MEDICAL MEDICAL GEOLOGY/GEOCHEMISTRY: GEOLOGY/GEOCHEMISTRY: An exposure An exposure PILLALAMARRI ILA PILLALAMARRI ILA Earth Atmospheric & Planetary Sciences Earth Atmospheric & Planetary Sciences Neutron Activation Analysis Laboratory Neutron Activation Analysis Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 Cambridge, MA 02139 IAP 2006: 12.091 Credit Course: January 9 - IAP 2006: 12.091 Credit Course: January 9 - 25, 2006 25, 2006 Session 2A, January 11, 2006 Session 2A, January 11, 2006 January 11, 2006: IAP 2006, 12.091 January 11, 2006: IAP 2006, 12.091 Session 2A: P. ILA Session 2A: P. ILA
48
Embed
MEDICAL GEOLOGY/GEOCHEMISTRY: An exposure PILLALAMARRI ILA Earth Atmospheric & Planetary Sciences Neutron Activation Analysis Laboratory Massachusetts.
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
An exposureAn exposurePILLALAMARRI ILAPILLALAMARRI ILA
Earth Atmospheric amp Planetary SciencesEarth Atmospheric amp Planetary SciencesNeutron Activation Analysis LaboratoryNeutron Activation Analysis LaboratoryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge MA 02139Cambridge MA 02139IAP 2006 12091 Credit Course January 9 - 25 2006IAP 2006 12091 Credit Course January 9 - 25 2006
Session 2A January 11 2006Session 2A January 11 2006
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Session 2 January 11 2006
ObjectiveJan 1110 AM ‐ 11 PM Session 2A Review of radioactivity ndash radionuclides concepts Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) Primordial‐Cosmogenic‐Anthropogenic Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM) TENORMs Contributors TENORMs Radioactivity11AM ‐ 12PM Session 2B Radon Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Myths and Facts Radon potential maps of USA and Massachusetts Radon in drinking water Radon in indoor and outdoor air Radon resistant new construction Radon Detection
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Review ofRadioactivity ndash Radionuclides
Concepts
Atomic NucleusAtomic Nucleus Review of radioactivity and radionuclides conceptsReview of radioactivity and radionuclides concepts Radioactive DecayRadioactive Decay Units of Radiation Dose and ExposureUnits of Radiation Dose and Exposure
Review of radioactivity and radionuclides conceptsAtomic Nucleus
Material
Compounds
Elements
Atoms
(Neutrons + Protons) + Electrons Nucleus
Element X is depicted by
A A = Mass Number X N = Neutron NumberZ N Z = Atomic Number (Proton Number)
A = Z + N
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellipRadio-isotopes amp Radio-nuclides
Mass ChargeNeutron 1008665 u No electrical chargeProton 1007277 u Positive chargeElectron 0000548 u Negative charge[Ref Basic Nuclear Engineering A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461]
Nuclides Characterized by atomic number Z and mass number A
Isomer ndash Same N Z A but exists in an excited state for a period of time 60 60mEx Co ( T frac12 = 526 y) and Co (T frac12 = 1048 m) 27 33 27 33
Isotope ndash Same Z number but different N 59 60Ex Co Co 27 32 27 33
Isobar ndash Same A number but different Z 14 14Ex C N 6 8 7 7
Isotone ndash Same N number ( also means same A-Z) 14 15 16Ex C N O 6 8 7 8 8 8Nuclides Stable and Radioactive Radioactive Nuclides Naturally occurring and Artificially produced
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Radioactivity is produced when unstable nuclei decayThe disintegration of radio-nuclides releases excess energy in the form of nuclear radiationsRadioactive decay takes place in several ways emitting radiation such
as Alpha rays Beta (negative and positive) rays Gamma rays Neutrons Neutrinos Proton decay Internal conversion electrons Characteristic x-rays Fission fragmentsThe heavy radioactive elements and their decay productspredominantly emit three types of radiationAlpha rays Beta rays Gamma rays
Radioactive Decay
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides hellipRadioactive Decay
Alpha decay followed by gamma decay
Alpha particle is
The unstable isotope decays to by alpha and
gamma radiation The atomic number decreases by 2 and
mass number by 4
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Alpha decay of 234U to 230Th
Table 1 Alpha decay of 234U to 230Th (shown in the format of chart of nuclides) The atomic number Z reduces by 2 The neutron number N reduces by 2 The mass number A reduces by 4
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Review of radioactivity and radionuclides concepts hellip
Radioactive Decay
Beta decay followed by gamma decayBeta particle is electron ejected by excited nuclei Their charge can bepositive or negative
The radioactive isotope decays to by beta and gamma
radiation Neutrinos are also emitted A neutron is transformed intoproton The atomic number increases by 1 and mass number remainsunchanged
Table 2 Beta decay of 40K to 40Ca (shown in the format of chart of nuclides) The atomic number Z increase by 1 The neutron number N reduces by 1 The mass number A remains unchanged
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Gamma rays (γ) are emitted when an excited nucleus de-excites by the transition from an excited energy state to a lower energy state Gamma-rays have well defined energies and their emission often is accompanied by nuclear reactions and nuclear decays
Alpha particles (α) are 4He particles with two protons and two neutrons The atomic number (Z) of the resultant nucleus is reduced by two units the mass number is reduced by 4 units
Negative Beta particles (β-) or negatrons are emitted when neutron is transformed into a proton during the nuclear transformation Negative beta particles are electrons formed during nuclear transformation hence are of nuclear originThe atomic number (Z) of the resultant nucleus is one unit greater but the mass number is unchanged
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Units of Radiation Dose and Exposure
The amount of radiation is usually referred to as Dose Dose is different from Exposure The quantities and units of Radiation Dose and Exposure are not simpl
e but are complex involving various parameters such as type of radiation absorbed dose (D) quality factor (Q) any modifying factor (N) etc
After going through an evolution in a period of more than a half a century the current units designated by SI (Systegraveme International)Unit of Dose Equivalent is 1Sievert = 1 Sv (1 Joulekg)Unit of Dose is 1 Gray = 1Gy (1 Joulekg)1 Gy = 100 rad 1 rad = 001 Joulekg1 Sv = 100 rem 1 rem = rad x quality factorNote rad refers to any material and any radiation
Ref P126 Basic Nuclear Engineering P 42 Environmental Radioactivity Merrill Eisenbud and Giesell
Detailed information of radioactive decay of 235U 238Uand232Th and their daughter products the corresponding half-lifeof each and the decay sequence are provided in many textbooks and web sitesReferences1) Figure 131 235U radioactive decay chainFigure 132 238U radioactive decay chainFigure 133 232Th radioactive decay chainChapter 13 Nuclear techniques for the determination ofuranium and thorium and their decay productsA hand book of silicate rock analysis P J Potts2) httpwwwhealthstatenyusnysdohradonchainhtm
Primary cosmic radiationExtremely high energy particles (up to 1018 eV) and are mostly protons and some larger particlesMajor percentage of it comes from outside the solar system and exists throughout spaceSome of the primary cosmic radiation is from the sun produced during solar flares
Cosmic radiation consisting of high speedheavy particles and high energy photonsand muons permeates all of space thesource being primarily outside our solarsystem The cosmic radiation interactswith the upper atmosphere and producescosmogenic radioactive nuclides Theycan have long half-lives but the majorityhave shorter half-lives than the primordialnuclides
The primary radiation that originate in outer space and impinge isotropically on top of the earthrsquos atmosphere consist of 85 protons 14 alpha particles 1 of nuclei between atomic number Z from 4 to 26
Primary radiation is highly penetrating with energies in the range 1010
eV to 1019 eV
The major source of cosmic radiation is galactic in origin and a small amount is of solar origin However solar flares (in cycles of 11 years) contribute significantly to cosmic radiation
Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Slide 2
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
Slide 16
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Slide 32
Slide 33
Slide 34
Slide 35
Slide 36
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Slide 45
Slide 46
Slide 47
Slide 48
Session 2 January 11 2006
ObjectiveJan 1110 AM ‐ 11 PM Session 2A Review of radioactivity ndash radionuclides concepts Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) Primordial‐Cosmogenic‐Anthropogenic Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM) TENORMs Contributors TENORMs Radioactivity11AM ‐ 12PM Session 2B Radon Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Myths and Facts Radon potential maps of USA and Massachusetts Radon in drinking water Radon in indoor and outdoor air Radon resistant new construction Radon Detection
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Review ofRadioactivity ndash Radionuclides
Concepts
Atomic NucleusAtomic Nucleus Review of radioactivity and radionuclides conceptsReview of radioactivity and radionuclides concepts Radioactive DecayRadioactive Decay Units of Radiation Dose and ExposureUnits of Radiation Dose and Exposure
Review of radioactivity and radionuclides conceptsAtomic Nucleus
Material
Compounds
Elements
Atoms
(Neutrons + Protons) + Electrons Nucleus
Element X is depicted by
A A = Mass Number X N = Neutron NumberZ N Z = Atomic Number (Proton Number)
A = Z + N
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellipRadio-isotopes amp Radio-nuclides
Mass ChargeNeutron 1008665 u No electrical chargeProton 1007277 u Positive chargeElectron 0000548 u Negative charge[Ref Basic Nuclear Engineering A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461]
Nuclides Characterized by atomic number Z and mass number A
Isomer ndash Same N Z A but exists in an excited state for a period of time 60 60mEx Co ( T frac12 = 526 y) and Co (T frac12 = 1048 m) 27 33 27 33
Isotope ndash Same Z number but different N 59 60Ex Co Co 27 32 27 33
Isobar ndash Same A number but different Z 14 14Ex C N 6 8 7 7
Isotone ndash Same N number ( also means same A-Z) 14 15 16Ex C N O 6 8 7 8 8 8Nuclides Stable and Radioactive Radioactive Nuclides Naturally occurring and Artificially produced
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Radioactivity is produced when unstable nuclei decayThe disintegration of radio-nuclides releases excess energy in the form of nuclear radiationsRadioactive decay takes place in several ways emitting radiation such
as Alpha rays Beta (negative and positive) rays Gamma rays Neutrons Neutrinos Proton decay Internal conversion electrons Characteristic x-rays Fission fragmentsThe heavy radioactive elements and their decay productspredominantly emit three types of radiationAlpha rays Beta rays Gamma rays
