Medical Terminology Slides: Musculatory System

8/10/2019 Medical Terminology Slides: Musculatory System

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Copyright 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Chapter 20: TheMuscular System


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Learning Objectives

Compare the location and function of smooth, cardiac,and skeletal muscle.

Describe the typical structure of a skeletal muscle.

Briefly describe the mechanism of muscle contraction.

Explain how muscles work together to producemovement.

Describe the main types of movements produced bymuscles.


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Learning Objectives (contd)

List some of the criteria for naming muscles and giveexamples of each.

Identify and use the roots pertaining to the muscularsystem.

Describe at least seven disorders that affect muscles.

Interpret abbreviations pertaining to muscles.


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Pretest

1. The neuromuscular junction is between a muscle and a:

(a) gland

(b) neuron

(c) bone

(d)gonad


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Pretest

1. The neuromuscular junction is between a muscle and a :

(a) gland

(b) neuron

(c) bone

(d)gonad


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Pretest

2. In the muscular system, the opposite of the origin isthe:

(a)counterorigin

(b) agonist

(c) diaphragm

(d)insertion


7/62Copyright 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Pretest

2. In the muscular system, the opposite of the origin isthe:

(a)counterorigin

(b) agonist

(c) diaphragm

(d)insertion



Pretest

3. The quadriceps femoris muscle forms the anterior partof the:

(a)neck

(b) back

(c) thigh

(d) abdomen



Pretest

4. The opposite of flexion is:

(a)rotation

(b) antiflexion

(c) relaxation

(d)extension



Pretest

5. The opposite of abduction is:

(a) adduction

(b) circumduction

(c) periduction

(d)pronation



Pretest

6. The band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle toa bone is a:

(a) cartilage

(b) bursa

(c) tendon

(d) diaphysis



Pretest

7. Polymyositis is inflammation of many:

(a) sense organs

(b)muscles

(c)glands

(d)bones



Pretest

8. The word kinesismeans:

(a)movement

(b)bending

(c) stretching

(d) pain


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Roots Pertaining to Muscles

Root Meaning Example Definition of Example

my/o muscle myositis* inflammation of muscle

muscul/o muscle musculature muscle arrangement in a part orthe whole body

in/o fiber inotropic acting on (muscle) fibers

fasci/o fascia fasciodesis binding (suture) of a fascia to atendon or other fascia

* Note addition of sto this root before the suffixitis.


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Roots Pertaining to Muscles (contd)

Root Meaning Example Definition of Example

ten/o, tendin/o tendon tenostosis ossification of a tendon

ton/o tone cardiotonic having a strengthening action onthe heart

erg/o work ergonomics study of the efficient use ofenergy during work

kin/o-, kine,kinesi/o,kinet/o

movement kinesis movement (adjective: kinetic)


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Types of Muscles

Smooth

Walls of hollow organs and ducts

Operates involuntarily

Responsible for peristalsis

Cardiac

Myocardium of heart wall

Functions involuntarily

Responsible for pumping of heart


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Types of Muscles (contd)

Skeletal

Attaches to bones Responsible for voluntary movement

Maintains posture

Generates large portion of body heat


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Muscle Structure

Fibers held together infascicles

Fascia covers muscle

Tendons attachmusclesto bones



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Muscle Action

Skeletal muscles stimulated by motor neurons of nervoussystem

Acetylcholine released

Prompts contraction

Requires actin and myosin to interact

ATP and calcium needed for this response

Partial contraction = tonus


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Muscle Action (contd)

Muscles work in pairs at joints to produce movement

Agonist = contraction Antagonist = relaxation

Point of origin = muscle attachment point to stable partof skeleton

Point of insertion = muscle attachment point to movingpart of skeleton


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Neuromuscular Junction



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Origins and Insertions



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Naming of Muscles

Named by:

Location

Direction of fibers

Size

Shape

Number of attachment heads

Indicated by suffix -ceps

Its action

Indicated by suffix -or


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Superficial Muscles, Anterior



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Superficial Muscles, Posterior



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Key Terms

Normal Structure and FunctionTerm Meaning

acetylcholine(ACh)

A neurotransmitter that stimulates contraction of skeletal muscles

actin One of the two contractile proteins in muscle cells; the other is myosin

agonist The muscle that carries out a given movement; prime mover

antagonist The muscle that opposes an agonist (prime mover); it must relax whenthe agonist contracts

cardiac muscle Involuntary muscle that makes up the wall of the heart

fascia The fibrous sheath of connective tissue that covers a muscle; called deep

fasciato differentiate it from the superficial fascia that underlies the skin(root: fasci/o); plural: fasciae

fascicle A small bundle, as of muscle or nerve fibers

insertion In a given movement, the point where a muscle is attached to a movingpart of the skeleton

muscle An organ that produces movement by contracting; also the tissue that

composes such organs (root: my/o,muscul/o)


