Mechanisms of immune regulation in allergy

UntitledZurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich University Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch
Year: 2014
Mechanisms of immune regulation in allergy
van de Veen, W ; Akdis, M
Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-140934 Book Section Published Version
Originally published at: van de Veen, W; Akdis, M (2014). Mechanisms of immune regulation in allergy. In: Akdis, C A; Agache, I. EAACI Global Atlas of Allergy. Zurich: European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 90-91.
GLOBAL
ATLAS
OF
ALLERGY P u b l i s h e d b y t h e E u r o p e a n A c a d e m y o f A l l e r g y a n d C l i n i c a l I m m u n o l o g y
w w w . e a a c i . o r g
Allergy - Mechanisms
management of allergic diseases
Published by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
2014
Editors
Ronald Van Ree, Vice-President Congresses
Cezmi A. Akdis, Past President
SECTION CHAIRPERSONS
INTEREST GROUP REPRESENTATIVES
Frans Timmermans
ADJUNCT MEMbERS
Jan de Monchy, Specialty Committee Chairperson
Jacques Gayraud, Ethics Committee Secretary
Peter Schmid-Grendelmeier, Exam Committee Chairperson
Marek Jutel, SPC Co-ordinator
Angel Mazon, Web Editor
Olympia Tsilochristou, Web Editor
Michael Walker, Executive Director
Children’s Hospital. Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School.
Ioana Agache, MD Dept, of Allergy and Clinical
Immunology, Transylvania University of Brasov, Faculty of Medicine
Cezmi A. Akdis, MD Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma
Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
Christine Kühne – Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK- CARE), Davos, Switzerland
Medical Faculty, University of Zurich
Mübeccel Akdis, MD, PhD Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma
Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
Walter J. Ammann, PhD Global Risk Forum (GRF) Davos,
Switzerland
University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Accra, Ghana
Evangelos Andreakos, PhD Biomedical Research Foundation,
Academy of Athens, Greece
Medical Research, Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases (EPAR), France
Claus bachert, MD Upper Airways Research Laboratory,
University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium;
Division of ENT Diseases, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
barbara ballmer-Weber, MD Department of Dermatology,
University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland University Hospital
Zürich, Switzerland
University of South Florida Morsani School of Medicine, All
Children’s Hospital, St Petersburg USA
Nuray bayar Muluk, MD Dept Otorhinolaryngology,-Krkkale
University, Turkey
Allergy, University Medical Center, Friedrich-Wilhelms University of Bonn, Germany
M. beatrice bilò, MD Allergy Unit - Department of Internal
Medicine – University Hospital Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona - Italy
Carsten bindslev-Jensen, MD Odense Research Center for
Anaphylaxis, Odense Denmark Odense University Hospital, Odense
Denmark
and Allergy Research and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Division of Cellular Allergology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Matteo bonini, MD Department of Public Health and
Infectious Diseases “Sapienza” University of Rome, Italy
Sergio bonini, MD Department of Internal Medicine,
Second University of Naples, Italy
Jean bousquet, MD University of Montpellier,France WHO Global Alliance Against
Chronic Respiratory Diseases (GARD)
Director of the WHO Collaborating Centre for Asthma and Rhinitis in
Montpellier, France
University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Gert Jan braunstahl, MD St. Franciscus Gasthuis Rotterdam,
The Netherlands
and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
Knut brockow, MD Department of Dermatology
and AllergologyBiederstein, TechnischeUniversitätMünchen, Germany.
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill ,USA
Robert K. bush, MD University of Wisconsin-Madison,
U.S.A
(ZAUM), Technische Universität München and Helmholtzzentrum München, Germany
EAACI Interest Group Aerobiology and Air Pollution
Moisés A. Calderón, MD Section of Allergy and Clinical
Immunology, Imperial College London, NHLI, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.