Radioactive Decay
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides hellipRadioactive Decay
Alpha decay followed by gamma decay
Alpha particle is
The unstable isotope decays to by alpha and
gamma radiation The atomic number decreases by 2 and
mass number by 4
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Alpha decay of 234U to 230Th
Table 1 Alpha decay of 234U to 230Th (shown in the format of chart of nuclides) The atomic number Z reduces by 2 The neutron number N reduces by 2 The mass number A reduces by 4
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Review of radioactivity and radionuclides concepts hellip
Radioactive Decay
Beta decay followed by gamma decayBeta particle is electron ejected by excited nuclei Their charge can bepositive or negative
The radioactive isotope decays to by beta and gamma
radiation Neutrinos are also emitted A neutron is transformed intoproton The atomic number increases by 1 and mass number remainsunchanged
Table 2 Beta decay of 40K to 40Ca (shown in the format of chart of nuclides) The atomic number Z increase by 1 The neutron number N reduces by 1 The mass number A remains unchanged
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Gamma rays (γ) are emitted when an excited nucleus de-excites by the transition from an excited energy state to a lower energy state Gamma-rays have well defined energies and their emission often is accompanied by nuclear reactions and nuclear decays
Alpha particles (α) are 4He particles with two protons and two neutrons The atomic number (Z) of the resultant nucleus is reduced by two units the mass number is reduced by 4 units
Negative Beta particles (β-) or negatrons are emitted when neutron is transformed into a proton during the nuclear transformation Negative beta particles are electrons formed during nuclear transformation hence are of nuclear originThe atomic number (Z) of the resultant nucleus is one unit greater but the mass number is unchanged
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Units of Radiation Dose and Exposure
The amount of radiation is usually referred to as Dose Dose is different from Exposure The quantities and units of Radiation Dose and Exposure are not simpl
e but are complex involving various parameters such as type of radiation absorbed dose (D) quality factor (Q) any modifying factor (N) etc
After going through an evolution in a period of more than a half a century the current units designated by SI (Systegraveme International)Unit of Dose Equivalent is 1Sievert = 1 Sv (1 Joulekg)Unit of Dose is 1 Gray = 1Gy (1 Joulekg)1 Gy = 100 rad 1 rad = 001 Joulekg1 Sv = 100 rem 1 rem = rad x quality factorNote rad refers to any material and any radiation
Ref P126 Basic Nuclear Engineering P 42 Environmental Radioactivity Merrill Eisenbud and Giesell
Detailed information of radioactive decay of 235U 238Uand232Th and their daughter products the corresponding half-lifeof each and the decay sequence are provided in many textbooks and web sitesReferences1) Figure 131 235U radioactive decay chainFigure 132 238U radioactive decay chainFigure 133 232Th radioactive decay chainChapter 13 Nuclear techniques for the determination ofuranium and thorium and their decay productsA hand book of silicate rock analysis P J Potts2) httpwwwhealthstatenyusnysdohradonchainhtm
Primary cosmic radiationExtremely high energy particles (up to 1018 eV) and are mostly protons and some larger particlesMajor percentage of it comes from outside the solar system and exists throughout spaceSome of the primary cosmic radiation is from the sun produced during solar flares
Cosmic radiation consisting of high speedheavy particles and high energy photonsand muons permeates all of space thesource being primarily outside our solarsystem The cosmic radiation interactswith the upper atmosphere and producescosmogenic radioactive nuclides Theycan have long half-lives but the majorityhave shorter half-lives than the primordialnuclides
The primary radiation that originate in outer space and impinge isotropically on top of the earthrsquos atmosphere consist of 85 protons 14 alpha particles 1 of nuclei between atomic number Z from 4 to 26
Primary radiation is highly penetrating with energies in the range 1010
eV to 1019 eV
The major source of cosmic radiation is galactic in origin and a small amount is of solar origin However solar flares (in cycles of 11 years) contribute significantly to cosmic radiation
Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Slide 2
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
Slide 16
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Slide 32
Slide 33
Slide 34
Slide 35
Slide 36
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Slide 45
Slide 46
Slide 47
Slide 48
Review ofRadioactivity ndash Radionuclides
Concepts
Atomic NucleusAtomic Nucleus Review of radioactivity and radionuclides conceptsReview of radioactivity and radionuclides concepts Radioactive DecayRadioactive Decay Units of Radiation Dose and ExposureUnits of Radiation Dose and Exposure
Review of radioactivity and radionuclides conceptsAtomic Nucleus
Material
Compounds
Elements
Atoms
(Neutrons + Protons) + Electrons Nucleus
Element X is depicted by
A A = Mass Number X N = Neutron NumberZ N Z = Atomic Number (Proton Number)
A = Z + N
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellipRadio-isotopes amp Radio-nuclides
Mass ChargeNeutron 1008665 u No electrical chargeProton 1007277 u Positive chargeElectron 0000548 u Negative charge[Ref Basic Nuclear Engineering A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461]
Nuclides Characterized by atomic number Z and mass number A
Isomer ndash Same N Z A but exists in an excited state for a period of time 60 60mEx Co ( T frac12 = 526 y) and Co (T frac12 = 1048 m) 27 33 27 33
Isotope ndash Same Z number but different N 59 60Ex Co Co 27 32 27 33
Isobar ndash Same A number but different Z 14 14Ex C N 6 8 7 7
Isotone ndash Same N number ( also means same A-Z) 14 15 16Ex C N O 6 8 7 8 8 8Nuclides Stable and Radioactive Radioactive Nuclides Naturally occurring and Artificially produced
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Radioactivity is produced when unstable nuclei decayThe disintegration of radio-nuclides releases excess energy in the form of nuclear radiationsRadioactive decay takes place in several ways emitting radiation such
as Alpha rays Beta (negative and positive) rays Gamma rays Neutrons Neutrinos Proton decay Internal conversion electrons Characteristic x-rays Fission fragmentsThe heavy radioactive elements and their decay productspredominantly emit three types of radiationAlpha rays Beta rays Gamma rays
Radioactive Decay
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides hellipRadioactive Decay
Alpha decay followed by gamma decay
Alpha particle is
The unstable isotope decays to by alpha and
gamma radiation The atomic number decreases by 2 and
mass number by 4
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Alpha decay of 234U to 230Th
Table 1 Alpha decay of 234U to 230Th (shown in the format of chart of nuclides) The atomic number Z reduces by 2 The neutron number N reduces by 2 The mass number A reduces by 4
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Review of radioactivity and radionuclides concepts hellip
Radioactive Decay
Beta decay followed by gamma decayBeta particle is electron ejected by excited nuclei Their charge can bepositive or negative
The radioactive isotope decays to by beta and gamma
radiation Neutrinos are also emitted A neutron is transformed intoproton The atomic number increases by 1 and mass number remainsunchanged
Table 2 Beta decay of 40K to 40Ca (shown in the format of chart of nuclides) The atomic number Z increase by 1 The neutron number N reduces by 1 The mass number A remains unchanged
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Gamma rays (γ) are emitted when an excited nucleus de-excites by the transition from an excited energy state to a lower energy state Gamma-rays have well defined energies and their emission often is accompanied by nuclear reactions and nuclear decays
Alpha particles (α) are 4He particles with two protons and two neutrons The atomic number (Z) of the resultant nucleus is reduced by two units the mass number is reduced by 4 units
Negative Beta particles (β-) or negatrons are emitted when neutron is transformed into a proton during the nuclear transformation Negative beta particles are electrons formed during nuclear transformation hence are of nuclear originThe atomic number (Z) of the resultant nucleus is one unit greater but the mass number is unchanged
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Units of Radiation Dose and Exposure
The amount of radiation is usually referred to as Dose Dose is different from Exposure The quantities and units of Radiation Dose and Exposure are not simpl
e but are complex involving various parameters such as type of radiation absorbed dose (D) quality factor (Q) any modifying factor (N) etc
After going through an evolution in a period of more than a half a century the current units designated by SI (Systegraveme International)Unit of Dose Equivalent is 1Sievert = 1 Sv (1 Joulekg)Unit of Dose is 1 Gray = 1Gy (1 Joulekg)1 Gy = 100 rad 1 rad = 001 Joulekg1 Sv = 100 rem 1 rem = rad x quality factorNote rad refers to any material and any radiation
Ref P126 Basic Nuclear Engineering P 42 Environmental Radioactivity Merrill Eisenbud and Giesell
Detailed information of radioactive decay of 235U 238Uand232Th and their daughter products the corresponding half-lifeof each and the decay sequence are provided in many textbooks and web sitesReferences1) Figure 131 235U radioactive decay chainFigure 132 238U radioactive decay chainFigure 133 232Th radioactive decay chainChapter 13 Nuclear techniques for the determination ofuranium and thorium and their decay productsA hand book of silicate rock analysis P J Potts2) httpwwwhealthstatenyusnysdohradonchainhtm
Primary cosmic radiationExtremely high energy particles (up to 1018 eV) and are mostly protons and some larger particlesMajor percentage of it comes from outside the solar system and exists throughout spaceSome of the primary cosmic radiation is from the sun produced during solar flares
Cosmic radiation consisting of high speedheavy particles and high energy photonsand muons permeates all of space thesource being primarily outside our solarsystem The cosmic radiation interactswith the upper atmosphere and producescosmogenic radioactive nuclides Theycan have long half-lives but the majorityhave shorter half-lives than the primordialnuclides
The primary radiation that originate in outer space and impinge isotropically on top of the earthrsquos atmosphere consist of 85 protons 14 alpha particles 1 of nuclei between atomic number Z from 4 to 26
Primary radiation is highly penetrating with energies in the range 1010
eV to 1019 eV
