Melanin Physics by NEB HERU

7/23/2019 Melanin Physics by NEB HERU

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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7

4

ûdeaslco Dy

_lgsc Xlg _ruey B`rc

Hl`k`, Xcst @jrab`

4>>1 Lcrc @jtcr

Ocoab`tco tg=

_lc ûrc Gkcs

Eavakh Ak Rparat `ko _rutl

Huaoco Dy tlc Eavakh Jgrbcs gj @efahlty Ctcrkè

K`turc


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3

QGS_lc Tcè Rtuockt gj Eajc!

Xatl tlc @kil F`stcr Icy ak Lcr gr Las

pgsscssagk, tlc Akata`tc f`y ukegbi tlc f`ky

oggrs gj tlc Fcktè`ko ^syblab _cfpec gj @EE,

tlus hàkakh _lc Tahlt Ikgwecohc, Tahlt

Xasogf`ko _lc Tahlt Gvcrst`koakh, `ko cktcr

tlc s`fc jrccey, usakh tlc HGO Fako ygu l`vc(@s tlc Blaeorck gj K`turc `ko tlc Akata`tcs gj

Eajc) gr tlc Fako gj Fcktè, wlabl as HGO. _las

cxpeàks tlc truc K`turc gj Ckcrhy, ^gwcr,

F`ttcr, Cxastckbc, `ko wly `ko lgw èe tlcsc

`rc sudgroak`tc tg tlc F`stcry gj Fako, `ko

tl`t c`bl Fako as ` se`vc tg tlc Fcktè, tlcJgrbc gj Ctlcr, wlabl bgktrges tlc @btagk gj

F`ttcr.

Gkc gj tlc geo _cluta F`stcrswrgtc, egkh `hcs

`hg= Lc gr Rlc rcèazcs tl`t @EE as, `ko tlcsc

wgros `rc `s truc jgr èe tafc. Xatlgut tlas @kilF`stcr Icy, f`stcry as afpgssadec, `ko tlc

Akata`tcikgbis ak vàk `t tlc f`ky oggrs gj tlc

_cfpec, `ko as fct dy jèsc _c`blcrs gj Hlgst,

Aeeusagks, Rpggis, Jabtagks, Dceacjs, `ko Fytls,

havck jèsc lgpcs. Kg J`bts, Kg Bgkjarf`tagks,

Kg _rutl, must eac `jtcr eac. _lc Eahlt as ocvaes (RaxCtlcr Oc`tl Jgrbcs ak K`turc) tgge. O`rikcss as

tlc lgfc (@dgoc) gj HGO(Ocaty, Kctcru) ^c`bc


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@KIL - _lc F`stcr Icy

Pucstagk= Xl`t as tlc F`stcr Icy7

@kswcr= _lc F`stcr Icy as d`sco gk `dsgeutc

Rbacktajab E`ws gj K`turc (KSK), J`bts, `ko waee

ukjgeo tlc pgssadaeatacs tl`t eac ogrf`kt ak c`bl

akoavaouè, `ko tc`bl lgw tlcy f`y dc drguhlt

aktg pgwcrjue `btagk, tg akbrc`sc tlc pcrsgkscjjcbtavc b`p`baty, drakhakh òoco ckcrhy,

Bgksbackbc tlc `daeaty tg oasbcrk jrgf wl`t as

rahlt jrgf tl`t wlabl as uetaf`tcey wrgkh ak gkcs

eajc. _lc ^crsgk pgsscssakh tlc F`stcr Icy waee

jako vahgr, ` rckcwco cxbatcfckt jgr eajc `ko

fcktè ce`stabaty. _lc ^crsgk wlg hàks `kgvcrst`koakh gj tlcsc K`turè Fcktè E`ws gj

K`turc wlabl `rc ukjgeoakh waee bgfc aktg tlc

pgsscssagk gj `k `daeaty tg scburc rcsuets


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_lc F`stcr Icy ocvcegps Fako ^gwcr wlabl

fc`ks tl`t gtlcrs akstakbtavcey rcbghkazc tl`t

ygu `rc ` pcrsgk gj jgrbc, gj bl`r`btcr tl`ttlcy w`kt tg og wl`t ygu w`kt tlcf tg og ak

tlc ^gsatavc9 at fc`ks tl`t ygu `ttr`bt

pcgpec `ko tlakhs tg ygu9 tl`t ygu `rc wl`t

sgfc pcgpec bèe eubiy, tl`t tlakhs bgfc

ygur w`y watl c`sy, tl`t ygu l`vc bgfc aktg tlc

`k gvcrst`koakh gj tlc Juko`fcktè E`ws gjK`turc, `ko l`vc put ygurscej ak l`rfgky watl

tlcf9 tl`t ygu `rc aktukc watl Akjakatc K`turc9

tl`t ygu Gvcrst`ko tlc E`w gj @ttr`btagk, tlc

K`turè e`ws gj Hrgwtl `ko Bl`khc, `ko tlc

Akkcr E`ws gj K`turcgk wlabl èe òv`kt`hcs ak

lcètl, Rgbaè `ko Dusakcss Xgreo rcst.

Fcktè ^gwcr (_lc F`stcr Icy) as brc`tavc

pgwcr wlabl as HGO ^gwcr, havcs ygu tlc `daeaty

tg brc`tc jgr ygurscej9 at ogcs kgt fc`k tg tìc

sgfctlakh `w`y jrgf sgfcgkc cesc. K`turc

kcvcr ogcs tlakhs tl`t w`y. K`turc tlc Setaf`tc

prgvaocr fìcs twg deòcs gj hr`ss hrgw wlcrc

gkc hrcw dcjgrc, `ko Fako ^gwcr ck`decs

pcgpec tg og tlc s`fc tlakh.

Xatl tlc F`stcr Icyak ygur pgsscssagk ygu waee

scc tl`t at lceps ygu tg ocvcegp aksahlt,

akbrc`sco akocpckockbc, `ko tlc `daeaty tg dc

lcepjue. At ocstrgys, jc`r, oastrust, ocprcssagk,


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fce`kblgea`, `ko cvcry e`bi, eafat`tagk `ko

wcìkcss, akbeuoakh pàk `ko oasc`sc. At `wìcks

duraco tèckts, suppeacs akata`tavc jgrbc, ckcrhy,`ko vatèaty. _lc F`stcr Icy `wìcks `k

`pprcba`tagk gj tlc dcùtajue ak ygur gwk r`bc,

scej praoc `ko ` scksc gj akkcr hrc`tkcss. Qgu

waee ec`rk tg rasc, kgt jèe d`bi ak egvc watl scej

`ko iako `hàk, `ko l`vc ` hrc`tcr `pprcba`tagk

jgr ygur hrc`t @kbackt Bueturc `ko tlc hrc`tfakos gj ygur @kbcstgrs.

_lc F`stcr Icyl`s bl`khco tlc eavcs gj èe tlc

Hrc`t Fck `ko Xgfck gj tgo`y `ko gj gur

Hrc`t @kbackt ^`st, tlc _ruc Chypta`k ikgw

tgo`y `s Kuwùpa`k. _las as truey gur o`y `kotafc! Gkbc ygu ec`rk tg sudstatutc ocjakatc

^rakbapecs gjK`turcwlabl as tlc E`ws ak K`turc,

tlc j`bts, jgr dceacjs, l`zy fctlgos, `ko

prakbapecs jgr tlc jguko`tagk `ko Juko`fcktè

E`ws gj K`turc, ` hrc`t akkcr strckhtl waee `rasc.

Qgu waee l`vc j`bts dcygko ` slògw gj ` ogudt

tl`t ygur @kbackt @kbcstrè Jgrbcs gj K`turc`rc

watl ygu, ak ygu, `ko wgriakh jgr ygu ak ygur

cvcryo`y eajc.

L`vakh tlc F`stcr Icy ygu waee ec`rk Rguko

Tahlt Tc`sgkakh, ak `kbackt _`F`-Tc (Chypt)

bèeco Kuk. _lc F`stcr Icy tc`blcs Tahlt

^rakbapecs, `ko suhhcsts fctlgos jgr fìakh


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^r`btabè @ppeab`tagk gj tlc ^rakbapecs. Xatl

tlc F`stcr Icy ak ygur pgsscssagk ygu tlc truc

stuockt gj @kbackt Chypt, ygu waee ec`rk tlcvèuc gj @ppeab`tagk, ygu waee kgw sat `fgkhst

tlc Ogcrs, tlc Ikgwcrs, `ko tlgsc wlg Tc`sgk.

Xatl tlc F`stcr Icy, tlc truc Rtuockt gj Chypt,

waee ec`rk tlc vèuc gj puttakh tg pr`btabc tlc

Ctcrkè `ko @efahlty E`ws gj K`turc, watl tlas

ygu scc _ruc J`btsf`kajcst kgt spggiy dceacjs.

Ak tlas kcw Faeeckkauf, Rbackbc l`s tìck gk

kcw ec`ps, `ko dgukos. _lcy l`vc t`ppco aktg

fgrc j`bts `dgut tlc v`st ukavcrsc `ko ats

akjakatc pgssadaeatacs. Ak tlas kcw Faeeckkauf

bèeco tlc Rge`r Bybec gj TC (T@) ^cgpec `rcec`rkakh tlc vèuc gj tlc Fako, `ko tlc Fcktè

Skavcrsc, wc `rc èe ec`rkakh Fako gvcr F`ttcr.

Hr`d ygur F`stcr Icy `ko bgfc up lcrc `ko

mgak us truc Fcktè Ha`kts._lc Xlgec Xgreo as

gk `k Cvc (KcatlDa`ps tlc Fgtlcr gj Ckcrhy,

Fatgblgkora` OK@) gj ` kcw (KS gr KSK)

Bgksbaguskcss.

Fakc ygur Fako jgr tlc Mcwces gj ygur Rgue!


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04

@TC QGS AK _LCTC7

Aj ycs

Ects Rt`rt!


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02

_@DEC GJ BGK_CK_R

Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7 ph.02

Xl`t as Fce`kak7 ph.40 Xl`t as tlc Cecbtrgf`hkctasf7 ph.23 Xl`t as tlc Zasadec Eahlt Rpcbtruf7 ..ph.2: Og Luf`k Dcakhs l`vc `k Cecbtrgf`hkctab Jaceo7

ph.:0

Xl`t as Eahlt7 ph.:8 _lc Lgeghr`plab K`turc gj _lc Dràk ..ph.88 Rguko, Jrcquckby, `ko Zadr`tagk ..ph.81 Xl`t as Kakc Ctlcr7 .ph.0>2 Xlg as KSK7 .ph.003 Xlg as tlc @kbackt _`F`-Tc`k Ocaty (Kctcr) TC7 001 Xl`t as Pu`ktuf ^lysabs7 ..ph.04? Xlg `rc tlc Ilcfcku7 .ph.043 Xl`t as `k @tgf7 ..ph.041 Xl`t as tlc Xcahlt gj ` ]coc7 .ph.02: Xl`t `rc Da`ps gr Cxgtab Fcsgks7 .ph.028 Xl`t as Fatgblgkora` OK@7 ..ph.034 Xl`t `rc Fgecbuecs7 .ph.038 Og 11 Cecfckts rce`tc tg tlc 11 k`fcs gj tlc K`turc

(Kctcru)7 .ph.031

Xl`t as F`ttcr7 .ph.0:4 Xl`t as Ckcrhy7 .ph.0:4 Xl`t as Pu`ktuf _lakiakh (Kakc Tc`sgkakh)7 ph.0:4 _lc Cecbtrabè F`hkctab ^gwcr gj _lguhlt .ph.4>2 Zasuèaz`tagk Cxcrbasc, @utg Ruhhcstagks, _lc ^gwcr gj

Rpgick Xgro gk tlc Rudbgksbagus Fako ..ph.4>3


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0?

Pucstagk= Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7

@kswcr= _lc Xgro P`tuf bgfakh jrgf @kbackt

Chypta`k Fystcry E`khu`hc bèeco Kuwùpab

fc`kakh Fce`kak `ko `bbgroakh tg tlc

Fcrra`f Xcdstcrs Bgeecha`tc Oabtagk`ry tlc

wgro ^lysabs fc`k= Hrcci - ^lysai`, êurè

^lysaigs gj K`turc. Jr. ^lysas Hrgwtl, K`turc.Jrgf ^lycak _g Drakh Jgrtl. @ Rbackbc tl`t

ocès watl F`ttcr `ko Ckcrhy `ko tlcar

aktcr`btagks.

Pucstagk= As tlcrc `ky rce`tagk dctwcck tlc

wgro P`tuf ak Kuwùpab `ko Pu`ktuf ak

Ckheasl tlcy sguko tlc s`fc7

@kswcr= Qcs, tlc rc`sgk wly wc s`y P`tuf

(Fce`kak) ak gur @kbackt Chypta`k Fystcry

E`khu`hc bèeco Kuwùpab `ko tlc wgro

Pu`ktuf `rc tlc s`fc wgros plgkctabèey,

dcbùsc `s ygu ikgw wc @kbackt _`F`-Tc`k

(Chypta`ks) ikgwk tgo`y `s Kuwùpa`ks, s`w

gurscevcs `s tlc Ruprcfc Dcakhs, Blaeorck gj

K`turc (Kctcru), Blaeorck gj ^@S_ (@EE) `s `Pu`ktuf Dcakh. Pu`ktuf fc`kakh jgur

rcprcscktakh tlc ? prakbapecs `ko Bybecs ak

K`turc, ak _`F`-Tc(Chypt) tlcy wlcrc ikgw `s


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03

@tuf-Tc, @tuk-Tc, @fuk-Tc `ko @kuk-Tc,

havakh ygu ` Puòaty ^rakbapec, `ko kgt ` _rakaty.

Ak `kbackt _`F`-Tc wc èw`ys `bikgwecohco

tlc Jcfèc (Jceakc) Jgrbcs gj K`turc gr tlc

Jcfakakc Jgrbc gr ^rakbapecs ak K`turc. Xc

@jrab`ks, rcprcsckt ` fahlty r`bc gj ^cgpec tl`t

l`vc survavco èe Bybec bl`khcs watlak K`turc,eakiakh us tg ^@S_ (@EE). Xc @kbackt _@F@-

TC@KRBlaeorck gj _@ (C`rtl), F@ (X`tcr), `ko

TC (RSK), `bikgwecohc gurscevcs `s Pu`ktuf

Dcakhs, dcbùsc gj gur plysabè fìc up. Xatlak

gur siak wc l`vc Hgeo `ko tl`t Hgeo wc rcjcr tg

as Fce`kak. Fce`kak, f`kajcst gk tlas saoc gjLyorghck (L0) jrgf tlc De`bi Ctlcrab wgfd gj

tlc Lahlcr ê`kcs gr @dgocs gj Cxastckbc `s

Eahlt, `ko wlck ygu scc Juee Rpcbtruf Eahlt ak

ats ^lysabè Rt`tc, at f`kajcsts `s De`bikcss, `ko

tlc F`kajcst`tagk gj tlc Rgeao jgrf gj Eahlt as

Fce`kak.

@s P`tuf Dcakhs `ko Blaeorck gj ^@@ TC (_lc

Ruk) wl`t wc fust st`rt tg `bikgwecohc `ko

dcbgfc `w`rc gj as tl`t cvcrytlakh as bgkkcbtco

`ko as ocjakco `s oajjcrckt T`tcs, gr Fgocs gj

Zadr`tagk. Rg tlrguhl ygur OK@ `ko Fce`kak

`ko ygur wlgec plysageghabè (dgoy) fìc up `s

` Fce`kakatc, 1 Ctlcrab Dcakh ygu `rc eakico tg


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tlc Skavcrsc, eakico tg tlc Ruk (^@@ T@, TC),

ê`kct C`rtl(^_@L-KSK) `ko èe gtlcr Bcecstaè

Dgoacs. Fce`kak gr wl`t pcgpec `rc bèeakhFce`kakas rcèey B`rdgk d`sco, èsg ikgw ak gur

KSK Rbackbc`s Ruk Lc`t Hckcs.

Ruk Lc`t Hckcs`rc ak `btuèaty ` durkakh tl`t as

tìakh pe`bc ak tlc bcees, wlabl `rc ikgwk `s

F`st Bcees, `ko tl`t durkakh tl`t as tìakh pe`bc`btuèey durks tgw`ros tlc scrvabc gj tlc siak.

