Media Usage in Nigeria Vincent Oghenevweta Diakpomrere, Ph

International Journal of Humanitatis Theoreticus. Vol. 4. (Issue: 1); Sept., 2020

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Relationship Between the Behavioural Patterns of Undergraduates in Uniben and Social

Media Usage in Nigeria

By

Festus Prosper Olise, Ph.D

Department of Mass Communication,

University of Benin (UNIBEN),

Benin-City, Nigeria

E-Mail – [email protected]

[email protected]

Mobile No: 08032067241

Abstract

The line between the behavioural patterns undergraduates in tertiary institutions exhibit and

their usage of social media in Nigeria may be blurred. This situation may be further widened

depending on the gender, age and disposition of the students towards social media usage.

Accruing from this disposition and based on the tenets of the theory of planned behaviour, this

study adopted cross-sectional research design. Krejcie & Morgan (1970) formula was

employed in selecting 382 participants for the study. The participants were proportionately

selected to reflect all the undergraduates in the 14 faculties of University of Benin (UNIBEN)

for the 2019/2020 academic session. The research instrument for this study, which was the

questionnaire, was tested using Cronbach Alpha and the instrument yielded a co-efficient of

0.89. Data obtained were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics which included

frequency Tables, charts, simple percentage, means scores, standard deviation, Pearson Chi-

Square, independent sample t-test and Phi-Cramer using Statistical Package for the Social

Sciences (SPSS) version-20 software. Findings revealed that undergraduates within the age of

18-29 years were heavy users of social media; and the more undergraduates use social media,

the less likely they would read their books frequently. It was also discovered that

undergraduates who sleep after midnight were more likely to exhibit social media related

behaviour. The study also found that male and female undergraduates exhibit different

behaviours accruing from their usage of social media in Nigeria. The study concluded that

human behaviour changes more and more when they use social media because social media

have capacity and capability to alter human behaviour either negatively or positively depending

on usage. It was recommended among other things that self-discipline and proper time

management are paramount in the use of social media among undergraduates so as to avoid

detrimental effects associated with the use of social media.

Keywords: Behavioural Patterns, Social Change, Social Media, Nigeria, Undergraduates

Introduction

The number of social media users in Nigeria keeps increasing exponentially. Reports

from Statista (2020) showed that in 2019, there were approximately 30.3 million social media

users in Nigeria, and this figure is projected to grow to 36.8 million in 2023. Interestingly,

students and the young constitute majority of this chunk of social media users. Students use

social media to gain wider knowledge (De La Cruz, 2017), to engage in romantic relationships

(McDaniel, Drouin & Cravens, 2018), improve learning, for research, building social

credibility (Dlamini, 2019), communication, etc. Indeed, social media provide students with a

more engaging and rewarding social experience, thus increasing user retention and adoption.

Vincent Oghenevweta

Diakpomrere, Ph.D

Department of Theatre Arts,

University of Benin (UNIBEN),

Benin-City, Nigeria

E-Mail – [email protected]

Mobile No: 0805508021


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More importantly, social media are often seen as a means to rejuvenate the user base and attract

younger “social-savvy” users (Zhang & Pennacchiotti, 2013).

With these overwhelming patterns of usage of social media in Nigeria especially among

students, certain behaviours may emanate. A number of studies like that of Cheok, Edwards &

Muniru (2017) have shown that technology, social media inclusive, changes the behaviour of

people. Unarguably, social media may form the behaviours of its users both positively and

negatively. Human behaviour have been described by Cheok et al (2017) as the ways in which

humans act and interact, and it is influenced by several factors including genetic make-up and

socio-cultural factors or the interaction of these.

Social media have definitely changed the way people do things. These emerging media

such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram etc, have impacted on people and their

behaviour in enormous ways. Hamid (2017) observes that this impact is predominantly

positive, but it must be borne in mind that there are or may be negative aspects as well. For

instance, Christakis & Fowler (2007) while investigating the spread of obesity in a large social

network over 32 years found that if someone on social media became clinically obese, their

friends were 57% more likely also to become obese. A friend of a friend of that obese person

was about 20% more likely to become obese, and this was the case even if the weight of the

linking friend remained unaltered. Also, Christakis & Fowler researched smoking, which

contained similarly arresting ties. They found that if a person began to smoke for the first time,

the chances of their friend doing the same increased by 36%. The implication of this finding is

that social media have indirect influence on the behavioural traits of it users. Obesity and

smoking, just like every other behavioural trait, tend to spread over the social networks.