The major source of cosmic radiation is galactic in origin and a small amount is of solar origin However solar flares (in cycles of 11 years) contribute significantly to cosmic radiation
Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Slide 2
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
Slide 16
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Slide 32
Slide 33
Slide 34
Slide 35
Slide 36
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Slide 45
Slide 46
Slide 47
Slide 48
Review of radioactivity and radionuclides conceptsAtomic Nucleus
Material
Compounds
Elements
Atoms
(Neutrons + Protons) + Electrons Nucleus
Element X is depicted by
A A = Mass Number X N = Neutron NumberZ N Z = Atomic Number (Proton Number)
A = Z + N
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellipRadio-isotopes amp Radio-nuclides
Mass ChargeNeutron 1008665 u No electrical chargeProton 1007277 u Positive chargeElectron 0000548 u Negative charge[Ref Basic Nuclear Engineering A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461]
Nuclides Characterized by atomic number Z and mass number A
Isomer ndash Same N Z A but exists in an excited state for a period of time 60 60mEx Co ( T frac12 = 526 y) and Co (T frac12 = 1048 m) 27 33 27 33
Isotope ndash Same Z number but different N 59 60Ex Co Co 27 32 27 33
Isobar ndash Same A number but different Z 14 14Ex C N 6 8 7 7
Isotone ndash Same N number ( also means same A-Z) 14 15 16Ex C N O 6 8 7 8 8 8Nuclides Stable and Radioactive Radioactive Nuclides Naturally occurring and Artificially produced
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Radioactivity is produced when unstable nuclei decayThe disintegration of radio-nuclides releases excess energy in the form of nuclear radiationsRadioactive decay takes place in several ways emitting radiation such
as Alpha rays Beta (negative and positive) rays Gamma rays Neutrons Neutrinos Proton decay Internal conversion electrons Characteristic x-rays Fission fragmentsThe heavy radioactive elements and their decay productspredominantly emit three types of radiationAlpha rays Beta rays Gamma rays
Radioactive Decay
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides hellipRadioactive Decay
Alpha decay followed by gamma decay
Alpha particle is
The unstable isotope decays to by alpha and
gamma radiation The atomic number decreases by 2 and
mass number by 4
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Alpha decay of 234U to 230Th
Table 1 Alpha decay of 234U to 230Th (shown in the format of chart of nuclides) The atomic number Z reduces by 2 The neutron number N reduces by 2 The mass number A reduces by 4
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Review of radioactivity and radionuclides concepts hellip
Radioactive Decay
Beta decay followed by gamma decayBeta particle is electron ejected by excited nuclei Their charge can bepositive or negative
The radioactive isotope decays to by beta and gamma
radiation Neutrinos are also emitted A neutron is transformed intoproton The atomic number increases by 1 and mass number remainsunchanged
Table 2 Beta decay of 40K to 40Ca (shown in the format of chart of nuclides) The atomic number Z increase by 1 The neutron number N reduces by 1 The mass number A remains unchanged
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Gamma rays (γ) are emitted when an excited nucleus de-excites by the transition from an excited energy state to a lower energy state Gamma-rays have well defined energies and their emission often is accompanied by nuclear reactions and nuclear decays
Alpha particles (α) are 4He particles with two protons and two neutrons The atomic number (Z) of the resultant nucleus is reduced by two units the mass number is reduced by 4 units
Negative Beta particles (β-) or negatrons are emitted when neutron is transformed into a proton during the nuclear transformation Negative beta particles are electrons formed during nuclear transformation hence are of nuclear originThe atomic number (Z) of the resultant nucleus is one unit greater but the mass number is unchanged
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Units of Radiation Dose and Exposure
The amount of radiation is usually referred to as Dose Dose is different from Exposure The quantities and units of Radiation Dose and Exposure are not simpl
e but are complex involving various parameters such as type of radiation absorbed dose (D) quality factor (Q) any modifying factor (N) etc
After going through an evolution in a period of more than a half a century the current units designated by SI (Systegraveme International)Unit of Dose Equivalent is 1Sievert = 1 Sv (1 Joulekg)Unit of Dose is 1 Gray = 1Gy (1 Joulekg)1 Gy = 100 rad 1 rad = 001 Joulekg1 Sv = 100 rem 1 rem = rad x quality factorNote rad refers to any material and any radiation
Ref P126 Basic Nuclear Engineering P 42 Environmental Radioactivity Merrill Eisenbud and Giesell
Detailed information of radioactive decay of 235U 238Uand232Th and their daughter products the corresponding half-lifeof each and the decay sequence are provided in many textbooks and web sitesReferences1) Figure 131 235U radioactive decay chainFigure 132 238U radioactive decay chainFigure 133 232Th radioactive decay chainChapter 13 Nuclear techniques for the determination ofuranium and thorium and their decay productsA hand book of silicate rock analysis P J Potts2) httpwwwhealthstatenyusnysdohradonchainhtm
Primary cosmic radiationExtremely high energy particles (up to 1018 eV) and are mostly protons and some larger particlesMajor percentage of it comes from outside the solar system and exists throughout spaceSome of the primary cosmic radiation is from the sun produced during solar flares
Cosmic radiation consisting of high speedheavy particles and high energy photonsand muons permeates all of space thesource being primarily outside our solarsystem The cosmic radiation interactswith the upper atmosphere and producescosmogenic radioactive nuclides Theycan have long half-lives but the majorityhave shorter half-lives than the primordialnuclides
The primary radiation that originate in outer space and impinge isotropically on top of the earthrsquos atmosphere consist of 85 protons 14 alpha particles 1 of nuclei between atomic number Z from 4 to 26
Primary radiation is highly penetrating with energies in the range 1010
eV to 1019 eV
The major source of cosmic radiation is galactic in origin and a small amount is of solar origin However solar flares (in cycles of 11 years) contribute significantly to cosmic radiation
Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Slide 2
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
Slide 16
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Slide 32
Slide 33
Slide 34
Slide 35
Slide 36
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Slide 45
Slide 46
Slide 47
Slide 48
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellipRadio-isotopes amp Radio-nuclides
Mass ChargeNeutron 1008665 u No electrical chargeProton 1007277 u Positive chargeElectron 0000548 u Negative charge[Ref Basic Nuclear Engineering A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461]
Nuclides Characterized by atomic number Z and mass number A
Isomer ndash Same N Z A but exists in an excited state for a period of time 60 60mEx Co ( T frac12 = 526 y) and Co (T frac12 = 1048 m) 27 33 27 33
Isotope ndash Same Z number but different N 59 60Ex Co Co 27 32 27 33
Isobar ndash Same A number but different Z 14 14Ex C N 6 8 7 7
Isotone ndash Same N number ( also means same A-Z) 14 15 16Ex C N O 6 8 7 8 8 8Nuclides Stable and Radioactive Radioactive Nuclides Naturally occurring and Artificially produced
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Radioactivity is produced when unstable nuclei decayThe disintegration of radio-nuclides releases excess energy in the form of nuclear radiationsRadioactive decay takes place in several ways emitting radiation such
as Alpha rays Beta (negative and positive) rays Gamma rays Neutrons Neutrinos Proton decay Internal conversion electrons Characteristic x-rays Fission fragmentsThe heavy radioactive elements and their decay productspredominantly emit three types of radiationAlpha rays Beta rays Gamma rays
Radioactive Decay
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides hellipRadioactive Decay
Alpha decay followed by gamma decay
Alpha particle is
The unstable isotope decays to by alpha and
gamma radiation The atomic number decreases by 2 and
mass number by 4
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Alpha decay of 234U to 230Th
Table 1 Alpha decay of 234U to 230Th (shown in the format of chart of nuclides) The atomic number Z reduces by 2 The neutron number N reduces by 2 The mass number A reduces by 4
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Review of radioactivity and radionuclides concepts hellip
Radioactive Decay
Beta decay followed by gamma decayBeta particle is electron ejected by excited nuclei Their charge can bepositive or negative
The radioactive isotope decays to by beta and gamma
radiation Neutrinos are also emitted A neutron is transformed intoproton The atomic number increases by 1 and mass number remainsunchanged
Table 2 Beta decay of 40K to 40Ca (shown in the format of chart of nuclides) The atomic number Z increase by 1 The neutron number N reduces by 1 The mass number A remains unchanged
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Gamma rays (γ) are emitted when an excited nucleus de-excites by the transition from an excited energy state to a lower energy state Gamma-rays have well defined energies and their emission often is accompanied by nuclear reactions and nuclear decays
Alpha particles (α) are 4He particles with two protons and two neutrons The atomic number (Z) of the resultant nucleus is reduced by two units the mass number is reduced by 4 units
Negative Beta particles (β-) or negatrons are emitted when neutron is transformed into a proton during the nuclear transformation Negative beta particles are electrons formed during nuclear transformation hence are of nuclear originThe atomic number (Z) of the resultant nucleus is one unit greater but the mass number is unchanged
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Units of Radiation Dose and Exposure
The amount of radiation is usually referred to as Dose Dose is different from Exposure The quantities and units of Radiation Dose and Exposure are not simpl
e but are complex involving various parameters such as type of radiation absorbed dose (D) quality factor (Q) any modifying factor (N) etc
After going through an evolution in a period of more than a half a century the current units designated by SI (Systegraveme International)Unit of Dose Equivalent is 1Sievert = 1 Sv (1 Joulekg)Unit of Dose is 1 Gray = 1Gy (1 Joulekg)1 Gy = 100 rad 1 rad = 001 Joulekg1 Sv = 100 rem 1 rem = rad x quality factorNote rad refers to any material and any radiation
Ref P126 Basic Nuclear Engineering P 42 Environmental Radioactivity Merrill Eisenbud and Giesell