Victòria Cardona, MD, PhD Allergy Section, Department of
Internal Medicine. Hospital U n i v e r s i t a r i V a l l d ’ H e b r o n , Barcelona, Spain
Kai-Håkon Carlsen, MD (Paediatric respiratory medicine and
allergology), University of Oslo, Institute for Clinical Medicine and Oslo University Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, Oslo, Norway
Jean-Christoph Caubet, MD Department of Child and Adolescent,
Contributors
CONTRIbUTORS
IV
University Hospitals of Geneva and Medical School of the University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Yih-Chih Chan, MD King’s College London, London,
United Kingdom
Children’s Hospital/ Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School.
R. Sharon Chinthrajah, MD Division of Immunology and Allergy,
Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
Tomás Chivato Pérez, MD University CEU San Pablo, Madrid,
Spain
Osmangazi University, Turkey
Lauderdale, Florida, USA
Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
Adnan Custovic, MD, PhD University of Manchester, UK
Janet Davies, PhD Lung and Allergy Research
Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
Jan G. R. de Monchy, MD University of Groningen, University
Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
Pascal Demoly, MD University Hospital of Montpellier,
France
Asthma Research Institute, Istanbul, Turkey
Anthony E.J. Dubois, MD Dept. of Pediatric Allergy, University
of Groningen, The Netherlands
National Heart and Lung Institute,
Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
EAACI Patient Organisation Committee,
Geneva, Switzerland
Research, Basel, Switzerland
Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
fatima ferreira, PhD Department of Molecular Biology,
Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy, Saltzburg, Austria
Michael b. foggs, MD President American College of
Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Dept of Allergy and Immunology,
Advocate Health Care, Chicago, United States
Remo frei, PhD Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma
Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos
Anthony J. frew, MD Department of Respiratory Medicine,
Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, UK
Gabriele Gadermaier, MD Department of Molecular Biology,
Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy, University of Salzburg, Austria
Stephen J. Galli, MD Stanford Center for Genomics and
Personalized Medicine Professor Stanford University, USA,
Chair, Department of Pathology
Free Hospital, London, UK
France
University Hospital of Zürich, Switzerland
Philippe Gevaert, MD, PhD Dept Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent
University Hospital
UNIKA-T, TechnischeUniversität Munich, Germany
Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK- Care), Davos, Switzerland
Hannah Gould, PhD Division of Cell and Molecular
Biophysics and Division of Allergy, Asthma and Lung Biology, Allergy and Asthma Group in the Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
Clive E. Grattan, MD Norfolk and Norwich University
Hospital, UK
Immune Design Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine
Karolinska University Hospital
University Hospital, Finland
reichische Apothekerkammer, Austria
Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
firdaus Hamid, MD Department of Parasitology, Leiden
University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
Catherine M. Hawrylowicz, PhD MRC and Asthma UK Centre for
Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung
Biology, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
Enrico Heffler, MD, PhD Department of Medical Sciences,
Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Torino, Italy
Contributors
Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Christoph Heusser, PhD Novartis Institutes for Biomedical
Research, Basel, Switzerland
and Allergology, Aarhus University Hospital
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
Karin Hoffmann-Sommergruber, MD, PhD
Stephen T Holgate, MD, DSc, fMedSci
Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton,UK.
Patrick G. Holt, MD, PhD Division of Cell Biology, Telethon
Institute for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia and Queensland Children’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Australia
friedrich Horak, PhD Research Consult GmbH, Dpt.