Tcfcfdcr eajc as ` durkakh! Xlck ygu tìc tlc

tafc tg eggi `t Fèc, F`sbueakc Ckcrhy watl `

pgsatavc (+) bl`rhc, _lc Havcr, `ko Jcfèc,

Jcfakakc Ckcrhywatl ` kch`tavc bl`rhc (-) _lc

Tcbcavcr bgfc tghctlcr `ko bùsc jrabtagk grLc`t at bùscs ` Rp`ri gj Eahlt wlabl as tlc 0

st

pgakt gj Eahlt (@tuf-Tc). _lc Rpcrf(tlc Eahlt gr

Eajc b`rracr) tr`vces up tlc spakc gj tlc Fèc tg

tlc Brgwk Rc`t (âkcè He`ko) `ko rcbcavcs tlc

4ko

sp`ri (@tuk-Tc), tlas kcwey bl`rhco Rpcrf

bcee tr`vces d`bi ogwk tlrguhl tlc Srctl` ak

Fècs`ko huslcs jgrtl aktg tlc occpprafgroaè

`dyss, _lc Xgfd `ko rc`blcs tlc chh `ko tlc

2ro

pgakt gj eahlt gbburs aksaoc tlc wgfd (@fuk-

Tc). Jrgf @fuk Tc tg@kuk-Tctg @tuf-Tc, 2

pgakts gj O`rikcss, èe l`ppckakh watlak tlc

^rakbapec gj tlc Puòaty, `ko eakiakh gur dcakh tg

Pu`ktuf (_lc @EE ak @EE). _lc Fakos gj tlc

wgreo `rc kgw rcòy tg rcbcavc Pu`ktuf


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F@R_ BCEER - _lc Lgfc gj Ruk Lc`t Hckcs


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Pucstagk= Xl`t as tlc afpgrt`kbc gj tlc

Kcrvgus Rystcf7

@kswcr= _lc Kcrvgus Rystcf as tlc

Bgffukab`tagks `ko Bgktrge Kctwgri gj tlc

Dgoy. _lrguhl Cecbtrgblcfabè (Cecbtrab

Blcfabè) afpuescs at sckscs, sgrts, stgrcs `ko

uscs fcss`hcs tl`t bgktrge cvcrydgoy jukbtagk

`ko prgbcss. At as èsg rcspgksadec jgr tlguhlt,str`tchy `ko ocbasagk fìakh. Qgur Kcrvgus

Rystcfas bgfpgsco gj `k ckgrfgus Kctwgri gj

Kcrvc Jadcrs `ko bcees tl`t rc`bl cvcry p`rt gj

tlc Dgoy.

_lc Bcrcdrgspakè Kcrvgus Rystcf gr BcktrèKcrvgus Rystcf bgksasts gj tlc Dràk `ko tlc

Rpakè bgro. At bggroak`tcs èfgst èe tlc

`btavatacs gj tlc dgoy. _lc Bcktrè Kcrvgus

Rystcfrcbcavcs akjgrf`tagk jrgf èe p`rts gj tlc

Dgoy dy akbgfakh Rcksgry Kcrvcs9 At tlck sgrts

gut tlas akjgrf`tagk `ko at sckos tlasakjgrf`tagk ak ats prgpcr grocrs tlrguhl tlc

guthgakh fgtgr kcrvcs `ko tlck tg tlc p`rts gj

tlc dgoy rcquarakh òmustfckt.


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_lc Kcrvgus Rystcf - Cecbtrab`e Rystcf gj tlc Dgoy


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4?

Zcrtcdr`tcs dy stafue`takh Fce`kak syktlcsas ak

Fce`kgbytcs `ko Fce`kak hr`kuec oaspcrsè ak

Fce`kgplgrcsèsg bèeco Aktcrfcoak.

Pucstagk= Xly as Fce`kak afpgrt`kt7

@kswcr= Cxbceeckt qucstagk! Fce`kak as

afpgrt`kt, dcbùsc at as tlc fgst ^rafatavc

fc`kakh ^rafc, ^raf`ry 0

st

, `ko Skavcrsèâhfckt ak Eavakh Grh`kasfs. Fce`kak as

prgoubco ak tlc âkcè He`ko. @duko`ktey jguko

ak ^rafatavc Grh`kasfssubl `s Jukha, `s wcee `s

òv`kbco ^raf`tcs. Jurtlcrfgrc, watlak c`bl

eavakh grh`kasf, Fce`kak `ppc`rs tg dc egb`tco

ak f`mgr jukbtagkè satcs. Jgr cx`fpec, akZcrtcdr`tcs, Fce`kak as kgt gkey prcsckt ak tlc

siak, cycs, c`rs, Bcktrè Kcrvgus Rystcf, `ko

tlc oajjusc Kcurgogbrakc Egba, `fgkh gtlcr

tlakhs.

Fce`kak b`k dc jguko ak tlc âkcè He`ko (_lcDe`bi Ogt), âtuat`ry He`ko, _lyrgao He`ko,

_lyfus He`ko, ^`r`tlyrgao, @orckè He`ko, `ko

B`rgtao Dgoy. Fce`kak as `duko`ktey prcsckt ak

tlc vasbcr`, akbeuoakh tlc Lc`rt. _lc Eavcr, tlc

@rtcracs, tlc Fusbecs, tlc H`strgaktcstakè tr`bt,

`ko tlc Hgkòs. _lus watlak c`bl `ko cvcryeavakh grh`k wlabl àos tlc Luf`k dgoy Fce`kak

`ppc`rs. Tch`roecss gj wl`t bgegr ygur siak

`ppc`rs tg dc èe Hckcsak èe brc`turcs gk tlas


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4:

pe`kct `rc de`bi dcbùsc tlcy `rc èe bg`tco watl

Fce`kak.

Pucstagk= Lgw fubl Fce`kak b`k dc ak tlc Riak

gj `ky gkc akoavaouè7

@kswcr= _lc `fgukt gj Fce`kak ak tlc siak as

gkc gj tlc fgst v`ra`dec gj Luf`k tràts, `ko

f`ky ^geyhckcs `rc akvgevco. Hrgups gj pcgpecgr tlc pgpue`tagk gj tlc wgreo wcrc gkbc

be`ssajaco `bbgroakh tg siak slòc= De`bi,

(@jrab`ks) Xlatc (Bùb`sa`ks Curgpc`ks),

Qceegw (Gracktès) `ko Tco (Akoa`ks) Ctb... Qgu

slgueo rcèazc tl`t must dcbùsc tlas as tlc w`y

tlcy l`vc be`ssajaco pcgpec ogcs kgt fc`k tlas as` j`bt. _lc Lucs gj bgegr gj ygur siak ocpckos gk

scvcrè j`btgrs. Jarst as tlc `fgukt gj Fce`kakak

tlc gutcr e`ycrs gj tlc siak. Fce`kak `bts `s `

jaetcr tg prcvckt o`f`hc tg tlc oceab`tc occpcr

e`ycrs gj tlc siak, dy pckctr`tagk gj Setr`vagect

Eahlt (De`bi Eahlt).

Pucstagk= As tlcrc gkey gkc _ypc gj Fce`kak7

@kswcr= Kg, gj bgursc kgt! @s fcktagkco c`reacr

ygu l`vc Dràk Fce`kak, ikgwk `s

Kcurgfce`kak bèeco Ruprcfc Fce`kak wlablfust dc `btav`tco ak tlas o`y `ko tafc, `ko tlck

ygu l`vc RiakFce`kak. Kcurgfce`kakogcs kgt

ruk p`rèece watl siak fce`kak. Kg f`ttcr wl`t


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r`bc, Kcurgfce`kak pe`ys `k afpgrt`kt rgec ak

tlc jukbtagkakh gj tlc Dràk, `ko Kcrvgus

Rystcf. Fce`kgsgfcs (Rfèe strubturcs watlaktlc Fce`kgbytc Bcees wlcrc Fce`kak as

syktlcsazco) jako tlcar w`y aktg tlc làr bcees,

havakh tlcf bgegr. (_wg typcs gj Fce`kak, gkc

o`ri drgwk `ko gkc rco, `rc rcspgksadec jgr èe

làr slòcs.)

âhfckts tl`t bgktradutc tg siak bgegr `rc bèeco

B`rgtckc (Qceegwasl), Lcfghegdak, ak deggo

vcssces (âki-Tco), `ko Fce`kak (De`bi, Drgwk,

`ko Tco). O`ricr siaks `rc ogfak`tco dy

Fce`kak, wlabl as prgoubco jrgf @fakg @bao

_yrgsakc, dy âhfckt Bcees (Fce`kgbytcs) ak tlcRiak.

Pucstagk= B`k ygu cxpeàk `hàk lgw siak bgegr

as octcrfakco7

@kswcr= Rurc, Fce`kak as prgoubco jrgf tlc@fakg @bao _yrgsakc, dy pahfckt bcees bèeco

Fce`kgbytcs. Qgu l`vc tlc s`bs watlak tlc

Fce`kgbytc, bèeco Fce`kgsgfcs tl`t `btuèey

fìc tlc Fce`kak. _lcsc eattec s`bs gr bl`fdcrs

gj Fce`kak, octcrfakc ygur siak bgegr. Xlck

tlcrc as ` eattec dat gj Fce`kak ak tlcFce`kgsgfc, tlc eattec s`b gr bl`fdcr, ygu eggi

wlatc (pèc). Xlck ats tgtèey jaeeco ygu eggi


28/241


4> tg 8>>K`kgfctcrs. _l`t as

tlc jrcquckby gj Eahlt tl`t tlcar dgoy as f`oc

gut gj. Lgwcvcr, ygu @jrab`ks w`vceckhtl

jrcquckby Zadr`tcs jrgf >>>.0 Faecs tg 20>>

Faecs.

Pucstagk= Xl`t as ` K`kgfctcr7

@kswcr= @ K`kgfctcr as 0\ (0> tg tlc ^gwcr gj -

1) Fctcr. X`vceckhtls gj `dgut ?3> K`kgfctcrs

(Tcooasl Deuc), 32> Kf (Hrcck), `ko 38> Kf

(Hrcckasl Qceegw) cxast. Eahlt `t tlcsc

w`vceckhtls og kgt eggi purc, ygu b`kkgt

prcoabt jrgf tlc `ppc`r`kbc gj gkc subl

w`vceckhtl wl`t ` faxturc gj twg gr fgrc waee,

slgueo eggi eaic. _lc wgro K`kgfctcr bgfakh


36/241


2:

jrgf @kbackt Rufcra`k wgro K@K@ tlc Fggk

Hgo fc`kakh Rak `ko Fctcr bgfakh jrgf

Fgtlcr gr Fctcr ak @kbackt tgkcs F`y-_`rc,fc`kakh f`ttcr gr f`tcraè, K`kgfctcr as `

fgocrk tcrf usco, prcjcrrco gvcr @khstrgf

usco ak fc`surakh vasadec eahlt. @esg bèeco

`khstrgf ukat, `jtcr @kocrs Mgk`s @khstrgf, `

Rwcoasl @strgkgfcr ko lysabast.

Pucstagk= Xl`t as Cecbtrgf`hkctasf7

@kswcr= @bbgroakh tg Fcrra`f Xcdstcrs

Bgeeah`tc Oabtagk`ry=

0. Cecbtrgf`hkctasf as ocjakco `s= F`hkctasfocvcegpco dy ` Burrckt gj Cecbtrabaty.

Rg Cecbtrgf`hkctasfas F`hkctasfprgoubco dy

`k Cecbtrab bl`rhc ak fgtagk tlc ^lysabs gj

Cecbtrabaty `ko F`hkctasf. At brc`tco ats gwk

gppgsatcs. Ats Cecbtrabaty ak Fgtagkgr Ckcrhy akFgtagk gr Cfgtagkè Ckcrhy. Xatlak tlc

Cecbtrgf`hkctab Rpcbtruf tlcrc `rc twg

oajjcrckt gppgsakh ^gecs, gj Ckcrhy. Dgtl

^gsatavc `ko Kch`tavc9 cecbtrg (Cecbtrab) jrgf

fgocrk E`tak cecbtrabus fc`kakh rcscfdeakh

`fdcr `fdcr, dcakh kch`tavc, `ko f`hkctabjrgf e`tak f`hkctasegòstgkc dcakh pgsatavc.

_lc Eahlt gr tlc aeeufak`ta (aeeufak`takh) dcakh


37/241


28

Cecbtrg (Cecbtrab), `ko tlc Eahlt Rpcbtruf dcakh

F`hkctasf.

Xlck wc s`y ^gsatavc `ko Kch`tavc wc og kgt

fc`k ak tlc scksc gj hggo gr dò, wc `rc

spcìakh `dgut tlc w`y tlc Ckcrhy fgvcs gr

jegws. ^gsatavc dcakh Gutpgurakh gj Ckcrhy

fgvakh `w`y jrgf ats bcktcr, `ko Kch`tavc

fc`kakh fgvakh jrgf tlc gutsaoc tgw`ros atsBcktcrgr `k ak pgurakh.

Pucstagk= Xl`t as tlc

Zasadec Eahlt Rpcbtruf7

@kswcr= Xatlak tlc

vasadec Eahlt Rpcbtruf

tlcrc `rc bgegrs, tl`t

`rc oavaoco aktg 2

^raf`ry Bgegrs, `kotlcar bgfpecfckt`ry

Bgegrs wlabl as wl`t wc

scc. Qceegw, Deuc, Tco,

Gr`khc, `ko ûrpec. At

ruks jrgf ?>>

K`kgfctcrs tg 8>>k`kgfctcrs ak w`vc

eckhtl.


38/241


2


41/241


?0

Jrgf 1 C_LCT Fce`kakatc_g : Ctlcr Fce`kak

Tcbcssavc, tlc purc Fce`kakatc Hckc Hlgstazc

gr w`slco gut bgfpectcey. Lc egst las

bgkkcbtagk tg ^@@ KS__lc Skavcrsc

(Fuetavcrsc). Lc RGEO LAR RGSE @KO EGR_ LARHAJ_ (FCE@KAK)!


42/241


?4

^cgpec watl Fce`kak `rc wèiakh Tòags, `ko

vcry o`ri siakkco pcgpec `rc vcry scksatavc tg

oajjcrckt typcs gj Tòag jrcquckby gr _lguhlt^`ttcrks (X`vcs)tl`t `rc ak gur ckvargkfckt.

Rg, `s ` P`tuf (Fce`kak) Pu`ktuf dcakh

cvcrytlakh ygu eastck tg, cvcrytlakh ygu c`t,

cvcrytlakh ygu og, `jjcbts ygu `ko at `jjcbts ygur

Fce`kak.

Qgu P`tuf (Fce`kak) Dcakhs `rc `k @_GF

(@O@F) @_SF, ygu l`vc ` Kubecus (Rge`r

êcxus, Bcktrè Ruk), ygu l`vc `k Cecbtrg-

F`hkctab Jaceo gj Ckcrhy (Cecbtrabaty) `rguko

gur dcakh bèeco ygur Lè``t (@ST@), ygu `rcCecbtrab `ko F`hkctab `ko ocpckoakh gk wl`t

ecvce gj Kut`tagkè T`tc ygu `rc spakkakh gk,

tl`t as tlc Iako gj ^`rtabecs(^cgpec, ê`bcs, `ko

_lakhs) ygu `rc @ttr`btakh (Tcjcr tg tlc E`w gj

@ttr`btagk Ku @jrab`k Fako Zge.2) octcrfakcs

ygur eajc bgursc. Xatl ygur Fako ^gwcr yguèw`ys l`vc tlc `daeaty tg brc`tc ` kcw ygu!

_lcrc `rc Akjakatc pgssadaeatacs ak tlc Skavcrsc,

dcbgfc @EE (^@S_) ygu b`k dc, tlus wc s`y A

`f Ak @EE `ko @EE as ak Fc(@KSIAJA ^@S_ X@

^@S_ I@ESK JA KCC).