Detailed information of radioactive decay of 235U 238Uand232Th and their daughter products the corresponding half-lifeof each and the decay sequence are provided in many textbooks and web sitesReferences1) Figure 131 235U radioactive decay chainFigure 132 238U radioactive decay chainFigure 133 232Th radioactive decay chainChapter 13 Nuclear techniques for the determination ofuranium and thorium and their decay productsA hand book of silicate rock analysis P J Potts2) httpwwwhealthstatenyusnysdohradonchainhtm
Primary cosmic radiationExtremely high energy particles (up to 1018 eV) and are mostly protons and some larger particlesMajor percentage of it comes from outside the solar system and exists throughout spaceSome of the primary cosmic radiation is from the sun produced during solar flares
Cosmic radiation consisting of high speedheavy particles and high energy photonsand muons permeates all of space thesource being primarily outside our solarsystem The cosmic radiation interactswith the upper atmosphere and producescosmogenic radioactive nuclides Theycan have long half-lives but the majorityhave shorter half-lives than the primordialnuclides
The primary radiation that originate in outer space and impinge isotropically on top of the earthrsquos atmosphere consist of 85 protons 14 alpha particles 1 of nuclei between atomic number Z from 4 to 26
Primary radiation is highly penetrating with energies in the range 1010
eV to 1019 eV
The major source of cosmic radiation is galactic in origin and a small amount is of solar origin However solar flares (in cycles of 11 years) contribute significantly to cosmic radiation
Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Slide 2
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
Slide 16
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Slide 32
Slide 33
Slide 34
Slide 35
Slide 36
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Slide 45
Slide 46
Slide 47
Slide 48
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Radioactivity is produced when unstable nuclei decayThe disintegration of radio-nuclides releases excess energy in the form of nuclear radiationsRadioactive decay takes place in several ways emitting radiation such
as Alpha rays Beta (negative and positive) rays Gamma rays Neutrons Neutrinos Proton decay Internal conversion electrons Characteristic x-rays Fission fragmentsThe heavy radioactive elements and their decay productspredominantly emit three types of radiationAlpha rays Beta rays Gamma rays
Radioactive Decay
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides hellipRadioactive Decay
Alpha decay followed by gamma decay
Alpha particle is
The unstable isotope decays to by alpha and
gamma radiation The atomic number decreases by 2 and
mass number by 4
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Alpha decay of 234U to 230Th
Table 1 Alpha decay of 234U to 230Th (shown in the format of chart of nuclides) The atomic number Z reduces by 2 The neutron number N reduces by 2 The mass number A reduces by 4
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Review of radioactivity and radionuclides concepts hellip
Radioactive Decay
Beta decay followed by gamma decayBeta particle is electron ejected by excited nuclei Their charge can bepositive or negative
The radioactive isotope decays to by beta and gamma
radiation Neutrinos are also emitted A neutron is transformed intoproton The atomic number increases by 1 and mass number remainsunchanged
Table 2 Beta decay of 40K to 40Ca (shown in the format of chart of nuclides) The atomic number Z increase by 1 The neutron number N reduces by 1 The mass number A remains unchanged
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Gamma rays (γ) are emitted when an excited nucleus de-excites by the transition from an excited energy state to a lower energy state Gamma-rays have well defined energies and their emission often is accompanied by nuclear reactions and nuclear decays
Alpha particles (α) are 4He particles with two protons and two neutrons The atomic number (Z) of the resultant nucleus is reduced by two units the mass number is reduced by 4 units
Negative Beta particles (β-) or negatrons are emitted when neutron is transformed into a proton during the nuclear transformation Negative beta particles are electrons formed during nuclear transformation hence are of nuclear originThe atomic number (Z) of the resultant nucleus is one unit greater but the mass number is unchanged
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Units of Radiation Dose and Exposure
The amount of radiation is usually referred to as Dose Dose is different from Exposure The quantities and units of Radiation Dose and Exposure are not simpl
e but are complex involving various parameters such as type of radiation absorbed dose (D) quality factor (Q) any modifying factor (N) etc
After going through an evolution in a period of more than a half a century the current units designated by SI (Systegraveme International)Unit of Dose Equivalent is 1Sievert = 1 Sv (1 Joulekg)Unit of Dose is 1 Gray = 1Gy (1 Joulekg)1 Gy = 100 rad 1 rad = 001 Joulekg1 Sv = 100 rem 1 rem = rad x quality factorNote rad refers to any material and any radiation
Ref P126 Basic Nuclear Engineering P 42 Environmental Radioactivity Merrill Eisenbud and Giesell
Detailed information of radioactive decay of 235U 238Uand232Th and their daughter products the corresponding half-lifeof each and the decay sequence are provided in many textbooks and web sitesReferences1) Figure 131 235U radioactive decay chainFigure 132 238U radioactive decay chainFigure 133 232Th radioactive decay chainChapter 13 Nuclear techniques for the determination ofuranium and thorium and their decay productsA hand book of silicate rock analysis P J Potts2) httpwwwhealthstatenyusnysdohradonchainhtm
Primary cosmic radiationExtremely high energy particles (up to 1018 eV) and are mostly protons and some larger particlesMajor percentage of it comes from outside the solar system and exists throughout spaceSome of the primary cosmic radiation is from the sun produced during solar flares
Cosmic radiation consisting of high speedheavy particles and high energy photonsand muons permeates all of space thesource being primarily outside our solarsystem The cosmic radiation interactswith the upper atmosphere and producescosmogenic radioactive nuclides Theycan have long half-lives but the majorityhave shorter half-lives than the primordialnuclides
The primary radiation that originate in outer space and impinge isotropically on top of the earthrsquos atmosphere consist of 85 protons 14 alpha particles 1 of nuclei between atomic number Z from 4 to 26
Primary radiation is highly penetrating with energies in the range 1010
eV to 1019 eV
The major source of cosmic radiation is galactic in origin and a small amount is of solar origin However solar flares (in cycles of 11 years) contribute significantly to cosmic radiation
Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Slide 2
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
Slide 16
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Slide 32
Slide 33
Slide 34
Slide 35
Slide 36
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Slide 45
Slide 46
Slide 47
Slide 48
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides hellipRadioactive Decay
Alpha decay followed by gamma decay
Alpha particle is
The unstable isotope decays to by alpha and
gamma radiation The atomic number decreases by 2 and
mass number by 4
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Alpha decay of 234U to 230Th
Table 1 Alpha decay of 234U to 230Th (shown in the format of chart of nuclides) The atomic number Z reduces by 2 The neutron number N reduces by 2 The mass number A reduces by 4
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Review of radioactivity and radionuclides concepts hellip
Radioactive Decay
Beta decay followed by gamma decayBeta particle is electron ejected by excited nuclei Their charge can bepositive or negative
The radioactive isotope decays to by beta and gamma
radiation Neutrinos are also emitted A neutron is transformed intoproton The atomic number increases by 1 and mass number remainsunchanged
Table 2 Beta decay of 40K to 40Ca (shown in the format of chart of nuclides) The atomic number Z increase by 1 The neutron number N reduces by 1 The mass number A remains unchanged
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Gamma rays (γ) are emitted when an excited nucleus de-excites by the transition from an excited energy state to a lower energy state Gamma-rays have well defined energies and their emission often is accompanied by nuclear reactions and nuclear decays
Alpha particles (α) are 4He particles with two protons and two neutrons The atomic number (Z) of the resultant nucleus is reduced by two units the mass number is reduced by 4 units
Negative Beta particles (β-) or negatrons are emitted when neutron is transformed into a proton during the nuclear transformation Negative beta particles are electrons formed during nuclear transformation hence are of nuclear originThe atomic number (Z) of the resultant nucleus is one unit greater but the mass number is unchanged
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Units of Radiation Dose and Exposure
The amount of radiation is usually referred to as Dose Dose is different from Exposure The quantities and units of Radiation Dose and Exposure are not simpl
e but are complex involving various parameters such as type of radiation absorbed dose (D) quality factor (Q) any modifying factor (N) etc
After going through an evolution in a period of more than a half a century the current units designated by SI (Systegraveme International)Unit of Dose Equivalent is 1Sievert = 1 Sv (1 Joulekg)Unit of Dose is 1 Gray = 1Gy (1 Joulekg)1 Gy = 100 rad 1 rad = 001 Joulekg1 Sv = 100 rem 1 rem = rad x quality factorNote rad refers to any material and any radiation
Ref P126 Basic Nuclear Engineering P 42 Environmental Radioactivity Merrill Eisenbud and Giesell
Detailed information of radioactive decay of 235U 238Uand232Th and their daughter products the corresponding half-lifeof each and the decay sequence are provided in many textbooks and web sitesReferences1) Figure 131 235U radioactive decay chainFigure 132 238U radioactive decay chainFigure 133 232Th radioactive decay chainChapter 13 Nuclear techniques for the determination ofuranium and thorium and their decay productsA hand book of silicate rock analysis P J Potts2) httpwwwhealthstatenyusnysdohradonchainhtm
Primary cosmic radiationExtremely high energy particles (up to 1018 eV) and are mostly protons and some larger particlesMajor percentage of it comes from outside the solar system and exists throughout spaceSome of the primary cosmic radiation is from the sun produced during solar flares
Cosmic radiation consisting of high speedheavy particles and high energy photonsand muons permeates all of space thesource being primarily outside our solarsystem The cosmic radiation interactswith the upper atmosphere and producescosmogenic radioactive nuclides Theycan have long half-lives but the majorityhave shorter half-lives than the primordialnuclides
