Medieval summary

By: Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua,

NY Adapted by Mrs. Orozco

By: Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua,

NY Adapted by Mrs. Orozco

Medieval EuropeMedieval EuropePeriodizationPeriodization

Medieval EuropeMedieval EuropePeriodizationPeriodization

Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000

High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250

Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500

Review Bridge Review Bridge

• Roman context to birth and growth of Roman context to birth and growth of Christian ChurchChristian Church

• Growth, leadership, persecution, Growth, leadership, persecution, government, worship practices and government, worship practices and doctrinal developments of the Church doctrinal developments of the Church during the 1during the 1stst, 2, 2ndnd, 3, 3rdrd and 4 and 4thth century. century.

• Positive and Negative consequences for Positive and Negative consequences for Constantine’s adoption of ChristianityConstantine’s adoption of Christianity

I. Religion: Early Church to I. Religion: Early Church to Medieval ChurchMedieval Church

• ““There are two powers by which this world is There are two powers by which this world is chiefly ruled : the sacred authority of the chiefly ruled : the sacred authority of the priesthood and the authority of kings.” priesthood and the authority of kings.”

Pope Gelasius IPope Gelasius I• Tensions: Church and StateTensions: Church and State

– Developments under Constantine, potential problems for the Developments under Constantine, potential problems for the future?future?

• Augustine- HippoAugustine- Hippo– City of GodCity of God

• Monastic MovementMonastic Movement• Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope- triggers Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope- triggers

long held tensionslong held tensions

II. What caused the fall of the Roman EmpireII. What caused the fall of the Roman Empirein the West Reviewin the West Review

• Marcus Aurelius- last of Pax RomanaMarcus Aurelius- last of Pax Romana

• Evidence of internal declineEvidence of internal decline

• Evidence of external declineEvidence of external decline

• Diocletian’s political reformDiocletian’s political reform

The Roman Empire Divided in 294

The Roman Empire Divided in 294

Constantine’s City-- Constantinopolis

Constantine’s City-- Constantinopolis

Barbarian Invasions of the Roman Empire

Barbarian Invasions of the Roman Empire

Fall of the Roman Empire in the Fall of the Roman Empire in the WestWest

Atilla the HunAtilla the Hun“The Scourage of God”“The Scourage of God”

• 452 Clashed with Romans in the West452 Clashed with Romans in the West

III. What were the effects of III. What were the effects of Germanic InvasionsGermanic Invasions

• Visigoths sack Rome in 410Visigoths sack Rome in 410• Last Roman Emperor ousted by Visigoths in 476Last Roman Emperor ousted by Visigoths in 476• Effects-Western Empire falls, overrun by Germanic tribesEffects-Western Empire falls, overrun by Germanic tribes

– 1. Economic disruption-business failures1. Economic disruption-business failures– 2. Downfall of cities- no longer centers of trade and gov’t2. Downfall of cities- no longer centers of trade and gov’t– 3. Decline of learning- Invaders did not read or write, no written 3. Decline of learning- Invaders did not read or write, no written

language, sharp decline in literacylanguage, sharp decline in literacy– 4. Loss of common language4. Loss of common language– 5. Concept of gov’t- Germanic stress on personal ties5. Concept of gov’t- Germanic stress on personal ties

• Church survives fall of empire- source of literacy and provides order Church survives fall of empire- source of literacy and provides order and securityand security

• Eastern half flourished- Byzantine EmpireEastern half flourished- Byzantine Empire

Europe in the 6cEurope in the 6cEurope in the 6cEurope in the 6c

IVIV. . Trace the spread of Christianity among Germanic Trace the spread of Christianity among Germanic

peoplepeople

• Politics and Christianity:Politics and Christianity:– 496 Conversion of Clovis (King of the Franks). 496 Conversion of Clovis (King of the Franks).

• Church supports military campaignsChurch supports military campaigns• 511 Franks united under one kingdom511 Franks united under one kingdom• Similar missionary and church supported efforts by Similar missionary and church supported efforts by

Frankish rulersFrankish rulers

IV. Trace the spread of Christianity among Germanic people

The Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic Church

IV. Trace the spread of Christianity among Germanic people

The Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic Churchfilled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world.

monasticism:

St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

provided schools for the children of the upper class.

inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.

libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts.

monks missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]

The Power of the Medieval The Power of the Medieval ChurchChurch

The Power of the Medieval The Power of the Medieval ChurchChurch

bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system.

the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe.

tried to curb feudal warfare only 40 days a year for combat.

curb heresies crusades; Inquisition

tithe 1/10 tax on your assets given to the church.