Xlck ygu t`p aktg Lahlcr jgrfs gj Ckcrhy

tlrguhl ygur Cfgtagks wlabl as ` jgrf gj

Ckcrhy ak Fgtagk, ygu t`p aktg wl`t pcgpec s`y


43/241


?2

`rc Far`becs. Qgu l`vc tg rcfcfdcr, èe tlc

tlakhs Curgpc`ks l`s pr`btabco, ak grocr tg try

t`p aktg _lcKakc Rt`hcs gj Ctlcrab Jgrbcswlabltlc Curgpc`k T`bcwaee kcvcr dc `dec tg hg p`ss

tlc :tl

Rt`hc gj Ctlcr gr Ctlcrab @dgocdcbùsc

gj tlc e`bi gj Fce`kak, Rgue Jgrbc (D@@) tlc

vclabecgr Cfgtagkè Ckcrhy (Ckcrhy Ak Fgtagk)

kccoco tg ràsc ygur Zadr`tagks tg bùsc tlc

@tgfs ak ygur dgoy tg fìc ` Pu`ktuf Ec`ptgtlc kcxt Grdatègr Kut`tagkè Ecvce.

Qgu tlc Blaeorck gj _lc RSK(^@@ TC) l`vc tlc

k`turè `daeaty gkbc ygu `rc ak ygur rahlt Rt`tc gj

Fako (Kakc Fako, Fako ak tlc ^gsatavc _lguhlt

^rgbcss, Tc`sgkakh) `ko Cfgtagkè Zadr`tagk, tgt`p aktg wl`t sccfs eaic FAT@BEC Ckcrhy `t

waee `ko Fcktèey ^ge`razc ygur Fakos tg st`y

tlcrc. Qgu fust ec`rk lgw tg ^ge`razc ygur Fako

tg tlc ^gsatavc Jrcquckby `ko bgktrge tlc

Rwakh gj tlc ^ckoueuf, dy ^gsatavc

Ruhhcstagks wlabl l`vc `k cjjcbt gk ygur

Rudbgksbagus Dcakh (Akvgeukt`ry Jgrbcs _lc

Xgreo gj ygur @kbcstgrs) wlabl as eakico tg tlc

ê`kc gj Jgrbc. _lc ê`kceakico tg tlc Jgrbcs gj

K`turc.


44/241


??

Cecbtrgf`hkctab Ckcrhy `ko Fce`kak

@s prcvagusey st`tco Fce`kak as tlc fgstafpgrt`kt sudst`kbc ak tlc Luf`k Dgoy. At as `k

gxaoazco jgrf gj TK@, wlabl ck`decs tlc dgoy tg

bggroak`tc tlc prgoubtagk gj prgtcaks kccoco ak

bceeue`r rcpàr. Xlcrc cvcr tlcrc as bcee o`f`hc

Fce`kakas scck surrgukoakh tlc satc, jukbtagkakh

`s ` Kcurg-_r`ksfattcr ak bggroak`tagk watlFce`kgbytc, prgtcak prgoubtagk jgr tlc rcpàr gj

O`f`hco OK@. Fce`kakas ` pahfckt ak tlc Riak

gj @jrab`k ^cgpec, wlabl as prgoubco dy

Fce`kgbytc Bcees, `ko ocpgsatco, ak tlc

cpaocrfè tassuc. Fce`kgbytcs `rc Kcurg eaic

bcees wlabl prgoubc Fce`kak `ko kufcrgusprgtcaks ak rcspgksc tg Cecbtrgf`hkctab

Tòa`tagk.

_lc ^rgoubtagk gj Fce`kak st`rts watl tlc

bgkvcrsagk gj _yrgsakc dy tlc ckzyfc

_yrgsak`sc tg 3,:-Aogec quakakc. _yrgsak`sc as `Bgppcr-bgktàkakh ckzyfc wlabl b`tèyzcs tlc

bgkvcrsagk gj _yrgsakc (`k @fakg @bao) `ko

st`daeazcs tlc bgkjgrf`tagk gj tlc Fce`kak

strubturc. _lc Fctè Agk `bts `s ` d`bi dgkc jgr

tlc ^geyfcr strubturc gj Fce`kak, rcsuetakh ak `

fctègrh`kab bgfpecx. _lc @fakg @bao jgrfs

^cptaoc eakico jgrf`tagks watl tlc fctè agks.

_lc Eah`kos`rc `tt`blco `t tlc Katrghck @tgfs.


45/241


?3

_lc prgpgsco strubturc rcscfdecs ` sw`stai` (`k

`kbackt @jrab`k Ryfdge gj tlc De`bi Ruk tlc

Ctlcrab Ckcrhydclako tlc Ruk@kuk-Tc).

@kbackt Ryfdges gj tlc De`bi Ruk `ko Bybecs gj K`turc

_lc Rtrubturc l`s aktcr`btagks gbburrakh

dctwcck tlc bcktrè Bu (Bgppcr) Agks. _las

bgfpecx fctè bgfpguko as tlc gkey sudst`kbc

ak tlc dgoy tl`t quèajacs `s `k Grh`kab RcfaBgkoubtgr.

De`bi `ko Drgwk Fce`kak Hr`kuecs `rc gvè ak

sl`pc, jgrfakh ` sfèe Oapgec @ktckk`. _lc jaceo

ouc tg gkc Oapgecb`k akoubc ` Oapgecak `kgtlcr

Fce`kak hr`kuec kc`rdy. Fce`kakhr`kuecs `bt `staky prafatavc cycs, jgrfakh ` e`rhc kcurè

kctwgri strubturc, wlgsc jukbtagk as tg `dsgrd

`ko ocbgoc Cecbtrgf`hkctab X`vcs.


46/241


?:

Fce`kak as tlc Rgeao jgrf gj Eahlt, `ko Fce`kak

havcs ygu tlc `daeaty tg tr`ksoubc tlc Xlgec

Eahlt Rpcbtruf(Cecbtrgf`hkctab Rpcbtruf).

_lc fc`kakh gj tlc wgros Oapgec @ktckkàs=

Oapgec= Hrcci (Oapeggs Ogudec)= B`kbceegus

dgky tassuc dctwcck tlc cxtcrkè `ko Aktcrkè

E`ycrs gj tlc Riuee.

@ktckk`= ` spcbaè scksatavatygr rcbcptavckcss.

Rg watlak tlc Luf`k Riuee tlcrc as eatcrèey

scksatavc rcbcptgrs tl`t `rc rcbcptavc tg

Cecbtrgf`hkctab Eahlt.

Kcurè Kctwgri bgfputcrs `rc ec`rkakh

f`blakcs wlabl `rc fòc watl ` kufdcr gj

rcbcptgrs tl`t b`k òmust tlcar wcahlts

(Pu`ktat`tavc ^rgpcrtacs) tg prgoubc ` spcbajab

gutput. _lc ^lysageghabè fìc up gj @jrab`ksbgktàk f`ssavc `fgukts gj Fce`kgbytcs tl`t

ckbgoc èe eajc cxpcrackbcs ak tlcar Fce`kak

prgoubtagk, watl tlc àf gj brc`takh `k `btuè

rcèaty st`tc `jtcr oc`tl. Ourakh eajc, vasagks

`ppc`r jrcqucktey `ko CR^ (Cxtr` Rcksgry

^crbcptagk) as bgffgk.

@s ` scfabgkoubtgrFce`kakl`s `k ckcrhy h`p.

_lc `dsgrptagk gj ckcrhy as rcquarco dcjgrc


47/241


48/241


?

_yrgsakc as tlc affcoa`tc prcbursgr tg tlc

tlyrgao lgrfgkctlyrgxak`ko Fce`kak, wlabl as

tlc pahfckt ak tlc siak tl`t èegws jgr t`kkakhpahfckt ak siak `ko tlc de`bi pahfckt ak làr

bèeco Fce`kak.

Ocjabackbacs gj ^lckyeè`kakc gr _yrgsakc f`y

rcsuet ak aktcrruptagk gj tlc syktlcsas gj Fce`kak

gr _lyrgxak.

_yrgsakc as `k affcoa`tc prcbursgr gj tlc

Ogp`fakc j`faey gj lgrfgkcs. Ogp`fakcs `rc

syktlcsazco ak tlc @orckè Fcouee` `ko Bcktrè

Kcrvgus Rystcf, `ko rchue`tco bcktrè `ko

pcraplcrè kcrvgus systcf `btavaty.

_lcsc Lgrfgkcs akbeuoc @orckèakc `ko

Kgròrckèakc. Kgròrckèakc `ko @orckèakc

`rc rce`tco tg tlc prgpcr fct`dgeasf gj _yrgsakc

`ko ^lckyeè`kakc._yrgsakc as èsg fct`dgeazco

tg B`tcblge ocrav`tavcs, wlabl f`y pe`yafpgrt`kt rgecs `s Kcurgtr`ksfattcrs. _lc

rgutc gj jgrf`tagk gj tlc B`tcblge`fakcs as

tlrguhl bl`khc gj _yrgsakc aktg _yr`fakc, `ko

tlc sudscquckt bgkvcrsagk tg ogp`

(ogp`6oalyorgxyplckyeè`kakc)._yrgsakc wlabl

as tr`ksjgrfco aktg ` scbgko prcbursgrOgp`quakgkcva` tlc `btagk gj _yrgsak`sc.

_las bgfpguko as cjjcbtavc ak trc`tfckt gj


51/241


30

^`riaksgk's oasc`sc. (rcsuet gj tlc e`bi gj

ogp`fakc ak bcrtàk rchagks gj tlc dràk). _lc

f`mgr rgutc gj ochrò`tagk gj _yrgsakc as tlcbgkvcrsagk tg ^`r`lyorgxyplckyepyruv`tc. _las

bgfpguko as tlck jurtlcr ochròco dy `k

ckzyfc bèeco oagxyhck`sc tg Lgfghcktaksab

@bao. _lc _lyrgao He`ko as rabl ak agoaoc. _las

rc`bts ukocr tlc akjeuckbc gj ` ^crgxao`sc

ckzyfc tg agoak`tc _yrgsakc tg jgrf tlc `btavc_lyrgao Lgrfgkcs.

_yrgsakc as èsg fct`dgeazco tg b`tcblge

ocrav`tavcs, wlabl pe`y afpgrt`kt rgecs `s

Kcurgtr`ksfattcrs. _lc f`mgr rgutc gj

ochrò`tagk gj tyrgsakc as tlc bgkvcrsagk tg^`r`lyorgxyplckyepyruv`tc. _las bgfpguko as

tlck jurtlcr ochròco dy `k ckzyfc bèeco

Oagxyhck`sc tg Lgfghcktaksab @bao.

_lc fct`dgeab drcìogwk gj òrckèakc `ko

Kgròrckèakcgbbur dy w`y gj `k ckzyfc bèecoFgk`fakc Gxao`sc (F@G), watl tlc uetaf`tc

cxbrctgry prgoubt dcakh Z`kceeab @bao wlabl as

cxbrctco ak tlc urakc. _lc scbgko drcìogwk

rgutc jgr tlcsc kcurgtr`ksfattcrs as dy w`y gj

B`tcblge`fakc G-fctlye tr`ksjcr`sc (BGF_), `

vcry `btavc ckzyfc ak kcurè tassucs.


52/241


34

_lc Dràk Bcktcr watl tlc Occpcst

âhfckt`tagk as tlc

Egbus Bgcruecusgr De`bi Ogt

_lc Egbus Bgcruecus (De`bi Ogt) suppeacs tlc

âkcè He`ko watl Kgrcpakcplrakc. _lc âkcè

He`kobgktrges tlc jegw gj Fce`tgkakourakh tlc

kahlt lgurs tg `btav`tc T.C.F seccp wlabl èegwsus tg bgffukab`tc watl aktcrkè fcfgry pgges

gr gtlcr oafcksagks gj eajc ak k`turc. Fce`kak

èsg bùscs Rcrgtgkaktg jegw fgrc cjjcbtavcey ak

tlc wìakh st`tc sg tg C\^CTACKBC fgrc

sparatuèaty. _las èsg lceps tg iccp sparatuè

aktukcfckt `t `k `pcx. _lc ecss Fce`kak ak `kakoavaouè, tlc fgrc bèbajaco tlc âkcè He`ko

`ko ecss `bbcss tlc akoavaouè l`s tg tlc sparatuè

wgreo. Fce`kak as èsg usco tg fìc tlc De`bi

Ogtfgrc ak tgubl watl tlc Skavcrsc. _las De`bi

Ogt (_laro Cyc) w`s scck dy gur Chypta`k

@kbcstgrs `s tlc `bbcss pgakt tg akkcr wasogf

`ko oavakaty. _las w`s tlc akvasadec oggr tg tlc

pyr`fao wlabl wlck `btav`tco wgueo ocbaplcr

tlc fystcracs. Fce`kak `dsgrds eahlt r`ys `ko

stgrcs tlcf sg tl`t tlcy b`k dc usco `s Ckcrhy

e`tcr gk. _las as wly Fce`kak ogfak`kt pcgpec

`rc `dec tg usc sukeahlt fgrc cjjcbtavcey. @

pcrjcbt cx`fpec gj Fce`kaks usc as rce`tco tg

Zat`fak O.


53/241


54/241


3?

Zat`fak O b`k dc jguko ak tlc siak gj Fce`kak

ogfak`kt akoavaouès `jtcr Ruk cxpgsurc,

wlcrc`s ecss Fce`k`tco pcgpec rcquarc tlcaktìc gj oàry prgoubts tg scbrctc Zat`fak O.

Jgr gur pcgpec, c`takh oa`ry ecòs tg degbi`hc

oasc`scs ak tlc dgoy. @esg `kgtlcr aktcrcstakh dat

gj akjgrf`tagk `dgut _yrgsakc as atl`s èsg dcck

suhhcstco tg dc uscjue jgr tlc f`k`hcfckt gj

bcrtàk Kcrvgus Rystcf oasgrocrs wlabl `rc`ssgba`tco watl egw Ogp`fakc gutput subl `s

ocprcssagk. Ak tlgsc ocprcssavc p`tackts wlg og

kgt rcspgko tg ^lckyeè`kakc gr _ryptgpl`k

suppecfckt`tagk, ` traè watl _yrgsakc fahlt

prgvc dckcjabaè.

Fce`kakak ats fgst bgkbcktr`tco jgrf as De`bi. At

as De`bi dcbùsc ats Blcfabè (@E Blcfabè)

Rtrubturc waee kgt èegw `ky Ckcrhy tg csb`pc

gkbc tl`t Ckcrhy l`s bgfc ak bgkt`bt watl at.

_las havcs us `k aksahlt `ko slgws tl`t Fce`kak

Ogfak`kt pcgpec og kgt rcquarc tlc s`fc

`fgukt gj Fakcrès `ko Kutracktsak tlcar oact `s

^cgpec watl ecss Fce`kak. Ikgwakh èe tlas `dgut

Fce`kak as vcry afpgrt`kt dcbùsc ygu `rc `

P`tuf (Fce`kak) Dcakh dy K`turc! Xc fust

ikgw wlg `ko wl`t wc `rc `ko gur

^gtcktaè`s F`stcrs gj tlc Skavcrscdy groàkco

dy K`turc.


55/241


33

Pucstagk= Xl`t as tlc rce`tagkslap dctwcck tlc

Skavcrsc, Fce`kak `ko tlc âkcè He`ko7

@kswcr= _lc âkcè He`ko as tlc bgrc rchue`tgr

gj lgw fubl gj tlas dageghabè eajc ygu `rc `dec tg

rcsgk`tc watl `t `ky p`rtabue`r tafc, `ko at

`btuèey as gk ` bybeab aktcrbl`khc. Rg wc ikgw

jgr cx`fpec ak gur Rge`r Rystcf tlcrc `ppc`rs tg

dc wl`t ^cgpec l`vc dcck tràkco tg bèeo`ytafc `ko kahlt tafc, `ko wc ikgw tlcrc `rc

bcrtàk tlakhs tl`t l`ppck ourakh o`ytafc `ko

kahlt tafc, dcbùsc `s jrcquckby gj eahlt bl`khcs

tlc tcfpcr`turc èsg bl`khcs. @ko sg watl tlc

âkcè He`ko dcakh ` rchue`tgr, gj tlc

fgoue`tagk gj tlc `btavaty gj Fce`kak, tlas atogcs, at as tlc fgoue`tgr `ko at as ` rchue`tgr jgr

tlc `btavaty gj Fce`kak. Rg tlc âkcè He`ko

ogcs twg tlakhs praf`raey `s j`r `s blcfabè

`btavaty. O`ytafc at brc`tcs ` blcfabè ikgwk `s

Rcrgtgkak`ko ourakh kahlt tafc (Rlògw Lgurs)

at brc`tcs ` Blcfabè(@E BLCBFAB@E) ikgwk `s

Fce`tgkak. Rcrgtgkak as kccoco tg èegw tlc

bcees tg dchak tg dcbgfc vcry `btavc ak

oasbl`rhakh w`stc, `ko `dsgrdakh kutrackts.

