Medical Terminology get connected! CHAPTER Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: get connected! Suzanne Frucht Orthopedics 6
Medical Terminologyget connected!
CHAPTER
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: get connected!Suzanne Frucht
Orthopedics
6
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Medical Terminology: get connected!Suzanne Frucht
Media Directory
Slide 20 View the Skeleton
Slide 29 Arthroscopy Video
Slide 49 Osteoporosis Video
Slide 56 Carpal Tunnel Video
Slide 58 Hip Fracture
Slide 69 Muscle Atrophy Video
Slide 70 Muscular Dystrophy Video
Slide 73 Arthritis Video
Slide 80 Spina Bifida Video
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Learning Objectives
• UNDERSTAND the function of the musculoskeletal system.
• DESCRIBE the medical specialty of orthopedics.
• DEFINE orthopedic-related combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes.
• IDENTIFY the organs treated in orthopedics.
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Learning Objectives
• BUILD orthopedic medical terms from word parts.
• EXPLAIN orthopedic medical terms.• USE orthopedic abbreviations.
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Introduction to Orthopedics
• Musculoskeletal system consists of:– Bones– Muscles– Joints
• Bones joined together by ligaments – Forms skeleton– Framework of body
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Introduction to Orthopedics
• Joints – Point where two bones meet– Provides flexibility for movement
• Muscles– Attached to bones by tendons– Contract to move bones at each joint
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Orthopedics
• Also called orthopedic surgery• Branch of medicine concerned with bones,
muscles, and joints• Orthopedists or orthopedic surgeons
– Use medical, surgical, and physical means– Correct defects and improve function of
bones, joints, and muscles
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Orthopedics
• Examples of conditions include:– Birth defects such as spina bifida– Trauma such as fractures– Infections such as osteomyelitis– Tumors such as osteogenic sarcoma– Inflammatory conditions such as arthritis– Muscular problems such as muscular
dystrophy
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Orthopedics Combining Forms
• arthr/o joint• burs/o bursa• chondr/o cartilage• muscul/o muscle• my/o muscle• myel/o bone marrow• oste/o bone • ten/o tendon• tendin/o tendon
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Bone Combining Forms
• carp/o carpals (wrist)• clavicul/o clavicle (collar bone)• coccyg/o coccyx (tailbone)• cost/o rib• crani/o skull
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Bone Combining Forms
• femor/o femur (thigh bone)• fibul/o fibula (thinner lower leg bone)• humer/o humerus (upper arm bone)• ili/o ilium (part of pelvis)• ischi/o ischium (part of pelvis)
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Bone Combining Forms
• mandibul/o mandible (lower jaw)• maxill/o maxilla (upper jaw)• metacarp/o metacarpus (hand bones)• metatars/o metatarsus (foot bones)• patell/o patella (kneecap)
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Bone Combining Forms
• phalang/o phalanges (fingers and toes)• pub/o pubis (part of pelvis)• radi/o radius (part of forearm)• sacr/o sacrum (part of pelvis)• scapul/o scapula (shoulder blade)
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Bone Combining Forms
• spondyl/o vertebra• stern/o sternum (breast bone)• tars/o tarsals (ankle)• tibi/o tibia (shin, larger lower leg
bone)• uln/o ulna (part of forearm)• vertebr/o vertebra (back bone)
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Additional Combining Forms
• cutane/o skin• electr/o electricity• fibr/o fibrous• kyph/o hump• lord/o bent backwards• orth/o straight• path/o disease• scoli/o crooked, bent
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Suffix Review
• -ac pertaining to• -al pertaining to• -algia pain• -ar pertaining to• -ary pertaining to• -asthenia weakness• -centesis puncture to
withdraw fluid• -clasia surgical
breaking• -cyte cell
• -desis surgical fixation
• -dynia pain• -eal pertaining to• -ectomy surgical
removal• -genic producing• -gram record• -graphy process of
recording• -ic pertaining to
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Suffix Review
• -itis inflammation• -kinesia movement• -malacia softening• -metry process of
measuring• -oma tumor• -osis abnormal
condition• -otomy cutting into• -ous pertaining to• -pathy disease
• -plasty surgical repair• -porosis porous• -rrhaphy suture• -rrhexis rupture• -scope instrument for
viewing• -scopy process of
visually examining
• -tome instrument to cut
• -trophy development
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Prefix Review
• a- without• brady- slow• dys- difficult, painful• inter- between• intra- within
• hyper- excessive• per- through• sub- under• supra- above
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Skeleton
Figure 6.1 The skeleton.
