MEDITERRANEAN as MARE NOSTRUM = our sea. DECLINE OF ROME: "Second" Empire from 3rd C. military pressures: in East, Persian Sassanid Empire 260 Emperor.

MEDITERRANEAN as MARE NOSTRUM = our sea

DECLINE OF ROME: "Second" Empire from 3rd C.

    military pressures: in East, Persian Sassanid Empire 260 Emperor Valerian dies in captivity

 in NW,   Germanic tribes (Goths, Franks, Alemanni) tribes elect chiefs (kings, koenig) 250 AD first raids

   Symbol & response building of Aurelian wall around Rome, 271 AD Result: military revolution, Germanization of army, increase in taxation to support army

271 Aurelian wall in red Servian wall in black

Military revolution of 3rd Century begins with temporary measures under

Marcus Aurelius: resorts to conscription ofslaves, gladiators, criminals, barbarians (Germans)

Septimus Severus 193-211 opens Praetorian Guard to Germans

increasing militarization, rise in taxes rise of provincials and Germans in army:

Diocletian: son of freedman from Dalmatia social revolution in army and ruling class

Diocletian284-305

TETRARCHY 284-305 AD “rule of four”

DIOCLETIAN’S REORGANIZATION OF EMPIRE:

Motive: military defense of frontiers orderly succession

Four rulers:two Augusti

(Diocletian as Senior Augustus)they choose

two Caesars (adopted successors, not their own sons)

Four Prefectures and four capitals:  none at Rome

WHERE IS ROME?

Four Prefectures and their capitals: 

       GAUL             ITALY            ILLYRICUM         ASIA

Capitals:                   |                        |                       |         Trier             Milan             Sirmium           Nicomedia                                              (near Belgrade)      (on Bosphorus Straits                                                                             near Byzantium)

Imperial government under Diocletian: 4 prefectures, each divided into 12 dioceses, which are then divided into100 provinces for local government and tax collection

Western Empire: capitols – Trier and Milan Eastern Empire: capitols – Sirmium and Nicomedia

• Four Prefectures and their capitals:  (none at Rome)•        GAUL             ITALY            ILLYRICUM         ASIA

• Capitals:                   |                        |                       | •         Trier             Milan             Sirmium           Nicomedia

                                          (near Belgrade)   (on Bosphorus                                                                              near Byzantium)

• Rulers:         West                                        East                                                      Senior     Caesar            Augustus            Augustus          CaesarConstantius         Maximian          Diocletian        Maximianus            |                   |   (abdicate in 305 AD)          Son             Son            |                   |    Constantine     Maxentius

PALACE OF DIOCLETIAN, SPLIT (modern Croatia)

Split (in modern Croatia) site of Diocletian’s palace

BATHS OF DIOCLETIAN, ROME

Basilicaof SanMarcoVenice

11-12th C.

Rulers:         West                                        East                         |        |                           Senior     Caesar            Augustus            Augustus          Caesar

 |   |   |   | 

Constantius         Maximian          Diocletian        Maximianus            |                   |   (abdicate in 305 AD)          son             son            |                   |    Constantine     Maxentius

• 305 Abdication of Diocletian and Maximian

their Caesars become Augusti

New Caesars chosen: Italy: Flavius Valerius Severus (under Constantius)        Illyricum: Galerius Valerius Maximinus Daia (under Maximianus)

• 306 -  312 battle for succesion among all of the above, except Diocletian, including sons of western Augustus (Maxentius) and western Ceasar (Constantine) plus  addition of Licinus in 308;

312 Constantine invades Italy:

    defeats & kills Maxentius at

Battle of Milvian Bridge: vision of cross in Sun voice: “In this Sign you will conquer.”

313 Edict of Milan: toleration of Christianity in Empire

313 Licinius consolidates military hold on East

323 Battle of Adrianople: defeat of Licinius by Constantine

324 Constantine sole Emperor in East & West

CONSTANTINE SERIES, RUBENS 17TH C.

CONSTANTINE VERSUS MAXENTIUS

Constantinople as "new Rome" and "capital of Christianity":

330 capital moved to Byzantium/Constantinople – religious,  military & administrative reasons remains capital until 1453 (Ottoman Turks)

390 Christianity  becomes official religion of Empire                           under Emperor Theodosius I (378-395)        pagan sacrifices outlawed, including in city of Rome

BASILICA OF MAXENTIUS & CONSTANTINE in Roman Forum

 |  | 

CHRISTIANITY IN ROME

Christ as Jewish prophet: born under reign of Augustus crucified under Tiberius 33 AD

Early Christian martyrs (those who died for the faith) St. Peter: first of the Apostles “Thou art Peter and upon this Rock I will build my Church.” Gospel of St. Matthew