Vienna Challenge Chamber (VCC), Vienna, Austria
Arne Høst, MD Head of Hans Christian Andersen
Children’s Hospital, Odense University Hospital Denmark
Natalia I. Ilyna, MD NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA
Russia
Jan lötval, MD Krefting Research Center, University
of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
Marek Jutel, MD Department of Clinical Immunology,
Wroclaw Medical University ALL-MED Medical Research Institute,
Wroclaw , Poland
Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
Hajime Karasuyama, MD, PhD Department of Immune Regulation,
Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
Constance H. Katelaris, Mb bS PhD fRACP
Immunology & Allergy, University of Western Sydney and Campbelltown Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
Musa R. Khaitov, MD NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA
Russia
Russia
Edward f. Knol, PhD Dept. Immunology and Dermatology/
Allergology; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Marek l. Kowalski, MD Medical University of Lodz, Poland
Thomas M. Kündig, MD Department of Dermatology,
University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Gideon lack, MD MRC Asthma UK Centre in Allergic
Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Children’s Allergies Department, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
bart N. lambrecht, MD, PhD VIB Inflammation Research Center,
Gent University, Belgium
Immunology, Department of
Désirée larenas linnemann, MD Hospital Médica Sur, Mexico city,
Mexico
Germany
Switzerland, St. Gallen, Switzerland
Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos
Dennis K. ledford, MD Morsani College of Medicine,
University of South Florida and James A. Haley V.A. Hospital, Tampa,
Florida, USA
Wisconsin
Donald Y. M. leung, MD, PhD Department of Pediatrics, National
Jewish Health, Denver, USA
USA
European Union, Bolzano, Bozen, Italy
Richard f. lockey, MD Joy McCann Culverhouse Airway
Disease Research Center, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine;
James A. Haley Veterans’ Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
Karin C. lødrup Carlsen, MD Head of Research, University of Oslo,
Institute for Clinical Medicine and Oslo University Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, Oslo, Norway
lyudmila V. luss, MD NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA
Russia
Allergology, Rome, Italy
Contributors
Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, School of Medicine, Naples, Italy
Paolo Maria Matricardi, MD Dept. of Paediatric Pneumology and
Immunology, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany
Marcus Maurer, MD Department of Dermatology
and Allergy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Angel Mazon, MD Children’s Hospital La Fe, Valencia,
Spain
Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
Dean D. Metcalfe, MD National Institute of Allergy and
Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
Antonella Muraro, MD, PhD Food Allergy Referral Centre Veneto
Region Department of Women and Child Health , Padua General University Hospital
Dept of Pediatric Allergology, University of Padua, Italy
Erika von Mutius, MD Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital,
Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
Kari C Nadeau, MD, PhD Division of Immunology and Allergy,
Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
Jennifer A. Namazy, MD Scripps Clinic, San Diego, California,
USA
Fellow, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
Verena Niederberger, PhD Department of Otorhinolaryngology,
Medical University of Vienna, Austria
Anna Nowak-Wgrzyn, MD Associate Professor Pediatrics,
Allergy and Immunology, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Kravis Children’s Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
liam O’Mahony, PhD Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma
Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos
Markus Ollert, MD Technische Universität München
(TUM), Munich, Germany
University of Manchester, UK, University of Athens, Greece, EAACI President
Ruby Pawankar, MD, PhD Past President, World Allergy
Organization Dept. of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical
School,Tokyo, Japan.
Wiesbaden, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
Werner J Pichler, MD Clinic for Rheumatology and
Clinical Immunology/Allergology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Thomas A.E Platts-Mills, MD, PhD, fRS
Asthma and Allergic Disease Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
lars K. Poulsen, PhD National University Hospital, Allergy
Clinic, Copenhagen, Denmark
Health (SPACH), University of Western Australia, Australia
Santiago Quirce, MD, PhD Department of Allergy, Hospital La
Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain.
