what is learned in one state (high, drunk, or depressed) can more easily be remembered when in same state

Forgetting

Forgetting as encoding failure Information never enters long-term memory

Externalevents

Sensorymemory

Short-term

memory

Long-term

memory

Attention

Encoding

Encoding

Encodingfailure leadsto forgetting

Forgetting

InterferenceProactive (forward acting) Interference

disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information

Retroactive (backwards acting) Interferencedisruptive effect of new learning on recall of old

information

ForgettingInterference, cont.

Motivated Forgettingpeople unknowingly revise memories

Repressiondefense mechanism that banishes from

consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Amnesia – loss of memory

Memory Construction

We filter information and fill in missing pieces Misinformation Effect

incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

Source Amnesia attributing to the wrong source an event that we experienced, heard

about, read about, or imagined (misattribution)

Origins of Intelligence Testing

Intelligence ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge

to adapt to new situations

Mental Age a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of

performance

Stanford-Binet IQ Test

Multiple Intelligences?Social Intelligence

the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully

Emotional Intelligence ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions

Howard Gardner (7 Intelligences) Visual-Spatial, Kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal,

Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical

Assessing Intelligence

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) most widely used intelligence test subtests

verbal and performance

Aptitude Tests a test designed to predict a person’s future performance

aptitude is the capacity to learn

Achievement Tests a test designed to assess what a person has learned

Assessing IntelligenceStandardization

defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group”

Normal Curve

Assessing Intelligence

Reliability the extent to which a test yields consistent results assessed by consistency of scores on:

two halves of the test alternate forms of the test retesting

Validity the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is

supposed to