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Key TermsNormal Structure and Function (contd)

Term Meaning

myosin One of the two contractile proteins in muscle cells; the other is actin

neuromuscularjunction (NMJ)

The point of contact, or synapse, between a branch of a motorneuron and a muscle cell

origin In a given movement, the point where a muscle is attached to a

stable part of the skeleton

skeletal muscle Voluntary muscle that moves the skeleton and maintains posture

smooth muscle Involuntary muscle that makes up the wall of the hollow organs,

vessels, and ducts; visceral muscle

synergist A muscle that assists an agonist to produce a given movement

tendon A fibrous band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone(root: ten/o, tendin/o)

tonus A state of steady, partial contraction of muscle that maintainsfirmness; muscle tone (root: ton/o)


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Clinical Aspects of the Muscular System

Myopathy is a disorder of the muscles

Techniques for diagnosing:

Study of muscle in action

Electromyography (EMG)

Serum assay of enzymes released in damagedmuscles

Creatine kinase


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Muscular Dystrophy

Group of hereditary diseases

Most common is Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Progressive, noninflammatory degeneration of muscles

Muscle tissue weakens and wastes away

Gradually replaced with connective tissue and fat

May co-exist with:

Cardiomyopathy (disease of cardiac muscle)

Mental impairment


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Polymyositis

Inflammation of skeletal muscle leading to weakness

Dysphagia

Cardiac problems Cause unknown

May be related to viral infection or autoimmunity

Often associated with other systemic diseases

Rheumatoid arthritis

Lupus erythematosus


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Polymyositis (contd)

If skin is involved it is known as dermatomyositis

Symptoms

Erythema Dermatitis

Lilac-colored rash

Diagnosis

Enzyme studies

EMG

Muscle biopsy


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Fibromyalgia Syndrome

Often associated with:

Widespread muscle aches

Tenderness

Stiffness

Fatigue

Sleep disorders

Difficult to diagnose

Treatment

Exercise program

Pain relievers, muscle relaxants, antidepressants


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Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Persistent fatigue of no known cause

Associated with:

Impaired memory

Sore throat Painful lymph nodes

Muscle and joint pain

Headaches

Sleep problems

Immune disorders

Often occurs after viral infection

No consistent successful treatments


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Myasthenia Gravis

Acquired autoimmune disease

Antibodies interfere with muscle stimulation atneuromuscular junction

Progressive loss of muscle power

Especially in:

External eye muscles

Other facial muscles


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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Lou Gehrig disease

Progressive degeneration of motor neurons, leads tomuscular atrophy

Signs:

Weakness

Cramping

Muscle twitching

Eventually leads to death


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Stress Injuries

Include:

Accidental injuries

Damage caused by overexertion or repetitive motion (RSI)

Damage to soft tissue:

Muscle strain

Inflammation

Tearing of ligaments and tendons

Bursitis


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Stress Injuries (contd)

Tendonitis is an inflammation of tendon, tendon sheath,and synovial membrane at joint

Signs: pain, fatigue, weakness, stiffness, numbness,range of motion (ROM)

Treatment: rest, elevation, ice packs, bracing,medications

If more severe: steroid injections, ultrasound fordeep heat, strength exercises, surgery, PT


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Common Upper Extremity Conditions

Rotator cuff

Epicondylitis

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Trigger finger


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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome



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Common Lower Extremity Conditions

Hamstring strain

Shin splint

Achilles tendonitis


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Key TermsDisorders

Term Meaning

amyotrophic lateralsclerosis (ALS)

A disease caused by degeneration of motor neurons resultingin muscular weakness and atrophy; Lou Gehrig disease

chronic fatigue syndrome(CFS)

A disease of unknown cause that involves persistent fatigue,along with muscle and joint pain and other symptoms; maybe virally induced

dermatomyositis A disease of unknown origin involving inflammation of

muscles as well as dermatitis and skin rashes

fibromyalgia syndrome

(FMS)

A disorder associated with widespread muscular aches and

stiffness and having no known cause

muscular dystrophy A group of hereditary muscular disorders marked byprogressive weakness and atrophy of muscles

myasthenia gravis (MG) A disease characterized by progressive muscular weakness;an autoimmune disease affecting the neuromuscular junction


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Key TermsDisorders (contd)