Bearing this in mind, it therefore becomes pertinent for the researcher to investigate the

relationship between behavioural patterns of undergraduates in University of Benin

(UNIBEN); a tertiary institution in which the staff and students cut across every state in the

country, and social media usage in Nigeria.

Statement of the Problem

Changes in human behaviour increases the more people use technology, with special

emphasis on social media. The frequent uses of social media among Nigerians especially the

youths have inculcated inflections in the behaviour of people. Studies have found a number of

positive and negative effects of social media on the behavioural patterns of individuals. Cases

of social media usage causing depression, self-esteem problems, violence, building social

connections, etc have been found. From the researcher preliminary observation and

interactions, some students tend to live a fake life on social media, exhibit some negative

emotions such as envy, isolation. Yet, some students have improved interpersonal

relationships. Could these behaviours be a product of social media usage in Nigeria?

Furthermore, there have been a number of theoretical studies on the effects of social

media on human behaviour. However, empirical evidence on the impact of social media usage

on human behaviour is very scarce. There have been also been little efforts on understanding

the relationship between social media usage and the behavioural patterns of students. Thus the

need to establish the behavioural patterns of undergraduates as it relates to social media usage

in Nigeria becomes an issue of empirical investigation.

Objectives of the Study

The objectives of this study are to:

1. Ascertain the behavioural patterns undergraduates in University of Benin (UNIBEN) exhibit

as a result of social media usage in Nigeria.

2. Determine the usage of social media in Nigeria that affects the behavioural pattern of

undergraduates in UNIBEN


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3. Establish the relationship between the behavioural patterns of undergraduates in UNIBEN

and social media usage in Nigeria.

Research Hypotheses

The hypotheses formulated for this study are:

Ho1: There is no significant difference between the behavioural patterns of male and female

undergraduates

Ho2: There is no significant difference between male and female undergraduates’ usage of

social media.

Literature Review

Social media have become the centre of the lives of many. People use social media on

the computers, on their smartphones, on their Tablets etc. It has become part of the

subconscious life of people. These emerging media are definitely taking over networking

socially. Notably, social media are web-based technologies that have come to stay. Palvik &

McIntosh (2011) write that social media involve the use of technology combined with social

interaction to create or co-create value. They are shifts in how people discover, read shared

news, information and content. It is a fusion of sociology and technology, transforming

monologue (one-to-many) into dialog (many-to-many). Dominick (2011) notes that social

media are online communication technologies that uses special techniques which are propelled

by participation, conversation, sharing, collaboration and linkage. Evidently, one thing is

certain from these definitions of social media. Social media is a product of web-based or

internet technologies and they depend on these online and mobile technologies to operate.

On the other hand, the different types of social media are Facebook, blogs, micro-

blogging, YouTube, Twitter, Wikis, Mash Up, Digg, Delicious Second Life, Flickr, Picasa,

amongst others. These rapidly growing technologies have influenced the way people do things

and the way people behave. This is because the behaviours of individuals are greatly influenced

by environmental factors. For instance, most of what we do, from what we eat to who we sleep

with, and even the way we feel, is significantly influenced by those around us’ and those around

them, and those around them. Our actions can change the behaviours, the beliefs, and even the

basic health of people we have never met. In a subtle fashion, social networks help spread

contagions; create “epidemics” of obesity, smoking (Link, Cawkwell, Shelley, Sherman,

2015); and substance abuse, disseminate fads and markets, alter voting patterns, and more

(Kasteler, 2010).

One behavioural pattern of students that have attracted the attention of researchers in

Nigeria is their learning and reading habits. It is however believed that social media may affect

the reading and learning habits of the typical Nigerian student. While some scholars opined

that social media will reduce the reading and learning behaviours of students, Cheok et al

(2017) argue that one of the major impacts of social networks will be the way students will

read and learn in the future. Reading, which is generally an isolated and linear activity will

become a nonlinear and collaborative activity. Cheok et al further note that the main skill to

obtain for learning will be how to collaborate, search, and extract knowledge. Learning in a

linear fashion and by memorization will become less and less important. This implies that the

learning activity becomes active. In the social media era, the most effective way of learning is

by doing and by tinkering.

