Meeting American Needs with Optics R&Dspie.org/documents/Newsroom/audio/BenaronPresentation.pdf · Lighting 21% Water Heating 14% Space Cooling 12% Progression of Light Sources to

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Meeting American Needs with Optics R&D:p

HealthCare, Climate, and Energy, Emerging Market Opportunities

David BenaronCEO Spectros Corp. and Professor, Stanford University

HR R&D CaucusDec 1, 2009 (ver 29j)

s R&D

Why Optics?

an Optics Why Healthcare?

Why?

Americ

Benaron Optics in Healthcare Caucus

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“I said ‘I belie e that in the f t re the photon

Prediction:………………………………………

Photonics will Displace Electronics

“I said: ‘I believe that, in the future, the photon

will replace the electron,’ and they all laughed.”

Dr John H Marburger IIIDr John H Marburger IIIDr. John H. Marburger, IIIDr. John H. Marburger, III

Science Advisor to President Science Advisor to President G.W.G.W. Bush, andBush, and

Former Director, Office of Science and Technology PolicyFormer Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy

Recalling his PhD Defense (Nonlinear Laser SelfRecalling his PhD Defense (Nonlinear Laser Self‐‐Focusing, 1967)Focusing, 1967)

Fact:……………………………………………..

20th Century “Electronics” are being replaced by 21st Century “Optics”

s R&D

Computer Storage: was electronic, now is optical DVDs

Telecommunication: was by wire, now is by fiber

Healthcare: tests were electronic (EKG, glass‐electrode lab analyzers), latest methods are optical (sensors, contrastan

Optics

lab analyzers), latest methods are optical (sensors, contrast agents, imagers, optical nanotech)

Americ

… optics will create disruptive economic growth opportunities valued in the trillions of dollars per year


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s R&D

Fact:………..……………………………………………………………..

America’s greatest challenges in the 21st Century are met by optics

an Optics Healthcare advances in monitoring, treatment,

nanobots, and laboratory instrumentation will be optical

Solutions to global warming and energy independence (especially if the U.S. plays a central role) will be optical

Americ Solid‐state LED lighting (SSL) is all about optics research

Strategic surveillance is increasingly optical

s R&D

Challenge:………………………….……………………………………

“Micro”‐electronics, but “Nano”‐optics

Electronics requires large groups of atoms to behave

an Optics

Electronics requires large groups of atoms to behave properly

Optics works with even single atoms

The effects of these nano‐optics agents on health, new materials is not predictable nor well understood

Americ

Some products are already transitioning to usage


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s R&D

Talking Points:

Why Optics R&D?

Optics will be to the 21st century what electronics was

t th 20th t h bli di ti

an Optics to the 20th century − huge, enabling, disruptive

Annual economic impact of optics will be $trillions

Optics will combine nanotechnology

The effects of nano‐optics agents on health and new

materials is not predictable nor well understood

Americ materials is not predictable nor well understood

R&D now is essential to maintain U.S. competitive lead

… Some opportunities are already transitioning to usage

s R&D

Why Optics?

an Optics Why Healthcare?

Why?

Americ


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Which subject is dead?Which subject is dead?

Answer: The patient on the left, but you can’t tell by the images

What’s the Diagnosis?What’s the Diagnosis?

Answer: Again, you can’t tell from the images


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Optics Spans In Vitro to In VivoOptics Spans In Vitro to In Vivo

Cells can be labeled and tested in vitro then the same model is transferred to in vivo real time testing

Functional Images are Readily InterpretedFunctional Images are Readily Interpreted

High resolution cellular images show functional organization

(images spectroscopicallyclassified by cell type)

Disease markers are clearly seen in

structure/function overlays


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In VitroTests

Drug Discovery

In VivoDiagnostic

Therapy

Optics Spans the NeedsOptics Spans the Needs

Tests Discovery Diagnostic

MRI X X ………

PET X X

U/S ... X

CT …

Optics

MethodMinimum

DetectableMinimum Detected

Optics Shows Highest SensitivityOptics Shows Highest Sensitivity

Method DetectableSize ()

Detected Cells (n)

MRI 2 mm 400,000

(MRSI) 7 mm 1,000,000

CT 2 mm 400,000

Radionuclide 3 mm 600 000Radionuclide 3 mm 600,000

PET 2 mm 400,000

HFUS <1 mm 100,000


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Method SensitivityMinimum Detected

Optics Shows Highest SensitivityOptics Shows Highest Sensitivity

Method Sensitivity Detected Cells

MRI 2 mm 400,000

(MRSI) 7 mm 1,000,000

CT 2 mm 400,000

Radionuclide 3 mm 600 000Radionuclide 3 mm 600,000

PET 2 mm 400,000

HFUS 1 mm 100,000

Optics 0.05 mm 1-100

Optical Imaging Detects Single Stem CellsOptical Imaging Detects Single Stem Cells

Optically labeled stem cells can be seen singly in vivo in bone marrow.