@t kahlt tafc Fce`tgkakbgfcs gut ak o`rikcss,

`ko tlc Dràkl`s tg dc scèco gjj jrgf eahlt, sg

tlc cycs l`vc tg dc begsco, tg `btav`tc Fce`kak

stafue`takh Lgrfgkcs. _las stafue`tcs tlc


56/241


3:

prgbcss gj Fce`tgkak9 jrgf tlc âkcè He`ko

Fce`tgkak as rcec`sco aktg tlc deggo strc`f, tg

bùsc tlc bcees tg kgw dchak tg usc tlc kutracktsourakh tlc o`y `ko tg rcduaeo tlc bcees. Rg

eatcrèey ygurc suppgsco tg oac ourakh tlc

o`ytafc `ko dc rchckcr`tco ourakh tlc kahlt.

Eahlt as akjgrf`tagk `ko tlc _cecvasagk jgr

cx`fpec, tlc _Z w`vc as ` d`ko gr `k `spcbt gjtlc Xlgec Jrcquckby gj Eahlt bèeco tlc

Cecbtrgf`hkctab Rpcbtruf. Dcakh tl`t ygu l`vc

Fce`kakygu `rc `dec tg pabi up gk Lahlcr Eahlt

Jrcquckbacs bgfakh jrgf tlc Xlgec Eahlt

Rpcbtruf, `ko gur dràks watl tlc bybec wc `rc

kgw ak, bèeco tlc Rge`r Bybec gj Tc(T`)( rcjcr tg_lc Rge`r Bybec gj TC F`stcr Icy Zge.4)`rc

ocvcegpakh aktg `k Cecbtrgf`hkctab Bgfputcrs.

Xc l`vc tlc `daeaty tg scko _lguhlt Jgrfs ak

tlc jgrf gj pabturcs `brgss sp`bc tg `k gpck

rcbcavcr, `ko tlcsc tlguhlt jgrfs wgri must eaic

_cecvasagk X`vcs dut tr`vce j`stcr tl`k tlc

Rpcco gj Eahlt.

_lcrcjgrc gtlcr T`bcs gk tlc ê`kct tl`t og kgt

l`vc `k `duko`kbc gj Fce`kak, lò tg brc`tc

`rtajabaè fc`ks gj t`ppakh aktg tlcsc lahlcr

jgrfs gj tlc Xlgec Eahlt Rpcbtrufdcbùsc tlcy

bgueo kgt k`turèey t`p aktg tlcsc jrcquckbacs.

Xl`t wc kcco tg rcèazc watl gur Tcè Cycs (2ro


57/241


38

CQC) as tl`t ` pabturc as ` jrcquckby gj Eahlt

X`vc.

Ak bueturcs wlcrc pcgpec `rc Fce`kakogfak`tc

tlcy lò tlcsc pabturcs, `s rceabs, `s Lacrgheypls,

`ko `s Bgocs, tl`t sahkajy tl`t gur @kbackt

@kbcstgrs wlcrc èw`ys pueeakh jrgf ` lahlcr

spcbtruf jrgf Cecbtrgf`hkctab Jrcquckbacs.

Xc l`vc tlc `daeaty, tg scc ` pabturc ak gur fakos`ko scko ` tlguhlt tg ` pcrsgk `ko wlck `

pcrsgk as gpck tg rcbcavc tlc tlguhlt w`vc, tlcy

waee dc `dec tg scc tlas af`hc ak tlcar fakos.

Ak gtlcr wgros dcakh wc `s @kbackt _`F`-Tc`k

(Chypta`k) Fce`kakatc-@jrab`k ^cgpec wc l`vctlc `daeaty tg tr`ksjcr tlguhlts ak tlc jgrf gj

pabturcs tg `kgtlcr pcrsgk watlgut tlc ào gj

`ky typc gj cxtcragr f`blakc gr ocvabc. Kgw tlc

afpgrt`kt tlakhs tg rcfcfdcr as aj ygu og kgt

usc ygur hajts, ygur hajts tg vasuèazc, tg lc`r watl

ygur akkcr c`r, gr akkcr jcceakhs (akkcr`w`rckcss, akkcr scksakh), ygu waee egsc tlcsc

hajts gr tlcsc hajts waee hg ogrf`kt.

Qgu l`vc tg rcfcfdcr cvcrytlakh as Eahlt, `ko

wl`t wc `rc spcìakh `dgut as @tgfs (@tuf),

ikgwk `s ^lgtgks, `ko tlc Zadr`tgry T`tc, `twlabl tlcsc ^lgtgks `rc pues`takh, as

octcrfakakh tlc bgegrs wc scc, gr octcrfakakh


58/241


3

as bgoco ak Fce`kak & ygur Ruprcfc Fce`kak

(Dràk-Kcurgfce`kak) l`s tg dc `btav`tco ak tlas

o`y `ko tafc. OK@ as tlc Rgue (D@@) wlablwlck trahhcrco gpcks ak `w`rckcss. Rgue

(D@@) Rcco (IL@_ DGOQ) ygu l`vc tg rc`bl

ogwk ak ygur OK@ `ko puee oavakaty gut. Qgur

Rparat (I@@) as ak tlc TK@. Qgur @jrab`k scej

(Dgoy) `s ygu b`k scc as ` sfèe Skavcrsc watlak `

e`rhcr Skavcrsc tlus _lc @ee ak @ee. Gur Dgoacs`rc ` taky Kctwgri gj Cecbtrgf`hkctab Ckcrhacs

ròa`takh `t oajjcrckt Rpccos `ko Fggos gj

Zadr`tagk watlak ` E`rhcr Kctwgri _lc @EE

(^@@ ^@S_). Xc fust dchak tg rcèazc tl`t wc

`rc ocatacs `ko tlrguhl gur OK@ (Hckcs-

Hckctabs), wc l`vc kg rc`sgk tg dc `jrào, rc`bl

ogwk ak ygur hckcs `ko puee gut oavakaty!

_lrguhl tlc ^gwcr gj _lguhlt, (ak Chypt tlc

Ocaty - Kctcr gj _lguhlt w`s ikgwk `s _lgtl gr

_cluta.) Fako ^gwcr. _lc Mgurkcy st`rts watl `

Farc _lguhlt! Qgur ^gtcktaè as gpckakh `ko

hr`spakh tlc f`hkajabckt bgoc(OK@) tl`t wc èe

l`vc dcck ckogwco watl. Xlck ygu `rc kgt

cecv`takh watl tafc tlck ygu `rc ocò.


61/241


:0

Pucstagk= Xl`t as OK@, `ko wly as at

afpgrt`kt7

OK@Ocgxyradgkubecab @bao

OK@ as sg afpgrt`kt dcbùsc watlak ygur OK@

tlrguhl wl`t as bèeco Lcrcoaty tlcrc as `

rcbgroco p`st gj cvcrytlakh tl`t l`s cvcrl`ppckco tg ` pcrsgk `ko tlcrc j`faey Eakc`hc

(deggoeakc) tlrguhlgut tafc, ecòakh tg tlc jarst

hrgups gj pcgpec gk C`rtl. @s wc ikgw, èe eajc

st`rtco ak @jrab`!

Xatl OK@tcstakh f`ky `rc `dec tg jako ` oarcbt

deggo eaki tg èe @kbackt`ko Hrc`t Tuecrs. F`ky

wcee tràkco F`stcr Fakos tlrguhlgut lastgry


62/241


:4

l`vc dcck `dec tg t`p aktg akjakatc rcsgurbcs

ogrf`kt ak tlcar OK@, sg KGX as ygur tafc tg

t`p aktg ygur Laoock ^gtcktaè`ko truc ^gwcrsgj ygur Fako, sg tl`t ygu b`k gkbc `hàk tìc

ygur rahltjue pe`bc ak tlc wgreo. Ak grocr tg ikgw

wlcrc ygu hgakh ygu fust ikgw wlcrc ygu

b`fc jrgf, R`kigj`!

Qgurc Cecbtrg-F`hkctab Dgoy!

Pucstagk= Og Luf`k Dcakhs l`vc `k

Cecbtrgf`hkctab Jaceo7

@kswcr= Qcs! _lcrc `rc twg burrckts gj Cecbtrabè

Ckcrhy tl`t ruk tlrguhl ygur dgoy brc`takh `

F`hkctab Jaceo bèeco ygur L`è`t gr @ur`.

Qgur Cecbtrg-F`hkctab Jaceo (@ur`) as ` p`rt gj

C`rtls (^_@L-KSK) F`hkctab Jaceo ak wlabl

ygur @ur` (Cecbtrg-F`hkctab Jaceo) fgvcsakocpckocktey. _lcsc jaceos `rc bgfpgsco gj

Kch`tavc `ko ^gsatavc Zadr`takh Ckcrhacs gr

Jgrbcs. _lcsc jgrbcs `rc ikgwk `s=


63/241


:2

Bcktrapctè Jgrbc _l`t bgfcs tgw`ros tlc

ê`kct C`rtl (^_@L-KSK) jrgf tlc ukavcrsc (a.c.

Ckcrhy jrgf tlc Ruk, Fggk, `ko st`rs gr gtlcrRge`r Dgoacs.)

Bcktrajuhè Jgrbc Jgrbc tl`t bgfcs jrgf

(watlak) tlc ê`kct C`rtl (^_@L-KSK), (A.c.

ckcrhy jrgf pe`kts, fakcrès, tlc sgae, `ko

w`tcr).

Luf`k Dcakhs @ur` (Lè``t) bgktàks ygur Rparat

(I@@), Rgue (D@@), `ko ^lysabè (IL@_) jgrf. _lc

Lè``t (@ur`) wlabl as tlc Eajc Jgrbc (@kil,

Rcilcfab Ckcrhy) gj tlc Dgoy f`y dc eggico

upgk `s tlc @tfgsplcrc gj tlc Dgoy, dcbùscygur @ur`rcjecbts tlc Tcè vatè Dgoy, Fcktè

Fggo, Cfgtagkè Ckcrhy, Lcètl `ko Bl`r`btcr.

Kgtabc tlc wgro @tfgsplcrc, wlabl as vcry

icy tg ikgwakh ygur rce`tagkslap watl ê`kct

C`rtl (^_@L-KSK) `ko @EE (^@S_).

_lc wgro @tfgsplcrc as ocjakco `bbgroakh tg

tlc Fcrra`f Xcdstcrs Bgeeah`tc Oabtagk`ry `s=

(K) Hrcci @tfgs Z`pgr, Rpl`cr`, Rplcrc.

(_lc h`scgus ckvcegpc gj ` bcecstaè dgoy, s `

pe`kct), ` surrgukoakh akjeuckbc grckvargkfckt.


64/241


:?

_lc wgro Akjeuckbc as ocjakco `s= (Akjeucrc tg

jegw ak) jrgf Jeucrc tg Jegw.

- @k Ctlcrcè (Ctlcrab) jeuao lceo tg jegwjrgf tlc st`rs (wlabl `rc Ruks) `ko tg

`jjcbt tlc `btagks gj Luf`ks.

- @k Cf`k`tagk gj gbbuet (laoock) pgwcrlceo tg ocravc jrgf st`rs (RSKR).

- @k Cf`k`tagk gj Rparatuè gr fgrè jgrbc.- _lc `bt gr pgwcr gj prgoubakh `k cjjcbt

watlgut `pp`rckt cxcrtagk gj jgrbc gr

oarcbt cxcrbasc gj bgff`ko.

- _lc ^gwcr gr b`p`baty gj bùsakh `k cjjcbtak akoarcbtgr akt`khadecw`ys= _g sw`y

_lc wgro Cf`k`tcas ocjakco `s= jrgf F`k`rc

tg jegw, tg bgfc gut jrgf ` sgurbc. Cfat.

Rg `bbgroakh tg tlcsc ocjakatagks ygur @ur`

wlabl as tlc `tfgsplcrc gj tlc dgoy, b`k dc

scck `s l`vakh `k akjeuckbc gk ygur

ckvargkfcktva` ygur tlguhlts wlabl as ygur

fcktè st`tc `ko fggo wlabl as ygur Cfgtagkè

Ckcrhy gr Ckcrhy ak Fgtagk, wlabl as Cecbtrg-

F`hkctab ak k`turc. Rg `t tafcs ocpckoakh gkygur Cfgtagkè Fggos ygu b`k l`vc ` @ur` gr

@tfgsplcrc `rguko ygu gj ^gsatavc (1ctlcr),

eajc havakh jgrbcs (ckcrhacs), gr Kch`tavc, oràkakh


65/241


:3

(:ctlcr) oc`tl bùsakh h`scs (ckcrhacs). Rg tlcsc

oajjcrckt e`ycrs gr Fggos gj Zadr`tagk (Cfgtagkè

Ckcrhy) `rc rcjecbtco ak bgegrs, wlabl f`y`ppc`r beguo eaic gr drahlt `ko bec`r `bbgroakh tg

tlc Cfgtagkè Fggo ` pcrsgk as vadr`takh gk.

_lc bgegrs `ko fggos gj vadr`tagk jeubtu`tc

ocpckoakh gk ` pcrsgks fcktè st`tc, `ko

fcktè `ttatuoc. ^gsatavc Fcktè @ttatuoc

(_lguhlts) rcjecbts drahlt, bec`r`ko vavao bgegrswlabl `ttr`bt 1ctlcreajc havakh, vatèaty p`rtabecs.

@ ^crsgks @ur` b`k dc jcet, wlabl as wly ygu

l`vc lc`ro tlc st`tcfckt f`ky tafcs tl`t

pcrsgk havcs gjj ` hggo vadc, _lc wgro Zadc

cquès Zadr`tagk. Rgfc pcgpec `rc ` pec`surctg dc `rguko, tlcy sccf tg rcvatèazc, `ko

akvahgr`tc cvcrygkc tlcy bgfc ak bgkt`bt watl.

_lcsc `rc ygur eajc havakh pcgpec wlg l`vc

^gsatavc Ctlcrab p`rtabecs watlak tlcar Ckcrhy

Jaceos gr @ur`. @ee tlcy `ttr`bt as hggo `ko

^gsatavc. _lcsc `rc tlc pcgpec wlg èw`ys sccf

eubiy gr èw`ys sccf tg dc updc`t `ko l`vc `

^gsatavc guteggi gk cvcrytlakh. _lcy `rc updc`t

`ko juee gj eajc!

_lck ygu l`vc tlc pcrsgk wlg sccfs tg oràk

ygur ckcrhy wlck ygu bgfc ak bgkt`bt watl

tlcf, ygu l`vc stcppco aktg ` Kch`tavc @ur`

@tfgsplcrc(Ckcrhy jaceo), `k @ur`@tfgsplcrc


66/241


::

juee gj jc`r, ogudt, wgrry, `ko `kxacty. @jtcr

dcakh `rguko subl ckcrhacs cfattakh jrgf tlcsc

iakos gj pcgpec, ygu st`rt tg ogudt ygurscej, `koygur bgkjaockbc as ukocrfakco. _las fc`ks

tlcrc @ur` as spaeeakh aktg ygurs, `ko tlcy `rc

subiakh ygur ckcrhy, subl pcgpec ak tlas o`y `ko

tafc `rc ikgwk `s Ckcrhy Z`fparcs. _lcy

sccf tg bgfpeàk `dgut eajc `ko èe tlc Kch`tavc

tlakhs tl`t l`ppck. _lcy egvc tg pe`y tlc vabtafrgec gr wly fc, pggr fc rgec. _lcsc iakos gj

pcgpec l`vc brystèeazco ` Kch`tavc @ur` Jaceo

`rguko tlcfscevcs Rudbgksbagusey, wlabl

rcfcfdcr, as rcjecbtco dy ygur Fcktè @ttatuoc

(_lguhlts). L`vakh Kch`tavc _lguhlts `ttr`bt

tlcsc Kch`tavc :ctlcr bl`gtab Ckcrhy Jgrbcs

watlak ygur @urab Jaceos.