St. Paul: Jewish, Roman citizen Apostle to the Gentiles (= non-Jewish people) converted on road to Damascus author of Epistles (Letters) to Romans, Corinthians

15th C. Crucifixion of St. Peter

Lippi

17th CCaravaggio

Crucifixionof St. Peter

Characteristics of Christian religion:

1) cosmopolitan, universalist (= catholic in Greek) anyone can join

2) scripture (writings) as basis of Christian identity: Gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke, John Epistles (letters): especially those of Paul

3) egalitarian: ignore distinctions of “slave” vs “free”

4) communal: social support for poor, widowsrituals define who belongs: Baptism, Communion

260-302 period of toleration of Christians

303-305 persecutions of Diocletian

325 COUNCIL OF NICEA:       1st ecumenical (world-wide) council of Christian Church      called by Constantine acting as head of church

      CAESAROPAPISM: Caesar acts as Pope, fusion of Church and State

      council condemns as heresy (incorrect doctrine) the view of the Trinity taught by

ARIANS: followers of Arius hold that Christ as son is lesser being than Father

Nicene Creed :       orthodox definition of Trinity stated by Council of Nicea      Son is of “same substance” with the Father (Greek = homo-ousia)

Basilicaof St. Peters

built on siteof Nero’sCircus

4th Century migrations from central Asia (through 10th C.)

nomadic horsemen from Asian steppes           first = Huns Bulgars, Mongols last = Magyars (9-10th C) pressure on German tribal confederations allied with Rome

Map of Romewith AurelianWalls andChristian Churches

ChristianChurchesbuilt on peripheries

St. Peters

San Paulofuori le mure

San Lorenzo fuori le mure

San Giovanniin Laterano

MEDITERRANEAN as MARE NOSTRUM = our sea

Roman influence on Germans: military tactics, service in Roman army

political organization: from 4th C. first tribal confederations Alemanni = “all men” Franks = “free men”

5th C. INVASIONS: Visigoths, Alaric, Vandals, Huns

410 AD SACK OF ROME BY ALARIC / VISIGOTHS

DOCTRINE OF PAPAL PRIMACY IN ROME

East: CAESAROPAPISM -- "Caesar acts as Pope"       pattern set by Constantine; Church as department of state       Emperor calls church councils, decides doctrinal disputes

West: Roman church resists Imperial control from the East      evolve doctrine of papal primacy within Church       Pope as primus inter pares (first among equals                   among Christian Bishops) tension between church and state

APOSTOLIC SUCCESSION from Peter       gatekeeper of Heaven, holds "keys of kingdom"

Scriptural foundation of Peter's authority: Matthew 16:18       "Thou art Peter & upon this rock I will build my church.“

      body in Vatican: relic, pilgrimage site;

      pallium (symbol of Papal authority) placed on tomb                   of St. Peter by each newly chosen pope

CHRISTIANITY IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE: Constantine as first Christian Emperor

313 Edict of Milan: toleration of Christian worship

324 Capital moved to Constantinople: Christian city, free of Roman paganism

337 deathbed Baptism of Constantine

Theodosius the Great

390 suppression of pagan worship including the city of Rome

St. AUGUSTINE AND CHRISTIAN WORLD VIEW theologian, Bishop of Hippo (north Africa); Church Father

Autobiography = Confessions: mother Monica; Carthage; conversion; Bishop Ambrose of Milan

Refutation of 4-5th C. Heresies (incorrect doctrines):

Manicheanism: problem of evil in monotheism dualism as explanation for evil: good God vs evil God omnipotence of God  vs goodness of God; Augustine: theory of evil as absence of good

Pelagianism: 4th C. Roman priest, Pelagius salvation through effort, good works = morality        Augustine: original sin as totally corrupting, need grace

FIFTH CENTURY INVASIONS            pressure on German tribes from Asiatic peoples moving west

VISIGOTHS (West Goths)          Arians               ULFILAS 4th C: translates Arian Bible to Gothic             370 AD request permission to missionary enter Empire            376 disarmed Goths attacked by Roman army; war

     378 Battle of Adrianople: defeat of EMPEROR VALENS by Goths     new EMPEROR THEODOSIUS (378-395)                                  makes temporary peace with Goths, aided by       STILICHO THE VANDAL: minister under Theodosius                                 able to deal effectively with Visigoths

410 Sack of city of Rome by Alaric the Visigoth (German) pagans blame Christians for the sack of Rome declining role of Roman Senate since Diocletian

St. Augustine’s response: Christian theory of history

413 CITY OF GOD (vs City of man):Christian versus Roman explanations of Sack of Rome :      Roman: abandonment of worship of official Roman gods Augustine: Rome as the “city of man,” impermanent, state as punishment for original sin, fallen      heavenly City of God versus earthly city (Rome) but Roman Empire divinely ordained to spread Christianity divine Providence guides history towards last days