Term Meaning

polymyositis A disease of unknown cause involving muscle inflammation and

weakness

repetitive strain injury

Tissue damage caused by repeated motion, usually overuse of thearm or hand in occupational activities such as writing, typing,painting, or using hand tools; also called repetitive motion injury,cumulative trauma injury, overuse syndrome

sprain Injury to a ligament caused by abnormal or excessive force at a

joint, but without bone dislocation or fracture

strain

Trauma to a muscle because of overuse or excessive stretch; ifsevere, may involve tearing of muscle, bleeding, or separation ofmuscle from its tendon or separation of a tendon from bone

tendinitis Inflammation of a tendon, usually caused by injury or overuse; the

shoulder, elbow, and hip are common sites; also spelled tendonitis

tenosynovitis Inflammation of a tendon sheath


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Supplementary TermsNormal Structure and Function

Term Meaning

aponeurosis

A flat, white, sheetlike tendon that connects a muscle with the partthat it moves

creatine A substance in muscle cells that stores energy for contraction

glycogen A complex sugar that is stored for energy in muscles and in the liver

isometric Pertaining to a muscle action in which the muscle tenses but does

not shorten (literally: same measurement)

isotonic Pertaining to a muscle action in which the muscle shortens toaccomplish movement (literally: same tone)

kinesthesia Awareness of movement; perception of the weight, direction, anddegree of movement (-esthesiameans sensation)


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Supplementary Terms

Symptoms and Conditions

Term Meaning

asterixis Rapid, jerky movements, especially in the hands, caused byintermittent loss of muscle tone

asthenia

Weakness (prefix a- meaning without with root sthen/omeaningstrength)

ataxia Lack of muscle coordination (from root tax/omeaning order,arrangement); adjective: ataxic

athetosis A condition marked by slow, irregular, twisting movements, especiallyin the hands and fingers; adjective: athetotic

atrophy A wasting away; a decrease in the size of a tissue or organ, such as

the wasting of muscle from disuse

avulsion Forcible tearing away of a part

clonus Alternating spasmodic contraction and relaxation in a muscle;adjective: clonic

contracture Permanent contraction of a muscle


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Supplementary Terms

Symptoms and Conditions (contd)

Term Meaning

rheumatism A general term for inflammation, soreness, and stiffness of musclesassociated with pain in joints (adjective: rheumatic, rheumatoid)

spasm

A sudden, involuntary muscle contraction; may be clonic (contractionalternating with relaxation) or tonic (sustained); a strong and painfulspasm may be called a cramp (adjectives, spastic, spasmodic)

spasticity Increased tone or contractions of muscles causing stiff and awkwardmovements

tetanus An acute infectious disease caused by the anaerobic bacillusClostridium tetani. It is marked by persistent painful spasms ofvoluntary muscles; lockjaw

tetany A condition marked by spasms, cramps, and muscle twitching causedby a metabolic imbalance, such as low blood calcium caused byunderactivity of the parathyroid glands

torticollis Spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles causing stiffness andtwisting of the neck; wryneck


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Supplementary Terms

DrugsTerm Meaning

antiinflammatoryagent

Drug that reduces inflammation; includes steroids, such as cortisone,and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs

COX-2 inhibitor

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug that does not cause the stomachproblems associated with other NSAIDs. Inhibits the cyclooxygenase(COX)-2 enzyme without affecting the COX-1 enzyme, a lack ofwhich can cause stomach ulcers. Some of these drugs have beenwithdrawn from the market because of cardiac risk. Example iscelecoxib (Celebrex)

muscle relaxant A drug that reduces muscle tension; different forms may be used to

relax muscles during surgery, to control spasticity, or to relievemusculoskeletal pain

nonsteroidalantiinflammatorydrug (NSAID)

Drug that reduces inflammation but is not a steroid; examples includeaspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and other inhibitors of prostaglandins,naturally produced substances that promote inflammation


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Post Test

Underline the term that best fits the definition:

1. Movement away from the midline of the body:

(abduction, adduction)

2. Fibrous band of connective tissue that connects muscleto bone: (tendon, fascia)

3. Muscle that carries out a given movement: (antagonist,

agonist)


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Post Test

Underline the term that best fits the definition:

1. Movement away from the midline of the body:

(abduction, adduction)

2. Fibrous band of connective tissue that connects muscleto bone: (tendon, fascia)

3. Muscle that carries out a given movement or a prime

mover: (antagonist, agonist)


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Post Test

Fill in the blank with the best term.

4. ____________ is an acquired autoimmune disease in

which antibodies interfere with muscle stimulation atthe NMJ.

5. Injury to a ligament caused by abnormal or excessiveforce at a joint, but without bone dislocation or fractureis known as a(n) ____________.


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Post Test

Fill in the blank with the best term.

4. Myasthenia gravis is an acquired autoimmune disease in

which antibodies interfere with muscle stimulation atthe NMJ.

5. Injury to a ligament caused by abnormal or excessiveforce at a joint, but without bone dislocation or fractureis known as a(n) sprain.

Medical Terminology Slides: Musculatory System

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