In another line of thoughts, social media could also affect the self-esteem of students as

well as their mental health. It could be argued, therefore, that adolescents with lower self-

esteem are more likely to engage in frequent social media use than those with higher self-

esteem (Baker & White, 2010). Research has also shown that people who use social media

frequently have increased levels of negative emotions such as envy and isolation. This happens


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when people make selective postings on social media thereby causing some to feel that

everyone else has a better life than the viewer/reader. This can lead to feelings of envy.

However, it is actually quite common for people to embellish (or fake) aspects of their lives on

social media in an effort to appear to be more than (or better than) what they are. Other

influence of social media on people especially students are: health related issues (Vaterlaus,

Patten, Roche, Young, 2015); buying behaviour and social changed (Zhang & Pennacchiotti,

2014; & Agnihotri, Kothandaraman, Kashyap, & Singh, 2012).

Theoretical Framework

This study was anchored on the theoretical stipulations of the theory of planned

behaviour. The theory was propounded in I980 by Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen. The theory

of planned behaviour can be applied to students' intentions to use of social media and how it

affects their behaviours. According to the TPB, behaviour is determined by one’s intentions to

perform the behaviour. Intention is influenced by attitude, subjective norm, and Perceived

Behavioural Control (PBC). PBC is also said to impact directly on behaviour). Attitude reflects

an individual’s positive or negative evaluation of performing the behaviour. Subjective norm

is the perceived social pressure to perform or not perform the behaviour. PBC is the perceived

ease or difficulty that the individual attaches to performing the behaviour (Pelling & White,

2009). This means that attitude towards social media usage, subjective norm, and perceived

behavioural controls are likely to determine individual's intention to use social media and the

behavioural changes therein, which, eventually, metamorphose into behavioural patterns.

Methodology

The cross-sectional research design was adopted for this study. From the official

website of the University of Benin (UNIBEN), it was revealed that the University of Benin is

a very large educational institution with about 75,000 students. The students in UNIBEN cut

across every state of the nation, Africa and the rest of the world. Based on this, the population

of this study was hinged on 75,000 and the sample selected for the study was 382. To arrive at

the 382 as the sample, Krejcie & Morgan (1970) formula for determining sample size for

research was employed. As indicated on the Krejcie & Morgan’s formula for determining

sample size of a known population, 382 was adjudged appropriate and suitable for any study

with 75,000 as in the case of this study, as its population. Furthermore, the 382 students were

selected to reflect and represent all the 14 faculties in UNIBEN using proportionate sampling

technique

A self-designed questionnaire was used to gather data from the selected sample. The

questionnaire was tested using Cronbach Alpha and a reliability coefficient of 0.87 was yielded.

The implication of this was that the items in the questionnaire were internally consistent and

reliable. Data collected were analyzed using inferential statistics, mean score, stand deviation

simple percentages etc with the aid of SPSS version 20. All Tables were designed using

Microsoft excel to enhance pictorial and graphical illustration and presentation of data for easy

understanding.

Analysis/Results

Table 1: Demographic Variables of Underaduates (n=382)

Variables Frequency Percent


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Gender Male 216 56.5

Female 166 43.5

Age in Years 18-23 years 187 49.0

24-29 years 184 48.2

30-35 years 8 2.1

36years and above 3 .8

Level of Study 100 66 17.3

200 48 12.6

300 35 9.2

400 161 42.1

500 51 13.4

600 21 5.5

Religion of

Respondents

Christianity 357 93.5

Islam 12 3.1

Traditional 11 2.9

non-believer 2 .5

Marital Status

of

Respondents

Married 43 11.3

Single 329 86.1

In a relationship 3 .8

separated 3 .8

Divorced 4 1.0

Table 1 indicates that more responses were received from male students (56.5%) than

female students (43.5%). There were also more responses from 400 level students (42.1%) as

well as students within the age range of 18-23 years (49.0%). Majority of the respondents

were Christians (93.5%) and single (86.1%)

Behavioural patterns undergraduates exhibit as a result of social media usage in Nigeria.

In this part of the questionnaire, the perceptions of the participants were sought on the

behaviours they had as a result of their social media usage. The items focused on respondents

sleeping behaviour, drinking, feeding, smoking, religious activities, academic and social

behaviours as well as their self-esteem.