Proc Natl Acad Sci 2009 from University of Tsukuba, Japan and Univ. of Michigan Medical School.


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Out with the Old Monitoring Approach:

E l i i i l h h

Time to Change the Medical ParadigmTime to Change the Medical Paradigm

Escalating monitoring only when the patient is ill is like adding smoke detectors after the fire has started

In with the New Approach:

“ f“More continuous, More specific,Less Invasive. . .”

s R&D

Talking Points:

Why Healthcare R&D?

Medicine is slow to detect, diagnose, and treat

an Optics The paradigm must change from late to early

Treatments must change from general to patient‐specific

The goal: earlier, better, less invasive, more continuous

Optics is positioned to fill this need

Americ . . . Some opportunities are already transitioning to usage


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s R&D

Opportunitiesan

Optics

1.ClimateControl

2.Solid‐StateLighting

3.Health &Biotech

Why?

Americ

Global Warming is Optics:Caused by Excess Trapped Sunlight Energy

Controlling sunlight leads to cooling


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Continued Warming Threatens Health… Disease Migration, Disrupted Food Supply, Population Shifts, Political Instability

“Could Adapt”

“Tipping Points”

“No Adaption Strategy”

Could Adapt

Data from June, 2009

New Orleans

The proportion of tropical cyclones reaching higher intensity have increased over the past 3 decades. This will be disruptive, damage crops, and spread disease.

Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar, 2008: 100,000 estimated deaths


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Heat waves have become more frequent over most land areas. This will be medically dangerous, disruptive to food supplies, and increase wildfires.

- Heat wave in Europe, 2003: 35,000 deaths

Prediction: Global Warming Accelerates

Warming continues even if we just stay where we are

Continuing growth leads to even more warming (up to 12º F)

year


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Developed and Developing Countries Have Different Priorities. . . Limiting Choices

Courtesy: Univ. Brussels (ULB, 2008)

Success in reducing warming requires multi-lateral cooperation. . . which is difficult

If Warming Caused by Excess Trapped Sunlight Energy… Cool by Reducing Light

Controlling sunlight leads to cooling


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Not Everything Warms the Earth. . .

Climate forcing agents in the industrial era. “Effective” forcing accounts for “efficacy” of forcing mechanisms.

Source: Hansen et al., JGR, 110, D18104, 2005.

Clouds and aerosols COOL the Earth

How?

• Large volcano erupted 1991

• Particles reach stratosphere

Mt. Pinatubo Cooled Earth, Briefly

• Reduced solar radiation on Earth

• Offset more than two times its weight of Carbon Dioxide

• Some teams are designing optical agents to lead to Earth’s cooling

From Caldeira 2009 based on Soden et al., 2002


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Optics Dominates

Global Cooling Solutions

From volcanoes, we know:− it basically works− doesn’t cause global disaster

Could be deployed cheaply with:− reasonable R&D in optics,

nanomaterials and polymers− short term agents that go away− cost: $500B/year

Scalable (measured response that scales with need)

Allows for unilateral adoption by the United States, and thus is a key strategic and political asset

Pu Chun Ke Clemson University Columbia

Carbon Nanotubes Enter and Persist in the Food Chain

NSF Grantee studying the uptake, translocation and transmission of carbon nanomaterials in plants.

This image displays the uptake of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (bright objects) by the vascular system (blue tubes) of a rice plant.

Pu-Chun Ke - Clemson University-Columbia

vascular system (blue tubes) of a rice plant.

It shows first-hand evidence of nanomaterials discharged into the food chain and illustrates the potential impact of nanotechnology on human health.

CBET 0651976


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Nano‐optics Particles Have Health Risks

• Long lifetimes in the environment

• Persistence in the food chain and human body

Where are the Big R&D Needs?