Peter’s Pence 1 penny per person [paid by the peasants].

A Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s Day

A Medieval Monastery: The A Medieval Monastery: The ScriptoriumScriptorium

A Medieval Monastery: The A Medieval Monastery: The ScriptoriumScriptorium

Illuminated ManuscriptsIlluminated ManuscriptsIlluminated ManuscriptsIlluminated Manuscripts

Romanesque Architectural Romanesque Architectural Style of MonastariesStyle of Monastaries

Romanesque Architectural Romanesque Architectural Style of MonastariesStyle of Monastaries Rounded Arches.

Barrel vaults.

Thick walls.

Darker, simplistic interiors.

Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

IV. Trace the spread of Christianity among Germanic IV. Trace the spread of Christianity among Germanic peoplepeopleThe Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic Church

• Pope Gregory I expands papal powerPope Gregory I expands papal power– Spiritual and political concerns under the Spiritual and political concerns under the

authority of the churchauthority of the church– Idea of a “churchly kingdom”Idea of a “churchly kingdom”

V. Trace Charlemagne’s rise to power, reforms and decline V. Trace Charlemagne’s rise to power, reforms and decline of the Empireof the Empire

• Background- Background- – Charles Martel- Battle of Tours in 732Charles Martel- Battle of Tours in 732

• Secured Christianity over Muslim faith in the westSecured Christianity over Muslim faith in the west

– Son Pepin the Short helped the Pope to Son Pepin the Short helped the Pope to defeat the Lombardsdefeat the Lombards

– Crowned King in return- start of Carolingian Crowned King in return- start of Carolingian dynastydynasty

– His son- Charlemagne (AKA Charles the His son- Charlemagne (AKA Charles the Great)Great)

Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814

Charlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s Empire

Pope Crowned CharlemagnePope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. Holy Roman Emperor: Dec.

25, 80025, 800

Pope Crowned CharlemagnePope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. Holy Roman Emperor: Dec.

25, 80025, 800

The Carolingian RenaissanceThe Carolingian RenaissanceThe Carolingian RenaissanceThe Carolingian Renaissance

Carolingian MinisculeCarolingian MinisculeCarolingian MinisculeCarolingian Miniscule

Charlemagne’s Empire Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Collapses:

Treaty of Verdun, 843Treaty of Verdun, 843

Charlemagne’s Empire Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Collapses:

Treaty of Verdun, 843Treaty of Verdun, 843Ineffective rule

leads to decentralization

of power:

Louis the PiousLeft empire to

three sons who divided thus

weakening the empire- turn

towards feudalism

VI. Feudalism- explain VI. Feudalism- explain the structure of this the structure of this

order and the role of the order and the role of the manor system in society?manor system in society?

• Why people turned to feudalism?Why people turned to feudalism?

• Period of invasions=great instabilityPeriod of invasions=great instability

• Lacked trust in far away rulersLacked trust in far away rulers

• Looked to local lords for security, landLooked to local lords for security, land– EX. Vikings strike terror: Eric Bloodaxe & EX. Vikings strike terror: Eric Bloodaxe &

Thorfinn SkullsplitterThorfinn Skullsplitter– 911 Northmen’s land (now Normandy) 911 Northmen’s land (now Normandy)

granted to Rollo in exchange for loyalty to granted to Rollo in exchange for loyalty to King Charles the SimpleKing Charles the Simple

VI. Feudalism- explain the VI. Feudalism- explain the structure of this order and structure of this order and

the role of the manor the role of the manor system in society?system in society?

VI. Feudalism- explain the VI. Feudalism- explain the structure of this order and structure of this order and

the role of the manor the role of the manor system in society?system in society?

A political, economic, and social system based on mutual obligations, personal loyalty and military service.

Carcassonne: A Medieval Carcassonne: A Medieval CastleCastle

Carcassonne: A Medieval Carcassonne: A Medieval CastleCastle

Parts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval Castle

The Medieval ManorThe Medieval ManorThe Medieval ManorThe Medieval Manor

Life on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval Manor

SerfsSerfs at work at work

ChivalryChivalry:: A Code of Honor and A Code of Honor and BehaviorBehavior

ChivalryChivalry:: A Code of Honor and A Code of Honor and BehaviorBehavior

The Road to KnighthoodThe Road to KnighthoodThe Road to KnighthoodThe Road to Knighthood

KNIGHT

SQUIRE

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TroubadoursTroubadours

• Eleanor of Aquitaine- married King Henry Eleanor of Aquitaine- married King Henry of England. Mother to Richard the Lion-of England. Mother to Richard the Lion-