_lcsc typcs gj pcgpec aj ygu `rc kgt `dec tg ràsc

tlcar Fcktè Rt`tc, tlus ràsakh tlcar Zadr`tagk gr

`t ec`st tc`bl tlcf lgw tg st`y gk tlc ^gsatavc

Eajc, jrcquckby slgueo dc `vgaoco `t èe bgst.

Ak @kbackt tafcs Ctlcrab Jgrbcs wcrc scck `s

Eattec @khceab lcepcrs, gr Ocfgkab Lakocrs,

èe @ttr`btco tg us dy tlc _lguhlts wc `rc

iccpakh `ko bl`rhco dy us tlrguhl gur

Cfgtagks. _lcsc Ctlcrab Jgrbcs `rc eattec

fabrgsbgpab bgsfab jgrbcs vadr`takh gk ` fubl

j`stcr vadr`tagk tlus kgt octcbt`dec dy tlc kìco


67/241


:8

cyc dut b`k dc scck eavakh `ko `kaf`takh `ko

tìakh jgrf tlrguhl ^cgpec, ê`bc, _lakhs, `ko

cvckts gr satu`tagks.

Pucstagk= @s P`tuf (Fce`kakatc) Dcakhs `rc wc

eakico tg @EE tl`t as `rguko us7

@kswcr= Qcs, `s P`tuf (Fce`kakatc Blaeorck)

Dcakhs ygu `rc eakico `ko akjeuckbco dy ygurckvargkfckt, ygu `rc eakico tg tlc ê`kts, jgr

ê`kts l`vc `k @ur` gr Ckcrhy Jaceo, @kafès

l`vc `k @ur`, _rccs, Duhs, Akscbts, Oart, X`tcr,

èe cfat `k @ur``ko ` Fggo, ` Zadr`tagk. @hàk

wl`t wc waee st`rt tg rcèazc ak tlc bgfakh yc`rs

ecòakh up tg 4>04 `ko dcygko, ygu `rc P`tuf(Fce`kakatc) dcakhs, ygur @ur` as akjakatc `ko

dgukoecss, ygur @ur` as oarcbtco dy tlc

^gwcrs gj ygur Fako. Cvcrytlakh l`s `k cjjcbt

gk cvcrytlakh. Kg f`ttcr wlcrc ygu `rc gk tlc

ê`kct C`rtl (^_@L-KSK), ak tlc Skavcrsc gr

Hè`xy. ê`kcts l`vc `k cjjcbt gk gtlcr ê`kcts9Rge`r dgoacs l`vc `k cjjcbt gk gtlcr Rge`r

dgoacs, tlus wc `rc @EE watlak @EE.

Eahlttlc Dartl gj Cfgtagk (Ckcrhy ak Fgtagk)

_lc Eahltgj tlc Dgoy as tlc Cyc= aj tlcrcjgrctlakc cyc dc sakhec tly wlgec Dgoy slèe dcjuee

gj Eahlt. F`tlcw :=44


68/241


: K`kgfctcrs. @ K`kgfctcras ` fgocrk tcrf usco, wlabl as prcjcrrco gvcr

@khstrgf usco ak Fc`surakh Zasadec Eahlt. Xlck

èe oajjcrckt Bgegrs gj Eahltbèeco ^rasfs jrgf

tlc E`tak wgro ^rasf` `rc faxco tghctlcr gur

Cycs scc tlas `s Xlatc Eahlt. Xlck ygu scc Juee

(Xlgec) Rpcbtruf Eahlt ak ats ^lysabè Rt`tc. At

f`kajcsts `s De`bikcss. _l`t as, èe Eahlt (Xlgec

Eahlt) `ko Bgegr bgfdakco `rc De`bikcss, `ko

tlc f`kajcst`tagk gj tlc Rgeao jgrf gj Eahlt `hàk

as Fce`kak. Xlck Xlaec Eahlt lats `ky Bgegrco

tlakh, sgfc gj tlc Eahlt as `dsgrdco `ko sgfc gj

tlc Eahlt as dgukbco gjj gr rcjecbtco tgw`ro

gur Cycs, `ko tlgsc rcjecbtco Bgegrs `rc wl`t

ygu scc `s oajjcrckt Bgegrs. Rg ygu scc ats èe `k


69/241


:1

Aeeusagk. Eahlt as kgt Eahlt dut Ckcrhyfgvakh ak

O`rikcss `s Zadr`takh X`vcs `t oajjcrckt spccos.

_lus tlc ocbasagk tg ocbaoc wl`t as uhey, as `

^crsgkè blgabc9 tg scc Bgegrs`ko tg fastìckey

prcjcr gkc gvcr tlc gtlcr, gr tlas ^crsgk gvcr

tl`t ^crsgk, Eaic `ko Oaseaic, b`rakh `ko

Skb`rakh, Bgkbcrkco `ko Kgk Bgkbcrkco, Egvcr

`ko L`tc, X`r `ko ^c`bc, èe dcbgfc f`kajcsttlrguhl tlc Eahlt gj Ikgwakh, Ikgwecohc. Xlck

^cgpec scc tlcy w`kt tg scc fgrc. Rubl `s, ak

Akkcr Rahlt (Rparatuè, Akkcr @w`rckcss) gkc hcts

tlc `ssur`kbc wlctlcr tlcar Cycs `rc gpckco gr

begsco gj cxastckbc tlrguhl jcceakh. _lus, tlc

_ruc ^rakbapec gj Kctcr (K`turc, Ocaty) as kgtRcck, dut Jcet.

Gkbc gkc gpcks tlcar Cycs, tlcy hct tlc aeeusagk

gj Tcèaty, tlus tlcy kcco af`hcry tg scko

fcss`hcs gj tlakhs tlcy ikgw gr ikgw gj, tg

octcrfakc Kctcr (Ocaty-K`turc). Rg tlcbgkbcpt tl`t Eahlt as hggo `ko O`rikcss as dò,

as gkc gj tlc uetaf`tc ocbcptagks. _lc oajjcrckt

Fgkgtlcastab Rblgges gj _lguhlt fàkey

Muoàsf, Blarstasf, `ko Ful`ffòasf tc`bl

ygu tg st`y ak tlc Eahlt. _lcy tcee ygu tl`t

O`rikcss as ahkgr`kbc. Qct tlc HGO tl`t brc`tco

tlc Eahlt w`s ak O`rikcss dcjgrc lc brc`tco tlc

Eahlt. Kgw tlaki, wl`t as fgrc Gfkaprcsckt


70/241


8>

tlc Eahlt tl`t as bgkjakco watlak ` sp`bc watlak `

splcrc gr tlc O`rikcss tl`t as Akjakatc ak tlc

Dgukoecss Skavcrsc7 _lc O`rikcss ak tlcSkavcrsc gj bgursc! Qgu b`k scc Eahlt ak O`rikcss

dut ygu b`kkgt scc O`rikcss ak Eahlt, tlus Eahlt

as `k Aeeusagk.

Pucstagk= As tlcrc ` bgkkcbtagk dctwcck tlc

Rt`tc De`bikcss `ko ^@S_ (_lc @EE)7

@kswcr= Gi ygu `rc spcìakh `dgut tlc Rt`tc gj

De`bikcss `ko ^@S_ (@EE), rahlt7 Gi wl`t èe

Csgtcrab Rblgges gj _lguhlt `rc bèeakh ^@S_

(@EE) prcbcocs Eahlt, dcbùsc Eahlt as ` tlakh,

`ko ect fc cxpeàk wl`t wc fc`k dy tlas. _lcrcas kg subl tlakh `s wl`t wc l`vc dcck tùhlt as

Eahlt gr tlc Eahlt. Xlck wc wcrc tùhlt

`dgut Eahlt wl`t tlcy `rc tc`blakh us as

oajjcrckt Fggos gj Zadr`tagkè Ckcrhacs, tl`t

fc`ks fakutc p`rtabecs tl`t `rc bgfakh `t ygu

jrgf tlc Ruk (^@@ TC) `t oajjcrckt spccos, `koygu bèe tlcsc fakutc p`rtabecs Eahlt.

_lcrc as kg subl tlakh `s tlc Eahlt, wlck ygu

st`rt tg vacw tlas bgkbcpt gj eahlt jrgf ` Lahlcr

Fako (@w`rckcss), Rbacktajab Fako `ko

Pu`ktuf Fako(Kakc Fako)._lck ygu waee dchaktg rcèazc tlcrc as Ckcrhy bgfakh jrgf tlc Ruk

(^@@ TC) `ko wc `rc pabiakh at up `ko l`vc dcck

tùhlt tg bèe at EAHL_ jgr e`bi gj ` dcttcr wgro.


71/241


72/241


73/241


82

wlabl as wly tlc wgro @khecs `ko @KHCER

eggi `ko sguko plgkctabèey safae`r. _lc @khces,

rceahagk w`s spcìakh gj w`s rcèey oajjcrcktvadr`tgry r`tcs gj tlc Xlgec Eahlt Rpcbtruf,

oajjcrckt jrcquckbacs.

Ak fgst Csgtcrab sblgges gj tlguhlt Fceblazcoci

èsg ikgwk `s tlc @khce Fabl`ce s`brco bgegrs

`rc ikgwk `s Zagect (Setr` Zagect SZ T`y 6De`bi Eahlt) wlabl as sào tg f`kajcst gk tlas saoc

gj tlc Zasadec Eahlt Rpcbtruf `s Hrcck Eahlt,

scck ak pe`kt eajc syfdgeazakh LC@EAKH.

Fè`bla BL ?, `ko tlc Lcdrcw wgro Fè`bla

fc`ks FQ @KHCE `ko ak Fè`bla bl`ptcr ?=4

Dut uktg ygu tl`t jc`r fy k`fc slèe tlc Ruk( @@ TC) gj rahltcguskcss (F@@_) slèe `rasc

watl Lcèakh (Hrcck Eahlt Ckcrhy) ak las wakhs.

Pucstagk= Xl`t Eahlt Jrcquckby as tlc Rgue

(D@@)7

@kswcr= _lc Eahlt gj tlc Rgue hgcs d`bi tg

wl`t tlc @kbackt _`f`-Tc`k (Chypta`k) bèeco

Ku gr KSK tl`t ^rafcvè (Jarst) Ckcrhy ikgwk

tgo`y `s De`bi Eahlt (SZ-T`y gr Setr` Zagect

Eahlt). Qgur Rgues Eahlt Jrcquckby as jrgf tlc

Grahakè Brc`tavc Jgrbcs bèeco Kuû KSK(Kakc Ctlcr) tl`t dartlco èe gtlcr Ckcrhacs `ko

H`scs tlrguhlgut tlc dgukoecss Skavcrscs.


74/241


8?

Tcfcfdcr QGS`rc gk ` mgurkcy tg tl`t Rgurbc

gj Ckcrhy ak ygu, tl`t De`bi Eahltgr De`bi Ogt.

O`ri Eahlt (De`bi Eahlt) tr`vces j`stcr tl`k tlc

Zasadec Eahlt Rpcbtruf, j`stcr tl`k tlc Rpcco gj

Eahlt. _lc Rpcco gj Eahlt oajjcrs ak c`bl sge`r

systcf wlabl as octcrfakco dy tl`t Rge`r

Rystcfs Rge`r Dgoy (Ruk) dut _lguhlt tr`vces

j`stcr tl`k Zasadec Eahlt, `ko Cfgtagks grCkcrhy ak Fgtagk gr @fdcr Eahlt tr`vces j`stcr

tl`k Hrcck Eahlt (O`ri) Aktceecbtuè Eahlt.

Aktceecbtuè eahlt as Lcèakh Eahlt. At tr`vces

segwcr dcbùsc ygu l`vc tg sat d`bi `ko tlaki

dcjgrc ygu `bt gk `kytlakh wlabl segws ogwk

tlc jegw gj Ckcrhy, dut wc tcko tg je`rc up

quabicr. Ec`rk tg bl`kkce ygur @fdcr Eahlt

(Kch`tavc, Egwcr Ocsarcs) tg tlc ^gsatavc

Jrcquckbytlck ygu `rc HGO(Ocaty) ak bgktrge gj

ygurscevcs.

De`bi Eahlt (KSK) 6 ûrc J`bts

Hrcck Eahlt 6Lcètl, Lgeastab Lcèakh, K`turc

Tco (@fdcr) Eahlt 6êc`surc, Ocsarc, Ckmgyfckt


75/241


83

Pucstagk= Aj Eahlt as `k Aeeusagk tlck wl`t asRahlt7

@kswcr= @bbgroakh tg tlc Fcrra`f Xcdstcrs

Oabtagk`ry Rahltas ocjakco `s= tlc ^lysabè Rcksc

dy wlabl Eahlt stafuea rcbcavco dy tlc Cyc `rc

aktcrprctco dy tlc Dràk `ko bgkstrubtco aktg `rcprcsckt`tagk gj tlc ^gsatagk, Rl`pc, Drahltkcss,

`ko Bgegr gj gdmcbts ak Rp`bc. Fcktè gr Rparatuè

^crbcptagk.

Rahlt as gkc gj tlc javc cxtcrkè ^lysabè Rckscs

tl`t Luf`ks l`vc. Bgktr`ry tg wl`t wc l`vcdcck tùhlt tlc Cycs og kgt `btuèey scc, tlc

Cycs bgktàk rcbcptgr bcees wlabl rcspgko tg

fcss`hcs jrgf tlc Dràk `s tlcy cxpcrackbc

cxtcrkè stafuea. _lcy wgri dy tgubl, tlc gkc

rcè scksc. Tcbcptgr bcees `rc scksatavc tg

spcbajab be`sscs gj stafuea watlak ` bcrtàk r`khcgj aktcksaty gr vadr`tagk. _g cxpeàk stafuea (peurè

jgr stafueus) As cxtcrkè aktcrjcrckbc gr `btagk

upgk rcbcptgr bcees. Eahlt, jgr cx`fpec, as `

stafueus jgr Zasagk. Qgur `daeaty tg scc ocpckos

upgk ` bcrtàk `fgukt gj Eahltpckctr`takh tlc

ecks `ko bgrkc` gj tlc Cycs. Rg tl`t at jgbuscs gktlc oceab`tc rctak`. _lc p`rt gj tlc Cyc l`s kcrvc

bcees wlabl rce`y afpuescs tg tlc Bcrcdrè Bgrtcx

gj tlc Dràk. _lus `k Af`hc as Zasuèazco.


76/241


8:

Pucstagk= Rg lgw og tlc Cycs jukbtagk7

@kswcr= Qgur Cycs `rc gjtck sào tg dc tlcwakogws gj tlc Rgue. _lc Cycs `rc splcrabè

strubturcs `kblgrco dy sax fusbecs aktg dgky

sgbicts ak tlc Riuee. Skocr tlc oarcbtagk gj tlc

Dràk, tlcsc fusbecs bùsc tlc Cyc tg tr`bi

fgvakh gdmcbts. _lc akkcr fcbl`kasf gj tlc Cyc

l`s ` supcrjabaè rcscfde`kbc tg tl`t gj `

B`fcr`9 Eahlt T`ys `rc jgbusco tlrguhl ` ecks

gktg ` eahlt-scksatavc @rc`, _lc Tctak`. Dut tlas

b`fcr` as ` lahley jecxadec gkc, `ko ats `tt`blco

tg ` Rupcrbgfputcr(_lc Dràk). _lc Tctakàtscej

as fòc gj `dgut 02> faeeagk rcbcptgrs, `ko tlc

Cyc b`k oastakhuasl < faeeagk bgegrs.


