-
© 2011 IWA Publishing. Membrane-Based Desalination: An
Integrated Approach (MEDINA). Edited by Enrico Drioli, Alessandra
Criscuoli and Francesca Macedonio. ISBN: 9781843393214. Published
by IWA Publishing, London, UK.
Figure 1.2 LC-OCD results for: Fresh water (left), estuarine
water (middle) and Seawater (right)
Figure 1.4 Organic matter fractions along the treatment
plant
a) b)
Figure 1.10 Bacterial community structure in a full-scale
desalination plant (FSDP), Site D, as revealed by capillary
electrophoresis single-stranded conformational polymorphism
(CE-SSCP). (A) Superimposed normalised DNA profi les showing
different peak profi les for seawater samples at different sampling
periods respectively. OI, open intake seawater; F, SWRO membrane
feed water after pre-treatment. (B) Similarity of the DNA CE-SSCP
profi les from samples taken from different compartments of a FSDP;
open intake seawater (OI), seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) membrane
feed water after pre-treatment (F) at different sampling periods
revealed in the dendrogram. Bray Curtis similarities were
calculated between pairwise comparisons of the sample profi les and
the dendrogram was constructed by the average linkage method.
Membrane Based Desalination: An Integrated Approach (MEDINA)
The following are colour reproductions of fi gures that appear
in the book.
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Figure 2.4 Biofouling of live (green), dead (red) cells and EPS
(blue) on RO membrane of the MBR and the UF system’s permeate after
7 days. A and B UF system permeate and C and D- MBR � UF system’s
permeate
Figure 1.11 Schematic representation of the hierarchical
classifi cation and distribution of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene
sequences into major bacterial groups from clone libraries obtained
from water samples a full-scale desalination plant (FSDP)
comprising open intake seawater (OI) and seawater reverse osmosis
(SWRO) membrane feed water after pretreatment (F)
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
HetiS)1(CetiSDetiS
Prop
ortio
n (%
)
Carbonyl-C Carboxyl-C Aromat-C O-Alky-C N-Alkyl Methoxyl-C
Alkyl-C
Figure 3.3 13C-NMR results for deposits from sites D, C(1) and
H
Figure 3.4 13C-NMR profi les of autopsied modules from sites D,
C(1), and H
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Figure 3.13 Bacterial community structure in a full-scale
desalination plant (FSDP) as revealed by capillary electrophoresis
single-stranded conformational polymorphism (CE-SSCP). (A and B)
Superimposed normalised DNA and cDNA profi les showing different
peak profi les for SWRO membrane samples respectively
Figure 3.12 Bacterial community structure in a full-scale
desalination plant (FSDP) as revealed by capillary electrophoresis
single-stranded conformational polymorphism (CE-SSCP). (A)
Superimposed normalised DNA profi les for samples taken from
different positions in the seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) membrane
module relative to the water fl ow fl ux. (B) Superimposed
normalised DNA and the corresponding cDNA profi les for seawater
reverse osmosis (SWRO) membrane samples analysed at two independent
dates (2 and 2b)
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Figure 3.14 Bacterial community structure in SWRO membranes from
desalination plants as revealed by capillary electrophoresis
single-stranded conformational polymorphism (CE-SSCP). Superimposed
cDNA profi les from Sites A, D, E, G and H
90%
91%
92%
93%
94%
95%
96%
97%
98%
99%
100%
]%[lavomerCCT]%[lavomertisopeD
Rem
ova
l [%
]
cleaned with NaOH
cleaned with HCl
cleaned with oxalic acid
cleaned with NaOH/SDS& oxalic acid
Figure 4.6 Removal of deposit and total cell counts (TCC) in the
mixed fouling layers
80%
82%
84%
86%
88%
90%
92%
94%
96%
98%
100%
102%
HCl (pH 2) NaOH (pH 12) Oxalic acid (1 % w/v) NaOH (pH12) + 0.03
%SDS followed by oxalic
acid (1 %)
Sal
t re
ten
tio
n [
%]
before cleaning
after cleaning
Figure 4.7 Salt retention of fouled membranes before and after
cleaning. (The recommended salt retention as given by the
manufacturer is 99.0%–99.5% and is marked as light blue bar in the
Figure)
-
0
20
40
60
80
100
Before cleaning AfterSequence_A
AfterSequence_B
%
Others
PHA-ABZ
PHA
AS
PS-AA
PS
PR
Figure 4.11 Biopolymers distribution in lyophilized deposit
after cleaning sequences applied during bench-scale experiments;
PR: Proteins, PS: Polysaccharides, PS-AA: Acetic Acid, AS: Amino
sugars, PHA: Polyhydroxyaromatic, PHA-ABZ: Alkyl benzene
1,52
4
1,56
3
1,57
7
0,56
5
0,56
3
0,56
3
1,46
3
1,50
4
1,51
8
0,44
4
0,44
4
0,44
4
1,20
6
1,11
5
1,07
0
0,28
3
0,11
5
0,05
6
1,18
2
1,05
5
1,01
1
0,16
2
-0,0
04
-0,0
63
-2,0
-1,0
0,0
1,0
2,0
35°C and 90,2% 35°C and 95,2% 35°C and 97% 50°C and 90,2% 50°C
and 95,2% 50°C and 97%
Fres
h w
ater
cos
t [$/
m3]
water cost without salt salewater cost without salt sale and
with thermal energy available in the plantwater cost with salt
salewater cost with salt sale and thermal energy available
Figure 5.33 Water cost of the considered membrane desalination
system with MCr operation on RO brine (at different MCr recovery
factor and at different temperature of the MCr feed)
-
time (h)
Sol
arra
diat
ion
W/m
2
Example of comparison with the experimental values
December 21 slope = 45°
Example of comparison with the experimental values Day
02/05/2008 slope = 30°
T (
°C)
time (h)
Figure 6.10 Comparison between simulation and experimental
results
Solar captors
Heat exchanger
Tank
Membrane module
Vacuum pump
Seawater
Water
Rec
ircu
lati
on
Qr, Tfo, Cfo
Qfi, Tfi, Cfi
Qs, Ts2, Cs Qs, Ts1, Cs Qs, Ts0, Cs
Qt2, Tw, Cw
Qt1, Tt1, Cw
Qt0, Tw Cw
Qp, Tp, Cw
Qfc, Tfo, Cfo
Qfo, Tfo, Cfo
Qw, Tw, Cw
Solar captors
Tank
Membrane module
Seawater
Water
Qr, Tfo, Cfo
Qfi, Tfi, Cfi
Qs, Ts2, Cs Qs, Ts1, Cs Qs, Ts0, Cs
Qt2, Tw, Cw
Qt1, Tt1, Cw
Qt0, Tw Cw
Qp, Tp, Cw
Qfc, Tfo, Cfo
Qfo, Tfo, Cfo
Qw, Tw, Cw
Figure 6.12 Scheme of the designed plant
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Figure 6.13 Example of typical information obtained during
simulation runs
Figure 6.14 Temperature profi les
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Figure 9.5 MCA ranking results of the four alternatives by four
expert groups. BWL: beachwell, UF: ultrafi ltration, CI:
conventional pretreatment, CII: conventional pretreatment with
waste (sludge) treatment (Lattemann, 2010)