MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER WITH OIL PALM TRUNK FIBER AS FILLER MOHD HAZIZUL BIN HAMZAH A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering Universiti Malaysia Pahang DECEMBER 2010
26
Embed
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STYRENE BUTADIENE …umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/3197/1/CD5642_MOHD_HAZIZUL_HAMZAH.pdf · Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sifat-sifat ...
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER WITH
OIL PALM TRUNK FIBER AS FILLER
MOHD HAZIZUL BIN HAMZAH
A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Chemical Engineering
Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Pahang
DECEMBER 2010
vi
ABSTRACT
Synthetic rubber on the other hand is a rubber which is synthesized chemically.
Styrene-butadiene rubber is one of them. The synthetic rubber gives different properties
from natural rubber in every aspect. The objectives of this research are to investigate the
mechanical properties changes in styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) filled with oil palm
trunks as fillers and to check the differences in properties between the amounts of fillers
used. The purpose of this research is to investigate the properties of styrene butadiene
rubber blending with oil palm trunk fiber as filler. The research is based on experimental
lab research. The contribution of oil palm trunk as a filler in rubber compound will
decrease the burning activities and reducing environmental issues. Many researches have
been done in rubber/natural filler blending in order to improve the properties of rubber
with economically. The methods in this research are divided into three sections; mixing,
molding, and testing. Mixing required two roll mills as a device blending rubber with
filler, accelerator and vulcanizing agent. Molding required hot and cold press molding to
form a sheet of product before testing. Testing required a universal testing machine to test
the tensile properties of the rubber blend. Two chemical used in this swelling test;
kerosene and diesel. The samples were put into two different bottles with kerosene inside
one bottle and diesel inside another bottle. The time taken to complete the test was 24
hours – exactly one day. The result from testing showed that increasing amount of fillers
will actually decrease the tensile strength, increase the tensile modulus and increase
swelling behavior of the rubber blend. As conclusion, most of mechanical properties
decrease with increasing of filler content. As recommendation, increasing the filler
content might give the better result, and giving more information about capability of
styrene butadiene rubber to consume more filler.
vii
ABSTRAK
Getah sintetik di sisi lain adalah getah yang merupakan hasil campuran bahan
kimia. Getah stirena butadiena adalah salah satunya. Getah sintetik memberikan sifat
yang berbeza dari getah asli dalam setiap aspek. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk
mengetahui perubahan sifat mekanik dalam getah stirena butadiena (SBR) yang diisi
dengan batang kelapa sawit sebagai suapan dan untuk menyemak perbezaan sifat antara
jumlah suapan digunakan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sifat-sifat
campuran getah stirena butadiena dengan serat batang kelapa sawit sebagai suapan.
Penelitian ini berdasarkan pada penelitian ujikaji makmal. Sumbangan batang kelapa
sawit sebagai isian dalam campuran getah akan menurunkan kegiatan pembakaran dan
mengurangkan masalah alam sekitar. Banyak kajian telah dilakukan dalam
getah/pencampuran isian asli meningkatkan sifat getah dengan ekonomi. Kaedah dalam
kajian ini dibahagikan kepada tiga bahagian; pencampuran, pencetakan, dan ujian.
Mencampur memerlukan “two roll mill” sebagai campuran getah peranti dengan isian,
pencepat dan agen vulcanizing. Pencetakan memerlukan “hot and cold molding press”
untuk membentuk sehelai produk sebelum ujian. Ujian memerlukan mesin uji universal
untuk menguji sifat tarik dari getah campuran. Dua kimia yang digunakan dalam ujian
pembengkakan ialah minyak tanah dan diesel. Bahan uji dimasukkan ke dalam dua botol
yang berbeza dengan minyak tanah dalam satu botol dan diesel dalam botol lain. Waktu
yang diperlukan untuk menyelesaikan ujian adalah 24 jam - persis satu hari. Hasil dari
ujian menunjukkan bahawa peningkatan jumlah suapan benar-benar akan menurunkan
kekuatan tarik, meningkatkan modulus tarik dan meningkatkan perilaku pembengkakan