Hearted and John Hearted and John

EpicsEpics

VII. Identify tensions between VII. Identify tensions between Popes and German EmperorsPopes and German Emperors

• The power of the medieval churchThe power of the medieval church– A. Structure- Episcopate model of gov’tA. Structure- Episcopate model of gov’t

• Pope in Rome the central figurePope in Rome the central figure

– B. Religion as a unifying forceB. Religion as a unifying force– C. Law of the church- Canon LawC. Law of the church- Canon Law

• Violators subject to excommunicationViolators subject to excommunication

– D. Tension: Pope used power of D. Tension: Pope used power of excommunication or interdict to threaten excommunication or interdict to threaten EmperorsEmperors

VII. Identify tensions between VII. Identify tensions between Popes and German EmperorsPopes and German Emperors

• Western empire in smaller kingdoms, Otto seeks Western empire in smaller kingdoms, Otto seeks to reunite with help of the church.to reunite with help of the church.

• 936 Otto I establishes the Holy Roman Empire936 Otto I establishes the Holy Roman Empire• 1076 Pope Gregory I banned lay investiture (kings 1076 Pope Gregory I banned lay investiture (kings

appointed church officials)appointed church officials)• King Henry calls for Pope’s removalKing Henry calls for Pope’s removal• Pope Gregory excommunicated Henry who Pope Gregory excommunicated Henry who

begged for forgivenessbegged for forgiveness• 1122 Concordat of Worms- church alone can 1122 Concordat of Worms- church alone can

appointappoint

William the Conqueror:William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066Battle of Hastings, 1066

(Bayeaux Tapestry)(Bayeaux Tapestry)

William the Conqueror:William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066Battle of Hastings, 1066

(Bayeaux Tapestry)(Bayeaux Tapestry)

Evolution of England’s Evolution of England’s Political SystemPolitical System

Evolution of England’s Evolution of England’s Political SystemPolitical System

Henry I:

William’s son.

set up a court system.

Exchequer dept. of royal finances.

Henry II:

established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.

grand jury.

trial by jury.

Evolution of England’s Evolution of England’s Political SystemPolitical System

Evolution of England’s Evolution of England’s Political SystemPolitical System

Henry I:

William’s son.

set up a court system.

Exchequer dept. of royal finances.

Henry II:

established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.

grand jury.

trial by jury.

Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215

King John IKing John I

Runnymeade

“Great Charter”

monarchs were not above the law.

kings had to consult a council of advisors.

kings could not tax arbitrarily.

The Beginnings of the British The Beginnings of the British ParliamentParliament

The Beginnings of the British The Beginnings of the British ParliamentParliament

Great Council:

middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c.

eventually called Parliament.

by 1400, two chambers evolved:

o House of Lords nobles & clergy.

o House of Commons knights and burgesses.

The Rise of European The Rise of European Monarchies:Monarchies:

France France

The Rise of European The Rise of European Monarchies:Monarchies:

France France

Gothic Architectural StyleGothic Architectural StyleGothic Architectural StyleGothic Architectural Style

Pointed arches.

High, narrow vaults.

Thinner walls.

Flying buttresses.

Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors.

Stained-glass windows.

“Flying” Buttresses

Pope Urban II: Preaching a Pope Urban II: Preaching a CrusadeCrusade

Pope Urban II: Preaching a Pope Urban II: Preaching a CrusadeCrusade

Setting Out on CrusadeSetting Out on CrusadeSetting Out on CrusadeSetting Out on Crusade

Christian Crusades: East and Christian Crusades: East and WestWest

Christian Crusades: East and Christian Crusades: East and WestWest

Medieval UniversitiesMedieval UniversitiesMedieval UniversitiesMedieval Universities

Oxford UniversityOxford UniversityOxford UniversityOxford University

Late Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town Dwellings

Medieval TradeMedieval TradeMedieval TradeMedieval Trade

Medieval GuildsMedieval GuildsMedieval GuildsMedieval Guilds

Guild Guild HallHall

Guild Guild HallHall

Commercial Monopoly:

Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman

Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].

Controlled prices

Medieval Guilds: A Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s ShopGoldsmith’s ShopMedieval Guilds: A Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s ShopGoldsmith’s Shop

Crest of a Cooper’s GuildCrest of a Cooper’s GuildCrest of a Cooper’s GuildCrest of a Cooper’s Guild

The Rise of European The Rise of European Monarchies:Monarchies:

England England

The Rise of European The Rise of European Monarchies:Monarchies:

England England