• Persistence in the food chain and human body

• Breakdown products can be toxic

• Recent evidence they can affect DNA directly

• Need to Engineer better, less toxic nanoparticles

Optics and Uses not well understood

• Behavior in the environment uncertain

• Detecting, Sensing, Reporting areas of significant R&D need

• Capturing and Controlling Space Solar Power using optical

Nanotech is in Light Capturing Structures

nanoparticles

Energy from space.


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Absorption• Grätzel Cell — Nanotechnology Solar Cell

Nanostructures are even in Energy Generating Solar Cells

p

Charge T f

Exciton Diffusion

Figure 7.7: Nanotechnology solar cells.

Transfer

Charge Transport

• Basic Research Needs for Solar Nanotech

Nanoscience and Solar Energy

Basic Research Needs for Solar Nanotech

- Sun can be a singular solution to our future energy needs.

- Enormous gap between our tiny use of solar energy and its immense potential.

- Interdisciplinary research is required.

DOE report.


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s R&D

Talking Points:

Climate and Energy Optics R&DWarming continues even if we just stay where we are

Continuing growth leads to warming up to 12º F

an Optics

Continuing growth leads to warming up to 12 F

Optics Dominates Cooling, Energy solutions

Could be deployed cheaply

Requires R&D advances in optics, nanomaterials and

polymers to avoid serious health toxicities

Americ

Cooling is scalable, adjustable

Cooling allows for unilateral adoption by the U.S.

and thus is a key strategic and political asset

s R&D

Opportunities

an Optics

1.ClimateControl


3.Health &Biotech

Why?

Americ


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Sit El t i it C ti

U.S. Buildings − Energy Use 2001T t l P i E ( ll f l )

Optics Central to Energy Issues:Lighting Uses 30% of All U.S. Electricity

Site Electricity Consumption

Space Heating10%

Lighting30%

Electronics9%

Appliances7%

Ventilation4%

Computers3%

Space Heating27%

Refrigeration8%

Computers2%

Ventilation3%

Appliances7%

Electronics6%

Total Primary Energy (all fuels)

2390 TWh

37Source: Building Technology Program Core Databook, August 2003. http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/frame.asp?p=tableview.asp&TableID=509&t=xls

30%

Water Heating9%

Space Cooling17%

Refrigeration11%

Lighting21%

Water Heating14%

Space Cooling12%

2390 TWh

Progression of Light Sources to Solid‐State Optics and Nano‐optics

Incandescent

(4% efficient)

(10 bulbs = $200/yr)

CFL

(12-15% efficient)

White LED

(15-20% efficient)

NanoDot LED

(15-30% efficient)

(10 bulbs = $16/yr)

Trend is toward higher efficiency using nano-optics


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• All colored lighting is in transition

State of the Art Commercial LED Lighting Systems

• Threshold: cost‐effective white LEDs

Rapid transition to commercial use faster than expected

Direct Application to Medicine for White LED Systems

Cool White LED source can come

in close contact with tissue

Provides lighting for endoscopic

or robotic surgery

Swallowable semiconductor camerawith White LED monitorsthe gut


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Direct Application to Medicine for White LED Systems

Lighting for spectroscopic analysis

Masimo Rainbow Devices(company IPO 2008 >$2 Billion)

T‐Stat Monitor(among 4 companies, sales of $80 million/year)

s R&D

Talking Points:

Solid State Lighting Optics R&D

Lighting uses 30% of the U.S. electric production

LED d b 10 f ld ( )

an Optics LEDs can drop use by 10 fold (or more)

Lighting is a market-moving $1T industry



Translates into new medical devices

Americ Translates into new medical devices

Provides health benefits in reduction in pollutants from

fossil fuel consumption


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s R&D

Opportunitiesan

Optics

1.ClimateControl


3.Health &Biotech

Why?

Americ

Time to Change the Medical ParadigmTime to Change the Medical Paradigm

Minimally or non-invasive sensors provide continuous data


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Example: OnceExample: Once‐‐invasive pressure monitoringinvasive pressure monitoring

Example: Monitor vascular stents in AAA− After Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) repair, there is risk of leak− Currently: MRI Image at 2 mo, 4 mo, 6 mo, and annually thereafter − Instead, place pressure monitor, and screen every visit w/o imaging

Example: Continuous Brain Shunt MonitoringExample: Continuous Brain Shunt Monitoring

Implant Once in CSF, then monitor non-invasively after that


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Example: Continuous Eye Pressure monitoringExample: Continuous Eye Pressure monitoring

Intraocular pressure sensor reports after implantation.