getah campuran. Sebagai kesimpulan, sebahagian besar sifat mekanik menurun dengan
peningkatan kadar isian. Sebagai cadangan, meningkatkan kadar isian dapat memberikan
hasil yang lebih baik, dan memberikan maklumat lebih lanjut tentang kemampuan getah
stirena butadiena untuk mengambil lebih banyak isian.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vi
ABSTRAK vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF APPENDICES xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study 1
1.2 Problem Statements 2
1.3 Objectives of the Research 3
1.4 Scope of Study 3
1.5 Rationale and Significance 4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Styrene Butadiene Rubber 5
ix
2.2 Natural Filler 6
2.3 Oil Palm Trunk Fiber 6
2.4 Crosslink 7
2.5 Vulcanization 7
2.6 Mechanical Properties 8
2.6.1 Tensile Strength 8
2.6.2 Tensile Modulus 10
2.6.3 Swelling 12
2.6.4 Elongation 13
2.7 Recycled Elastomer 14
2.8 Carbon Black Filler 16
2.9 Organoclay 19
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Chemical and Apparatus 20
3.2 Rubber Formulation 21
3.3 Sieving 22
3.4 Blending 23
3.5 Molding 24
3.6 Tensile Test 25
3.7 Swelling Test 26
3.8 Precaution Steps 27
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Result 28
4.1.1 Tensile Test 28
4.1.2 Swelling Test 29
4.2 Discussion 30
4.2.1 Time to Break 30
4.2.2 Tensile Strength 31
4.2.3 Extension at Break 32
x
4.2.4 Stress-Strain Relationship 35
4.2.5 Tensile Modulus 39
4.2.6 Swelling 41
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 44
5.2 Recommendation 45
REFERENCES 46
APPENDICES 49
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE
3.1 Part per hundred Rubber Formulations 21
3.2 Ingredient weight value based on 250 grams per sample 22
3.3 Rubber Stages during Blending 23
3.4 Result available for rubber tensile test at Universal Tensile Machine 25
4.1 Result in tensile test 28
4.2 Result in swelling test 29
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
2.1 Oil palm trunk fiber 6
2.2 Tensile strength-rice husk content relationship (A.I. Khalf et al.,
2010) 8
2.3 Tensile strength of natural rubber reinforced with various fillers (N.
Rattanasom et al., 2009) 9
2.4 Tensile strength of rubber-filler content relationship (Hanafi Ismail
et al., 1996) 10
2.5
Tensile modulus of white rice husk ash loading in natural
rubber/linear low density polyethylene blends (Hanafi Ismail et al.,
2000)
11
2.6 Modulus at 100% elongation according to fiber loading (Hanafi
Ismail et al., 1999) 12
2.7 Swelling behavior of recycled rubber powder filler on natural rubber
(Hanafi Ismail et al., 2001) 13
2.8 Elongation at break versus fiber loading in sisal/oil palm hybrid
fiber reinforced natural rubber (Maya Jacob et al., 2003) 14
2.9
Horizontal profile of liquid axial velocity in downcomer for three
The tensile strength of SBR/NBRr with/without ENR-50 (Noriman
et al., 2009)
15
2.10 The tensile modulus of SBR/NBRr with/without ENR-50 (Noriman
et al., 2009) 15
2.11 Swelling behavior of natural rubber filled silica/carbon black (N.
Rattanasom et al., 2007) 16
xiii
2.12 100% modulus in silica content (N. Rattanasom et al., 2007) 17
2.13 Tensile strength of rubber-silica/carbon black relationship (N.
Rattanasom et al., 2007) 17
2.14
Modulus at 100% elongation versus filler content in natural
rubber/carbon black/calcium carbonate (Saowaroj Chuayjuljit et al.,
2002)
18
2.15 Tensile strength and elongation at break of natural
rubber/organoclay nanocomposite (P. L. Teh et al., 2003) 19
3.1 Two rolls mill 23
3.2 25-ton hot and cold molding press 24
3.3 50kN universal testing machine 26
4.1 Graph of time to break (sec) versus filler content (PHR) 30
4.2 Graph of highest tensile strength (MPa) versus filler content (PHR) 31
4.3 Tensile strength versus loading (PHR) of rice husk/ENR (Z. A. M.
Ishak et al., 1994) 32
4.4 Graph of extension (mm) versus filler content (PHR) 33
4.5 Elongation result from various contents of filler (Siti Salina Sarkawi
et al., 2003) 34
4.6 Stress-Strain relationship of 0 parts filler in SBR 35
4.7 Stress-Strain relationship of 15 parts filler in SBR 36
4.8 Stress-Strain relationship of 30 parts filler in SBR 37
4.9 Stress-Strain relationship of 40 parts filler in SBR 38
4.10 Stress-Strain relationship of 50 parts filler in SBR 39
4.11 Graph of tensile modulus (MPa) versus filler content (PHR) 40
4.12 Tensile modulus versus filler loading in oil palm wood flour/natural
rubber blend (Hanafi Ismail et al., 1999) 41
4.13 Graph of swelling (%) versus filler content (PHR) 42
4.14 Effect on swelling index in various filler (P.L. Teh et al., 2004) 43