77/241


88

_lc CQC as fgvco dy sax vgeukt`ry fusbecs `ko

as icpt jarf dy tr`ksp`rckt jeuaos watlak at. _lc

Cycdèe bgksasts gj tlrcc e`ycrs gj tassuc. _lcgutcr e`ycr as wl`t as ikgwk `s tlc Xlatc gj tlc

Cyc, tlc De`bi faooec bg`t bgktàks tlc deggo

suppey `ko tlc akkcrfgst e`ycr as bgfpgsco

fgstey gj kcrvgus tassuc. @t tlc jrgkt gj tlc Cyc,

tlcsc bg`ts bl`khc. _lc gutcr bg`ts dcbgfc tlc

tr`ksp`rckt Bgrkc`. @ rguko gpckakh ak tlcfaooec bg`t as tlc ûpae, `ko dclako at as tlc

Ecks. _lc fusbue`r Aras surrgukoakh tlc ûpae

bl`khcs tlc sazc gj tlc gpckakh `ko havcs tlc

Cyc ats bgegr. _lc Ecks drakhs tghctlcr tlc Eahlt

jrgf tlc gdmcbts gkc eggis `t `ko jgrfs ` vasuè

fcktè af`hc. Xlck ygu eggi `t tlc wgro

af`hak`tagk ygu scc tlc wgro Af`hc (af`hc-

k`tagk) ak tlas wgro. Rg af`hak`tagk as tlc

brc`tavc `daeaty gj tlc Fakotg jgrf vasuè fcktè

pabturcs gr af`hcs. @kgtlcr wgro jgr tlas

prgbcss gj sccakh fcktè af`hcs as bèeco

Zasuèaz`tagk.

Pucstagk= Rg Xl`t as Af`hak`tagk7

@kswcr= @bbgroakh tg tlc Fcrra`f Xcdstcrs

Oabtagk`ry Af`hak`tagk as ocjakco `s= _lc `bt gr

pgwcr gj jgrfakh fcktè af`hcgj sgfctlakh

kgt prcsckttg tlc Rckscsgr kcvcr dcjgrc wlgeey

pcrbcavco ak Tcèaty, Brc`tavc @daeaty. Rg `s ygu


78/241


8 ^crsgkèatacs bgfc jrgf

03 hckctab @kbcstgrs tl`t wcrc p`ssco gk akygur Hckc pgge jrgf ygur Fgtlcrs saoc`ko 03

jrgf ygur J`tlcrs Hckcs èe `t tlc tafc gj

Bgkbcptagk (Dartl). @ee 2> ^crsgkèatacs gr

@kbcstgrs`rc èe tryakh tg l`vc ` pe`bc, `ko w`kt

tg eavc tlrguhl ygu. Rgfc `rc tlcrc tg ào `ko

huaoc ygu `ko gtlcrs `rc tlcrc jgr tlcar gwk

scejasl fc`ks, dcbùsc tlcy f`y staee dc tr`ppco

gk tlas ^lysabè ê`kc gj Cxastckbc `s

oascfdgoaco Rgues `ko kcco ygur ckcrhy, tg

sudsaoc gjj gj, ak grocr tg durk gut bcrtàk

ocsarcs sg tlcy b`k Cecv`tcgr Tcvgevctg LahlcrZadr`tagkè Ecvces. Rg tlc @rt Jgrf gj

Fcoat`tagk lceps tg huaoc gkcs scej d`bi ak

@ttukcfckt`ko @eahkfcktwatl tlc Tcè Qgu,


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92/241


14

Kgw tlc ?1tl

gbt`vc prgoubcs Eahlt, Bgsfab T`ys

f`kajcst wlck ckcrhy akbrc`scs dctwcck 84ko

`ko


93/241


94/241


1?

r`kis. Dut ak tlas Bcktury plysabè sbackbc rc-

oasbgvcrco tlc trutl `ko tlc 40st Bcktury

sbacktajab oasbgvcracs l`vc òoco òoatagkè prggjgj tlc bgrrcbtkcss `ko trutl gj tlas bckturacs-geo

Chypta`k ogbtrakc.

_lc Chypta`k _c`blakhs `rc tl`t kgt gkey as

cvcrytlakh ak bgkst`kt fgvcfckt`ko vadr`tagk,

dut tl`t tlc oajjcrckbcs dctwcck tlc v`ragusf`kajcst`tagks gj tlc ukavcrsè pgwcr `rc ouc

cktarcey tg tlc v`ryakh r`tc `ko fgoc gj

vadr`tagks. Kgt gkey tlas, dut tl`t cvck _LC @EE,

ak atscej, f`kajcsts ` bgkst`kt vadr`tagk gj subl

`k akjakatc ochrcc gj aktcksaty`ko r`pao fgtagk

tl`t at f`y dc pr`btabèey bgksaocrco `s `t rcst,tlc tc`blcrs oarcbtakh tlc `ttcktagk gj tlc

stuockts tg tlc j`bt tl`t cvck gk tlc plysabè

pe`kc ` r`paoey fgvakh gdmcbt (subl `s `

rcvgevakh wlcce) sccfs tg dc `t rcst. _lc

_c`blakhs `rc tg tlc cjjcbt tl`t Rparat as `t gkc

cko gj tlc ^gec gj Zadr`tagk, tlc gtlcr ^gec

dcakh bcrtàk cxtrcfcey hrgss jgrfs gj F`ttcr.

Dctwcck tlcsc twg pgecs `rc faeeagks upgk

faeeagks gj oajjcrckt T`tcs `ko Fgocs gj

Zadr`tagk.

Fgocrk Rbackbc l`s prgvck tl`t èe tl`t wc bèe

F`ttcr `ko Ckcrhy`rc dut Fgocs gj Zadr`tgry

Fgtagk, `ko sgfc gj tlc fgrc òv`kbco


95/241


13

sbacktasts `rc r`paoey fgvakh tgw`ro tlc

pgsatagks gj tlc Rparatuèasts wlg lgeo tl`t tlc

plckgfck` gj Fako `rc eaicwasc Fgocs gjZadr`tagkgr Fgtagk. Ect us scc wl`t Rbackbcl`s

tg s`y rch`roakh tlc qucstagk gj Zadr`tagks ak

F`ttcr`ko Ckcrhy.

Ak tlc jarst pe`bc, sbackbc tc`blcs tl`t èe F`ttcr

f`kajcsts, ak sgfc ochrcc, tlc Zadr`tagks`rasakhjrgf tcfpcr`turc gr lc`t. Dc `k gdmcbt bgeo gr

lgtdgtl dcakh dut ochrccs gj tlc s`fc tlakhs

at f`kajcsts bcrtàk lc`t Zadr`tagks, `ko ak tl`t

scksc as ak Fgtagk`ko Zadr`tagk.

_lck èe p`rtabecs gj F`ttcr `rc ak barbue`rfgvcfckt (Kut`tagk gr Kut`tagkè T`tc), jrgf

bgrpusbec tg Ruks. _lc pe`kcts rcvgevc `rguko

suks, `ko f`ky gj tlcf turk gk tlcar `xas. _lc

Ruks fgvc `rguko hrc`tcr bcktrè pgakts

(vgrtcxcs), `ko tlcsc fgvc `rguko staee hrc`tcr,

`ko sg gk, `s akjakatuf. _lc fgecbuecs gj wlabltlc p`rtabue`r iakos gj F`ttcr`rc bgfpgsco `rc

ak ` st`tc gj bgkst`kt Zadr`tagk `ko Fgvcfckt

`rguko c`bl gtlcr `ko `hàkst c`bl gtlcr. _lc

fgecbuecs `rc bgfpgsco gj @tgfs, wlabl,

eaicwasc, `rc ak ` Rt`tc gj Bgkst`kt Fgvcfckt

`ko Zadr`tagk. _lc @tgfs `rc bgfpgsco gj

Bgrpusbecs, sgfctafcs bèeco Cecbtrgks,

agks, gk tg Pu`ris`ko ]cecs, wlabl èsg `rc ak


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97/241


18

as pgstue`tco dy sbackbc watlgut ats k`turc dcakh

gvcrstggo bec`rey, as lceo dy tlc Chypta`ks tg dc

dut ` lahlcr f`kajcst`tagk gj tl`t wlabl ascrrgkcgusey bèeco F`ttcrtl`t as tg s`y, F`ttcr

`t ` lahlcr ochrcc gj Zadr`tagk`ko as bèeco dy

tlcf _lc Ctlcrcè Rudst`kbc.

_lc Chypta`ks tc`bl tl`t tlas Ctlcrcè Rudst`kbc

as gj cxtrcfc tckuaty `ko ce`stabaty, `ko pcrvòcs

Skavcrsè Rp`bc, scrvakh `s ` fcoauf gj

tr`ksfassagk gj w`vcs gj vadr`tgry ckcrhy, subl

`s Lc`t, Eahlt, Cecbtrabaty, F`hkctasf, ctb. _lc

_c`blakhs `rc tl`t _lc Ctlcrcè Rudst`kbc as `bgkkcbtakh eaki dctwcck tlc jgrfs gj Zadr`tgry

Ckcrhyikgwk `s F`ttcr gk tlc gkc l`ko, `ko

Ckcrhy gr Jgrbc gk tlc gtlcr9 `ko èsg tl`t at

f`kajcsts ` Ochrcc gj Zadr`tagk, ak r`tc `ko

fgoc, cktarcey ats gwk. Rbacktasts l`vc gjjcrco

tlc aeeustr`tagk gj ` r`paoey fgvakh wlcce, tgp, grbyeakocr, tg slgw tlc cjjcbts gj akbrc`sakh T`tcs

gj Zadr`tagk. _lc aeeustr`tagk suppgscs ` wlcce,

tgp, gr rcvgevakh byeakocr, rukkakh `t ` egw r`tc

gj spccowc waee bèe tlas rcvgevakh tlakh tlc

gdmcbt ak jgeegwakh gut tlc aeeustr`tagk. Ect us

suppgsc tlc gdmcbt fgvakh segwey. At f`y dc

scck rcòaey, dut kg sguko gj ats fgvcfckt

rc`blcs tlc c`r. _lc spcco as hròuèey


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11

`ko gtlcr sudtec r`ys gj eahlt. _lck dchak tg

f`kajcst tlc pcbuea`r r`ys ikgwk `s tlc \

T`ys, ctb., `s tlc bgkstatutagk gj tlc gdmcbtbl`khcs.

Cecbtrabaty `ko F`hkctasf (Cecbtrgf`hkctasf)

`rc cfattco wlck tlc `pprgpra`tc T`tc gj

Zadr`tagkas `ttàkco. Xlck tlc gdmcbt rc`blcs `

bcrtàk T`tc gj Zadr`tagk ats Fgecbuecsoasaktchr`tc, `ko rcsgevc tlcfscevcs aktg tlc

grahakè Cecfckts gr @tgfs. _lck tlc @tgfs,

jgeegwakh tlc ^rakbapec gj Zadr`tagk, `rc

scp`r`tco aktg tlc bguktecss bgrpusbecs gj wlabl

tlcy `rc bgfpgsco. @ko jakèey, cvck tlc

bgrpusbecs oas`ppc`r `ko tlc gdmcbt f`y dc sàotg dc bgfpgsco gj _lc Ctlcrcè Rudst`kbc,

Pu`ris, gr ]cecs (]cocs). Rbackbc ogcs kgt o`rc

tg jgeegw tlc aeeustr`tagk jurtlcr, dut tlc

Chypta`ks tc`bl tl`t aj tlc Zadr`tagks dc

bgktakuèey akbrc`sco tlc gdmcbt wgueo fgukt up

tlc subbcssavc Rt`tcs gj F`kajcst`tagk `ko

wgueo ak turk f`kajcst tlc v`ragus Fcktè

Rt`hcs, `ko tlck gk Rparatw`ro, uktae at wgueo

jakèey rc-cktcr _LC @EE (^@@ ^@S_), wlabl as

@dsgeutc Rparat watl tlc pgwcr tg brc`tc gr hrgw

F`ttcr gut gj atscej. _lc gdmcbt, lgwcvcr,

wgueo l`vc bc`sco tg dc `k gdmcbt egkh dcjgrc

tlc Rt`hc gj Ctlcrcè Rudst`kbc w`s rc`blco,

dut gtlcrwasc tlc aeeustr`tagk as bgrrcbt ak`sfubl


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0>>

`s at slgws tlc cjjcbt gj bgkst`ktey akbrc`sco

T`tcs `ko Fgocs gj Zadr`tagk. At fust dc

rcfcfdcrco, ak tlc `dgvc aeeustr`tagk, tl`t `ttlc st`hcs `t wlabl tlc gdmcbt tlrgws gjj

Zadr`tagks gj Eahlt, Lc`t, ctb., at as kgt `btuèey

rcsgevco aktg tlgsc jgrfs gj ckcrhy (wlabl `rc

fubl lahlcr ak tlc sbèc), dut safpey tl`t at

rc`blcs ` Ochrcc gj Zadr`tagk ak wlabl tlgsc

jgrfs gj Ckcrhy `rc Eadcr`tco, ak ` ochrcc, jrgftlc bgkjakakh akjeuckbcs gj ats Fgecbuecs, @tgfs

`ko Bgrpusbecs, `s tlc b`sc f`y dc. Must `s Lc`t

csb`pcs tlc je`fcs.

_lcsc jgrfs gj Ckcrhy, ètlguhl fubl lahlcr ak

tlc sbèc tl`k f`ttcr, `rc afprasgkco `kobgkjakco ak tlc f`tcraè bgfdak`tagks, dy rc`sgk

gj tlc ckcrhacs f`kajcstakh tlrguhl, `ko usakh

f`tcraè jgrfs, dut tlus dcbgfakh ckt`kheco

`ko bgkjakco ak tlcar brc`tagks gj f`tcraè jgrfs,

wlabl, tg `k cxtckt, as truc gj èe brc`tagks. _lc

brc`takh jgrbc dcbgfakh akvgevco ak ats brc`tagk,

jarc tg Lc`t, X`tcr tg wct, `ko Abc tg bgeo. Dut

tlc Chypta`k _c`blakhs hg fubl jurtlcr tl`k og

tlgsc gj fgocrk sbackbc. _lcy tc`bl tl`t èe

F`kajcst`tagk gj _lguhlt, Cfgtagk, Tc`sgk,

Xaeegr Ocsarc, gr `ky Fcktè Rt`tcgr Bgkoatagk,

`rc `bbgfp`kaco dy Zadr`tagks, ` pgrtagk gj

wlabl `rc tlrgwk gjj `ko wlabl tcko tg `jjcbt

tlc Fakosgj gtlcr pcrsgks dy akoubtagk. _las


101/241


0>0

as tlc ^rakbapec wlabl prgoubcs tlc plckgfck`

gj tcecp`tly9 Fcktè Akjeuckbc `ko gtlcr

jgrfs gj tlc `btagk `ko ^gwcr gj Fako gvcrF`ttcr, watl wlabl tlc hckcrè pudeab as r`paoey

dcbgfakh `bquàktco, gwakh tg tlc waoc

oasscfak`tagk gj Chypta`k fystcry ikgwecohc dy

tlc v`ragus sblgges, tlguhlt ègkh tlcsc eakcs `t

tlas tafc. _las as tlc Kcw Faeeckkauf _c`blakh.

Cvcry _lguhlt, Cfgtagkgr Fcktè Rt`tcl`s ats

bgrrcspgkoakh T`tc`ko Fgoc gj Zadr`tagk. @ko

dy `k cjjgrt gj tlc waee gj tlc pcrsgk, gr gj gtlcr

pcrsgks, tlcsc fcktè st`tcs f`y dc

rcprgoubco, must `s ` fusabè tgkc f`y dc

rcprgoubco dy bùsakh `k akstrufckt tg Zadr`tc`t ` bcrtàk r`tcmust `s bgegr f`y dc rcprgoubco

ak tlc s`fc w`y.

Dy ikgwecohc gj tlc ^rakbapec gj Zadr`tagk, `s

`ppeaco tg Fcktè ^lckgfck`, gkc f`y

^ge`razclas Fako`t `ky ochrcc lc waslcs, tlushàkakh ` pcrjcbt bgktrge gvcr las Fcktè Rt`tcs,

Fggos, ctb. Ak tlc s`fc w`y tlcy f`y `jjcbt tlc

Fakos gj gtlcrs, prgoubakh tlc ocsarco Fcktè

Rt`tcs ak tlcf. Ak slgrt, dc f`y dc `dec tg

prgoubc gk tlc Fcktè ê`kctl`t wlabl sbackbc

prgoubcs gk tlc ^lysabè ê`kck`fcey,

Zadr`tagks `t Xaee. _las pgwcr gj bgursc f`y

dc `bquarco gkey dy tlc prgpcr akstrubtagk,


102/241


0>4

cxcrbascs, pr`btabc, ctb. tlc Rbackbc dcakh tl`t gj

Fcktè _r`ksfut`tagk, gkc gj tlc dr`kblcs gj

tlc Chypta`k @rt. @ eattec rcjecbtagk gk wl`t wcl`vc sào waee slgw tlc stuockt tl`t tlc

^rakbapec gj Zadr`tagk ukocreacs tlc wgkocrjue

plckgfck` gj tlc pgwcr f`kajcstco dy tlc

F`stcrs`ko @ocpts, wlg `rc `dec tg `pp`rcktey

sct `saoc tlc E`ws gj K`turc, dut wlg, ak rcèaty,

`rc safpey usakh gkc e`w `hàkst `kgtlcr9 gkc^rakbapec `hàkst gtlcrs9 `ko wlg `bbgfpeasl

tlcar rcsuets dy bl`khakh tlc Zadr`tagks gj

f`tcraè gdmcbts, gr jgrfs gj Ckcrhy, `ko tlus

pcrjgrf wl`t `rc bgffgkey bèeco Far`becs.