The primary radiation that originate in outer space and impinge isotropically on top of the earthrsquos atmosphere consist of 85 protons 14 alpha particles 1 of nuclei between atomic number Z from 4 to 26
Primary radiation is highly penetrating with energies in the range 1010
eV to 1019 eV
The major source of cosmic radiation is galactic in origin and a small amount is of solar origin However solar flares (in cycles of 11 years) contribute significantly to cosmic radiation
Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Slide 2
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
Slide 16
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Slide 32
Slide 33
Slide 34
Slide 35
Slide 36
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Slide 45
Slide 46
Slide 47
Slide 48
Alpha decay of 234U to 230Th
Table 1 Alpha decay of 234U to 230Th (shown in the format of chart of nuclides) The atomic number Z reduces by 2 The neutron number N reduces by 2 The mass number A reduces by 4
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA
Review of radioactivity and radionuclides concepts hellip
Radioactive Decay
Beta decay followed by gamma decayBeta particle is electron ejected by excited nuclei Their charge can bepositive or negative
The radioactive isotope decays to by beta and gamma
radiation Neutrinos are also emitted A neutron is transformed intoproton The atomic number increases by 1 and mass number remainsunchanged
Table 2 Beta decay of 40K to 40Ca (shown in the format of chart of nuclides) The atomic number Z increase by 1 The neutron number N reduces by 1 The mass number A remains unchanged
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Gamma rays (γ) are emitted when an excited nucleus de-excites by the transition from an excited energy state to a lower energy state Gamma-rays have well defined energies and their emission often is accompanied by nuclear reactions and nuclear decays
Alpha particles (α) are 4He particles with two protons and two neutrons The atomic number (Z) of the resultant nucleus is reduced by two units the mass number is reduced by 4 units
Negative Beta particles (β-) or negatrons are emitted when neutron is transformed into a proton during the nuclear transformation Negative beta particles are electrons formed during nuclear transformation hence are of nuclear originThe atomic number (Z) of the resultant nucleus is one unit greater but the mass number is unchanged
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Units of Radiation Dose and Exposure
The amount of radiation is usually referred to as Dose Dose is different from Exposure The quantities and units of Radiation Dose and Exposure are not simpl
e but are complex involving various parameters such as type of radiation absorbed dose (D) quality factor (Q) any modifying factor (N) etc
After going through an evolution in a period of more than a half a century the current units designated by SI (Systegraveme International)Unit of Dose Equivalent is 1Sievert = 1 Sv (1 Joulekg)Unit of Dose is 1 Gray = 1Gy (1 Joulekg)1 Gy = 100 rad 1 rad = 001 Joulekg1 Sv = 100 rem 1 rem = rad x quality factorNote rad refers to any material and any radiation
Ref P126 Basic Nuclear Engineering P 42 Environmental Radioactivity Merrill Eisenbud and Giesell
Detailed information of radioactive decay of 235U 238Uand232Th and their daughter products the corresponding half-lifeof each and the decay sequence are provided in many textbooks and web sitesReferences1) Figure 131 235U radioactive decay chainFigure 132 238U radioactive decay chainFigure 133 232Th radioactive decay chainChapter 13 Nuclear techniques for the determination ofuranium and thorium and their decay productsA hand book of silicate rock analysis P J Potts2) httpwwwhealthstatenyusnysdohradonchainhtm
Primary cosmic radiationExtremely high energy particles (up to 1018 eV) and are mostly protons and some larger particlesMajor percentage of it comes from outside the solar system and exists throughout spaceSome of the primary cosmic radiation is from the sun produced during solar flares
Cosmic radiation consisting of high speedheavy particles and high energy photonsand muons permeates all of space thesource being primarily outside our solarsystem The cosmic radiation interactswith the upper atmosphere and producescosmogenic radioactive nuclides Theycan have long half-lives but the majorityhave shorter half-lives than the primordialnuclides
The primary radiation that originate in outer space and impinge isotropically on top of the earthrsquos atmosphere consist of 85 protons 14 alpha particles 1 of nuclei between atomic number Z from 4 to 26
Primary radiation is highly penetrating with energies in the range 1010
eV to 1019 eV
The major source of cosmic radiation is galactic in origin and a small amount is of solar origin However solar flares (in cycles of 11 years) contribute significantly to cosmic radiation
Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Slide 2
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
Slide 16
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Slide 32
Slide 33
Slide 34
Slide 35
Slide 36
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Slide 45
Slide 46
Slide 47
Slide 48
Review of radioactivity and radionuclides concepts hellip
Radioactive Decay
Beta decay followed by gamma decayBeta particle is electron ejected by excited nuclei Their charge can bepositive or negative
The radioactive isotope decays to by beta and gamma
radiation Neutrinos are also emitted A neutron is transformed intoproton The atomic number increases by 1 and mass number remainsunchanged
Table 2 Beta decay of 40K to 40Ca (shown in the format of chart of nuclides) The atomic number Z increase by 1 The neutron number N reduces by 1 The mass number A remains unchanged
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Gamma rays (γ) are emitted when an excited nucleus de-excites by the transition from an excited energy state to a lower energy state Gamma-rays have well defined energies and their emission often is accompanied by nuclear reactions and nuclear decays
Alpha particles (α) are 4He particles with two protons and two neutrons The atomic number (Z) of the resultant nucleus is reduced by two units the mass number is reduced by 4 units
Negative Beta particles (β-) or negatrons are emitted when neutron is transformed into a proton during the nuclear transformation Negative beta particles are electrons formed during nuclear transformation hence are of nuclear originThe atomic number (Z) of the resultant nucleus is one unit greater but the mass number is unchanged
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Units of Radiation Dose and Exposure
The amount of radiation is usually referred to as Dose Dose is different from Exposure The quantities and units of Radiation Dose and Exposure are not simpl
e but are complex involving various parameters such as type of radiation absorbed dose (D) quality factor (Q) any modifying factor (N) etc
After going through an evolution in a period of more than a half a century the current units designated by SI (Systegraveme International)Unit of Dose Equivalent is 1Sievert = 1 Sv (1 Joulekg)Unit of Dose is 1 Gray = 1Gy (1 Joulekg)1 Gy = 100 rad 1 rad = 001 Joulekg1 Sv = 100 rem 1 rem = rad x quality factorNote rad refers to any material and any radiation
Ref P126 Basic Nuclear Engineering P 42 Environmental Radioactivity Merrill Eisenbud and Giesell
Detailed information of radioactive decay of 235U 238Uand232Th and their daughter products the corresponding half-lifeof each and the decay sequence are provided in many textbooks and web sitesReferences1) Figure 131 235U radioactive decay chainFigure 132 238U radioactive decay chainFigure 133 232Th radioactive decay chainChapter 13 Nuclear techniques for the determination ofuranium and thorium and their decay productsA hand book of silicate rock analysis P J Potts2) httpwwwhealthstatenyusnysdohradonchainhtm
Primary cosmic radiationExtremely high energy particles (up to 1018 eV) and are mostly protons and some larger particlesMajor percentage of it comes from outside the solar system and exists throughout spaceSome of the primary cosmic radiation is from the sun produced during solar flares
Cosmic radiation consisting of high speedheavy particles and high energy photonsand muons permeates all of space thesource being primarily outside our solarsystem The cosmic radiation interactswith the upper atmosphere and producescosmogenic radioactive nuclides Theycan have long half-lives but the majorityhave shorter half-lives than the primordialnuclides
The primary radiation that originate in outer space and impinge isotropically on top of the earthrsquos atmosphere consist of 85 protons 14 alpha particles 1 of nuclei between atomic number Z from 4 to 26
Primary radiation is highly penetrating with energies in the range 1010
eV to 1019 eV
The major source of cosmic radiation is galactic in origin and a small amount is of solar origin However solar flares (in cycles of 11 years) contribute significantly to cosmic radiation
Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Slide 2
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
Slide 16
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Slide 32
Slide 33
Slide 34
Slide 35
Slide 36
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Slide 45
Slide 46
Slide 47
Slide 48
Beta decay of 40K to 40Ca
Table 2 Beta decay of 40K to 40Ca (shown in the format of chart of nuclides) The atomic number Z increase by 1 The neutron number N reduces by 1 The mass number A remains unchanged
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Gamma rays (γ) are emitted when an excited nucleus de-excites by the transition from an excited energy state to a lower energy state Gamma-rays have well defined energies and their emission often is accompanied by nuclear reactions and nuclear decays
Alpha particles (α) are 4He particles with two protons and two neutrons The atomic number (Z) of the resultant nucleus is reduced by two units the mass number is reduced by 4 units
Negative Beta particles (β-) or negatrons are emitted when neutron is transformed into a proton during the nuclear transformation Negative beta particles are electrons formed during nuclear transformation hence are of nuclear originThe atomic number (Z) of the resultant nucleus is one unit greater but the mass number is unchanged
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Units of Radiation Dose and Exposure
The amount of radiation is usually referred to as Dose Dose is different from Exposure The quantities and units of Radiation Dose and Exposure are not simpl
e but are complex involving various parameters such as type of radiation absorbed dose (D) quality factor (Q) any modifying factor (N) etc
After going through an evolution in a period of more than a half a century the current units designated by SI (Systegraveme International)Unit of Dose Equivalent is 1Sievert = 1 Sv (1 Joulekg)Unit of Dose is 1 Gray = 1Gy (1 Joulekg)1 Gy = 100 rad 1 rad = 001 Joulekg1 Sv = 100 rem 1 rem = rad x quality factorNote rad refers to any material and any radiation
