Medical emergencies Monika Staňková. Common emergencies Heart attack Stroke Unconsciousness Bleeding Fractures Choking Abdominal pain Shock.

Medical emergencies

Monika Staňková

Common emergencies

Heart attack Stroke Unconsciousness Bleeding Fractures Choking Abdominal pain Shock

Heart attack

Caused by the long-lasting interruption of blood supply – the heart cells are damaged or die.

Symptoms: Chest pain (can radiate to the left arm or neck), shortness of breath, nausea, sweating, anxiety.

Immediate treatment: Oxygen, aspirin, sublingual nitro-glycerine.

! Untreated can cause a heart failure!

Stroke

Rapid loss of brain function due to lack of blood supply

2 mechanisms: Lack of blood flow (blood clot) or bleeding

Symptoms: Inability to move on one side of the body, inability to understand or formulate a speech, inability to see one side of the visual field.

! Can lead to permanent damage or death!

Unconsciousness

People do not respond to environmental stimuli.

Temporary – fainting (dehydration, drop in blood pressure, decrease of oxygen supply).

Long lasting: Stroke, brain injury, meningitis, heart failure, poisoning with sedative drugs (alcohol), epilepsy, hypo – or hyperglycemic coma, shock.

If you don't know type of coma (hypo- or hyperglycemic), what will you do? Sugar or insulin?

Bleeding

arterial – red, spouts x venous – dark, flows

How to stop it?Arterial – press the artery in the affected part.Venous – apply pressure bandage.In both cases lift the affected part of body

above the patient's heart.

A healthy person can endure a loss of 10-15% of the total blood volume without serious medical difficulties.

Fractures

Symptoms: Pain, inability to move,deformity of the affected area.

Fractures: closed (simple) x open

What to do: Immobilize the affected part of the body and take off all Jewellery. Why?

Choking

- Obstruction of the airway by a foreign object- Strangulation- Respiratory diseases – asthma,

pneumothorax, pulmonary embolism etc.

Symptoms: Gasping, impossibility to speak, clutching throat, Later the person's face turns blue (= cyanosis), unconsciousness

Choking – what to do?

1. Back blows: Bend the patient to put his/her head below his/her chest. Give five slaps between the patient's shoulder blades.

2. If it doesn't help, use the Heimlich Maneuver:Stand behind the patient, putyour fist above his belly buttonand under his breastbone. Wrapyour other hand around the fist.Pull inward and upward, usinggood force. Repeat five times.

Abdominal pain (stomach ache)

Inflammatory: Appendicitis, Crohn's disease, gastroenteritis

Obstruction: Hernia, tumours, constipation, hemorrhoids

Vascular: Embolism, thrombosis, bleeding

Digestive: Peptic ulcer, lactose intolerance, coeliac disease, food allergies

Traumatic; pain coming from other organs than stomach (kidneys, liver, pancreas, gallbladder)

Shock

Failure of circulation with an inadequate distribution of oxygen leading

to the “choking” of cells

Causes: Heart failure, Obstruction in blood flow,Loss of volume circulation,Malfunction of peripheralcirculation,Combination of all of these.

Shock - symptoms

Symptoms: Low blood pressure, rapid heartbeat; cool, pale skin, confusion, weakness

Other depend on the type of the shock

What to do:

Plane crash

Who screams most, usually needs your help least.

Check all the place of the accident.

Priority 1: Patients with severe bleeding, choking, unconscious who breathe spontaneously / after opening the airway

Priority 2: Conscious patients unable to walk

Plane crash

Priority 3: Conscious patients walking spontaneously

! We don't provide CPR – time is too precious for us!

First aid – Dr. ABC

D anger – Your safety comes first.

R esponse – Is the patient conscious?

A irway – Is there a blockage in the throat? Open the airway with the “head tilt – chin

lift” maneuver.B reathing – Check the breathing with free

airway.C ompressions – If the patient isn't breathing (!attention: gasping!), start

providing CPRCALL AN AMBULANCE: 155 (CZE) OR 911

CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation

ADULTS 30 : 2 !!!

- at least 5 cm deep- at least 100 times per minute

CHILDREN 15 : 2, NEWBORNS 3 : 1

New american guidelines recommend the compression – only CPR for untrained rescuers. Why?

What do you do?

You are waiting for the bus and you see a man fainting. The man doesn't respond at all, not even to a painful stimulation.

What do you do?

How do you check breathing?

What do you do?

How do you provide CPR (describe the mechanism, frequency, depth)?

When you can stop

In which cases can you stop providing CPR?

- The patient starts breathing spontaneously, there is a circulation

- Arrival of an ambulance

- Your exhaustion

- Patient's death

You have done everything right and you saved the patient. Hooray!

Congratulations and thanks for your attention.