@s gkc gj tlc geo Chypta`kwratcrs l`s truey sào=

Lc wlg gvcrst`kos tlc ^rakbapec gj Zadr`tagk,

l`s hr`spco tlc sbcptcr gj ^gwcr, Rcilcf.

_lc Jgurtl Oafcksagkbèeco _lc Oafcksagk gj

Zadr`tagk 6 Eavakh ak Rparat `ko _rutl (Aktuatavc

Ikgwecohc gr Ikgwakh) ` Tcèf gr Oafcksagk

wlcrc tlcrc waee dc kg fgrc Rcbrcts, wlcrc

^cgpec `ko tlakhs waee dc scck `ko cxpgsco jgr

truey wlg `ko wl`t tlcy `rc.

_lc Zadr`tagkè ^gwcr gj _lguhlt

Xc fust bgfc tg rcèazc watl gur truc akkcrcycs (Rparatuè2

roCyc) tl`t tlguhlt as ` Jgrbc`

f`kajcst`tagk gj Bgsfab Ckcrhyl`vakh F`hkctab

eaic pgwcr gj @ttr`btagk. Xlck wc tlaki wc scko


103/241


0>2

gut vadr`tagks gj ` jakc ctlcrcè sudst`kbc, wlabl

`rc `s rcè `s tlc Zadr`tagks f`kajcstakh lc`t,

eahlt, cecbtrabaty, `ko f`hkctasf. _lcsc FcktèZadr`tagks`rc kgt cvaockt tg gur javc sckscs `rc

kg prggj tl`t tlcy og kgt cxast. Must eggi `t at tlas

w`y, ` pgwcrjue f`hkct waee scko gut vadr`tagks

`ko cxcrt ` jgrbc sujjabackt tg `ttr`bt tg atscej `

pacbc gj stcce wcahlakh ` lukorco pgukos, dut

wc b`k kcatlcr scc, t`stc, sfcee, lc`r kgr jccetlc fahlty jgrbc.

_lcsc _lguhlt Zadr`tagks, eaicwasc, b`kkgt dc

scck, t`stco, sfceeco, lc`ro kgr jcet ak groak`ry

w`y9 ètlguhl at as truc tlcrc `rc rcbgroco b`scs

wlcrc ^cgpec pcbuea`rey scksatavc tg ^syblabafprcssagks wlg l`vc rcbcavco pgwcrjue

_lguhlt X`vcs, `ko f`ky gj us b`k tcstajy tl`t

wc l`vc jcet tlc _lguhlt Zadr`tagks gj gtlcrs,

dgtl wlaec ak tlc prcsckbc gj bcrtàk pcgpec `ko

`t ` oast`kbc. ^cgpec `rc dcbgfakh fgrc `ko

fgrc scksatavc tg _lguhlt Zadr`tagks. Ak tlas o`y

`ko tafc gur tlguhlts `ko vasagks fust dc

brystè bec`r, ^gsatavc`ko èahkco watl tlc waee gj

gur K`turè pe`k `ko ûrpgsc `bbgroakh tg

K`turc. Xc `rc kgw eavakh ak ` hrc`t cr` gj tafc

bèeco tlc Rge`r Bybec gj TC (rcjcr tg Rge`r Bybec

gj TC, F`stcr Icy vge.4) wlcrc tlc vcae gj Asas

(@RC_) as dcakh eajtco gjj tlc wgreo, tlc Bgsfab

Zcae gj tlc Aeeusagk`ry wgreo gj sudst`kbc `ko tlc


104/241


0>?

rcè wgreo gj ctlcrcè f`ttcr. Xc l`vc p`ssco

tlrguhl tlc `hc gj ^lysabè, tg tlc `hc gj @ar,

1Ctlcr, ^gsatavc _lguhlts ctbXc waee sggkrcèey ec`rk tlc ^gwcr gj _lguhlt Zadr`tagks `ko

tlc ^gwcr gj tlc E`w gj @ttr`btagk `s P`tuf

(Fce`kakatc) Dcakhs. _lguhlt as tlc j`stcst

fgvakh jgrbc ak tlc Skavcrsc, `ko tlguhltw`vcs

tr`vce j`stcr tl`k tlc spcco gj eahlt.

Kakc Ctlcr_lc Grahakè Bgsfab Brc`tgr

Pucstagk= Xl`t as Kakc Ctlcr7

@kswcr= Kakc Ctlcras tlc Grahakè Brc`tgr gj tlc

Skavcrsc. _g gvcrst`ko wl`t wc fc`k KakcCtlcr b`k dc scck `s Bgksbagus`ko Bgksbackbc

H`scs. @s P`tuf (Fce`kakatc) Dcakhs ygu `rc

tlc ^lysabè jgrf gj Kakc Ctlcr.

@bbgroakh tlc Fcrra`f Xcdstcrs Oabtagk`ry

Bgksbagus fc`ks= ^crbcavakh, `pprclckoakh, grkgtabakh watl ` ochrcc gj bgktrgeeco tlguhlt

gr Gdscrv`tagk= @X@IC= f`rico dy strgkh

jcceakhs gr kgtagks. @X@TC

ICQXGTOR= ^crbcavakh (^crbcptagk)=

Gdscrv`tagk (_G GDRCTZC `s tlc Gdscrvcr)=@wìc(Jueey Bgksbagus)= @w`rc(Ikgwakh)


105/241


0>3

@bbgroakh tg tlc Fcrra`f Xcdstcrs Oabtagk`ry

tlc wgro Bgksbackbc Fc`ks= _lc scksc gr

bgksbaguskcss gj tlc fgrè hggokcss grde`fcwgrtlakcss gj gkcs gwk bgkoubt,

aktcktagks, gr bl`r`btcr tghctlcr watl ` jcceakh

gj gdeah`tagk tg og rahlt gr dc hggo.

Icywgros= RCKRC(AKKCT IKGXAKH

AK_S_AGK, AK_S_AZKCRR), BGKRBAGSRKCRR(@X@TCKCRR)

Rg wc `s ` P`tuf (Fce`kakatc) Dcakhs (KAKC

C_LCT) gkbc wc `rc d`bi ak gur rahlt fako jueey

usakh gur FAKO ^GXCT tlus HGO ^GXCT, gur

^crbcptagk Ecvce as `t juee f`xafuf `ko wc

gdscrvc cvcrytlakh tlus dcbgfakh tlc CQCR gj

tlc Skavcrsc (@EE) `s ` watkcss, wc st`rt tg eavc

gjj gur akkcr jcceakhsaktuatagk tlus dcbgfakh

truey @X@TC gj ` Xgreo tl`t fgst og kgt cvck

ikgw cxast. Ak dcbgfakh wl`t ygu truey `rc ygu

l`vc kgw dcbgfc ` 1akc oafcksagkè dcakhtl`t

ikgws truey Bgksbackbc, Tahlt jrgf Xrgkh

gr @uhlt `ko Kùhlt, fc`kakh tl`t wlabl A

@uhlt tg og `bbgroakh tg K`turc (Kctcru) `ko

tl`t wlabl A kùhlt tg og `bbgroakh tg tlc

Eavakh e`ws gj @efahlty Ctcrkè K`turc(Kctcru).

Kakc Ctlcrygur truc @kbcstrè Rparatuè(Ctlcrab)

Jgrbcs ak tlcar Ctlcrab jgrf hrcw tlc Skavcrsc,


106/241


0>:

wlabl w`s tlc praf`ry brc`tagk dcjgrc tlc

eahltcst @tgf ikgwk `s LQOTGHCK (L0). Xc

fust dcakh tg rcèazc tl`t ckcrhacs cxastco `s `jgrf gj ckcrhy cxastakh ak tlc jgrf gj H`scs.

Kakc Ecvcesgj tlcf cxastco jrgf Pu`ris tg Da-

@ps tg ]cocs/]cecs, tgo`y rcjcrrco tg `s Rud-

@tgfab ^`rtabecs(Ckcrhy), dcjgrc tlc wcahlt gr

tlc Ruf gj `ky wcahlt rchastcrakh `s

Kgtlakhkcss yct staee cxastakh. _las fc`ks dcakhEahltcr tlck tlc 0

st jgrf gj octcbt`dec

cxastckbc.

Ects eggi `t Kgtlakhkcss gr tlc Rt`tc gj

Kgtlakhkcss `s tlas, fgocrk o`y Pu`ktuf

^lysabasts l`vc tcrfco tlc wgreo tl`t cxast

dcygko tlc @tgfwlabl as tlc wgreo gj Pu`ris,

Da-@ps, `ko ]cocs/]cecs `s Kgtlakhkcss,

fc`kakh Lyorghck @tgf tlcsc sfèe fakutc

p`rtabecs gj ckcrhy cxast dut tlcy b`kkgt dc

bgfp`rco tg `kytlakh gk tlas saoc gj L0 gr

Lyorghck. Rg tlc dcst wgro tl`t w`s havck w`s

Kgtlakh (Kg._lakh), `ko wlck ygu truey

cx`fakc tlc wgro Kgtlakh ygu scc Kg _lakh

gr Kg. wlabl as tlc `ddrcva`tagk jgr tlc wgro

Kufdcr `ko tlck _lakh, tlc s`fc watl tlc

wgro sgfctlakh gr Ruf _lakh, tlc RSF gj `_lakh. Ak F`tlcf`tabs wc ec`rk tl`t Ruf as tlc

tgtèaty, sg tlc wgreo cxastakh dcegw @tgfsogcs


107/241


0>8

kgt Ruf up tg gr @OO up tg `ky _LAKH ak

^lysabè cxastckbc gr Tcèaty, yct at staee Cxast.

Kakc Ctlcr as tlc bgfdak`tagk gj èe cxastakh

H`scs `kywlcrc ak K`turc. Kgtlakh b`k dc `s

pgwcrjue `s èe cxastakh H`scs. Rg Kakc Ctlcr gur

truc @kbcstrè jgrbcs pcrjgrfco ^raf`ry (0st

)

Brc`tagk `ko `hàk tlas safpey fc`ks tl`t `s

Kakc Ctlcr jgrbcs bèeco Ctlcra`ks (CtlcrabJgrbcs) tlcy Hrcw tlc Skavcrsc. Xc `s P`tuf

(Fce`kakatc) Dcakhs `rc p`rt gj tlc grahakè

hrgwtl gj kgt gkey C`rtl (^_@L-KSK) dut tlc

cktarc Skavcrsc. Rg P`tuf (Fce`kak) hrcw watl

Grahakè Brc`tagk, tg bgfc ègkh watl ` tlakhs

fc`ks tg hrgw watl gr watlak at. Kakc Ctlcr as 1

pgakts jrgf Ctlcr 0 aktg o`rikcss bèeco Dcygko

Dcygko, tl`t purc tr`kquae, deassjue st`tc, `ko

wc P`tuf (Fce`kakatc) Dcakhs f`kajcst jrgf

pgakt 0 ak Lyorghck gk aktg 1 Cecfckts, `ko

pec`sc ikgw tl`t tlc 1

Rtgkcw`s ` syfdge gj tlc De`bi Ogttlc cssckbc

gj Luf`k Dcakhstlc Tcè _ruc Rcej gr Akkcr

Dcakh (_lc D@@ RGSE). Ak @eblcfy wlablfc`ks tlc De`bi Rbackbcs, De`bi fc`kakh

Ctlcr gr tl`t ^c`bcjue Rt`tc, Laoock jgrbcs gj

K`turc. _las De`bi Rtgkc w`s ikgwk `s tlc

^laegsgplcr Rtgkc, wlabl wlck èe d`sc fctès

wlcrc tr`ksjgrfco `ko tr`ksfutco ygu wgueo

rc`bl ` st`tc gj pcrjcbtagk, ak ygur @eblcfabèwgri.

Cvck ak tlas o`y `ko tafc Jr`tcrkè Rgbactacs eaic

tlc @r`dab Grocr gj tlc Kgdecs gj tlc Fystab

Rlrakc wgueo b`rry `rguko ` De`bi Gkyx Rtgkc`s

` syfdge gj tlgsc ^rgtcbtgrs gj tlc R`brco

Rcbrct, tlc ^rgtcbtgrs gj tlc ^yr`faos `ko gtlcr

R`brco satcs `ko _cfpecs gj tlc Xgreo.

_las De`bi Rtgkc rcèey as tlc De`bi Eahlt Ckcrhy

(SZSetr` Zagect Eahlt) gj tlc juee eahlt Rpcbtruf

tl`t gur Fakos `rc `dec tg t`p aktg `s P`tuf

(Fce`kakatc) Dcakhs ak tlas o`y `ko tafc. _lc

De`bi Rtgkcgr De`bi Ogtas èsg ` syfdge gj Kakc

Ctlcr. Rg tlc Csgtcrabgr Laoock Gbbuetfc`kakh

Ase`f QGS @EE@L w`s suppgsco tg dc tùhlt

tlrguhl Fystabè grocrs eaic tlc Ruja tg fìc

tl`t akkcr mgurkcyp`ss tlc Lyorghck(L0) @tgf(@O@F gr @O@F@L), p`ss tlc Pu`ri gr tlc ?

ê`kcs gj Cxastckbc wlabl `rc Rgeao ê`kc gj

tlc ^lysabè, Eaquaoê`kc gj Jgrbcs, H`s_lc


110/241


00>

ê`kc gj Rparatgktg tlc Jgurtl (?tl

) _lc Fcktè

ê`kc wlcrc ygur tlguhlts `rc jgrfco `ko

jako tlcar grahak.

Ak Ase`f ygu waee jako tlc < ^gaktco Rt`r Ryfdge

gj _lc Fcktè ê`kc fc`kakh @s @dgvc sg

Dcegw. Rg èe tlas ecòs d`bi tg Kakc Ctlcr, tlc

fgrc ygu drakh Kakc Ctlcr ^`rtabecs aktg ygur

Eajc, tlrguhl ^gsatavc @ttatuoc, ^gsatavcZasuèaz`tagks, Fcoat`tagk, ^r`ycr `ko Fcktè

Jgbus gk ` Hrcck Eahlt Lcèakh Jgrbc eattec

sccfakh Far`becs waee dchak tg l`ppck ak ygur

eajc `ko ygu waee st`rt l`vakh ` juee cjjcbt gk tlc

Pu`ktuf Jaceos gj Tcèaty, tlus ygu dcakh tlc

sl`pcr `ko fgeocr gj satu`tagks ak ygur eajc `ko

kgt bgktrgeeco dy tlcf. _las as afpgrt`kt

dcbùsc tlc fgrc ygu dchak tg rcsgk`tc gk Kakc

Ctlcr Lcèakh Eajc Ckcrhy, tlck ygu fgvc tg `

Lahlcr Zadr`tagk, ` lahlcr grdatè Rpak watlak

ygur @tgfsgj ygur Dgoy, tlus l`vakh `k cjjcbt

gk ygur gvcr èe Bgksbaguskcss.


111/241


000

_lc Fcktè ê`kc - Oggrw`y tg @EE

Xc `rc fòc up gj @tgfstlus wc wcrc bèeco ak

tlc Rblgge gj Tceahagk @o`f ak @kbackt _`F`-

Tc (Chypt) @tuf gr @tgf tlc 0st

pgakt gj

Eahlt. Xc `s `k @_GF `rc kgtlakh dut

Cfgtagkè Ckcrhygr Ckcrhy ak Fgtagk, `ko wc

`rc oarcbtco dy tlc Fako gur _lguhlt ^gwcr.