Harald Renz, MD Philipps- University of Marburg,
Institute of Laboratory Medicine
Allergology Biederstein, Technische Universität München
Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK- CARE) Davos
Graham Roberts, MD David Hide Asthma and Allergy
Research Centre, St Mary’s Hospital, Newport, Isle of Wight
NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust
Faculty of Medicine, Human Development and Health and Clinical Experimental Sciences Academic Units, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
Caroline Roduit, MD Zurich University Children’s Hospital,
Zurich, Switzerland Children’s Hospital of Eastern
Switzerland, St. Gallen, Switzerland
Organization Allergy-Immunology Division,
University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine
frederick J. Rubner, MD University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin
Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
Dermot Ryan, Dr. GP Woodbrook Medical Centre,
Loughborough Honorary Clinical Research Fellow Allergy and Respiratory Research Group, Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Medical School
Hirohisa Saito, MD, PhD National Research Institute for Child
Health & Development, Tokyo, Japan
Contributors
University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
Alexandra Santos, MD King’s College, Paediatric Allergy,
London, UK
Georg Schäppi, MD aha! Swiss Allergy Centre Christine Kühne – Center for Allergy
Research and Education (CK- CARE), Davos, Switzerland
Michael Schatz, MD, MS Department of Allergy, Kaiser
Permanente Medical Center, San Diego, California, USA
Peter Schmid-Grendelmeier, MD Head of the Allergy Unit, University
Hospital Zurich, Dept of Dermatology, Zürich, Switzerland
Carsten b. Schmidt-Weber, PhD Center for Allergy & Environment
(ZAUM), Technische Universität München and Helmholtzzentrum München
Gabriela Senti, MD Clinical Trials Center, University
Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
& Immunology, Department of Medicine and Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill ,USA
Scott H. Sicherer, MD The Elliot and Roslyn Jaffe Food
Allergy Institute, Kravis Children’s Hospital, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
Hans-Uwe Simon, Institute of Pharmacology, University
of Bern, Switzerland
Child Health, Department of Immunology , Faculty of Medicine University of Manitoba, Canada
Isabel Skypala, PhD Royal Brompton&Harefield NHS
Foundation Trust, Sydney Street,
UK
University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
françois Spertini, MD Division of Immunology and Allergy,
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
Otto Spranger, MD Österreichische Lungenunion, Wien,
Austria
Cristiana Stellato, MD Department of Medicine and Surgery,
University of Salerno, Italy, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,
Alex Straumann, MD Chairman Swiss EoE Research
Network Department of Gastroenterology,
Stanley J. Szefler, MD Pediatric Asthma Research Program,
Section of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Breathing Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado;
University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
Morvarid Tavassoli, MD Division of Immunology and Allergy,
Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
Michael N. Teng, MD Joy McCann Culverhouse Airway
Disease Research Center, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine
Ingrid Terreehorst, MD Department of ENT & Pediatrics,
Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Wayne R. Thomas, PhD Centre for Child Health Research,
University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
Telethon Institute for Child Health
Research, Western Australia
UNIKA-T, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany
Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK- Care), Davos, Switzerland
Massimo Triggiani, MD Division of Allergy and Clinical
Immunology, University of Salerno, Italy
Rudolf Valenta, PhD Department of Pathophysiology
and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
Willem van de Veen, PhD Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma
Research (SIAF), University of Zurich,Davos, Switzerland
Ronald van Ree, PhD Professor, Department of
Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Roy Gert van Wijk, MD Dept of Internal Medicine, Erasmus
Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands
Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, School of Medicine, Naples, Italy
J. Christian Virchow, MD Universitätsmedizin Rostock,
Germany Department of Pneumology/
berber Vlieg-boerstra, PhD RD Department of Pediatric Respiratory
Medicine and Allergy, Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Kimberly Vu, MD Division of Immunology and Allergy,
Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
Contributors
and Immunology, Charité, Berlin, Germany
Michael Wallner, MD University of Salzburg, Department
of Molecular Biology, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy, Saltzburg, Austria
Canonica G. Walter, MD Dept of Allergy & Respiratory
Diseases Clinic, University of Genova, Genova- Italy
Richard Weber, MD Department of Medicine, National
Jewish Medical & Research Center, Denver, US
Stephan Weidinger, MD Department of Dermatology and
Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
Thomas Werfel, MD Division of Immunodermatology and
Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
Marsha Wills-Karp, PhD Department of Environmental
Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltomore, USA
Margitta Worm, MD Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Klinik
für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Berlin, Germany
Maria Yazdanbakhsh, PhD Department of Parasitology, Leiden
University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
M Osman Yusuf, MD The Allergy & Asthma Institute,
Pakistan.