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Table 2: Sleeping and Feeding Behaviours of Undergraduates (n=382)

Behaviours/Perceptions Frequency Percent

The time you usually

sleep on a daily basis is

Before mid-night 141 36.9

After mid-night 210 55.0

Not able to sleep 9 2.4

Not sure 22 5.8

You smoke cigarette

from time to time

Strongly

Disagree

360 94.2

Disagree 15 3.9

Agree 5 1.3

Strongly Agree 2 .5

You

sometimes/regularly

drink alcohol

Strongly

Disagree

180 47.1

Disagree 99 25.9

Agree 84 22.0

Strongly Agree 19 5.0

One of these reveals

your eating habit

I eat once a day 25 6.5

I eat twice a day 67 17.5

I eat thrice a day 205 53.7

I eat more than

thrice a day

85 22.3

Majority of the respondents were found to sleep after mid-night (55.0%). Very few

respondents were not able to sleep at all (2.4%). Nevertheless, 38.9% of the respondents had

the behaviour of sleeping before mid-night. Also revealed in Table 2 is that majority of

respondents were in strong disagreement that they smoke from time to time (94.2%) and drink

alcohol as well (47.1%). With regards the pattern of their feeding, 53.7% of respondents eat

thrice a day, 22.3% eat more than thrice a day, 17.5% eat twice a day while 6.5% eat once a

day.

Table 3: Undergraduates’ Social and Academic Behaviours (n=382)

Behaviours/perceptions Frequency Percent

You read your

books on a

Daily basis 278 72.8

Weekly Basis 95 24.9

Only when it is time for

examination

9 2.4

You attend all

your lectures

everyday

Strongly Disagree 1 .3

Disagree 3 .8

Agree 334 87.4



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You attend

church/Mosque

from time to time

Strongly Disagree 13 3.4

Disagree 21 5.5

Agree 189 49.5


You are involved

extra curriculum

activities/social

clubs

Strongly Disagree 113 29.6

Disagree 172 45.0

Agree 62 16.2


As shown in Table 3, out of the 382 students surveyed, 72.8% were found to read their

books on a daily basis. Also, 87.4% were in agreement that they attend their lectures every day.

Majority of respondents (49.5%) also agreed that they attend church and mosque from time to

time. Meanwhile, more respondents were in disagreement that they were involved in extra

curriculum activities/ social clubs (45.0%).

Usage of social media in Nigeria that affects the behavioural pattern of undergraduates

in UNIBEN

This section of the questionnaire presented items that sought responses on the patterns

of social media usage that could affect the behavioural patterns of undergraduates. Table 4

shows frequency of social media usage among undergraduates

Figure 1: Pie-Chart showing the Frequency at which Undergraduates Use Social Media

Figure 1 shows that there is a preponderance of respondents who used social media

daily, that is, an overwhelming 356 (93.2%) out of the 382 respondents. Only 6.8% used social

media on a weekly basis while no respondents said that never use social media. Evidently, the

undergraduates were heavy users of social media.


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Figure 2: Bar Chart showing the Uses of Social Media among Undergraduates

Participants were also asked to state what they use social media for by ticking the given

options displayed in Figure 2. As indicated, 219 of the respondents, that is 57.5% opined that

they use social media for research and 215 (56.3%) used social media for chatting. Other uses

indicated were social media is used for pornography (18.6%), Sourcing news (26.7%),

advertising (18.1%), sharing pictures/video (27.5%), searching for partner (22.3%) and for

communication with alternative partner (21.7%).

Relationship between the behavioural patterns of undergraduates in UNIBEN and Social

Media Usage in Nigeria.

Pearson Chi-Square test of contingencies was used to check the relationship between

the behavioural patterns of undergraduates in UNIBEN and social media usage in Nigeria.

Table 6 shows only the significant results.

