Medications

BY RAUL ALBERT DOLOR

MEDICATION IN MESOPOTAMIA

MESOPOTAMIAN CONCEPTS OF DISEASE AND HEALING

Spirits were blamed.•Each spirit or god was held responsible for only one disease.

TWO DISTINCT TYPES OF PROFESSIONAL MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS

Ashipu and Asu

ASHIPUAlso accounted as “sorcerer” or exorcist.Diagnose the ailment, this meant which god or demon was causing the illness.Attempt to cure the patient by means of charms and spells that were designed to drive out the spirit causing the disease.

ASUAlso accounted as “physician“Dealt with empirical applications of medication. For example, when treating wounds the asu generally relied on washing, bandaging, and making plasters (a mixture of medicinal ingredients applied to a wound and held on by a bandage)

• Medications were ground and filtered for ointments or plasters to spread on a piece of thin leather to apply.• Prescriptions specified enemas, laxatives, ointments,, pills, powders, and suppositories.

BY RAUL ALBERT DOLOR

MEDICATION IN EGYPT

ADVENT OF EGYPTIAN MEDICINE

“ In Egypt men are more skilled in medicine than any of mankind”

The Badarian age (4000 B.C)-beginning of medicine in Egypt

• Use of malachite for parasitic eye disease

 CONCEPTS OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Understanding of gross anatomy and physiology

-Mummification-Autopsies of mummies-Dissection of animals

IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN MEDICINE:

-Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology-Magic in Egyptian medicine-The Holistic Healers-Pattern of Disease in Egypt-The Surgeons Role-Drugs for Therapy

MAGIC AND MEDICINE IN EGYPT

Integration of magic in medicine

Amulets

Gods of medicine and healing

BY RAUL ALBERT DOLOR

MEDICATION IN LATINAMERICA

RURAL MEDICINE

Latin American rural medicine is based on folk healing developed from indigenous beliefs and behaviors specific to certain cultural groups and settings.

SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE

While "scientific" medicine is based on the theory of natural causation, many religious and ethnic populations link magical or supernatural intervention to the cause of an illness. Ailments are grouped by:

-Natural causes-Mystical causes-Supernatural causes-Magical causes

NATURAL CAUSES

- Injuries, physical decline, stress and virus/germs resulting in physiological changes which are scientifically unchallenged. 

MYSTICAL CAUSES

Karma, destiny, taboo, soul lost or putatively mediated conditions as a response to violations.

SUPERNATURAL CAUSES

Gods, ancestors, spirits or ghosts who vengefully react to provocation.

MAGICAL CAUSES

Sorcery and witchcraft with the intent to harm the victim.

EXAMPLESNatural folk diseases such as "empacho," meaning intestinal distress; Mystical folk diseases such as "mal de oje," meaning evil eye, or "susto," defined as a lost soul; and Magical folk diseases of "mal puesto," or "embujo," defined as hexing and witchcraft. 

BY RAUL ALBERT DOLOR

MEDICATION IN ANCIENT ROME

• Maby years ago, the Romans invaded

Greece and paid little attention to their

medical treatment and Greek doctors such

as Hippocrates.

• Hippocrates was considered the father of

modern medicine.

SHORT HISTORY OF ROMAN MEDICINE

•He created to the concept of medicine in a

different field of science away from the

approach of philosophy and myth.

• The Romans relied on home-made medicines

that had been used in households for

generations.

HIPPOCRATES

HERBAL MEDICINES

Herbal medicine were one of the ways they tried to cure illnesses. (e.g. mustard seeds were good for the stomach aches and nettle tea for rheumatism.)

ROMAN MEDICAL TOOLS

• The Romans made

advance in surgery and

mainly because it fix

their practical needs.

• The Roman Empire was

based on conquering

land with their highly

effective army so getting

their injured soldier out

fighting was the goal.

SAW

A saw for cutting through bones.

SCALPEL

A scalpel for slicing open flesh.

PROBE Before operations, these were used to explore the wound.

CATHETERS

• Catheters were used to drain the bladder of patients who were having difficulty going to the loo!

ASCLEPIUS• Asclepius is the Greek

god of healing and

was the only the

Greek gods the

Romans prayed to.• His symbol is twin

snakes winding around a staff•

BY RAUL ALBERT DOLOR

MEDICATION AND DENTISTRY IN INDIA

ANCIENT SURGERIES

Ancient India saw great advancements in medical science. Some of these fields were dental surgery, and plastic surgery.

MEDICAL PRACTICES

•Around 800 B.C the first instances of surgery were recorded. It was considered as one of the eight branches of Ayurveda.

•Ayurveda or Ayurvedic medicine –is a system of Hindu traditional medicine and is a form of alternative medicine.

MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS

• The main medical practitioners were Charaka and Shusruta.

CHARAKA 300 B.C.

- Father of Medicine.- His renowned work, the “Charak Samhita“, is considered as an encyclopedia of Ayurveda.

SHUSRUTA- Father of plastic surgery, - excelled in ophthalmology (removing cataracts) and restoration of mutilated nose or rhinoplasty.