Chen et al. J. Micromech. Microeng. 17 (2007) 1931–1938

Need Spans Need Spans Benchtop to BedsideBenchtop to Bedside

Diagnosing Illness

Pre-Clinical andClinical Trials

Monitoring Treatment


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Optical Imaging Follows Even Single CellsOptical Imaging Follows Even Single Cells

Regeneration of Bone Marrow Red Cells from a single cellRegeneration of Bone Marrow Red Cells from a single cell.

No technology other than optics can follow a single cell in vivo during growth.

Applications


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Noninvasive Tissue SpectroscopyNoninvasive Tissue Spectroscopy

The single most common cause of death in the hospital remains inability to supply

T‐Stat Monitor Invos Monitor

remains inability to supply sufficient oxygen to meet a tissues needs.

CAS Fore‐Site Hutchinson InSpectraNonin (future)

4

Right breast – modelA B

Left breast – modelA B

Breast Tumor Oxygenation Breast Tumor Oxygenation ((NIRS)NIRS)

3

2

1

0

BloodDeoxygenation

Blood Volume BloodDeoxygenation

Blood Volume

suspicious areapad

SNH 60

Chance, et al., 2001


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Breast Tumor Oxygenation (NIRS)Breast Tumor Oxygenation (NIRS)

Breast tumors show up as regions of higher than average blood concentration, and low oxygenation.yg

2009, Boas et al, Harvard/MGH (in press).

Skin Flap Oxygenation (NIRS) Guides SurgerySkin Flap Oxygenation (NIRS) Guides Surgery

Flap 2 Flap 3 Flap 4Flap 1

Courtesy of Michael Sowa, NRCC

Regions with poor oxygenation (top, red) correspond to the regions of tissue death (bottom, brown)


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Multispectral Image SegmentationMultispectral Image Segmentation

2009; Levenson et al, Cambridge Research using Nuance animal imaging platform

Optical Tomography: The Early YearsOptical Tomography: The Early Years

Fiber Headband on head of infant

Benaron, Cheong, et al. (1992)


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Normal Head

A B

van Houten et al. (1996)

Optical Tomography: The Early YearsOptical Tomography: The Early Years

Hitachi System Univ College LondonReal-Time Optical Functional Imaging


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Optical Tomography: Present DayOptical Tomography: Present Day

Images: Top: OCT-FD fly-through view of patient's right coronary artery, white arrowheads indicate area of lipid deposits at white dotted line in image above. Side: Cutaway OCT-FD image of a portion of same patient's right coronary artery, showing newly placed drug-eluting stent (dark blue), macrophages (green) and lipid deposits (yellow)

Imaging Oxygenation: Necrotizing EnterocolitisImaging Oxygenation: Necrotizing Enterocolitis

28±1 uM

64±1 uM*

62±0.8 uM*

40±1 uM

64±1 uM

38±4 uM

Funded by NIH Grants EB008355, CA126441 (2009)


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Real Time In Vivo MicroendoscopyReal Time In Vivo Microendoscopyin Patientsin Patients

Bronchoscopy in the Lung G.I. Tract

Monitoring with Contrast Agents


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Cells can be labeled with dyesCells can be labeled with dyes

Image courtesy LifeTech, Inc.

There are sufficient receptors on most cells to label brightly enough to see each cell by eye under a microscope

Video Rate Imaging of Fluorescent LabelsVideo Rate Imaging of Fluorescent Labels

Hand with Dilute Real-Time Image in R Li h f PContrast Agent Room Light of Prostate PSMA Targeted Agent


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Observing Migrating Cells Stained Observing Migrating Cells Stained in vivoin vivo

Trafficking of GFP-labeled T- cells (green) and Lymphatic Ducts (red anti-LYVE-1 antibody) in the mouse ear after drug-induced inflammation.

(Time compressed from 20 min film)

Lin, Harvard (2005)

Finding Lymph Nodes During SurgeryFinding Lymph Nodes During Surgery

Frangioni slide

Subcutaneous injection of fluorescent dye allows real time lymphatic tracing

Frangioni et al (2007)


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Intraoperative ICG Coronary Imaging SystemIntraoperative ICG Coronary Imaging System

Indocyanine green angiograms of an in-situ left internal mammary artery (white arrow)bypass to left anterior descending coronary artery (black arrow). The distal anastomosis is well seen and denoted by the asterisk.