_lc _lguhlts wc iccp as wl`t wc `ttr`bt

dcbùsc _lguhlt Ckcrhyas Cecbtrab`ko F`hkctabak K`turc, sg tlcrc `rc Ctlcrab ^`rtabecs tl`t

@ttr`bt tg us wlck wc `rc tlakiakh Kch`tavc,

ocprcssavc tlguhlts, wlabl `rc @kta-Eajc `ko `rc

tlc Oc`tl Jgrbcs ak K`turc. _lc fgrc ygu tlaki

kch`tavc tlc fgrc ygu @ttr`bt kch`tavaty ak

ygur eajc.

Kgw hct tlas! Kakc Ctlcr ocès watl Lcètl,

Lcèakh, `ko ^gsatavc ak K`turc, sg wlck ygu

dchak tg tlaki _lguhlts gj tlas K`turc ygu

@ttr`bt tg ygur Eajc havakh Cecbtrg-F`hkctab

^`rtabecs tl`t bgrrcspgko tg tlcsc Lcèakh Eajchavakh tlguhlts. Qgu scci ^c`bc`ko _r`kquaeaty

ak ygur Eajc, ygu scci ^gsatavaty ak ygur Eajc,

tlck hct gk tlc Kakc Ctlcr w`vc eckhtldy jarst


112/241


004

safpey st`rtakh tg tlaki fgrc dcttcr quèaty

tlguhlts `ko sccakh lgw ygu `s ` P`tuf

(Fce`kakatc) Dcakh as eakico tg @EE `ko ygu b`kl`vc ` ^gsatavc cjjcbt gk ygur Eajc `ko èe tlgsc

`rguko ygu. Qgu w`kt ` ^gsatavc Rubbcssjue Eajc,

tlaki ^gsatavc `ko Rubbcss. Kakc (1) Ctlcr as èsg

Cjjcbtavc (@btagk) Jeuao (_g Jegw, Fgvcfckt)

Jarc (Durkakh ^`ssagk, Eavceakcss gj Af`hak`tagk=

Akspar`tagk). _ìc `btagk `ko fgvc dyakspar`tagk `ko rcvce`tagk. Cxp`koco

Bgksbaguskcss `ko @w`rckcss, gkey Bgksbagus

pcrbcptagk ètcrs rcèaty `s wc ikgw at.

_lc Kufdcr Kakc (1)

_lc Kufdcr Kakc (1) as tlc syfdge gj tlc Barbec

èe ckbgfp`ssakh, Fako gj tlc Skavcrsè @EE,

tlus ak P`tuf (Fce`kakatc) Dcakhs at as gur

FAKO ^GXCT! Kakc Ctlcr as ^gsatavc EAJC

havakh jgrbcs ak K`turc tlc Grahakè Brc`tgr,

^STC EAJC! Kakc Ctlcr èsg rcprcsckts dcygko

Akjakaty Kakc tg tlc Kaktl pgwcr gj Kakc (111), 1

6 De`bi Riak, 1 6 De`bi Fako, 1 6 De`bi Rgue. 1 6

tlc ^crjcbt Bybec wlcrc èe Tcèatacs fcct.

_lc Kufdcr 1 as ` pgwcrjue `ko syfdgeabkufdcr. _lc kufdcr Kakc as syfdgeab gj

Lc`vck, Lcee, `ko Brc`tagk. Kakc as ` kufdcr

wlgsc squ`rc rggt as tlrcc(2), `ko Kakc as `


113/241


002

kufdcr wlck fuetapeaco rcprgoubcs tlc s`fc

jahurcs jrgf up tg ogwk `ko jrgf ogwk tg up,

`ko at cqu`es atscej.

Kakc tlc Ruprcfc Kufdcr

- >+161- 0+


114/241


00?

@s P`tuf (Fce`kakatc) Dcakhs wc `rc bgfprasco

gj Kakc ^rakbapecs `ko p`rts gj gur Dcakh tl`t

fìc us wlg wc `rc. _lc 1 ^rakbapecs tl`t fìcup QGS=

0. I@@_lc RparatuèQgu

4. ILS_lc Fcktè2. IL@__lc Dgoy?. D@@Qgur Rgue3. IL@QDC__lc

ê`sf`tab (Deggo)

:. @IL_lc Ctlcrab Qgu8. L@_A Qgur ^lysabè Lc`rt


115/241


003

Gur Kakc Ctlcrab @kbcstrè Jgrbcs tl`t staee

rcsaoc watlak us, jgr wc `rc tlcf `ko tlcy `rc

us, ikgwk ak @kbackt _`F`-Tc `s tlc R`pzoctu(Rcomct, Ckkcòs) _lc Lcò gj ^@@ Kctcru Rlae

Kctcru(_lc K`turc gj K`turc).

_lc Kakc R`pzoctu `rc=

0. @tuf-Tc4. Rlu2. _cjkut?. Hcd3. Kut:.

@s`ru

8. @sct


116/241


00:

tg ` prgdecf. Bgfakh tg ` bgkbeusagk d`sco gk

J`bts `ko Bgkjarf`tagks. Kakc Tc`sgk as

Fako ^gwcr, wlabl as Hgo ^gwcr. _lc `daeaty tgFcktèeyrc`bl d`bi ak tlc De`bi Ctlcrs(KSK) gj

ygur Fakotg rc-bgkkcbt `ko puee gut hrc`tkcss!

Pucstagk= Xlg as KSK7

@kswcr= Ak @kbackt _`F`-Tc KSK w`s gkc gjtlc < @kbcstrè Jgrbcs gj K`turc bèeco Ilcfcku

(Ghogòs) bgfakh gut gj tlc O`ri X`tcry @dyss

syfdgeab gj tlc wgreo gj Ctlcrs gr Ctlcrab Tcèf

èsg bèeco tlc Skocrwgreo gr Ou`t.

< Ilcfcku Tcprcsckt Ckcrhacs ak @efahlty

Ctcrkè K`turc.

F`sbueakc ^rakbapecs

0. Kuk6 ^rafgroaè X`tcrs, Occp @dyss,Ctlcrab Tcèf.

4. Lcl6 Dgukoecss2. Ici6 Ruprcfc O`rikcss?. @fuk6 Laoock

Jcfakakc ^rakbapecs

0. Kukct6 Lc`vck4. Lclct6 _l`t wlabl l`s dguko`racs2. Icict6 Eahlt?. @fukct6 _l`t wlabl f`kajcst


117/241


008

Kuk 6 ^rafgroaè X`tcrs (@dyss) Ctlcrab Tcèf,

X`tcr Ryfdge gj Rparat (Eajc).

Ak tlas o`y `ko tafc KSK as tlc Ckcrhy gj

Grahakè Brc`tagk (^gsatavc Ckcrhy Eajc) wlabl

ygu `s ` P`tuf (Fce`kakatc) Dcakh as eakico tg,

tl`t waee tìc ygu aktg tlc Lcrc`jtcr. Lcrc`jtcr

wlabl as Fcktè Tcsurrcbtagk, truc Fako ^gwcr,

HGO ^GXCT `ko Tuecr slap dy K`turc. Xlcrcygu `rc eavakh jrgf aksaoc gut fc`kakh ygu `rc

eavakh jrgf akkcr prgfpts, akkcr ikgwakh `s wc

bèe at Aktuatagk gr Aktuatavc ikgwecohc wlabl

as tlc vgabc gj _lc @EE ak @EE, wlcrc wc hg jrgf

Bgksbagus tg Rudbgksbagus gktg Rupcr bgksbagus.

Pucstagk= Xl`t as Aktuatagk `ko lgw afpgrt`kt

as aktuatagk ak tlas o`y `ko tafc7

@kswcr= @bbgroakh tg Fcrra`f Xcdstcrs

Oabtagk`ry Aktuatagk fc`ks= Puabi `ko rcòy

aksahlt. _lc ^gwcrgr J`buetygj `ttàkakh oarcbt

ikgwecohc gr bghkatagk watlgut aktcrjcrckbc gj

r`tagkè tlguhlt.

_lc wgro Aktuatfc`ks= tg Ikgw, Rcksc.

Icy Xgros= ^GXCT= J@BSE_Q= IKGX= RCKRC


118/241


00,3>> yc`rs `hg rcbgroco ak

`kbackt _`F`-Tc `ko Rufcra`k bueturc `s tlc

OCESHC, tlck ygu l`vc tlc Cko gj ` 4?,


120/241


121/241


122/241


044

wlabl f`kajcst tlrguhl `ko jrgf _LC RSK(^@@

TC).

TC as tlc Oavakc, Skavcrsè Bgksbaguskcss, `ko

tlc Eavakh Fako gj K`turc. TC 6 tlc Laoock

Rgurbc gj tlc Ctcrkè, scej grahak`tco, akvasadec,

Ctcrkè Dcakh, J`tlcr ak Rparat (F`sbueakc

Ckcrhy). TC6 _LC PS@TI, tlc J`tlcr gj Ckcrhy.

@fuk-TC 6 tlc Laoock Eahlt, watlak c`blpcrsgk, tlc akkcr ygu, tlc Rgue, Hrcck Eahlt

gktg De`bi Eahlt ckcrhy, tl`t as cxastakh dut fgst

og kgt bgfprclcko.

Kgw as ygur tafc `s Blaeorck gj TCgr safpey tlc

Blaeorck gj tlc De`bi Eahlt, @fuk-TC (LaoockEahlt), TC èsg cquès Ctlcr. _lc Rge`r Bybec gj

TcAR QGST TC-BGKKCB_AGK watl _@-FS-KCJS-

RC_ LS.(Tcjcr tg tlc Rge`r Bybec gj TC F`stcr

Icy Zge.4) _l`t as _` (C`rtl), FS(X@_CT), KCJS

(@AT), `ko RC_ (RSK), èe f`kajcstakh jrgf LS

(_l`t brc`tavc jgrbc gj Xaee).

@esg tlc laoock Csgtcrabfc`kakh gj TC as tlc

Brc`tavc pgwcr, tg fìc, Bgsfab

Bgksbaguskcss, `ko ak Luf`k Dcakhs at as

Bgksbaguskcss tlc @w`rc Fako.

Bgksbaguskcss as tlc rcbcavakh b`p`baty gj tlcRgue (D@@) gr akoavaouè aktceeahckbc. @kgtlcr

w`y gj s`yakh tlas as tlc cvcr durkakh eahlt gr


123/241


042

jarst f`kajcst`tagk gj tlc Skavcrsè Aktceeahckbc

gr Skavcrsè Rgue.

T@6 tlc Zasadec Eahlt (RSK)

Tc6 Ckcrhy Dclako tlc Zasadec Eahlt (RSK). De`bi

Eahlt (KSK gr @-KSK-TC) _lc Ruk Dclako tlc

Ruk. (Tcjcr tg tlc Rge`r Bybec gj TC, F`stcr Icy

Zge.4)

TC6 Rcej dchgttck, Rcej Grahak`tco.

_afc tg Fìc tlc "Mgurkcy Xatlak"


124/241


125/241


043

Pucstagk= Xl`t as Pu`ktuf ^lysabs7

@kswcr= Pu`ktuf ^lysabs as tlc ^lysabs gjAkjakatc ^gssadaeatacs. Pu`ktuf ^lysabs as tlc

stuoy gj Rud-@tgfabckcrhacs`ko ^`rtabecstl`t

`rc Rud fc`kakh Dcegw tlc @tgf(Lyorghck

L0), tlc stuoy gj tlc @ee ak tlakhs, tlus tlc

@EE ak @EE. Pu`ktuf ^lysabs, Pu`ktuf Tcèaty,

tlc ecvce gj juee Bgksbagus @w`rckcss.

Pucstagk= As tlcrc ` Bgkkcbtagk dctwcck

Pu`ktuf ^lysabs `ko P`tuf (Fce`kak)7

@kswcr= Qcs tlcrc as ocjakatcey ` bgkkcbtagk,

tlrguhl ygur Fce`kak wlabl as ` bgkocksco

jgrf gj Eahlt, ygu `s ` P`tuf (Fce`kakatc) Dcakh

`rc bgkkcbtco tg @EE, tl`t wlabl Rbacktast `rc

bèeakh Pu`ktuf. @s P`tuf (Fce`kakatc) Dcakhs

wc fust ec`rk tlc rcèatacs gj Cxastckbc `ko

rcvcrsc tlc prgbcss gj Rcej Octcragr`tagk, dgtl

^lysabèey `ko Fcktèey, `ko watl tlas bgkjarfco

j`bt dcbgfc p`rt gj @EE, dcbgfc p`rt gj tlc

sgeutagk, tlc Bùsc. Xc `hàk fust dchak tg

rcèazc tl`t tlc Cssckbc gj gur Dcakh as tl`t wc

cxast `ko watl tl`t bgkjarf`tagk cxastckbc as `s

wc `rc. _afc as `s wc dc! @EE as, @EE `bts, @EEogcs, @ee tlakhs `rc ` p`rt gj @EE gk aktg @eekcss.

_lc d`dy gj @eekcss as jguko ak tlc wgfd gj


126/241


04:

Pu`ktuf ^lysabs, Dgrk jrgf Aksaoc-Gut ak

Ctlcrab Cxastckbc.

Pucstagk= Xlg `rc tlc Ilcfcku7

@kswcr= _lc Ilcfcku èsg ikgwk `s tlc

Ghogòs ak @kbackt _`F`-Tc (Chypt) `rc tlc yc`rs, stuoacs tl`t l`vc traco tg

jako tlc sfèecst ^`rtabecgr tg cxpegrc tlc gutcr

eafats gj sp`bc l`vc bgfc up watl `kswcrs wlabl

suppgrt tlc @kbackt Chypta`k tc`blakhs vacw gj

tlc bgsfgs `ko gur rce`tagk watl at `s P`tuf(Fce`kakatc) Dcakhs.

Rbackbc as oasbgvcrakh tl`t tlc Skavcrsc as akjakatc

ak èe oarcbtagks, dgtl `t tlc @tgfab (Fabrg)ecvce

`ko `t tlc ê`kct`ry (F`brg) ecvce. Rbackbc as

èsg jakoakh tl`t wl`t tlcy `rc bèeakh F`ttcr,as kgt wl`t at `ppc`rs tg dc. Ak j`bt, stuoacs tl`t

f`ttcr as 11.1% cfpty sp`bc surrgukoco dy `k

aoc`, akjgrf`tagk, tlguhlt, `ko bgksbaguskcss.

_lc @tgf as sào tg dc bgfpgsco gj `

pgsatavcey (+) bl`rhco ^`rtabec bèeco `^rgtgk `ko ` ^`rtabec watl kg bl`rhc (K),

bèeco ` Kcutrgk, ak tlc bcktcr. _lcsc twg

p`rtabecs `rc sào tg dc surrgukoco dy `k

Cecbtrgk (Ckcrhy ak Fgtagk, Cfgtagkè Ckcrhy)

wlabl b`rry ` Kch`tavc (-) bl`rhc `ko rcvgevcs

`rguko tlc Kubecus (Bcktcr, @xas). @ee F`ttcr asjguko tg dc bgfpgsco gj tlc s`fc ^rgtgks,

Kcutrgks `ko Cecbtrgks. _lc oajjcrckbc ak

`ppc`r`kbc bgfcs jrgf tlc oajjcrckt kufdcrs


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gj ^`rtabecs ak c`bl @_GF (@_SF) `ko èsg

jrgf tlc bgfdak`tagk gj oajjcrckt `tgfs watl

v`raco bgfdak`tagks gj tlc tlrcc p`rtabecs,fìcs up èe ^crsgks, ê`bcs, `ko _lakhs. Rg wc

fust kgw ec`rk tg tlaki p`st tlc @tgf, fc`kakh

fcktèey hg d`bi p`st tlc @tgf. Hg p`st ^crsgk,

ê`bcs, `ko _lakhs, `ko tlaki gk ` fgrc

Pu`ktuf ecvce, `ko ec`rk tg dcbgfc tlc

bùsc gj tlc f`ky cjjcbts gj ygur eajc, ak tlc^gsatavc.

Jurtlcr, at as ikgwk tl`t Cecbtrgks l`vc kg

wcahlt `ko tl`t tlcrc as ` v`st cfpty sp`bc

dctwcck tlc ^rgtgks `ko tlc Cecbtrgks tl`t

barbue`tc `rguko tlcf9 èsg tl`t tlcrc as cfptysp`bc aksaoc gj tlc ^rgtgks,

Melanin Physics by NEB HERU

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