Memory

MEMORY

By

Dr.Shazia Zamir

CONTENT

MEMORY

Memory in Early Childhood

Definitions of memory

Types of memory

Explicit Memory

Episodic Memory

Semantic memory

Implicit Memory

Priming:

Procedural Memory

Early musical training

Mnemonics

Mind over Matter

Get the details

Play memory games

Suggest strategies

Techniques to improve early childhood

memory

Divide and conquer

Practice, practice,

practice

Use rhymes

Use acronyms

Use acrostics

MEMORY IN EARLY

CHILDHOOD

MEMORY IN EARLY CHILDHOOD

• Overall, memory is an important key to

children’s cognitive development. It improves

their cognitive abilities, such as planning,

attention and problem-solving.

• Memory also helps children’s ability to master

different skills. Early childhood is an important

time for memory development because there are

significant brain developments and children

begin to interact with their environment more.

DEFINITIONS OF MEMORY

• The power or process of remembering what has been learned

• Something that is remembered

• The things learned and kept in the mind

• A particular act of recall or recollection

TYPES OF MEMORY

Explicit memory

Information that you have to consciously work to remember is

known as explicit memory.

Implicit memory

Information that you remember unconsciously and effortlessly is

known as implicit memory.

MEMORY BRANCHES

EXPLICIT MEMORY

• When you are trying to intentionally remember something (like a

formula for your statistics class or a list of dates for your history

class), this information is stored in your explicit memory. We use

these memories every day, from remembering information for a test

to recalling the date and time of a doctor's appointment.

TYPES OF EXPLICIT MEMORY

• There are two major types of explicit memory:

a. Episodic Memory

b. Semantic Memory

EPISODIC MEMORY

• These are your long-term memories of specific events, such as what

you did yesterday or your high school graduation. Episodic memory

is one type of explicit memory.

• Episodic memory is autobiographical: it provides us with a crucial

record of our personal experiences. Any past event in which we

played a part, and which we remember as an "episode" (a scene of

events) is episodic.

SEMANTIC MEMORY

• These are memories of facts, concepts, names, and other general

knowledge information another type of explicit memory is semantic

memory. It accounts for our "textbook learning" or general knowledge

about the world. It's what enables us to say, without knowing exactly

when and where we learned, that Paris is the major city in France.

2.IMPLICIT MEMORY

• Things that we don't purposely try to remember are stored in implicit

memory. This kind of memory is both unconscious and unintentional.

• Some examples of implicit memory include singing a familiar song,

typing on your computer keyboard, daily habits, and driving a car.

Riding a bicycle is another great example.

TYPES OF IMPLICIT MEMORY

• There are two types of implicit memory.

a. Priming

b. Procedural memory

PRIMING

• Priming is a non conscious form of human memory concerned

with perceptual identification of words and objects.

• For example, if a person reads a list of words including the

word table, and is later asked to complete a word starting with tab,

the probability that he or she will answer table is greater than if

they are not primed.

PROCEDURAL MEMORY• Procedural memory is memory for the performance of particular types

of action. When needed, procedural memories are automatically

retrieved and utilized for the execution of the integrated procedures

involved in both cognitive and motor skills, from tying shoes to flying

an airplane to reading.

• Procedural memories are accessed and used without the need for

conscious control or attention. It is created through "procedural

learning" or, repeating a complex activity

again and again. Implicit procedural

learning is essential to the development

of any motor skill or cognitive activity.

Techniques

To

Improve Early Childhood

Memory

EARLY MUSICAL TRAINING• Music lessons in early childhood lead to changes in the brain that could

improve its performance far into adulthood, researchers say.

• "Early musical training does more good for kids than just making it easier

for them to enjoy music. It changes the brain and these brain changes

could lead to cognitive advances as well,"

Mnemonics

• Simply put, mnemonics (pronounced: nemoniks) are a way of

memorizing information by creating links between words and letters

to form a memorable word or sentence that will help you recall the

material.

• For example, the first letter of every word in the sentence spells out

the word. A math mnemonic, MDAS, gives the order of operations.

The letters stand for multiply, divide, add, and subtract.

MIND OVER MATTER

• Memory is a complex process, and 6- to 8- year-olds are developing a range of

strategies to help them recall information. Remembering requires the ability to store

information for a few seconds (short-term memory), then for several minutes while

manipulating information (active working memory), and finally for an extended

period of time (long-term memory).

• For example, when copying spelling words from the blackboard, children must first

remember the sequence of letters, and then they need to write the words down without

spending a lot of time looking back at the board. Many whisper the words under their

breath or repeat the letters out loud to help themselves. Later, they'll have to memorize

the words for a spelling test.

GET THE DETAILS

"Studies have shown that parents can have a long-term impact

on memory development by including many questions and

specifics in conversations about past events with their children,"

When you talk about a recent trip to the circus, for instance, ask

your child, "What was your favorite act?" or "What did the big

top look like?" Fill in the details if he can't provide them.

PLAY MEMORY GAMES

The card game Concentration and toys such as Simon and Bop It are

good ones. In the car, try games like "I'm going on a picnic, and I'm

taking . . . ," in which everyone has a turn adding an item and

repeating the ones said previously.

PLAY MEMORY GAMES

SUGGEST STRATEGIES

Look for memory tricks that can help your child. For example, when you

teach left and right, have her hold up both hands in the shape of an L. The

hand with the forward-facing L is the left one.

DIVIDE AND CONQUER

• If your child has to memorize a short poem or some lines in a class

play, have him break the task down into parts and work on the

toughest sections first.

PRACTICE, PRACTICE, PRACTICE

• Offer to quiz your child on her spelling words or multiplication

tables. Try repeating the numbers aloud with her to make them easier

to recall. After testing her on spelling, have her highlight and rewrite

the difficult words. Once your child realizes that memory is an active

process, she'll feel smarter and more confident that she can tackle

tricky topics.

USE RHYMES

• Using a variety of common and silly rhymes can help you recall basic

information.

• A child can learn the alphabet by singing it to the tune of "Twinkle,

Twinkle, Little Star," which makes the letters rhyme.

USE ACRONYMS

Acronyms are another wonderful tool for

remembering a variety of things, from the names

of the five Great Lakes to the words used as

conjunctions. You can use a popular acronym, or

create one for yourself.

For example, FANBOYS. This acronym can help

you remember simple coordinating conjunctions:

For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So.

USE ACROSTICS

• Acrostics are similar to acronyms, except instead of just remembering

the acronym, you can remember a new sentence made out of the first

letters of a set of words that you have to memorize in a certain order.

For example, you can say, "My very educated mother just sent us nine

pizzas" to learn the order of the planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. You can also make up

acrostics of your own. Here are a few more popular acrostic.

USE ACROSTICS

Never Eat Sour Watermelons. This is used for remembering the points

of a compass in clockwise order: North, East, South, and West.

Another good example is Never Eat Shredded Wheat which also

rhymes too.

Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally. Use this to remember the order of

operations in mathematics: Parenthesis, Exponents, Multiplication,

Division, Addition, and Subtraction.