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View the Skeleton
Click on the image in presentation mode for 360 degree views of the skeleton.
Click a second time to pause the video.
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Types of Muscles
Figure 6.2 Types of muscles in the body.
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Building Orthopedic Terms
For each orthopedic term introduced on the next few slides, write the completed term in your textbook (pg 84).
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-ac
• Suffix meaning pertaining to• Build a term meaning:
– pertaining to under the ilium subiliac
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-al
• Suffix meaning pertaining to• Build a term meaning:
– pertaining to the wrist
carpal– pertaining to between the ribs
intercostal– pertaining to between the vertebra
intervertebral
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-ar
• Suffix meaning pertaining to• Build a term meaning:
– pertaining to the fibula fibular
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Arthr/o
• Combining form meaning joint• Also called an articulation• Formed when two bones meet• Most joints are freely moving synovial
joints
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Figure 6.3 Joints.
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Arthr/o
• Build a term meaning:– process of visually examining a joint
arthroscopy– surgical fixation of a joint arthrodesis– record of a joint arthrogram
arthr/o + -gram
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Arthroscopy Video
Click on the image in presentation mode to view a video of arthroscopic surgery on a shoulder. Click a second time to pause the video.
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-ary
• Suffix meaning pertaining to• Build a term meaning:
– pertaining to above the maxilla supramaxillary
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Burs/o
• Combining form meaning bursa• Fluid-filled sac
– Found between tendon and bone– Serves to reduce friction
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Burs/o
• Build a term meaning:– bursa inflammation bursitis– surgical removal of a bursa bursectomy
burs/o + -ectomy
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Chondr/o
• Combining form meaning cartilage• Tough, flexible connective tissue• Covers ends of bones in joint• Serves as shock absorber
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Chondr/o
• Build a term meaning:– cartilage softening chondromalacia– cartilage tumor chondroma
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Crani/o
• Combining form meaning skull• Build a term meaning:
– pertaining to the skull cranial– pertaining to within the skull intracranial– surgical repair of the skull cranioplasty
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Figure 6.4 Skull.
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-eal
• Suffix meaning pertaining to• Build a term meaning:
– pertaining to the phalanges phalangeal
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-ic
• Suffix meaning pertaining to• Build a term meaning:
– pertaining to above the pubis suprapubic
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-kinesia
• Suffix meaning movement• Build a term meaning:
– slow movement bradykinesia– difficult movement dyskinesia– excessive movement hyperkinesia
hyper- + -kinesia
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Muscul/o
• Combining form meaning muscle• Contracts to produce movement• Three types
– Skeletal muscle moves skeleton– Smooth muscle produces movement in
internal organs like stomach and bladder– Cardiac muscle produces heartbeat
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Figure 6.5 Muscles.
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Muscul/o
• Build a term meaning:– pertaining to within muscle intramuscular
intra- + muscul/o + -ar
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Myel/o
• Combining form meaning red bone marrow
• Found inside bones• Produces blood cells
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Myel/o
• Build a term meaning:– red bone marrow tumor myeloma– producing red bone marrow myelogenic
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My/o
• Another combining form meaning muscle• Build a term meaning:
– muscle painmyalgia
– muscle weaknessmyasthenia
– record of muscle's electricity electromyogram
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Oste/o
• Combining form meaning bone• Hard, calcified connective tissue• Functions
– Supports and moves body– Protects internal organs like heart and lungs– Houses red bone marrow– Serves as mineral storehouse
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Figure 6.6 Bone.
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Oste/o
• Build a term meaning:– bone cell
osteocyte– producing bone osteogenic– bone and cartilage tumor osteochondroma
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Osteoporosis Video
Click on the image in presentation mode to view a video on osteoporosis.