Desai et al., J Am Coll Cardiol, 2005; 46:1521‐1525.

ICG Intraoperative Coronary Imaging SystemICG Intraoperative Coronary Imaging System

(A) A post-CABG intraoperative image shows no flow in graft (arrow)(B) Revised, and graft working prior to closure

(from Novadaq, 2008)


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Imaging and Counting Bacteria in vivoImaging and Counting Bacteria in vivo

Dye targeted to Staph aureus is injected intravascularly, labeling bacteria in vivo

Biodistribution and MetabolismBiodistribution and Metabolism

Hepatic Metabolism/Excretion (Cy 7-2DG, Zheng)

Renal Excretion (Cy-Folate, Spectros/Low)


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Dyes Can Turn On and OffDyes Can Turn On and Off

(A) Gold-quenched imaging probe. (B) In i o near infrared optical(B) In vivo near-infrared optical imaging of protease matrix metalloproteinases, MMPs positive SCC7 xenografts −(left) +(right) inhibitor. (C) Fluorescence image from wells containing varied conc. of MMPs(D) Fluorescence microscopy

Weissleder et al. MGH.Weissleder et al. MGH.

Activatable LabelsActivatable Labels

Courtesy: VisEn, 2008

Protease Angiogenesis Bone Remodeling


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Cd S B d

Multiple target imaged using nanotechMultiple target imaged using nanotech

Upconverting Phosphors

Cd or Se-BasedQuantum Dots

Multiply StainedHeLa Cells

Source: G. Farris, SRI

Source: Life Tech

Imaging Multiple Target Sites In VivoImaging Multiple Target Sites In Vivo

Standard Color CameraWavelength-Sensitive

CRI Maestro

Slide Courtesy R. Levenson / CRI Inc.


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Tracking Activated WBCsTracking White Blood Cells for InfectionTracking White Blood Cells for Infection

WBCs in Lymph Nodes WBCs in Infection Site

NonNon‐‐Invasive Diagnostics:Invasive Diagnostics:Circulating Tumor CellsCirculating Tumor Cells

Low et al., Purdue(2008)


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NonNon‐‐Invasive Diagnostics:Invasive Diagnostics:Circulating Tumor CellsCirculating Tumor Cells

Externally Detected Labelled Cells

Lin et al., MGH(2003)

PSMA-Targeted Radio-nuclides, now converted to Optical Agents

Bander, Cornell (2003)

RealReal‐‐Time FRTime FR‐‐Targeted Surgical Guidance:Targeted Surgical Guidance:Intraperitoneal Tumor RemovalIntraperitoneal Tumor Removal

►► RealReal--time, roomtime, room--light (4 Frames per Second)light (4 Frames per Second)

►► “System/Optics“System/Optics--Naïve” surgeonNaïve” surgeon


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PneumoniaPeritonitis

BioluminescentBioluminescent EmittersEmitters ImageImage In In VivoVivo

Lesions as small as 100 m tagged with optical emitters can be seen from outside the body in real time.

(Data: Xenogen and C. Contag, Stanford).

BioluminescenceBioluminescence FollowsFollows TumorsTumors In In VivoVivo

Tumor loads of less than 1,000 HeLa cells tagged with optical emitters can be imaged from outside the body in real time.

25 2.5 x1 0 52.5 x1 0 42.5 x1 0 32.5x10 2

Cell Number

Source: Sweeney et al., Proc Nat Acad Sci, 1999

25 250 2,500 25,000 250,000

Cell Number


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► Nanotechnology allows for sensors only tens of atoms across

““NanoNano” will change everything we do” will change everything we do

− Sensors will be too small to even see

− Small sensors diffuse everywhere, report from anywhere

− Enable massively‐parallel multi‐parametric monitoring

► Nanobots will enable self‐guiding sensor/treatments

NanoNano allows single peptide copy detectionallows single peptide copy detection

60 nm

Video shows single molecule detection

Nanoscale sensor, each well 10 nm across


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2 nm Nanowire = single protein detection2 nm Nanowire = single protein detection

When a single protein binds to an antibody along the wire the current flowing throughalong the wire, the current flowing through the wire changes. Arrays of hundreds of nanowires, each designed to detect a different molecule in the same sample, can be arranged on tiny, inexpensive chips.