Table 4: Relationship between the Behavioural patterns of Undergraduates and Social

Media usage in Nigeria Social Media

Usage

Behaviours N X2 Df P Phi-

Cramer

V

Interpretat

ion of

strength

Research The time you usually sleep

on a daily basis is

382 155.44 3 .000 .638 Very

strong

Chatting The time you usually sleep

on a daily basis

382 163.874 3 .000 .655 Very

strong

Pornography The time you usually sleep

on a daily basis is

382 71.099 3 .000 .431 Strong

Sourcing news The time you usually sleep

on a daily basis is

350 137.317 3 .000 .626 Very

strong

Communication

with alternative

partner

The time you usually sleep

on a daily basis is

348 84.980 3 .000 .494 Very

strong

Sourcing news You read your books on a

daily basis

350 49.073 2 .000 .374 Moderately

Strong

Sourcing news You are involved in extra

curriculum/social club

activities

382 201.734 3 .000 .759 Very

strong


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The frequency at

which you use

social media

One of these reveals your

feeding habits

382 20.401 3 .000 .231 Weak

The frequency at

which you use

social media

You read your book on a

daily basis

382 25.303 2 .000 .257 Moderately

strong

The serial wise interpretations of results in Table 4 are:

1. Undergraduates who slept after midnight were likely to be carrying out research on

social media platforms. The strength of association using Phi-Cramer value was found

to be very strong.

2. Undergraduates who slept after midnight were likely to be using social media to chat.

The relationship between both variables is also very strong.

3. Those who could not sleep at all or slept after midnight are likely to be those who used

social media for pornography. The association is found to be strong meaning that people

who use social media for pornography are likely to display unstable sleeping

behaviours. Evidently, those who sleep after midnight were more likely to exhibit more

social media related behaviour

4. Those who cultivate the habit of reading everyday were more likely to use social media

to source for news. Invariably undergraduates who read their books daily were likely

to use social media basically for news sourcing. No significant relationship was found

between students who used social media for research and their reading behaviours.

5. A relationship was also found between students who used social media on a daily basis

and those who eat thrice a day although the effect was a weak one. Apparently, students

who used social media frequently were likely to eat at least thrice daily.

6. Those who used social media weekly were likely to read their books daily while those

who used social media daily were likely to read their books weekly

Testing of Research Hypothesis

Ho1: There is no significant difference between the behavioural patterns of male and

female undergraduates

Table 5: Differences in the Behavioural Patterns of male and female Undergraduates Independent Samples

Test

Levine’s Test for

Equality of

Variances

t-test for Equality of

Means

F Sig. T df Sig.

(2-

tailed)

Mean

Differ

ence

Std.

Error

Differ

ence

95% Confidence

Interval of the

Difference

Lower Upper

The time you

usually sleep

on a daily basis

is

Equal

variances

assumed

88.643 .000 8.433 380 .000 .605 .072 .464 .746

You smoke

cigarette from

time to time

Equal

variances

assumed

5.697 .017 -1.285 380 .199 -.048 .038 -.122 .026

You read your

books on a

Equal

variances

assumed

14.329 .000 -2.775 380 .006 -.170 .061 -.291 -.050

One of these

reveals your

eating habit

Equal

variances

assumed

4.815 .029 2.977 380 .003 .246 .083 .084 .409


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The independent sample t-test was used to test the significant relationship/difference

between the behavioural patterns of male and female undergraduates. However, since the

standard deviations for the two groups (male and female) were similar, only the equal variances

assumed test was used. The results indicate that there is a statistical significant difference

between the mean scores for male and female with regards the time they sleep (t=8.433, p=.

000); the frequency at which they read their books (t=-2.775, p=.006), and their feeding habits

(t=2.977, p=.003). In other words, males have a significantly mean score higher on the time

they sleep (2.03) and feeding habits (3.02) than female undergraduates (1.43), (2.78)

respectively. Hence the null hypothesis- “There is no significant difference between the

behavioural patterns of male and female undergraduates” is rejected. This means that male and

female undergraduates have different behaviours accruing from their social media usage.

Ho2: There is no significant difference between male and female undergraduates usage

of social media

Table 6: Differences in the usage of Social Media between male and female

Undergraduates

Since the standard deviations for the two groups (male and female) were different, only

the equal variances not assumed test was used. The results indicate that there is a statistical

significant difference between the mean scores for male and female with regards the frequency

at which they use social media (t=5.536, p=. 000). Invariably, male undergraduates have a

significantly mean score higher (4.00) than female undergraduates (3.84) with regards the

frequency at which they use social media. Hence, the null hypothesis is rejected. This means

that there is a significant difference between male and female undergraduates usage of social

media.