CATARACT SURGERY

Cataract surgery: Cataract surgery was known to the Indian physician Sushruta (6th century BCE). In India, cataract surgery was performed with a special tool called the Jabamukhi Salaka, a curved needle used to loosen the lens and push the cataract out of the field of vision, the eye would later be soaked with warm butter and then bandaged.

ANCIENT MEDICINE IN INDIA

AYUR-VEDA is the oldest existing medical system, having its heritage in ancient India. It is recognized by the World Health Organization and is still widely practiced.

HYGIENE

Hygiene is an Indian cultural value and a central practice of ayurvedic medicine. Hygienic living involves regular bathing, cleansing of teeth, skin the body with oil is also pre-care, and eye washing. Occasional anointing of scribed.

Over the following centuries, ayurvedic practitioners developed a number of medicinal preparations and surgical procedures for the treatment of various ailments

Hundreds of plant-based medicines are used in ayurvedic medicine—including cardamom and cinnamon

Sesame and sunflower oil are used in ayurvedic medicine. Both contain linoleate in triglyceride form and may have antineoplastic properties.

DENTISTRY

The first society to use dental bridges and appliances were the Etruscans, starting around 700 BC.

The image shows a similar dental bridge created by the Egyptians that uses gold wires to hold the teeth together

BY RAUL ALBERT DOLOR

MEDICATION IN CHINA

STYLES OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE

Acupuncture – Placing needles into the skin to let out negative energy.

Herbalism – Mixing different kinds of herbs to make medicine that will cure diseases.

Massage Therapy – A specialized massage process that involves alleviating pain and neutralizing other health problems.

Notable Figures

Li Shizhen ( 李时珍 )

Li Shizhen was one of China’s greatest physicians and pharmacologists, best known for writing Bencao Gangmu ( 本草纲目 ), a large compendium of the medicinal uses and properties of over 1000 types of herbs.

Bencao Gangmu ( 本草纲目 )

Hua Tuo ( 华陀 )

Hua Tuo was a famous ancient Chinese physician and the first person in China recorded to have used anesthesia during surgery.

He was also known for his ability to diagnose miscarriages by simply feeling a woman’s pulse.

HERBALISM

Medicines made from herbs have a strong scent and can cure disease like any other form of medicines. They may have an unusual taste, but the outcome of taking these medicines is often satisfying. Some herbalists make herb medicine that are for the skin; these mixtures are used to heal cracks and bruises and alleviate pain. Many traditional Chinese soups also contain herbs.

MASSAGE THERAPY

There are four main stages of healing through massage:

ReliefCorrection

Strengthening

Maintenance

RELIEFThe first few sessions of massages are concentrated on relieving pain, reducing muscle tension, and relaxing stressed nerves. All these steps are preparation for further stages of massages. The relief stage mainly aims for reducing the physical symptoms of the problem.

CORRECTIONOnce the pain is gone, the therapist will work on the problem that caused the pain. This stage is important because if action is done before the pain subsides, then the patient being massaged might feel even more pain. The techniques used here is stimulating the lymphatic system and freeing knotted and scarred muscle fibers, thus neutralizing of the problem once and for all.

STRENGTHENINGStrengthening is important in the reparation of a badly damaged area; weakness at the injury site can cause the same problem to occur again. The techniques used in this stage strengthen the tissues near the injury area, enabling them to provide proper structure and support when the injury is healed. This will also serves to reduce the chances of getting the same problem or disease again.

MAINTENANCE

Maintenance is the final stage in healing and the first step in preventing other injuries from affecting the person being massaged. The aim of this stage is to prevent the same disease from occurring again and prevent the occurrence of new problems/symptoms in the afflicted area.

AcupunctureAcupuncture is one of the main

forms of treatment found in traditional Chinese medicine; a technique that has been practiced for thousands of years. Acupuncture involves the use of sharp, thin needles that are inserted in the body at very specific points. These points are usually the places from which the pain comes from. Acupuncture may sometimes be used to relax muscle tension and reduce stress. This process is believed to adjust the body’s energy flow into healthier patterns and become better balanced. It is used to cure a variety of diseases, illnesses, and heal conditions. 

ACUPUNCTUREAcupuncture has been proven to be an effective treatment for over 40 medical problems, including allergies, respiration conditions, disorders of the eyes, nose, throat, and childhood illnesses. Acupuncture could also be an effective and inexpensive treatment for headaches and chronic pain, such as common tooth aches. Acupuncture can reduce pain in certain illness; it could really be useful for diseases that aren’t known to have cures yet.

ACUPUNCTURE

Acupuncture is used by many people all over the world; it is well known and inexpensive. Most doctors will recommend their patients to get an acupuncture treatment in a clean hospital or clinic. Like other traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture also reduces the symptoms of health problems and diseases. The logic behind acupuncture has kept it valid form of medication for thousands of years and many more generations to come.

BY RAUL ALBERT DOLOR

MEDICATION IN CHINA