Torsten Zuberbier, MD Dept. of Dermatology and Allergy,
Charité, Berlin
Contributors
4 The discovery of IgE S.G.O. Johansson
6 Allergens – structure and function Ronald van Ree
9 Mechanisms of allergenicity of allergens Heimo Breiteneder
11 Allergens and cross-reactivity Barbara Bohle
13 House dust mite allergens Wayne R. Thomas
15 Pet allergens Hans Grönlund
18 Tree pollen allergens Fatima Ferreira, Gabriele Gadermaier, Michael Wall- ner
22 Grass pollen allergens Jörg Kleine-Tebbe, Janet Davies
27 Weed pollen allergens Richard W. Weber
29 food allergens Barbara Ballmer-Weber
32 Venom allergens Franziska Ruëff
34 Emerging allergens Karin Hoffmann-Sommergruber
36 Pollen allergens and geographical factors Jeroen Buters
39 The underlying mechanisms in allergy Cezmi A. Akdis
43 Innate immune response in allergy Michael N. Teng, Richard F. Lockey
45 Dendritic cells Bart N. Lambrecht
48 Natural killer cells and natural killer-T cells Günnur Deniz
50 Innate lymphoid cells Hirohisa Saito
53 Mast cells Stephen J. Galli
56 basophils Hajime Karasuyama
58 Eosinophils Hans-Uwe Simon
62 b cells Azza Abdel-Gadir, Talal Chatila
64 Immunoglobulin E and other antibodies in allergy Hannah Gould, Yih-Chih Chan
67 Role of superantigens in allergic diseases Donald Y. M. Leung
69 Cytokines in allergy Lars K. Poulsen
71 Cell migration and chemokines Cristiana Stellato, Gilda Varricchi, Gianni Marone
76 Complement-mediated regulation of the allergic response Marsha Wills-Karp
79 lipid mediators of hypersensitivity and inflammation Marek Sanak
81 lipid mediators in resolution of allergic inflammation Evangelos Andreakos
84 Allergy and the epithelial barriers Stephen T. Holgate
88 Epithelial proteases and allergic diseases Ömer Kalayci
90 Mechanisms of immune regulation in allergy Willem van de Veen, Mübeccel Akdis
92 Neuro-immune regulation of allergic inflammation Harald Renz
95 United airways and immune regulation Claus Bachert
98 Genetics of allergy Stephan Weidinger
101 Epigenetics of Allergy R. Sharon Chinthrajah, Kimberly Vu, Morvarid Tavas- soli, Kari C Nadeau,
104 Endotypes of allergic diseases Ioana Agache, Cezmi A. Akdis
108 Animal models of allergic disease Remo Frei, Liam O’Mahony
GlObAl ATlAS Of AllERGY
Contents
119 birth cohorts Adnan Custovic
121 Environmental risk factors for allergy: outdoor/ indoor pollution and climate change Stefanie Gilles, Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
124 Measuring exposure to environmental airborne allergens Isabella Annesi-Maesano
127 Environmental risk factors for allergy: food Scott H. Sicherer
130 Environmental risk factors for allergy: home environment Thomas A.E. Platts-Mills
133 Environmental risk factors for allergy: working environment Roy Gert van Wijk
135 Risk factors for childhood asthma: viral infection and allergic sensitization Frederick J. Rubner, Robert F. Lemanske Jr.
138 Environmental risk factors for allergy: helminth infections Abena S. Amoah, Firdaus Hamid, Hermelijn H. Smits, Maria Yazdanbakhsh
141 Perinatal immune development and its role in atopy development Patrick G. Holt
143 Perinatal risk and protective factors for allergic diseases Arne Høst
146 The role of microbiome Erika von Mutius
SECTION C AllERGY DIAGNOSIS
150 In vivo allergy diagnosis - skin tests Julia Katharina Genser, Peter Schmid-Grendelmeier
153 In vivo allergy diagnosis- nasal and bronchial provocation tests Gert Jan Braunstahl
156 In-vivo allergy diagnosis- food provocation tests Philippe Eigenmann
158 In vivo diagnosis of NSAID hypersensitivity Marek L. Kowalski
161 In vivo allergy diagnosis - drug provocation test Knut Brockow
163 The allergen challenge chamber Friedrich Horak
166 In vitro allergy diagnosis – Allergen- specific IgE Reto Crameri
168 In vitro allergy diagnosis – molecules and component-resolved diagnosis…