C. Lieber, Harvard University, 2008.

NanoNano LabLab‐‐onon‐‐chip: 50 uL testchip: 50 uL test

Finger prick to protein: AFinger prick to protein: A microfluidic chip identifies 35 proteins in a drop of blood within 10 minutes.

Leroy Hood et al, Nature Biotech 2009


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Gene Chip Reader Data Array

►►Key sensor technologies often start as Key sensor technologies often start as

Affymetrix Optical ChipsAffymetrix Optical Chips

tools, accepted ex vivo, before they tools, accepted ex vivo, before they are accepted in are accepted in vivovivo

Optically reads binding to gene or protein fragments for use in drug discovery

(Data: Affymetrix)

Microsphere reporters can be monitoredMicrosphere reporters can be monitored

Implantable fluorescent microspheres made of polyethylene glycol that have an assay chemistry specific to glucose that changes the fluorescence work in conjunction with an external optical biosensor (LED light source) to enable noninvasive glucose monitoring.

(Courtesy Texas A&M, 2008)


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NanorodNanorod sensor/reporter Combinationssensor/reporter Combinations

Glucose sensor using hollowGlucose sensor using hollow structures called single-wall carbon nanotubes anchored to gold-coated 'nanocubes.' The device resembles a tiny cube-shaped tetherball anchored to electronic circuitry by a nanotubeabout 25,000 times thinner than a human hair. - Jeff Goecker, Discovery Park, Purdue University

Optical Sensors can be delivered INTO cellsOptical Sensors can be delivered INTO cells

Things of intracellular interest:Things of intracellular interest:

− Oxygen− Lactate− pH− Apoptosis markers− mRNA/tRNA expression

A fluorescent image of a single cell taken 15 minutes after introducing the quantum dot-siRNA complex. At this early stage the particles are in the cell membrane, but later will be intracellular, and if targeted intramitochondrial or intranuclear.

Gao et al. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2009.


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Nanotubes can deliver targeted payloadNanotubes can deliver targeted payload

Delivery of a targeted PET agent.

McDevitt et al. PET Imaging of Soluble Yttrium-86-labeled Carbon Nanotubes in Mice. PLoS ONE. 2007 2(9): e907

Receptor proteins on human T cells are dyed red (top image). RNA can be used to

Nanotubes deliver sensing and treatmentNanotubes deliver sensing and treatment

dyed red (top image). RNA can be used to turn off the receptors’ expression. Carbon nanotubes could be used to transport RNA into the T cells, turning off the receptors’ expression (bottom), a step toward using carbon nanotubes for RNAi therapy.

Zhuang Liu et al., Stanford (2008)


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Nanobot rods sense and localize treatmentsNanobot rods sense and localize treatments

Conjugating gold nanorods targeted to EGFR attach themselves to the cancer cells in vivo. An iron center allows for heating using Radiofrequency emissions, selectively killing the cancer cells.

Image courtesy of Mostafa El-Sayed, Georgia Tech.

Structure / FunctionCo‐registration


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Combination Optical plus CT or MRI ScansCombination Optical plus CT or MRI Scans

CT/Optical Fusion of Inhaled Dye Liposomes

CT/Optical Fusion of GFP tumor

Courtesy: U Tenn Biomed Engineering, 2007

s R&D

Talking Points:

Healthcare and Optics R&D

Medicine is changing from reactive to proactive

N i i d ti i ill

an Optics Noninvasive and continuous sensing will grow

Optics will play large role in many approaches



Americ


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s R&D

Summaryan

Optics

1.ClimateControl


3.Health &Biotech

Why?

Americ

Disclosures1. Founder, Xenogen Corp, market leader in optical imaging

public 2004, acquired by Caliper Life Sci.

2. Founder, Spectros , market player (NIRS/VLS spectroscopy)

3. BOD of FirstScan, R&D (Early optical breast cancer detection)

4. Receive Royalties through Stanford on various technologies and devices

5 Consult to companies in Greentech optics5. Consult to companies in Greentech optics

6. Other technologies sold, licensed, or used by:

Caliper Life Sciences, licensed to most major pharma cos.Boston ScientificMasimo Corp


Meeting American Needs with Optics R&Dspie.org/documents/Newsroom/audio/BenaronPresentation.pdf · Lighting 21% Water Heating 14% Space Cooling 12% Progression of Light Sources to

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