Ref P126 Basic Nuclear Engineering P 42 Environmental Radioactivity Merrill Eisenbud and Giesell
Detailed information of radioactive decay of 235U 238Uand232Th and their daughter products the corresponding half-lifeof each and the decay sequence are provided in many textbooks and web sitesReferences1) Figure 131 235U radioactive decay chainFigure 132 238U radioactive decay chainFigure 133 232Th radioactive decay chainChapter 13 Nuclear techniques for the determination ofuranium and thorium and their decay productsA hand book of silicate rock analysis P J Potts2) httpwwwhealthstatenyusnysdohradonchainhtm
Primary cosmic radiationExtremely high energy particles (up to 1018 eV) and are mostly protons and some larger particlesMajor percentage of it comes from outside the solar system and exists throughout spaceSome of the primary cosmic radiation is from the sun produced during solar flares
Cosmic radiation consisting of high speedheavy particles and high energy photonsand muons permeates all of space thesource being primarily outside our solarsystem The cosmic radiation interactswith the upper atmosphere and producescosmogenic radioactive nuclides Theycan have long half-lives but the majorityhave shorter half-lives than the primordialnuclides
The primary radiation that originate in outer space and impinge isotropically on top of the earthrsquos atmosphere consist of 85 protons 14 alpha particles 1 of nuclei between atomic number Z from 4 to 26
Primary radiation is highly penetrating with energies in the range 1010
eV to 1019 eV
The major source of cosmic radiation is galactic in origin and a small amount is of solar origin However solar flares (in cycles of 11 years) contribute significantly to cosmic radiation
Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Slide 2
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
Slide 16
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Slide 32
Slide 33
Slide 34
Slide 35
Slide 36
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Slide 45
Slide 46
Slide 47
Slide 48
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Gamma rays (γ) are emitted when an excited nucleus de-excites by the transition from an excited energy state to a lower energy state Gamma-rays have well defined energies and their emission often is accompanied by nuclear reactions and nuclear decays
Alpha particles (α) are 4He particles with two protons and two neutrons The atomic number (Z) of the resultant nucleus is reduced by two units the mass number is reduced by 4 units
Negative Beta particles (β-) or negatrons are emitted when neutron is transformed into a proton during the nuclear transformation Negative beta particles are electrons formed during nuclear transformation hence are of nuclear originThe atomic number (Z) of the resultant nucleus is one unit greater but the mass number is unchanged
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Units of Radiation Dose and Exposure
The amount of radiation is usually referred to as Dose Dose is different from Exposure The quantities and units of Radiation Dose and Exposure are not simpl
e but are complex involving various parameters such as type of radiation absorbed dose (D) quality factor (Q) any modifying factor (N) etc
After going through an evolution in a period of more than a half a century the current units designated by SI (Systegraveme International)Unit of Dose Equivalent is 1Sievert = 1 Sv (1 Joulekg)Unit of Dose is 1 Gray = 1Gy (1 Joulekg)1 Gy = 100 rad 1 rad = 001 Joulekg1 Sv = 100 rem 1 rem = rad x quality factorNote rad refers to any material and any radiation
Ref P126 Basic Nuclear Engineering P 42 Environmental Radioactivity Merrill Eisenbud and Giesell
Detailed information of radioactive decay of 235U 238Uand232Th and their daughter products the corresponding half-lifeof each and the decay sequence are provided in many textbooks and web sitesReferences1) Figure 131 235U radioactive decay chainFigure 132 238U radioactive decay chainFigure 133 232Th radioactive decay chainChapter 13 Nuclear techniques for the determination ofuranium and thorium and their decay productsA hand book of silicate rock analysis P J Potts2) httpwwwhealthstatenyusnysdohradonchainhtm
Primary cosmic radiationExtremely high energy particles (up to 1018 eV) and are mostly protons and some larger particlesMajor percentage of it comes from outside the solar system and exists throughout spaceSome of the primary cosmic radiation is from the sun produced during solar flares
Cosmic radiation consisting of high speedheavy particles and high energy photonsand muons permeates all of space thesource being primarily outside our solarsystem The cosmic radiation interactswith the upper atmosphere and producescosmogenic radioactive nuclides Theycan have long half-lives but the majorityhave shorter half-lives than the primordialnuclides
The primary radiation that originate in outer space and impinge isotropically on top of the earthrsquos atmosphere consist of 85 protons 14 alpha particles 1 of nuclei between atomic number Z from 4 to 26
Primary radiation is highly penetrating with energies in the range 1010
eV to 1019 eV
The major source of cosmic radiation is galactic in origin and a small amount is of solar origin However solar flares (in cycles of 11 years) contribute significantly to cosmic radiation
Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Slide 2
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
Slide 16
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Slide 32
Slide 33
Slide 34
Slide 35
Slide 36
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Slide 45
Slide 46
Slide 47
Slide 48
Figure 1 Gamma and beta decay scheme of 60mCo and 60Co
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Units of Radiation Dose and Exposure
The amount of radiation is usually referred to as Dose Dose is different from Exposure The quantities and units of Radiation Dose and Exposure are not simpl
e but are complex involving various parameters such as type of radiation absorbed dose (D) quality factor (Q) any modifying factor (N) etc
After going through an evolution in a period of more than a half a century the current units designated by SI (Systegraveme International)Unit of Dose Equivalent is 1Sievert = 1 Sv (1 Joulekg)Unit of Dose is 1 Gray = 1Gy (1 Joulekg)1 Gy = 100 rad 1 rad = 001 Joulekg1 Sv = 100 rem 1 rem = rad x quality factorNote rad refers to any material and any radiation
Ref P126 Basic Nuclear Engineering P 42 Environmental Radioactivity Merrill Eisenbud and Giesell
Detailed information of radioactive decay of 235U 238Uand232Th and their daughter products the corresponding half-lifeof each and the decay sequence are provided in many textbooks and web sitesReferences1) Figure 131 235U radioactive decay chainFigure 132 238U radioactive decay chainFigure 133 232Th radioactive decay chainChapter 13 Nuclear techniques for the determination ofuranium and thorium and their decay productsA hand book of silicate rock analysis P J Potts2) httpwwwhealthstatenyusnysdohradonchainhtm
Primary cosmic radiationExtremely high energy particles (up to 1018 eV) and are mostly protons and some larger particlesMajor percentage of it comes from outside the solar system and exists throughout spaceSome of the primary cosmic radiation is from the sun produced during solar flares
Cosmic radiation consisting of high speedheavy particles and high energy photonsand muons permeates all of space thesource being primarily outside our solarsystem The cosmic radiation interactswith the upper atmosphere and producescosmogenic radioactive nuclides Theycan have long half-lives but the majorityhave shorter half-lives than the primordialnuclides
The primary radiation that originate in outer space and impinge isotropically on top of the earthrsquos atmosphere consist of 85 protons 14 alpha particles 1 of nuclei between atomic number Z from 4 to 26
Primary radiation is highly penetrating with energies in the range 1010
eV to 1019 eV
The major source of cosmic radiation is galactic in origin and a small amount is of solar origin However solar flares (in cycles of 11 years) contribute significantly to cosmic radiation
Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Units of Radiation Dose and Exposure
The amount of radiation is usually referred to as Dose Dose is different from Exposure The quantities and units of Radiation Dose and Exposure are not simpl
e but are complex involving various parameters such as type of radiation absorbed dose (D) quality factor (Q) any modifying factor (N) etc
After going through an evolution in a period of more than a half a century the current units designated by SI (Systegraveme International)Unit of Dose Equivalent is 1Sievert = 1 Sv (1 Joulekg)Unit of Dose is 1 Gray = 1Gy (1 Joulekg)1 Gy = 100 rad 1 rad = 001 Joulekg1 Sv = 100 rem 1 rem = rad x quality factorNote rad refers to any material and any radiation
Ref P126 Basic Nuclear Engineering P 42 Environmental Radioactivity Merrill Eisenbud and Giesell
Detailed information of radioactive decay of 235U 238Uand232Th and their daughter products the corresponding half-lifeof each and the decay sequence are provided in many textbooks and web sitesReferences1) Figure 131 235U radioactive decay chainFigure 132 238U radioactive decay chainFigure 133 232Th radioactive decay chainChapter 13 Nuclear techniques for the determination ofuranium and thorium and their decay productsA hand book of silicate rock analysis P J Potts2) httpwwwhealthstatenyusnysdohradonchainhtm
Primary cosmic radiationExtremely high energy particles (up to 1018 eV) and are mostly protons and some larger particlesMajor percentage of it comes from outside the solar system and exists throughout spaceSome of the primary cosmic radiation is from the sun produced during solar flares
Cosmic radiation consisting of high speedheavy particles and high energy photonsand muons permeates all of space thesource being primarily outside our solarsystem The cosmic radiation interactswith the upper atmosphere and producescosmogenic radioactive nuclides Theycan have long half-lives but the majorityhave shorter half-lives than the primordialnuclides
The primary radiation that originate in outer space and impinge isotropically on top of the earthrsquos atmosphere consist of 85 protons 14 alpha particles 1 of nuclei between atomic number Z from 4 to 26
Primary radiation is highly penetrating with energies in the range 1010
eV to 1019 eV
The major source of cosmic radiation is galactic in origin and a small amount is of solar origin However solar flares (in cycles of 11 years) contribute significantly to cosmic radiation
Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Units of Radiation Dose and Exposure
The amount of radiation is usually referred to as Dose Dose is different from Exposure The quantities and units of Radiation Dose and Exposure are not simpl