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Spondyl/o
• Combining form meaning vertebra• Build a term meaning:
– abnormal condition of a vertebraspondylosis
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Ten/o
• Combining form meaning tendon• Strong bands of connective tissue• Anchors muscles to bone
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Ten/o
• Build a term meaning:– suture of a tendon tenorrhaphy
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Tendin/o
• Another combining form meaning tendon• Build a term meaning:
– abnormal condition of a tendon tendinosis
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term Explanation
bone graft Surgical procedure; bone is used to replace lost bone or to fuse two bones together
bone scan Nuclear medicine scan using radioactive dye to visualize bones; especially useful for finding stress fractures and bone cancer
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
Repetitive motion disorder caused by pressure on tendons and nerves as they pass through carpal tunnel of wrist
closed fracture
Broken bone with no open skin wound; also called simple fracture
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Carpal Tunnel
Figure 6.7 Nerves and blood vessels enclosed by carpal tunnel formed by wrist bones and tendons.
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Carpal Tunnel Video
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Fractures
Figure 6.8 A) Closed (or simple) fracture and B) Open (or compound) fracture.
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Hip Fracture
Click on the image in presentation mode to view an animation on hip fracture.
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term Explanation
comminuted fracture
Bone break where bone shatters into many small fragments
compound fracture
Broken bone with open skin wound; also called open fracture
compression fracture
Bone break causing loss of height of vertebral body; may result from trauma, but in older persons, especially women, may be caused by osteoporosis
contracture Abnormal shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, or connective tissue making it difficult to stretch muscle
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term Explanation
creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
Muscle enzyme found in skeletal and cardiac muscle; elevated blood levels associated with heart attack, muscular dystrophy, and other skeletal muscle pathologies
deep tendon reflexes (DTR)
Involuntary muscle contraction in response to striking muscle tendon with reflex hammer; determines if muscles respond properly
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Deep Tendon Reflexes
Figure 6.9 Testing patellar reflex with a reflex hammer.
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term Explanation
dislocation Occurs when bones in joint are displaced from normal alignment and ends of bones are no longer in contact with each other
dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA)
Test using low-dose x-ray beams to measure bone density; used to diagnose osteoporosis
fibromyalgia Chronic condition with widespread aching and pain in muscles and fibrous soft tissue
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Dislocation
Figure 6.10 The large bump on the top of the shoulder is caused by the upward dislocation of the humerus.
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term Explanation
fixation Stabilizes fracture; external fixation includes casts and splints; internal fixation includes pins, plates, rods, screws, and wires put into place during surgery called open reduction
fracture (FX, Fx)
Broken bone
greenstick fracture
Incomplete break; one side of the bone breaks and other side only bends; commonly seen in children because their bones are still pliable
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term Explanation
herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)
Protrusion of intervertebral disk between two vertebrae which puts pressure on spinal nerves; also called herniated disk or ruptured disk; may require surgery
impacted fracture
Fracture in which one bone fragment is pushed into another
kyphosis Abnormal increase in normal outward curvature of thoracic spine; also called hunchback or humpback
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Herniated Disc
Figure 6.11 Protruding intervertebral disc putting pressure on a spinal nerve.
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Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
Figure 6.12 Abnormal spinal curvatures: kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis.
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term Explanation
lordosis Abnormal increase in forward curvature of lumbar spine; also called swayback
muscle atrophy Loss of muscle bulk due to muscle disease, nervous system disease, or lack of use; also called muscle wasting
muscular dystrophy (MD)
Inherited disease; progressive muscle degeneration, weakness, and atrophy
nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Large group of drugs that provide mild pain relief and anti-inflammatory benefits for conditions such as arthritis
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Muscle Atrophy Video
Click on the image in presentation mode to view a video on preventing muscle atrophy.
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Muscular Dystrophy Video
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term Explanation
oblique fracture
Bone break where fracture line runs along an angle to shaft of the bone
orthosis Externally applied brace or splint to prevent or correct deformities; orthotist is person skilled in making and adjusting orthoses
osteoarthritis (OA)
Arthritis caused by loss of cartilage cushion covering bones in joint; most common in bearing weight joints; results in bone rubbing against bone
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Orthosis
Figure 6.13 A stroke patient with an orthotic brace on her right arm.
