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LINUXLINUXLINUXLINUX

ABOUTABOUT


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INTRODUCING LINUX Linux is perfect for people who want to operate

their own low-cost Internet servers, and it'srobust enough to satisfy the needs of manyInternet service providers. Linux is a multi userand multitasking environment, and it can accesshuge amounts of me mory (gigabytes) and hugeamounts of disk storage space (terabytes). Linuxoffers virtually everything that Windows hasbeen promising for years and may not deliver in a

truly stable form for some time to come.


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WHAT IS LINUX In the early 90s, a geek named Linus Torvalds at

the University of Helsinki in Finland thought itwould be fun to write a Unix kernel from scratch.He called it Linux, and it was cool but pretty muchuseless without all the utility programs needed tomake it a complete operating system. At the sametime, Richard Stallman and his pals at the FreeSoftware Foundation were writing a bunch offreeware Unix utilities collectively known as the

GNU Project. It was cool but pretty much uselesswithout a kernel to make it a complete operatingsystem.


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THE CREATION OFTHE CREATION OFLINUXLINUX

THE CREATION OFTHE CREATION OFLINUXLINUX

IN 1991IN 1991


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YEAR 1991 Linus Torvalds began a project thatlater became the Linux kernel. Itwas initially a terminal emulator,which Torvalds used to access thelarge UNIX servers of theuniversity. He wrote the programspecifically for the hardware he

was using and independent of anoperating system because hewanted to use the functions of hisnew PC with an 80386 processor.


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HISTORY OF LINUX is an operating system for your

computer. Like the Mac and Windows

systems, it provides the basiccomputer services needed forsomeone to do things with acomputer. It is the middle layer

between the computer hardware andthe software applications you run.


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DEVELOPE LINUX developed by Linus Torvalds and a

band of programmers who voluntarily

developed the core program of thesystem (aka, the kernel). Thatprogram was originally compatible foranother operating system called

Minix, but later development made itusable with GNU software.


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HOW TO INSTALLHOW TO INSTALLLINUXLINUX

HOW TO INSTALLHOW TO INSTALLLINUXLINUX


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STEP 1 TO 5Use the BIOS to ensure that your machinealways tries to boot from the CD-drivebefore looking to the hard-drive.

Put Linux CD 1 in the CD-drive.

Reboot your machine.

You should see the Linux installer start up.

Follow the directions for installing a"Workstation" version of Linux.


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STEP 6T0 8 When you get to the section concerning partitioning you will be

asked "Remove all data on this drive?" Click NO. You want to select"keep all existing partitions and install Linux on existing freespace". Also, here you will be offered the opportunity to have theinstaller automatically partition. Accept that, but also make sureyou check the "review partitions" checkbox. The automatic schemecreates a single large "/" partition. On the next page you will beable to add other partitions (e.g., /home, /var, /usr, etc.).

In "Network configuration", you will probably want to use DHCP if

your PC is connected to an existing network (i.e., a cable modem,DSL, etc.) Otherwise you can manually set it to an addressdifferent from that of any other machines in your home.

When you get to the section in which you specify a superuserpassword, you should also make sure to create a regular useraccount. It is good practice to never log directly into a linux box asthe superuser (i.e., "root") Instead, log in as a regular user, then

use the "su" command from a terminal window to temporarilyswitch to superuser mode. Alternatively, whenever you try, as aregular user, to run a tool or application that requires superusercapabilities, you will be prompted to enter the root password.


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STEP 9 TO 12 In the "Firewall Configuration" section, you should

enable SSH and HTTP. When you get to the section concerning selection

of packages, choose to manually select them,because you will want to make sure that theinstallation includes Apache and MySQL. You do

not need DNS server, Mail server, News server,etc., unless you really want to set up a server forthose services--and I don't think you do.

After all the packages are installed (which cantake about an hour), you will be asked to provide afloppy that will be configured so that you can useit to boot into Linux mode explicitly.

When you are all done, reboot the machine. Afterthe BIOS finishes you should get a GRUB or LILOwindow allowing you to select which system youwill boot to: DOS (Windows) or Linux.


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THE HELP COMMANDTHE HELP COMMANDFOR LINUXFOR LINUX

THE HELP COMMANDTHE HELP COMMANDFOR LINUXFOR LINUX


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out might expect the command "help" to be theuniversal way to get assistance, but this isn't trueon Linux. The help command is internal to the

bash shell, and can only tell you about the shell'sinternal commands. These include cd and echo(but not ls!), as well as job control commands likebg and jobs. Typing help without any parametersprints a list of things that it can help you with. To

get help on a particular command, type helpcommand.


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For example

to get help on the echo command,type:help echo


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man Pages

The standard way to get help, whichworks on any UNIX system, is a

command called man (think "manual",as in user handbook). To get help onthe grep command


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standard categories for

man page User Commands System Calls Subroutines Devices File Formats Games Miscellaneous System Administration


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Using linux text editorUsing linux text editorUsing linux text editorUsing linux text editor


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5 best type of5 best type of

editoreditor


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1. Vi / Vim EditorVim won by a huge margin and I dont

think this is surprise to anybody. Ifyou are new to any of the Linux texteditors listed in the top 5, read therest of the article to understand

little bit more about those editors.


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2. G Edit Editor

G edit is the default text editor forthe GNOME desktop

environment. This is a UTF-8compatible text editor.


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3. Nano Editor


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4. G Vim Editor

5. Emacs Editor


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User AND groupsUser AND groupsUser AND groupsUser AND groups

For linuxFor linux


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Installing and manageInstalling and managesoftwaresoftware

Installing and manageInstalling and managesoftwaresoftware


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1 create a new user, you can head to

System > Administration -> User and

Groups, and click the Add button toadd a new user.


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2. Give the appropriate name that

identifies the other user and tick the

encrypt checkbox to secure theirhome folder.


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3. Click the Advanced Settings button

to configure the users privileges.


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4 he user management module lists

Annas privileges under the User

Privileges tab.


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5 We recommend that you remove the

Administer System privilege from

other user accounts. This is to makesure that other users cannot easilychange critical system settings thatmay jeopardize your Linux box.


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Linux File and Folder

Permissions Each file in Linux has a set of user

and group permissions, and you can

use the ls -l command to show thefull set of permissions and attributesfrom the terminal.

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