Discussion of Findings

There are obviously more male respondents than females. However, since the

researcher did not verify that there are more male students than female students in UNIBEN, it

cannot be categorically state that there are more male undergraduates than females in UNIBEN.

With regards to age, the results can be interpreted thus that the majority of UNIBEN

undergraduates are within the age range of 18-29 years. More responses was also received from

singles, Christians and 400 level students,

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test

for Equality of

Variances

t-test for Equality of

Means

F Sig. T Df Sig. (2-

tailed)

Mean

Differe

nce

Std.

Error

Differe

nce

95% Confidence

Interval of the

Difference

Lower Upper

The

frequency at

which you

use social

media is

Equal

variances

assumed

240.727 .000 6.317 380 .000 .157 .025 .108 .205

Equal variances not assumed 5.536 165

.00

0

.000 .157 .028 .101 .212


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Most undergraduates sleep after midnight (55.0%), eat thrice a day (53.7%), read their

books on a daily basis (72.8%), attend their lectures everyday (87.4%) and attend church/

mosque from time to time. They however are not commonly involved in extra curriculum

activities/ social clubs, do not smoke cigarette from time to time and do not drink alcohol

regularly. Contrarily, Akinfenwa (April, 2019) states that the reading culture of Nigerian

students has been declining over the last couple of years. Akinfenwa further submits that young

people just are not ready much to the detriment of scholarship in the society. This finding is

however not empirically determined and may have amounted to the reason for the differences

between Akinfenwa submission and some of the findings in this study. With regards the

frequency of social media usage among undergraduates, findings revealed that undergraduates

are heavy users of social media. They use social media daily and some times weekly for

research, chatting, sourcing news, searching for partners, communication with alternative

partner etc.

In ascertaining the relationship between the behavioural patterns of undergraduates and

social media usage in Nigeria, cross tabulations and Pearson Chi-Square test of contingencies

was used. Findings revealed that undergraduates who slept after midnight were likely (a) to be

carrying out research on social media platforms (b) to be using social media to chat. Those who

could not sleep at all or slept after midnight are likely to be those who used social media for

pornography. The implication of this is that undergraduates who sleep after midnight were

more likely to exhibit more social media related behaviour. Those who cultivate the habit of

reading everyday were more likely to use social media to source for news. Invariably,

undergraduates who read their books daily were likely to use social media basically for news

sourcing. Students who used social media frequently were likely to eat at least thrice daily.

Those who used social media weekly were likely to read their books daily while those who

used social media daily were likely to read their books weekly. The implication of these

findings is that the more students use social media, the less likely they would read their books

frequently. No wonder, Cheok et al (2017) argue that one of the major impacts of social media

will be the way students will read and learn in the future.

A significant difference between the behavioural patterns of male and female

undergraduates was found. Male undergraduates had a significantly mean score higher on the

time they slept and feeding habits than female undergraduates. There was a significant

difference between male and female undergraduates’ usage of social media. This means that

male and female students have different behaviours accruing from their social media usage.

Conclusion

The study has been able to discover the behavioural patterns of undergraduates, their

social media usage and the relationship between the behavioural patterns and their social media

usage. Undergraduates were empirically found to be heavy user of social media. More so, social

media usage in Nigeria was found to have significant relationship with the behavioural patterns

of undergraduates. Apparently, existence of social media related behaviour among heavy users

of social media is inevitable. These behaviours differ in both male and female undergraduates

as statistically found in this study. Nonetheless, human behaviour changes more and more when

they use social media regardless of gender, age or religion. Since social media usage have been

found to have both positive and negative influences on the behavioural patterns of

undergraduates, caution must not be thrown to the wind in the patterns of usage of the trending

platforms.

Recommendations

Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made:


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- Self-discipline and proper time management are very paramount for the use of social

media among undergraduates so as the trending platforms would not have detrimental

effects on students.

- Since majority of undergraduates use social media for research and for chatting,

lecturers and academics should take advantage of the media to for enriching the

teaching and professional experience with students.

- University management should build an online community comprising of students,

lecturers and counsellors with a view to creating a healthy social media usage which

would have positive effect on the behavioural patterns of both male and female

undergraduates as well as all other students in tertiary institutions.

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Media Usage in Nigeria Vincent Oghenevweta Diakpomrere, Ph

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