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Arthritis Video
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term Explanation
osteogenic sarcoma
Most common bone cancer; usually begins in osteocytes found at ends of bones; most frequently occurs in persons 10-25 years old
pathologic fracture
Broken bone caused by diseased or weakened bone, not trauma
percutaneous diskectomy
Use of a thin catheter tube inserted into intervertebral disk through skin to suck out pieces of herniated or ruptured disk; or laser is used to vaporize disk
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term Explanation
prosthesis Artificial device; substitutes for missing body part; example: artificial leg; prosthetist is person trained in making prostheses
radiography Diagnostic imaging procedure using x-rays to see internal structure of body; especially useful for visualizing bones and joints
reduction Realigning bone; in closed reduction bones are externally moved; in open reduction bones are manipulated through a surgical incision; open reduction usually performed before internal fixation of bony fragments
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Radiography
Figure 6.14 X-ray of legs showing fractures in both tibias.
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term Explanation
repetitive motion disorder
Group of chronic disorders with tendon, muscle, joint, and nerve damage caused by prolonged periods of pressure, vibration, or repetitive movements
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Arthritis with swelling, stiffness, pain, and degeneration of cartilage in joints caused by chronic soft tissue inflammation; may result in crippling deformities; an autoimmune disease
scoliosis Abnormal lateral curvature of spine
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
Figure 6.15 Typical hand and wrist deformities of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term Explanation
spasm Sudden, involuntary, strong muscle contraction
spina bifida
Birth defect when vertebra fails to fully form around spinal cord; ranges from mild to severe; if spinal cord is damaged, paralysis results
spiral fracture
Bone break in which fracture line spirals around shaft of the bone; caused by twisting injury; often slower to heal than other types of fractures
sprain Ligament injury from overstretching, but without joint dislocation or bone fracture
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Spina Bifida Video
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term Explanation
strain Damage to the muscle or tendons from overuse or overstretching
stress fracture A slight bone break caused by repetitive low-impact forces, like running, rather than single forceful impact
total hip arthroplasty (THA)
Surgical reconstruction of hip with artificial hip joint; also called total hip replacement (THR).
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Total Hip Arthroplasty
Figure 6.16 A fractured femur (A); repaired with a total hip arthroplasty (B).
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Orthopedics Vocabulary
Term Explanation
total knee arthroplasty (TKA)
Surgical reconstruction of knee joint with artificial knee joint; also called total knee replacement (TKR)
transverse fracture
Bone break with fracture line straight across shaft of bone
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Orthopedics Abbreviations
AE above elbow CPK creatine phosphokinase
AK above knee DTR deep tendon reflex
BDT bone density test EMG electromyogram
BE below elbow IM intramuscular
BK below knee MD muscular dystrophy
BMD bone mineral density
C1, C2, etc first cervical vertebra, second cervical vertebra, etc.
CTS carpal tunnel syndrome
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Orthopedics Abbreviations
Ca calcium JRA juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
DJD degenerative joint disease
L1, L2, etc
first lumbar vertebra, second lumbar vertebra, etc.
DXA dual-energy absorptiometry
LE lower extremity
FX, Fx
fracture LLE left lower extremity
HNP herniated nucleus pulposus
LUE left upper extremity
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Orthopedics Abbreviations
NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
RA rheumatoid arthritis
OA osteoarthritis RLE right lower extremity
ORIF open reduction-internal fixation
RUE right upper extremity
Orth, ortho
orthopedics T1, T2, etc
first thoracic vertebra, second thoracic vertebra, etc.
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Orthopedics Abbreviations
THA total hip arthroplasty
THR total hip replacement
TKA total knee arthroplasty
TKR total knee replacement
UE upper extremity
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Combining Forms Match Up
1. carp/o
2. chondr/o
3. cost/o
4. crani/o
5. my/o
a. rib
b. muscle
c. wrist
d. cartilage
e. skull