e but are complex involving various parameters such as type of radiation absorbed dose (D) quality factor (Q) any modifying factor (N) etc
After going through an evolution in a period of more than a half a century the current units designated by SI (Systegraveme International)Unit of Dose Equivalent is 1Sievert = 1 Sv (1 Joulekg)Unit of Dose is 1 Gray = 1Gy (1 Joulekg)1 Gy = 100 rad 1 rad = 001 Joulekg1 Sv = 100 rem 1 rem = rad x quality factorNote rad refers to any material and any radiation
Ref P126 Basic Nuclear Engineering P 42 Environmental Radioactivity Merrill Eisenbud and Giesell
Detailed information of radioactive decay of 235U 238Uand232Th and their daughter products the corresponding half-lifeof each and the decay sequence are provided in many textbooks and web sitesReferences1) Figure 131 235U radioactive decay chainFigure 132 238U radioactive decay chainFigure 133 232Th radioactive decay chainChapter 13 Nuclear techniques for the determination ofuranium and thorium and their decay productsA hand book of silicate rock analysis P J Potts2) httpwwwhealthstatenyusnysdohradonchainhtm
Primary cosmic radiationExtremely high energy particles (up to 1018 eV) and are mostly protons and some larger particlesMajor percentage of it comes from outside the solar system and exists throughout spaceSome of the primary cosmic radiation is from the sun produced during solar flares
Cosmic radiation consisting of high speedheavy particles and high energy photonsand muons permeates all of space thesource being primarily outside our solarsystem The cosmic radiation interactswith the upper atmosphere and producescosmogenic radioactive nuclides Theycan have long half-lives but the majorityhave shorter half-lives than the primordialnuclides
The primary radiation that originate in outer space and impinge isotropically on top of the earthrsquos atmosphere consist of 85 protons 14 alpha particles 1 of nuclei between atomic number Z from 4 to 26
Primary radiation is highly penetrating with energies in the range 1010
eV to 1019 eV
The major source of cosmic radiation is galactic in origin and a small amount is of solar origin However solar flares (in cycles of 11 years) contribute significantly to cosmic radiation
Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip
Units of Radiation Dose and Exposure
The amount of radiation is usually referred to as Dose Dose is different from Exposure The quantities and units of Radiation Dose and Exposure are not simpl
e but are complex involving various parameters such as type of radiation absorbed dose (D) quality factor (Q) any modifying factor (N) etc
After going through an evolution in a period of more than a half a century the current units designated by SI (Systegraveme International)Unit of Dose Equivalent is 1Sievert = 1 Sv (1 Joulekg)Unit of Dose is 1 Gray = 1Gy (1 Joulekg)1 Gy = 100 rad 1 rad = 001 Joulekg1 Sv = 100 rem 1 rem = rad x quality factorNote rad refers to any material and any radiation
Ref P126 Basic Nuclear Engineering P 42 Environmental Radioactivity Merrill Eisenbud and Giesell
Detailed information of radioactive decay of 235U 238Uand232Th and their daughter products the corresponding half-lifeof each and the decay sequence are provided in many textbooks and web sitesReferences1) Figure 131 235U radioactive decay chainFigure 132 238U radioactive decay chainFigure 133 232Th radioactive decay chainChapter 13 Nuclear techniques for the determination ofuranium and thorium and their decay productsA hand book of silicate rock analysis P J Potts2) httpwwwhealthstatenyusnysdohradonchainhtm
Primary cosmic radiationExtremely high energy particles (up to 1018 eV) and are mostly protons and some larger particlesMajor percentage of it comes from outside the solar system and exists throughout spaceSome of the primary cosmic radiation is from the sun produced during solar flares
Cosmic radiation consisting of high speedheavy particles and high energy photonsand muons permeates all of space thesource being primarily outside our solarsystem The cosmic radiation interactswith the upper atmosphere and producescosmogenic radioactive nuclides Theycan have long half-lives but the majorityhave shorter half-lives than the primordialnuclides
The primary radiation that originate in outer space and impinge isotropically on top of the earthrsquos atmosphere consist of 85 protons 14 alpha particles 1 of nuclei between atomic number Z from 4 to 26
Primary radiation is highly penetrating with energies in the range 1010
eV to 1019 eV
The major source of cosmic radiation is galactic in origin and a small amount is of solar origin However solar flares (in cycles of 11 years) contribute significantly to cosmic radiation
Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Detailed information of radioactive decay of 235U 238Uand232Th and their daughter products the corresponding half-lifeof each and the decay sequence are provided in many textbooks and web sitesReferences1) Figure 131 235U radioactive decay chainFigure 132 238U radioactive decay chainFigure 133 232Th radioactive decay chainChapter 13 Nuclear techniques for the determination ofuranium and thorium and their decay productsA hand book of silicate rock analysis P J Potts2) httpwwwhealthstatenyusnysdohradonchainhtm
Primary cosmic radiationExtremely high energy particles (up to 1018 eV) and are mostly protons and some larger particlesMajor percentage of it comes from outside the solar system and exists throughout spaceSome of the primary cosmic radiation is from the sun produced during solar flares
Cosmic radiation consisting of high speedheavy particles and high energy photonsand muons permeates all of space thesource being primarily outside our solarsystem The cosmic radiation interactswith the upper atmosphere and producescosmogenic radioactive nuclides Theycan have long half-lives but the majorityhave shorter half-lives than the primordialnuclides
The primary radiation that originate in outer space and impinge isotropically on top of the earthrsquos atmosphere consist of 85 protons 14 alpha particles 1 of nuclei between atomic number Z from 4 to 26
Primary radiation is highly penetrating with energies in the range 1010
eV to 1019 eV
The major source of cosmic radiation is galactic in origin and a small amount is of solar origin However solar flares (in cycles of 11 years) contribute significantly to cosmic radiation
Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Detailed information of radioactive decay of 235U 238Uand232Th and their daughter products the corresponding half-lifeof each and the decay sequence are provided in many textbooks and web sitesReferences1) Figure 131 235U radioactive decay chainFigure 132 238U radioactive decay chainFigure 133 232Th radioactive decay chainChapter 13 Nuclear techniques for the determination ofuranium and thorium and their decay productsA hand book of silicate rock analysis P J Potts2) httpwwwhealthstatenyusnysdohradonchainhtm
Primary cosmic radiationExtremely high energy particles (up to 1018 eV) and are mostly protons and some larger particlesMajor percentage of it comes from outside the solar system and exists throughout spaceSome of the primary cosmic radiation is from the sun produced during solar flares
Cosmic radiation consisting of high speedheavy particles and high energy photonsand muons permeates all of space thesource being primarily outside our solarsystem The cosmic radiation interactswith the upper atmosphere and producescosmogenic radioactive nuclides Theycan have long half-lives but the majorityhave shorter half-lives than the primordialnuclides
The primary radiation that originate in outer space and impinge isotropically on top of the earthrsquos atmosphere consist of 85 protons 14 alpha particles 1 of nuclei between atomic number Z from 4 to 26
Primary radiation is highly penetrating with energies in the range 1010
eV to 1019 eV
The major source of cosmic radiation is galactic in origin and a small amount is of solar origin However solar flares (in cycles of 11 years) contribute significantly to cosmic radiation
Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Detailed information of radioactive decay of 235U 238Uand232Th and their daughter products the corresponding half-lifeof each and the decay sequence are provided in many textbooks and web sitesReferences1) Figure 131 235U radioactive decay chainFigure 132 238U radioactive decay chainFigure 133 232Th radioactive decay chainChapter 13 Nuclear techniques for the determination ofuranium and thorium and their decay productsA hand book of silicate rock analysis P J Potts2) httpwwwhealthstatenyusnysdohradonchainhtm
Primary cosmic radiationExtremely high energy particles (up to 1018 eV) and are mostly protons and some larger particlesMajor percentage of it comes from outside the solar system and exists throughout spaceSome of the primary cosmic radiation is from the sun produced during solar flares
Cosmic radiation consisting of high speedheavy particles and high energy photonsand muons permeates all of space thesource being primarily outside our solarsystem The cosmic radiation interactswith the upper atmosphere and producescosmogenic radioactive nuclides Theycan have long half-lives but the majorityhave shorter half-lives than the primordialnuclides
The primary radiation that originate in outer space and impinge isotropically on top of the earthrsquos atmosphere consist of 85 protons 14 alpha particles 1 of nuclei between atomic number Z from 4 to 26
Primary radiation is highly penetrating with energies in the range 1010
eV to 1019 eV
The major source of cosmic radiation is galactic in origin and a small amount is of solar origin However solar flares (in cycles of 11 years) contribute significantly to cosmic radiation
Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Detailed information of radioactive decay of 235U 238Uand232Th and their daughter products the corresponding half-lifeof each and the decay sequence are provided in many textbooks and web sitesReferences1) Figure 131 235U radioactive decay chainFigure 132 238U radioactive decay chainFigure 133 232Th radioactive decay chainChapter 13 Nuclear techniques for the determination ofuranium and thorium and their decay productsA hand book of silicate rock analysis P J Potts2) httpwwwhealthstatenyusnysdohradonchainhtm
Primary cosmic radiationExtremely high energy particles (up to 1018 eV) and are mostly protons and some larger particlesMajor percentage of it comes from outside the solar system and exists throughout spaceSome of the primary cosmic radiation is from the sun produced during solar flares
Cosmic radiation consisting of high speedheavy particles and high energy photonsand muons permeates all of space thesource being primarily outside our solarsystem The cosmic radiation interactswith the upper atmosphere and producescosmogenic radioactive nuclides Theycan have long half-lives but the majorityhave shorter half-lives than the primordialnuclides
