Incident Wave I 0 transmitted Wave I 2 transmitted Wave I 3 Reflected waves Reflected wave R 1 Reflect ed wave R 2 Antenuation caused By scattering, diffraction, Absorption/dissipated I 23 I12= I1 x e - µ 1 x 1 I23= I2 x e - µ 2 x 2 Thickness x1, Acoustic Impedance Z1 Attenuation Coff µ1 Thickness x2, Acoustic Impedance Z2 Attenuation Coff µ2 R0 Attenuated R1 Attenuated R2 t Intensity T1=2 X1/(V1) T1=2 X1/(V1) + 2 X2/(V2) Reflection of R1 at medium 0 and 1 boundary Reflection of R2 at medium 0 and 1 boundary I 12 R0 R 0 = α1 = (Z1-Z0) 2 I0 (Z1+Z0) 2 (simple ratio, dimension, remember the square) 0<= α<=1; If Z1=1/2 Z0=> α=1/9 I1 = (1-α1 ) I0= 1- (Z 1 -Z 0 ) 2 (Z1+Z0) 2 = I0-R0 I0 I2 = (1-α2 ) I12= 1- (Z 2 -Z 1 ) 2 (Z2+Z1) 2 = I12-R1 = I1 x e - µ 1 x 1 1- (Z 2 -Z1) 2 I12 asound – asound – tion/echo; tion/echo; attenuation attenuation ic impedance ic impedance sical theory: ion at bounduary tion and Acoustic impedance olution improves; Power ↑ but µ ↑ penetration depth ↓ ce ≠ attentuation Z=ρC (unit Rayl, kgm -2 s -1 ) taion lead to energy loss (as heat etc) nce in impedance leads to reflection of sound energy) µ x X is pure number X in cm=> µ in 1/cm I (intensity) in Watt/m transmitted Wave I 1 Key Word: Transducer Piezoelectric effect
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(attenutaion lead to energy loss (as heat etc)Difference in impedance leads to reflection of sound energy)
µ x X is pure number
X in cm=> µ in 1/cmI (intensity) in Watt/m2
transmitted Wave I1
Key Word: TransducerPiezoelectric effect
A-Scan – ultrasound transducer + signal generator+ oscilloscopePrinciple – pulse echo (due to reflection) distance measurement
Show objects of different range and depthsElectirc pulse generates a ultrasound pulse by transducer and measure the time lag of echo (echo deforms transducer and generate electric signal)
B- ScanRepresent reflected intensity (spikes) AS brightness.Spots of different brightness proportional to Intensity of echo. By sweeping the transducer through an arc or use an array of transduceer a series of strips of scan over an area forms 2 D image
Acoustic shadow
Highly reflecting Gall stone
f↑ resolution improves; Power ↑ but µ ↑ penetration depth ↓
Incident X Ray I0
I1= I0 x e- µ1x1
Thickness x1, Attenuation Coff µ1
X-Ray; CT Scan Anttenuation causedBy scattering, diffraction,Absorption; for X Ray by ionising the tissue the X-Ray photon is absorbed-attenuated
Bone/
Air/low anttenuationorgan
Arteries/Intestine with artificial Contrast media
I0
ab
I1≈ I0 x e- µ1(a+b)
X-Ray partiallystopped by Bone/tissue with high attenuation
Metal MetalX-Ray stopped by Contrast media/Metal
E1Highest exposure
E2- Highexposure
E3 Lowexposure
E4 Mediumexposure
Exposure E1>E2>E4>E3
Transmitted beam vs reflected beam in US
RadionuclidesCharacteristics of Radionuclides used:-Non-toxic-produce Gamma ray only, no alpha and beta (range, damage)-Physical half life a few hours: long enough to allow imaging, not to long to cause lasting problem to body and risk of disposal-Decay to stable nuclide- Availability (technicium cow) and cost Technetium 99m decay into stable technetium (ie, not radiating), 6 hour half life), excreted in urine emits gamma only.
Problem of radiation hazard after excreted by body-still raidating for a few years in environment
Technetium -99m
Safety precaution:Limit the number of examinationKeep distance from radio active source except during exmainationShielding of source(Cow made of lead container)Containment- room with –ve pressure, proper disposal,