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Kingdom of Rome: 8th C BCE – 509 BCERoman Republic: 509 BCE – 49
BCEPunic Wars: 264-146 BCE Civil Wars: 87 BCE – 49 BCERoman Empire:
49 BCE – 476 CE
Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase
Gaius Marcus
Lucius Pompey
Julius Caesar Marc Antony/
Cleopatra
Octavian (Augustus)
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Punic Wars: 264 -146 BCE•Fought over Sicilian grain
supply•70,000 soldiers and 37 elephants crossed the Alpsinto Italy•
Romans spread salt in Carthage• Rome eventually defeatsCarthage for
control ofMediterranean •Hannibal drinks poisonrather than be
controlled by the Romans (50,000 = slavery)
Roman Republic:509 BCE – 49 BCE
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Roman Republic:509 BCE – 49 BCE
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Structure of Government
Consuls Senate• Chosen by the Senate
• 2 chosen each year
• Head of State – commanded army
• Could become Dictator for 6 months in times of need
• Veto (I forbid) power over Senate
• Main lawmaking body
• 300 Patricians appointed for life
• Controlled foreign affairs
• Selected Dictator
Tribunes• 2 to 10 Chosen by Plebeian Council
• Could Veto actions of the Consuls and the Senate
Assembly• Elected by the Plebeians
• Approved Consuls
• Later given power to pass laws
(For Adult White Male Citizens)
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• Finally in 450B.C. the laws were engraved on 12 bronze tablets
called the Twelve Tables. They were displayed in the Forum, so all
citizens could see their rights.
• First written law code in Rome – written in 451 B.C.E.• All
Free citizens had equal protection under the law.• Protected the
rights of the Plebeians
A person who admits to owing money or has been adjudged to owe
money must
be given 30 days to pay.
An obviously deformed child must
be put to death.
If a father sells his son into slavery three times, the son
shall be free of his father
Marriages between plebeians
and patricians are forbidden
Roman Law: The Twelve Tables
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CincinattusConsel, then Dictator 458-439 BCE
His immediate resignation of his near-absolute authority with
the end of the crisis has often been cited as an example of
outstanding leadership, service to the greater good, civic duty,
lack of personal ambition and modesty.
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Latifundia =unfair advantage for wealthy landowners
Less wealthy landowners lost their land when they were obliged
to do their military service….
SOCIAL concerns with expansion…
ECONOMIC concerns with large # of slaves (LITTLE incentive for
innovation and new technologies)
# of slaves increased with expansion AND slaves needed to work
on the latifundias……
Demanded fair treatment-SPARTACUS Rebellion 73 BCERoman soldiers
killed 1000s, executed another 6000 by crucifixion
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How did the Roman Republictreat conquered peoples?How did this
change with thetransformation to empire?
Expansion of Republic w/ military threats and incentives:
taxincentives/ trade privileges/ promise of citizenship/ let them
govern their own affairs/ couldn’t make a military alliance with
anyone else/ had to provide soldiers and military support for the
empire (Private armies??)
Republic (Caesar): gave citizenship to provinces/ confiscated
land from conservative aristocrats and gave to veterans and
supporters/ eased the suffering of the poor
Empire (Augustus): more centralized…
Gracchi Bros?
PlebianTribunemembers
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Roman Empire: 49 BCE – 476 CE
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r. 1 Januaryb 49 BCE – 15 March 44 BCE
r. 49 BCE – 49 CE
“All Roads Lead to Rome”, Bridges, standardized currency,
aqueducts,State courier systems, direct taxation, patron of the
arts
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Colosseum: 70-80 CE
Innovation: The Arch and the Dome
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Naumachia: simulated naval battles in the Colosseum
Romans: heavy use of slave labor to sustain the empire: how does
a heavy reliance on slave labor discourage technological
innovation?(we already know the answer)
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Circus Maximus: Chariot race track 2000 ft long/ 400 ft wide:
27,000 spectators
Roman Baths
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Roman Arch: Spain
Corbel Arch: Mesoamerica
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Pantheon: temple of the godsRoman Road: PompeiiAt peak: Roman
Roads = 54,000 miles
Roman Milestone
Roman Milestone
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Christianity, based on core beliefs about the teachings and
divinity of Jesus of Nazareth as recorded by his disciples, drew on
Judaism and Roman and Hellenistic influences…
• Taught to observe high moral standards/ aid others
• Place faith ahead of person and family interests
• Explained the world and human history as the result of God’s
purposeful activity
• Provided a framework of meaning
• Taught people to repent/ask forgiveness Paul of Tarsus?
Appeals to…..
Search for tranquility…Religions of salvation…...
http://apworldipedia.com/index.php?title=AP_Worldipediahttp://apworldipedia.com/index.php?title=AP_Worldipedia
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Social:Development and Transformation of social structures
Pater Familias!!
Patricians/ Plebeians/ Women did have influence in domestic
sphere/ one third of the population were slaves
Internal unrest: rebellions of the plebeians/ land issues/ slave
revolts (Spartacus: army of 70,000 slaves)
Immigrants were attracted to Rome/
population at height= 60-100 million
Political:State-building,expansion and conflict
Monarchy>Republic:>Empire/ Punic Wars/Carthage?
Expansion of republic? /Gracchi Bros/ Sulla? Civil Wars
Julius Caesar? /”Dictator for Life” 46 BCE/ killed 44 BCE
Augustus? (Octavian) 27 BCE “monarchy disguised as a republic”
died 14 CE
No private armies/ well organized army and navy
12 Tables/ “Innocent Until Proven Guilty”, right to challenge
your accuser in court
Pax Romana 117 CE- approx. 323 CE
period of great expansion/ no policy for dealing with domestic
unrest…..
Only “Bread and Circuses”
(Evolution of treatment of conquered peoples??)
InteractionBetween humans and the environment
Mediterranean- eventually would include are as far east as
Anatolia/Armenia, south to Egypt, present day Morocco, Britain and
Wales: 2.2 million square miles at its height
* Architecture: Concrete, Arch, Aqueducts, Fountains, Forum,
Stadiums, Public Baths and Sewers/Postal System (greatly expanded
during period of empire)
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Policies?
Patrician?Plebians?Consuls? Senate?
(Effects?)Tribune?Dictator?
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Culture:Development and interaction of cultures
Polytheism: Roman deities/ many adopted from Greece/
Stoicism: adopted from the Greeks: active life, help others,
scorn accumulation of wealth, live by reason according to
nature
Cults: Isis
Judaism (Romans had problems w monotheism & refusal to
accept state gods) Romans eventually crush Jews (66-70CE); Essenes/
Dead Sea Scrolls
Religions of Salvation:
Mithraism: no women, appealed to military, adopted from
Zorastrianism and emphasized strength and courage
Christianity: moral code, divine nature of Jesus, New Testament
records teachings= Romans crucify him (Paul of Tarsus??) Variation
on doctrine/ rituals/ resurrection/ role of women…
Economic:Creation, expansion and interaction of economic
systems
Republic: agriculture/ latifundia?/ problems with land
distribution/
Empire: Mare Nostrum: Navy = trade free from pirates/
economic
Specialization/ wealth of Rome fueled great urban development/
Roads, communication, mileposts, services encouraged growth of
trade
Taxes and tribute collected
Great wealth encouraged conspicuous consumption/ wealth in
provinces encouraged growth of cities there/ development of
infrastructure there
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