MEEN 489/689 Lecture 8

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MEEN 489/689 Fall 2015: Entrepreneurship & Nanomaterials for Energy Applications

Lecture 8 Applications of Nanomaterials in Conventional Energy Sectors

James Donnell, Andreas Polycarpou,Tanil Ozkan, Haejune Kim

Fall 2015

9/24/2015

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Source : Hessen Nanotech 2008

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http://www.adnjusa.com

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Extensive research &investments necessary

Source: Shell energy scenarios to 2050 (2008).

This was before the game changer! What is the game changer in in the competition between conventional and emerging sectors in the energy business?

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Source: http://thebreakthrough.org/blog/Where_the_Shale_Gas_Revolution_Came_From.pdf

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Source: DOE Estimates (2014).

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Source : German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, 2006

Political Decision Making vs. Free Market Dynamics ?

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Ideal Recipe: Free Market Dynamics + Apolitical Environmental Stewardship


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http://www.adnjusa.comNanotechnology in Oil and Gas

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Oil and Gas Industry - Exploration

Within the last decade, nanosensors, ranging from 1-100 nm, have captured the attention and imagination of petroleum geologists (Pitkethly, 2004) [1].Nano-Computerized Tomography (CT) can image tight gas sands, tight shales, and tight carbonates in which the pore structureis below what micro-CT can detect [1].

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Oil and Gas Industry - ExplorationThere are several active and promising projects to develop nanosensors compatible with temperature and pressure ratings in deep wells and hostile environments.

Nanosensors are deployed in the pore space by means of “nanodust” to provide data on reservoir characterization, fluid-flow monitoring, and fluid-type recognition (Esmaeili, 2009) [1].

Hyperpolarized silicon nanoparticles provide a novel tool for measuring and imaging in oil exploration (Song and Marcus,2007) [1].

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Oil and Gas Industry – Drilling and Extraction

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Oil and Gas Industry – Drilling and ExtractionIn shale formations with nanodarcy (nd) permeability, the nanometer-sized pores prevent the formation of the filter cake that is responsible for fluid loss reduction. Nanoparticles can be added to the drilling fluid to minimize shale permeability through physically plugging the nanometer-sized pores and shut off water loss. Hence, Nanoparticles can provide potential solution for environmentally sensitive areas where Oil-based muds used as a solution to shale instability problems (Price et al., 2012) [1].

www.americangilsonite.com

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Oil and Gas Industry – Drilling and ExtractionAccording to (Amanullah and Al-Tahini, 2009), Nanomaterial-based drilling mud with hydrophobic film forming capability on the bit and stabilizer surfaces is expected to eliminate the bit and stabilizer balling totally. Due to high surfacearea to volume ratio and very low concentration requirement compared to macro and micromaterial-based fluids, nano-based fluid could be the fluid of choice for drilling in shale which is very reactive, highly pliable, and tenacious and thus can stick easily to the bit, stabilizers, tool joints, etc. as it prevents the reduction in ROP and in total operating cost.

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Oil and Gas Industry – Drilling and ExtractionHydrogen sulfide is a very dangerous, toxic and corrosive gas. It can diffuse into drilling fluid from formations during drilling of gas and oil wells. Hydrogen sulfide should be removed from the mud to reduce the environmental pollution, protect the health of drilling workers and prevent corrosion of pipelines and equipment [1].Sayyadnejad et al., 2008, used 14-25 nm zinc oxide particles size and 44-56 m2/g specific surface area to remove hydrogen sulfide from water-based drilling fluid according to the following chemical reaction: ZnO + H2S → ZnS + H2OThe efficiency of these nanoparticles in the removal of hydrogen sulfide from drilling mud was evaluated and compared with that of bulk zinc oxide. Their results demonstrated that synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles are completely able to removehydrogen sulfide from water based drilling mud in about 15 min., whereas bulk zinc oxide is able to remove only 2.5% of hydrogen sulfide in as long as 90 min. under the same operating conditions [1].

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Oil and Gas Industry – Drill Bit Technology

Nanodiamond particles have been functionalized for polycrystalline diamond applications such as polycrystalline diamondcompact (PDC) cutters for drill bits [1].

http://www.asme.org

polycrystalline diamond

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Oil and Gas Industry – Refining and Processinghttp://www.adnjusa.com During the last two decades, nanotechnology has

made substantial contributions to refining and converting fossil fuels. The development of mesoporous catalyst materials such as MCM-41 has significantly changed downstream refining. Nano-filters and particles have the ability to remove harmful toxic substances such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and related acids andacid anhydrides from vapor, and mercury from soil and water, with exact precision [1].

Nanotechnology further provides solutions for carbon capture and long-term storage. Emerging nanotechnology has opened the door to the development of a new generation of nanomembranes for enhanced separation of gas streams and removal of impurities from oil (Kong and Ohadi, 2010) [1].

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Rotor and combustion chamber of a gas turbine. More heat resistant materials provide for further increase in operating temperatures and thus in efficiencies of gas and steam turbine power plants (Source: Siemens AG [2])

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Nanoparticle addition leads to significant improvements in properties of fluids used in nuclear power plants (Source: [3])

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Nanoparticle addition leads to significant improvements in properties of fluids used in nuclear power plants (Source: [3])

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(Source: [3])

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www.energy.siemens.com

http://philschatz.com

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bCIq-DUoaE

CNT Yarns in Power Transmission

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http://nextbigfuture.com/2012/05/nanocomp-technologies-will-be-supplying.html

CNT Yarns in Power Transmission

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Carbon Nanotube Yarns Could Replace Copper Windings in Electric MotorsBy Dexter JohnsonPosted 3 Oct 2014 | 20:00 GMT A staggering fact is that motors and motor driven

systems account for between 43 percent and 46 percent of all global electricity consumption. Needless to say, if electric motors could be made to run more efficiently, energy consumption would fall. With research out of Rice University back in 2011 demonstrating that carbon nanotubes braided into wires could outperform copper in conducting electricity, it looked like there would soon be a new way to create those improved efficiencies.Building on that research, a team at the Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT) in Finland has replaced the copper windings used to conduct electricity in electric motors with a woven material made from threads of carbon nanotubes and achieved remarkable new efficiencies in the motors."If we keep the electrical machine design parameters unchanged and only replace copper with future carbon nanotube wires, it is possible to reduce the Joule losses in the windings to half of the present-day machine losses,” said Professor Juha Pyrhönen, who has led the design of the prototype at LUT, in a press release [4].

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“Implementation of nanotechnology adaptations in electric motors has the potential of revolutionizing the electric vehicle industry by overcoming all major limitations in effective market penetration.” [5]

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References[1] A. I. El-Diasty, A. M. S. Ragab, Applications of Nanotechnology in the Oil & Gas Industry: Latest Trends Worldwide & Future Challenges in Egypt, SPE-164716-MS, 2013.

[2] Einsatz von Nanotechnologien im Energiesektor, Bandnummer: 9, Publication Series Hessen-Nanotech, available at: http://www.hessennanotech.de/dynasite.cfm?dsmid=15523

[3] V. Patel, Y. Chitrapu, L. Bora, Nanotechnology and Fluid Flow Mechanics, Linked-In Slide Share, available at: http://www.slideshare.net/Vedant_09/nanotechnology-and-fluid-flow-mechanics

[4] D. Johnson, Carbon Nanotube Yarns Could Replace Copper Windings in Electric Motors, IEEE SPECTRUM, Oct. 2014, available at: http://spectrum.ieee.org/nanoclast/semiconductors/nanotechnology/carbon-nanotube-yarns-set-to-replace-copper-windings-in-electric-motors

[5] T. Ozkan and A. Mehta, Electric Vehicles ENG 328 LINC Course Lecture Notes, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Faculty of Engineering, Spring 2012.