The primary radiation that originate in outer space and impinge isotropically on top of the earthrsquos atmosphere consist of 85 protons 14 alpha particles 1 of nuclei between atomic number Z from 4 to 26
Primary radiation is highly penetrating with energies in the range 1010
eV to 1019 eV
The major source of cosmic radiation is galactic in origin and a small amount is of solar origin However solar flares (in cycles of 11 years) contribute significantly to cosmic radiation
Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Detailed information of radioactive decay of 235U 238Uand232Th and their daughter products the corresponding half-lifeof each and the decay sequence are provided in many textbooks and web sitesReferences1) Figure 131 235U radioactive decay chainFigure 132 238U radioactive decay chainFigure 133 232Th radioactive decay chainChapter 13 Nuclear techniques for the determination ofuranium and thorium and their decay productsA hand book of silicate rock analysis P J Potts2) httpwwwhealthstatenyusnysdohradonchainhtm
Primary cosmic radiationExtremely high energy particles (up to 1018 eV) and are mostly protons and some larger particlesMajor percentage of it comes from outside the solar system and exists throughout spaceSome of the primary cosmic radiation is from the sun produced during solar flares
Cosmic radiation consisting of high speedheavy particles and high energy photonsand muons permeates all of space thesource being primarily outside our solarsystem The cosmic radiation interactswith the upper atmosphere and producescosmogenic radioactive nuclides Theycan have long half-lives but the majorityhave shorter half-lives than the primordialnuclides
The primary radiation that originate in outer space and impinge isotropically on top of the earthrsquos atmosphere consist of 85 protons 14 alpha particles 1 of nuclei between atomic number Z from 4 to 26
Primary radiation is highly penetrating with energies in the range 1010
eV to 1019 eV
The major source of cosmic radiation is galactic in origin and a small amount is of solar origin However solar flares (in cycles of 11 years) contribute significantly to cosmic radiation
Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Detailed information of radioactive decay of 235U 238Uand232Th and their daughter products the corresponding half-lifeof each and the decay sequence are provided in many textbooks and web sitesReferences1) Figure 131 235U radioactive decay chainFigure 132 238U radioactive decay chainFigure 133 232Th radioactive decay chainChapter 13 Nuclear techniques for the determination ofuranium and thorium and their decay productsA hand book of silicate rock analysis P J Potts2) httpwwwhealthstatenyusnysdohradonchainhtm
Primary cosmic radiationExtremely high energy particles (up to 1018 eV) and are mostly protons and some larger particlesMajor percentage of it comes from outside the solar system and exists throughout spaceSome of the primary cosmic radiation is from the sun produced during solar flares
Cosmic radiation consisting of high speedheavy particles and high energy photonsand muons permeates all of space thesource being primarily outside our solarsystem The cosmic radiation interactswith the upper atmosphere and producescosmogenic radioactive nuclides Theycan have long half-lives but the majorityhave shorter half-lives than the primordialnuclides
The primary radiation that originate in outer space and impinge isotropically on top of the earthrsquos atmosphere consist of 85 protons 14 alpha particles 1 of nuclei between atomic number Z from 4 to 26
Primary radiation is highly penetrating with energies in the range 1010
eV to 1019 eV
The major source of cosmic radiation is galactic in origin and a small amount is of solar origin However solar flares (in cycles of 11 years) contribute significantly to cosmic radiation
Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Primary cosmic radiationExtremely high energy particles (up to 1018 eV) and are mostly protons and some larger particlesMajor percentage of it comes from outside the solar system and exists throughout spaceSome of the primary cosmic radiation is from the sun produced during solar flares
Cosmic radiation consisting of high speedheavy particles and high energy photonsand muons permeates all of space thesource being primarily outside our solarsystem The cosmic radiation interactswith the upper atmosphere and producescosmogenic radioactive nuclides Theycan have long half-lives but the majorityhave shorter half-lives than the primordialnuclides
The primary radiation that originate in outer space and impinge isotropically on top of the earthrsquos atmosphere consist of 85 protons 14 alpha particles 1 of nuclei between atomic number Z from 4 to 26
Primary radiation is highly penetrating with energies in the range 1010
eV to 1019 eV
The major source of cosmic radiation is galactic in origin and a small amount is of solar origin However solar flares (in cycles of 11 years) contribute significantly to cosmic radiation
Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Cosmic radiation consisting of high speedheavy particles and high energy photonsand muons permeates all of space thesource being primarily outside our solarsystem The cosmic radiation interactswith the upper atmosphere and producescosmogenic radioactive nuclides Theycan have long half-lives but the majorityhave shorter half-lives than the primordialnuclides
The primary radiation that originate in outer space and impinge isotropically on top of the earthrsquos atmosphere consist of 85 protons 14 alpha particles 1 of nuclei between atomic number Z from 4 to 26
Primary radiation is highly penetrating with energies in the range 1010
eV to 1019 eV
The major source of cosmic radiation is galactic in origin and a small amount is of solar origin However solar flares (in cycles of 11 years) contribute significantly to cosmic radiation
Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Cosmic radiation consisting of high speedheavy particles and high energy photonsand muons permeates all of space thesource being primarily outside our solarsystem The cosmic radiation interactswith the upper atmosphere and producescosmogenic radioactive nuclides Theycan have long half-lives but the majorityhave shorter half-lives than the primordialnuclides
The primary radiation that originate in outer space and impinge isotropically on top of the earthrsquos atmosphere consist of 85 protons 14 alpha particles 1 of nuclei between atomic number Z from 4 to 26
Primary radiation is highly penetrating with energies in the range 1010
eV to 1019 eV
The major source of cosmic radiation is galactic in origin and a small amount is of solar origin However solar flares (in cycles of 11 years) contribute significantly to cosmic radiation
Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
The primary radiation that originate in outer space and impinge isotropically on top of the earthrsquos atmosphere consist of 85 protons 14 alpha particles 1 of nuclei between atomic number Z from 4 to 26
Primary radiation is highly penetrating with energies in the range 1010
eV to 1019 eV
The major source of cosmic radiation is galactic in origin and a small amount is of solar origin However solar flares (in cycles of 11 years) contribute significantly to cosmic radiation
Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location
Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet
There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations
Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and
SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table
Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Slide 2
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
Slide 16
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Slide 32
Slide 33
Slide 34
Slide 35
Slide 36
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Slide 45
Slide 46
Slide 47
Slide 48
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a
lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r
adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n
atural industrial and military sources
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Slide 2
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
Slide 16
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Slide 32
Slide 33
Slide 34
Slide 35
Slide 36
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Slide 45
Slide 46
Slide 47
Slide 48
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Internet Keywords
o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar
yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Slide 2
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
Slide 16
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Slide 32
Slide 33
Slide 34
Slide 35
Slide 36
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Slide 45
Slide 46
Slide 47
Slide 48
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering
A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Slide 2
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
Slide 16
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Slide 32
Slide 33
Slide 34
Slide 35
Slide 36
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Slide 45
Slide 46
Slide 47
Slide 48
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis
P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)
o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland
o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Slide 2
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
Slide 16
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Slide 32
Slide 33
Slide 34
Slide 35
Slide 36
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Slide 45
Slide 46
Slide 47
Slide 48
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm
o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Slide 2
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
Slide 16
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Slide 32
Slide 33
Slide 34
Slide 35
Slide 36
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Slide 45
Slide 46
Slide 47
Slide 48
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973
o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Slide 2
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
Slide 16
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Slide 32
Slide 33
Slide 34
Slide 35
Slide 36
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Slide 45
Slide 46
Slide 47
Slide 48
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003
o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99
o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom
Slide 2
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
Slide 16
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Slide 32
Slide 33
Slide 34
Slide 35
Slide 36
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Slide 45
Slide 46
Slide 47
Slide 48
January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091
Session 2A P ILA
Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash
Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom