Mechanical Engg Lab for Chemical

` KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

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PERUNDURAI, ERODE - 638 052

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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LAB MANUAL

Degree : B.Tech

Year / Sem : III/V

Course : Chemical Engineering

Subject Code : 11ME307

Subject : MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY


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Exercise List

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

THERMAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

1 a Draw a valve timing for four stroke diesel or petrol Engines.

b Draw a Port timing diagram for two stroke petrol Engines

2 a Determination of flash and fire point of oil by cleveland open cup apparatus

b Determination of flash and fire point of oil by pensky marten closed cup apparatus

3

a Performance test on a four stroke single cylinder Petrol Engine

b Determination of viscosity of given oil using Redwood Viscometer

c Determination of viscosity of given oil using Saybolt Viscometer

4 a Performance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Mechanical loading

b Heat balance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Mechanical loading

5 a Performance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Electrical loading

b Heat balance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Electrical loading

6 Performance test on Reciprocating Air Compressors

7 a Performance test on a Refrigerator (Determination of COP).

b Performance test on an Air Conditioning System (Determination of COP)

8 a Performance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Hydraulic loading

b Heat balance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Hydraulic loading

9 a Performance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Eddy Current loading

b Heat balance test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine by Eddy Current loading

10 Morse test on a four-stroke multi-cylinder petrol engine

11 Emission test on 4S single cylinder a Diesel Engine

12 Emission test on 4S single cylinder a Petrol Engine


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INDEX

S.No Date Content Page

No

Marks Awarded

Sign CoE

(10) Obs

(10) Rec

(10) Viva

(10) Total

40


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TOTAL

CoE - Conduct of Experiment

Obs - Observation

Rec - Record


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Instruments List

Sl .No EQUIPMENT

01 AVL 444 GAS ANALYSER

02 MARUHI 800 PETROL ENGINE WITH HYDRAULIC LOADING

03 SINGLE CYLINDER 4 STROKE HONDA PETROL ENGINE WITH

ELECTRICAL LOADING

04 SINGLE CYLINDER 4 STROKE KIRLOSKAR DIESEL ENGINE WITH

EDDY CURRENT LOADING

05 TWO STAGE AIR COMPRESSOR-ELGI


HYDRAULC LOADING

07 CLEAVELAND APPARATUS

08 PENSKY MARTIN APPARATUS

09 REDWOOD APPARATUS

10 SAYBOLT APPARATUS

11 CUT MODEL OF TWOSTROKE ENGINE

12 BONB CALORIMETER

13 JUNKERS GAS CALORIMETER

14 DIGITAL TACHOMETER-CONTACT TYPE

15 DIGITAL TACHOMETER-NON CONTACT TYPE

16 DIGITAL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR

17 NON CONDUCT THERMOMETER

18 STOP WATCH

19 MHD 880 EXIDE BATTRY

20 TACHOMETER-DIGITAL

21 STOP WATCH DIGITAL

22 NONCONDUCT THERMOMETER

23 HYDRALIC DYNAMOMETER

24 TACHOMETER

25 5 - HP SUBMERSSIBLE PUMP

26 ORSAT GAS ANALYSISER

27 SCOOTY PEP ENGINE WITH EDDY CURRIENT DYNAMOMETER

28 AVL DIGAS ANALYER

29 SMOKE METER

30 12-A BATTERY CHARGER

31 2&4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE-(CUT MODEL)

32 INDANE GAS CYLINDER


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33 3 HP ELECTRICAL MOTOR

34 STROBOSCOPE

35 TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE (CUT MODEL)

36 SINGLE CYLINDER 4 STROKE PRIMIER VCR DIESEL ENGINE

37 SAY BOLT VISCO METER

38 RED WOOD VISCO METER

39 BOMB CALORI METER

40 2 - STAGE AIR COMPRESSOR KAC

41 PETROL ENGINE HYDRALIC DYNAMOMETER


ELECTRICAL LOADING


MECHANICAL LOADING

44 FLASH POINT APPARATUS

45 OPEN CUP APPARATUS

46 5HP - TEXVEL ENGINE- (cut model)

47 RED WOOD VISCOMETER

48 RAJDOOT TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE CUT SECTION MODEL

49 AMBASSADOR ENGINE CUT SECTION MODEL

50 ANIL FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE CUT SECTION MODEL

51 ANIL ENGINE WITH MECHANICAL LOADING

52 PHILIPS ENGINE WITH MECHANICAL LOADING

53 TWIN CYLINDER 4 STROKE KIRLOSKAR DIESEL ENGINE WITH

ELECTRICAL LOADING


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SYLLABUS 1. Preparing valve timing diagram for Diesel engine.

2. Preparing port timing diagram for petrol engine.

3. Performing load test & emission test on single cylinder diesel engine using electrical /

mechanical loading arrangement.

4. Performing Heat Balance test on single cylinder diesel engine using electrical /

mechanical loading arrangement

5. Performing Morse test on multi cylinder petrol engine

6. Performing load test & emission test on single cylinder petrol engine using eddy current

dynamometer

7. Performing characteristics study (Flash point & Fire point) on lubricating oil

8. Performing test on a single acting multi cylinder reciprocating air compressor

9. Performance study on vapor compression refrigeration system

10. Performance study on air conditioning system

Course/ Course Outcomes Mapping with programme outcomes

a b c d e f g h i j k l m

11ME307/

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LABORATORY

2 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2

CO1: Conduct experiments to prepare

valve timing and port timing diagram for

diesel and petrol engines; performing load

test and emission test and conduct heat

balance on different engines.

2 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2

CO2: Perform load test and emission test

on single and multi cylinder engines using

eddy current dynamometer.

2 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2

CO3: Conduct experiments to access the

performance of refrigeration and air

conditioning system; and analysis and

characterization of flash and fire point.

2 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2

1 Low contribution, 2- Average contribution, 3- Strong contribution


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TABULATION

S.No Events Position with respect to nearest

Dead Centre

Distance

in cm

Angle in

Degree

1. IVO Before TDC

2. IVC After BDC

3. EVO Before BDC

4. EVC After TDC

MODEL CALCULATION

1. Angles in degree = (360/circumference of flywheel) x distance

=

= _______________________

2. Valve overlapping period =IVO bTDC + EVC aTDC

=

=__________________________


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Ex. No. Date:

DRAW A VALVE TIMING FOR FOUR STROKE DIESEL OR PETROL ENGINES

AIM

To draw valve timing diagram for ___________________________ engine and to

find out the valve overlapping period.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Measuring tape, chalk piece

ENGINE SPECIFICATION

Power

Speed

Bore

Stroke

Circumference of the flywheel (cm)

PROCEDURE

1. Measure the circumference of the flywheel.

2. Find out the Bottom Dead Centre (BDC) or Top Dead Centre (TDC) with the help of

piston movement and mark it on the flywheel with the help of reference plate.

3. Take half of the circumference of the flywheel from this mark and this will be the other

Dead Centre.

4. Find the inlet and outlet valves using the basics of cycle of operation or from their

position near the manifolds.

5. Place a piece of paper between the rocker arm end and the top of the valve.

6. Rotate the flywheel in the operating direction until the grip on the paper tightens. This

will be the Inlet Valve Open (IVO) position. Mark this point on the flywheel.

7. Rotate the flywheel in the same direction until the grip on the paper is just lost. This will

be the Inlet Valve Close (IVC) position. Mark this point on the flywheel.

8. Repeat the same Procedure for finding the Exhaust valve Open (EVO) and Exhaust

Valve Close (EVC) Positions.

9. Measure the distance of all these positions from the nearest Dead Centre and tabulate

them.


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VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM (Theoretical)

FORMULAE USED


2. Valve overlapping period = IVO bTDC + EVC aTDC


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VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM (Actual)

RESULT

The actual valve timing diagram for ________________________________ engine is drawn.

The angle of valve overlapping is ____________ degrees.


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TABULATION

S.No Events Position with respect to nearest

Dead Centre

Distance

in cm

Angle in

Degree

1. IPO Before TDC

2. IPC After TDC

3. TPO Before BDC

4. TPC After BDC

5. EPO Before BDC

6. EPC After BDC

MODEL CALCULATION

Angles in degree = (360/circumference of flywheel) x distance

=

= _______________________

Scavenging period in degree =TPO + TPC =__________________________


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Ex. No. Date:

DRAW A PORT TIMING DIAGRAM FOR TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINES

AIM

To draw port timing diagram for ___________________________ engine and trace

out scavenging period.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Measuring tape, chalk piece


Power

Speed

Bore

Stroke

Circumference of the flywheel (cm)

PROCEDURE

1. Measure the circumference of the flywheel.

2. Find out the Bottom Dead Centre (BDC) or Top Dead Centre (TDC) with the help of

piston movement and mark it on the flywheel with the help of reference plate.

3. Take half of the circumference of the flywheel from this mark and this will be the other

Dead Centre.

4. Find the inlet, exhaust and transfer ports using the basics of cycle of operation or from

their position near the manifolds.

5. Rotate the flywheel in the operating direction when the port just starts to open. This will

be the Inlet Port Open (IPO) position. Mark this point on the flywheel.

6. Rotate the flywheel in the same direction when the port is completely closed. This will

be the Inlet Port Close (IPC) position. Mark this point on the flywheel. The bottom side

of the piston will cover the inlet port opening and closing.

7. Repeat the same Procedure for finding the Exhaust Port Open (EPO), Exhaust Port Close

(EPC), Transfer Port Open (TPO) and Transfer Port Close (TPC) positions. The topside

of the piston will cover the exhaust and transfer port opening and closing.

8. Measure the distance of all these positions from the nearest Dead Centre and tabulate

them


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PORT TIMING DIAGRAM (Theoretical)

FORMULAE USED


2. Scavenging period in degree = TPO- TPC


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PORT TIMING DIAGRAM (Actual)

RESULT

The actual Port timing diagram for ________________________________ engine is drawn.

The Scavenging period is ____________ degree.


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Flash Point

The flash point of oil is defined as the temperature to which the oil must be heated to give off

sufficient vapour to form a flammable mixture

Fire Point

The fire point is the temperature to which the oil must be heated to produce vapour-air

mixture that burns continuously once it has been ignited

TABULATION

Sl. No. Temperature oC Flash point Fire point


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Ex No: Date:

DETERMINATION OF FLASH AND FIRE POINT OF OIL BY CLEVELAND OPEN

CUP APPARATUS

AIM

To determine the flash and fire point of a given oil sample using Cleaveland open cup

apparatus.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Cleaveland open-cup apparatus, thermometer, splinter stick, etc.

PROCEDURE

1. Check up the heater working condition of Cleaveland open-cup apparatus.

2. Fill up the given sample of oil up to the required level.

3. Place the thermometer and stirrer inside the oil.

4. Switch on the heater and stirrer.

5. Initially regulate the heater to rise in temperature of oil 6 o 1 o per minute

6. On approaching the flash point the rate is reduced to 3 o 0.5 o per minute

7. Place the flame just above the surface of the oil.

8. At one point, a bluish flame appears and it will last for only a fraction of a second.

9. This is the FLASH point temperature of the given sample of oil.

10. Increase the temperature of the oil further and again place the flame just above the surface of the oil.

11. At one point, a reddish or yellowish flame will appear and it will burn continuously.

12. This is the FIRE point temperature of the oil.

13. Remove the stirrer from the Cleaveland apparatus.

RESULT

Flash and Fire point of the sample oil are expressed in oC round off to the first digit.

The Flash point temperature of the given oil sample is _____oC

The Fire point temperature of the given oil sample is ______oC


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Flash Point

The flash point of oil is defined as the temperature to which the oil must be heated to give off

sufficient vapour to form a flammable mixture

Fire Point

The fire point is the temperature to which the oil must be heated to produce vapour-air

mixture that burns continuously once it has been ignited

TABULATION

Sl. No. Temperature oC Flash point Fire point


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Ex No: Date:

DETERMINATION OF FLASH AND FIRE POINT OF OIL BY PENSKY MARTEN

CLOSED CUP APPARATUS

AIM

To determine flash and fire point of a given sample of oil by using Pensky Marten closed

cup apparatus.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Pensky Marten closed cup apparatus, Oil sample, thermometer, splinter stick, etc.

PROCEDURE

1. Check up the heater working condition of Pensky Marten closed-cup apparatus.

2. Fill up the given sample of oil up to the required level.

3. Place the thermometer and stirrer inside the oil.

4. Switch on the heater and stirrer.

5. Initially regulate the heater to rise in temperature of oil 6 o 1 o per minute

6. On approaching the flash point the rate is reduced to 3 o 0.5 o per minute

7. Place the flame just above the surface of the oil.

8. At one point, a bluish flame appears and it will last for only a fraction of a second.

9. This is the FLASH point temperature of the given sample of oil.

10. Increase the temperature of the oil further and again place the flame just above the surface

of the oil.

11. At one point, a reddish or yellowish flame will appear and it will burn continuously.

12. This is the FIRE point temperature of the oil.

13. Remove the stirrer from the Pensky Marten apparatus.

RESULT

Flash and Fire point of the sample oil are expressed in oC round off to the first digit.

The Flash point temperature of the given sample oil is _____oC

The Fire point temperature of the given sample oil is ______oC


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VISCOMETER SPECIFICATION

Viscometer Constant (A) : 0.6

Viscometer Constant (B) : 200

OBSERVATION

Room temperature (Tr) : ____________ 0C

Density of oil at room temperature(r) :

Coefficient of thermal expansion () :

TABULATION

Sl.

No.

Temperature

in oC (T)

Time

in

seconds (t)

Density

in

gm/cc (oil)

Kinematic

Viscosity

centi stokes

Absolute

Viscosity

centi poise

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


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Ex. No. Date:

DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY OF LUBRICATING OIL BY

REDWOOD VISCOMETER

AIM

To determine kinematic and absolute viscosity of a given sample of oil using

Redwood Viscometer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Redwood Viscometer, thermometer, measuring flask, stopwatch

PROCEDURE

1. Check up the water level and heater condition in the instrument.

2. Fill up the given sample of oil in the viscometer cup up to the required level.

3. Place the thermometer inside the oil to measure its temperature.

4. By opening the ball valve, measure the time taken for 50 cc of oil collection at room temperature.

5. Switch on the heater to increase the oil temperature. Measure the time taken for 50 cc of oil collection in steps of 10 degree centigrade for 5 sets of

readings.

6. Switch off the heater in the viscometer.

FORMULAE USED

1. Density of Oil at a given temperature T (oil) = r[ 1 (T Tr)] gm/cc

2. Kinematic Viscosity () =At (B/t) centistokes

3. Absolute Viscosity () = ( x oil) centipoises

where Tr = Room temperature

where t = time for 50ml of oil collection in seconds

GRAPH

Temperature Vs Kinematic viscosity

Temperature Vs absolute viscosity

Temperature Vs time

RESULT

The kinematic viscosity and absolute viscosity of the given oil at different

temperatures are determined and graphs are drawn.


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VISCOMETER SPECIFICATION

Viscometer Constant (A) : 0.22

Viscometer Constant (B) : 135

OBSERVATION

Room temperature (Tr) : ____________ 0C

Density of oil at room temperature(r) : ____________gm/cc

Coefficient of thermal expansion () : 0.0005/oC

TABULATION

Sl.

No.

Temperature

in oC (T)

Time

in

seconds (t)

Density

in

gm/cc (oil)

Kinematic

Viscosity

centi stokes

Absolute

Viscosity

centi poise

1

2

3

4

5


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Ex. No. Date:

DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY OF LUBRICATING OIL BY

SAYBOLT VISCOMETER

AIM

To determine kinematic and absolute viscosity of a given sample of oil using

Saybolt Viscometer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Saybolt Viscometer, thermometer, measuring flask, stopwatch

PROCEDURE

1. Check up the water level and heater condition in the instrument.

2. Fill up the given sample of oil in the viscometer cup up to the required level.

3. Place the thermometer inside the oil to measure its temperature.

4. By opening the ball valve, measure the time taken for 60 cc of oil collection at room temperature.

5. Switch on the heater to increase the oil temperature. Measure the time taken for 60 cc of oil collection in steps of 10 degree centigrade for 5 sets of readings.

6. Switch off the heater in the viscometer.

FORMULAE USED

1. Density of Oil at a given temperature T (oil) = r[ 1 (T Tr)] gm/cc

2. Kinematic Viscosity () =At (B/t) centistokes

3. Absolute Viscosity () = ( x oil) centipoises

where Tr = Room temperature

where t = time for 60ml of oil collection in seconds

GRAPH

Temperature Vs Kinematic viscosity

Temperature Vs absolute viscosity

Temperature Vs time

RESULT

The kinematic viscosity and absolute viscosity of the given oil at different

temperatures are determined and graphs are drawn.


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OBSERVATION

Specific gravity of the fuel : --------

Calorific value of the fuel (CV) : --------kJ/kg

Efficiency of alternator : --------%

Input Voltage (Vi) : --------volts

Maximum load to be applied Amax = {BP x x 1000 / (Vi) Amps

=

= ___________________________A

TABULATION

Test is conducted at a speed of 1500 rpm.

S.No

Applied load (rounded off) Speed

Time for 10cc of fuel

consumption(s)

A (amps) V (volt) rpm t1 t 2 tavg

1 0% of Amax

2 25% of Amax

3 50% of Amax

4 75% of Amax

5 100% of Amax


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Ex. No. Date:

PERFORMANCE TEST ON A FOUR-STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER

PETROL ENGINE BY ELECTRICAL LOADING

AIM

To conduct a Performance test on a single cylinder four stroke petrol engine by

electrical loading with different loads at constant speed.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Tachometer, Stopwatch, thermometer, measuring tape, etc.


Engine Make

Power (BP)

Speed (N)

Bore (B)

Stroke (SL)

Type of Lubrication

Fuel used

PROCEDURE

1) Calculate maximum load to be applied for a selected engine.

2) Check the fuel supply, water circulation in the water system and lubricating oil in the

oil stump.

3) Ensure no load condition.

4) The Engine is started and allowed to run on idle speed for a few minutes.

5) Gradually the engine is loaded by electrical dynamometer and the speed is maintained

constant.

6) Load the engine in steps of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% & 100% of maximum load to be

applied.

7) Note the corresponding readings of voltmeter, ammeter & fuel consumption.

8) After taking the readings, unload the engine, allow it to run for few minutes and then

stop the engine.


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MODEL CALCULATION

1. Fuel Consumption (FC) = (Sp. Gravity x Vol. of fuel consumed (cc)) /

(tavg x 1000)

=

= ____________________kg/sec

2. Fuel power (FuP) = FC x CV

=

= ____________________kW

3. Brake Power (BP) = (V x A) / ( x 1000)

=

= ____________________kW

4. Specific fuel consumption (SFC)= FC/BP

=

= ____________________kg/sec/kW

5. Frictional Power (FP) = ____________________kW

6. Indicated Power (IP) = BP + FP

=

= ____________________kW

7. Mechanical Efficiency = (BP/IP) x 100

=

= ____________________%

8. Brake Thermal efficiency = (BP/FuP) x 100

=

= ____________________%


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FORMULAE USED

1. Fuel Consumption (FC) =(Sp. Gravity x Vol. of fuel consumed (cc)) /

(tavg x 1000)

2. Fuel power (FuP) =FC x CV


4. Specific fuel consumption (SFC) =FC/BP

5. Frictional Power (FP) = Calculate from Willians graphical

method (BP Vs FC)

6. Indicated Power(IP) = BP + FP



9. Indicated thermal = (IP/FuP) x 100

Efficiency

10. Brake mean effective = (BP x 60) / (100 x Area of cylinder (A)

pressure (BMEP) x Stroke (SL) x speed (N1))

where N1=N/2 for 4 stroke engine

= N for 2 stroke engine

11. Indicated mean effective = (BP x 60)/(100 x Area of cylinder (A)

pressure (IMEP) x Stroke (SL) x speed (N1))



12. Torque = (BP x 60 x 103) / (2N)


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9. Indicated thermal Efficiency = (IP/FuP) x 100

=

=____________________%

10. Brake mean effective pressure = (BP x 60 )/(100 x A x SL x N1)

(BMEP)

=

=____________________bar

11. Indicated mean effective pressure = (IP x 60 )/( 100 x A x SL x N1)

(IMEP)

=

=____________________bar

12. Torque = (BP x 60 x 103) / (2N)

=

=____________________Nm


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GRAPH

1. Brake Power Vs Fuel consumption

2. Brake Power Vs Variation of specific fuel consumption, mechanical efficiency,

brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, brake mean effective

pressure, indicated mean effective pressure and torque.

RESULT TABULATION

S.No

FC

X 1

0-4

F

uP

BP

SF

C

X 1

0-4

IP

BM

EP

IME

P

TO

RQ

UE

kg/Sec kW kW kg/

kWh

kW % % % bar bar N-m

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

RESULT

The performance test is conducted for a single cylinder four stroke petrol engine by

electrical loading with different loads at constant speed of ------- rpm and the characteristics

graphs are drawn.


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OBSERVATION

Specific gravity of the fuel = _____

Calorific value of the fuel (CV) = ______kJ/kg

Maximum load to be applied (Lmax) = {BP x 60 x 1000 / (Cb x N)}/9.81 kg

=

= ___________________________kg

TABULATION


S.No Applied load (L) kg

(rounded off)

Time for 10cc of fuel consumption(s)

t1 t 2 tavg

1 0% of Lmax

2 25% of Lmax

3 50% of Lmax

4 75% of Lmax

5 100% of Lmax

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

1) Engine 2) Brake Drum 3) Spring balance 4) Fuel tank 5) Burette 6) Air box

7) U tube Manometer 8) Orifice 9) Cooling water inlet 10) Cooling water outlet

11) Exhaust


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Ex. No. Date:

PERFORMANCE TEST ON A FOUR-STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL

ENGINE BY MECHANICAL LOADING

AIM

To conduct a Performance test on a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by

mechanical loading with different loads at constant speed.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Tachometer, Stopwatch, thermometer, measuring tape


Engine Make

Power (BP)

Speed (N)

Bore (B)

Stroke (SL)

Type of Lubrication

Fuel used

Circumference of brake drum (Cb)

PROCEDURE

1. Calculate maximum load to be applied for a selected engine.

2. Check the fuel supply, water circulation in the water system and lubricating oil in the

oil stump.

3. Ensure no load condition.

4. The Engine is started and allowed to run on idle speed for a few minutes.

5. Gradually the engine is loaded by mechanical brake method and the speed is

maintained constant.

6. Make sure the cooling arrangement for the brake drum.

7. Load the engine in steps of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% & 100% of maximum load to be

applied.

8. Note the corresponding readings of spring balance & fuel consumption.

9. After taking the readings, unload the engine, allow it to run for few minutes and

then stop the engine


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MODEL CALCULATION


(tavg x 1000)

=

= ____________________kg/sec


=

= ____________________kW

3. Brake Power (BP) = (Cb x N x L) / (60 x 1000)

=

= ____________________kW


=

= ____________________kg/sec/kW



=

= ____________________kW


=

= ____________________%


=

= ____________________%


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.FORMULAE USED


(tavg x 1000)



Where Cb = Circumference of the brake drum = 0.94m



method (BP Vs FC)





Efficiency









12. Torque = Load(L) x 9.81 x radius of brake drum


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=

=____________________%


(BMEP)

=

=____________________bar

11. Indicated mean effective pressure = (BP x 60 )/( 100 x A x SL x N1)

(IMEP)

=

=____________________bar

12. Torque = L x 9.81 x radius of brake drum

=

=____________________Nm


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GRAPH





RESULT TABULATION

S.No

FC

X 1

0-4

F

uP

BP

SF

C

X 1

0-4

IP

BM

EP

IME

P

TO

RQ

UE

kg/Sec kW kW kg/

kWh


1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

RESULT

The performance test is conducted for a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by

mechanical loading with different loads at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the characteristics

graphs are drawn.


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OBSERVATION

Specific gravity & Calorific value (CV) of the fuel : _______ & ______kJ/kg

Specific heat of cooling water (Cpw) & exhaust gas (Cpg) : _______& ______ kJ/kg

Coefficient of discharge (Cd) : ____

Maximum load to be applied Lmax ={BP x 60 x 1000 / (Cb x N)}/9.81 Kg

=

= ___________________________kg

TABULATION

S.N

o

Applied load

(L) kg

(rounded off)

Time for

10cc of fuel

consumption

(s)

Cooling

water

temperature

(oC)

Mass flow

rate of

water

(mcw)

kg/sec

Exhaust

gas temp

(Teg) oC

Manometer

reading

(difference in

water column)

(hw) x 10-2

m

t1 t 2 tavg Ti To

1 0% of Lmax

2 25% of Lmax

3 50% of Lmax

4 75% of Lmax

5 100% of Lmax


1) Engine 2) Brake Drum 3) Spring balance 4) Fuel tank 5) Burette 6) Air box

7) U tube Manometer 8) Orifice 9) Cooling water inlet 10) Cooling water outlet

11) Exhaust


(Autonomous)



37 | P a g e

Ex. No. Date:

HEAT BALANCE TEST ON A FOUR-STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL

ENGINE BY MECHANICAL LOADING

AIM

To conduct a heat balance test on a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by

mechanical loading with different loads at constant speed.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Tachometer, Stopwatch, thermometer, measuring tape, etc


Engine Make

Power (BP)

Speed (N)

Bore (B)

Stroke (SL)

Type of Lubrication

Circumference of brake drum (Cb)

PROCEDURE



oil stump and Ensure no load condition






applied.

7. Note the corresponding readings of spring balance, mass flow rate of water, fuel

consumption, manometer reading, water inlet and outlet temperature, exhaust gas

temperature, etc.

8. After taking the readings, unload the engine, allow it to run for few minutes and then

stop the engine.


(Autonomous)



38 | P a g e

MODEL CALCULATION


(tavg x 1000)

=

= ____________________kg/sec


=

= ____________________kW


=

= ____________________kW

4. Heat Carried away by cooling = mcw x Cpw x (To-Ti)

Water (Qcw)

=

= ____________________ kW

5. Heat Carried away by exhaust = meg x Cpg x (Teg - Tr)

gas (Qeg)

Where ha = (w x hw) / a

=

= ____________________m

Va = (2g x ha)

=

=__________________m/s


(Autonomous)



39 | P a g e

FORMULAE USED


(tavg x 1000)



4. Heat Carried away by cooling = mass flow rate of cooling water (mcw) x Specific

Water (Qcw) heat of cooling water (Cpw) x (To-Ti)

5. Heat Carried away by exhaust = mass flow rate of exhaust gas (meg) x Specific

gas (Qeg) heat of exhaust gas (Cpg) x (Teg - Tr)

where meg = mass flow rate of air (ma) + mass flow rate of fuel (mf)

ma = Vol. flow rate of air (Qa) x density of air (a)

a = atm pressure (p) / (Gas constant (R) x Room temperature (Tr))

Qa = coefficient of discharge (cd) x area of orifice (ao) x velocity of air (va)

Va = (2g x height of air column (ha))

ha = (density of water ( w) x monometer reading(hw) / density of air ( a)

6. Unaccounted Loss (Qua) = FP-(BP+Qcw+Qeg)

GRAPH

Percentage of load (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% & 100%), Vs BP (%),Qcw(%),Qeg(%)&Qua(%).

Place % of losses in a stacked manner along Y axis for clarity.


(Autonomous)



40 | P a g e

Qa = Cd x ao x Va

=

= ____________________________ m3/s

ma = Qa x a

=

` =_____________________________ kg/s

meg = ma + mf

=

=_____________________________kg/s

Qeg = meg x Cpg x (Teg Tr)

=

= _____________________________kW

6. Unaccounted Loss (Qua) = FuP (BP+Qcw+Qeg)

=

= __________________kW


(Autonomous)



41 | P a g e

RESULT TABULATION

S.No Heat Input

(FuP)

Brake Power

(BP)

Cooling

water Loss

(Qcw)

Exhaust gas

loss

(Qeg)

Unaccounted

loss

(Qua)

kW % kW % kW % kW % kW %

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

RESULT

The heat balance test is conducted for a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by

mechanical loading with different loads at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the charts are

drawn.


(Autonomous)



42 | P a g e

OBSERVATION

Specific gravity of the fuel : ______

Calorific value of the fuel (CV) : ______ kJ/kg

Efficiency of alternator : _____

Input Voltage (Vi) : _____volts

Maximum load to be applied Amax = {BP x x 1000 / (Vi) Amps

=

= ___________________________A

TABULATION


S.No Applied load (rounded off) Time for 10cc of fuel consumption(s)

A (amps) V (volt) t1 t 2 tavg

1 0% of Amax

2 25% of Amax

3 50% of Amax

4 75% of Amax

5 100% of Amax


1) Engine 2) Fly wheel 3) Alternator 4) Fuel tank 5) Burette 6) Air box

7) U tube Manometer 8) Orifice 9) Cooling water in 10) Cooling water out

11) Exhaust 12) Water path (Copper rod immersed) 13) Loading wheel


(Autonomous)



43 | P a g e

Ex. No. Date:


ENGINE BY ELECTRICAL LOADING

AIM



APPARATUS REQUIRED

Tachometer, Stopwatch, thermometer, measuring tape, etc.


Engine Make

Power (BP)

Speed (N)

Bore (B)

Stroke (SL)

Type of Lubrication

Fuel used

PROCEDURE



oil stump.



5. Gradually the engine is loaded by electrically and the speed is maintained constant.


applied.

7. Note the corresponding readings of voltmeter, ammeter & fuel consumption.

8. After taking the readings, unload the engine, allow it to run for few minutes and

then stop the engine.


(Autonomous)



44 | P a g e

MODEL CALCULATION


(tavg x 1000)

=

= ____________________kg/sec


=

= ____________________kW


=

= ____________________kW


=

= ____________________kg/sec/kW



=

= ____________________kW


=

= ____________________%


=

= ____________________%


(Autonomous)



45 | P a g e

FORMULAE USED


(tavg x 1000)





method (BP Vs FC)





Efficiency









12. Torque = (BP x 60 x 103) / (2N)


(Autonomous)



46 | P a g e


=

=____________________%


(BMEP)

=

=____________________bar

11. Indicated mean effective pressure = (IP x 60 )/( 100 x A x SL x N1)

(IMEP)

=

=____________________bar

12. Torque = (BP x 60 x 103) / (2N)

=

=____________________Nm


(Autonomous)



47 | P a g e

GRAPH





RESULT TABULATION

S.No

FC

X 1

0-4

F

uP

BP

SF

C

X 1

0-4

IP

BM

EP

IME

P

TO

RQ

UE

kg/Sec kW kW kg/Sec

kW


1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

RESULT


electrical loading with different loads at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the characteristics

graphs are drawn.


(Autonomous)



48 | P a g e

OBSERVATION

Specific gravity & Calorific value (CV) of the fuel : _______ & ______kJ/kg

Specific heat of cooling water (Cpw) & exhaust gas (Cpg) : _______& ______ kJ/kg

Coefficient of discharge (Cd) : ____

Efficiency of alternator : ____

Input voltage (Vi) : ____volts

Maximum load to be applied Amax =(BP x x 1000) / (Vi) Amps

=

= ___________________________A

TABULATION


1) Engine 2) Flu wheel3) Alternator 4) Fuel tank 5) Burette 6) Air box

7) U tube Manometer 8) Orifice 9) Cooling water in 10) Cooling water out 11)exhaust

12) Wpath (copper rod immersed) 13) Loading wheel

S.No Applied load

(rounded off)

Time for 10cc of

fuel consumption

(s)

Cooling water

temperature

(oC)

Mass flow

rate of

water (mcw)

kg/sec

Exhaust

gas temp

(Teg) oC

Manometer

reading

(difference in

water column)

(hw) x 10-2

m A(amps) V (volt) t1 t 2 tavg Ti To

1 0% of Lmax

2 25% of Lmax

3 50% of Lmax

4 75% of Lmax

5 100% of Lmax


(Autonomous)



49 | P a g e

Ex. No. Date:


ENGINE BY ELECTRICAL LOADING

AIM



APPARATUS REQUIRED



Engine Make

Power (BP)

Speed (N)

Bore (B)

Stroke (SL)

Type of Lubrication

PROCEDURE



oil stump.



5. Gradually the engine is loaded by electrically and the speed is maintained constant.


applied.

7. Note the corresponding readings of Voltmeter, ammeter, mass flow rate of water, fuel


temperature, etc.


stop the engine.


(Autonomous)



50 | P a g e

MODEL CALCULATION


(tavg x 1000)

=

= ____________________kg/sec


=

= ____________________kW


=

= ____________________kW


Water (Qcw)

=

= ____________________ kW


gas (Qeg)

Where ha = ( w x hw) / a

=

= ____________________m

Va = (2g x ha)

=

=__________________m/s


(Autonomous)



51 | P a g e

FORMULAE USED


(tavg x 1000)








ma = Vol. flow rate of air (Qa) x density of air ( a)






GRAPH




(Autonomous)



52 | P a g e

Qa = Cd x area of orifice(ao) x Va

=

= ____________________________ m3/s

ma = Qa x a

=

=_____________________________ kg/s

meg = ma + mf

=

=_____________________________kg/s


=

= _____________________________kW


=

= __________________kW


(Autonomous)



53 | P a g e

RESULT TABULATION

S.No Heat Input

(FuP)

Brake Power

(BP)

Cooling

water Loss

(Qcw)

Exhaust gas

loss

(Qeg)

Unaccounted

loss

(Qua)


6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

RESULT


electrical loading with different loads at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the charts are drawn.


(Autonomous)



54 | P a g e

OBSERVATION

Diameter of the orifice = ______ mm

Room temperature = ______ oC

TABULATION

S.No Gauge

Pressure

(bar)

Absolute

Pressure

(bar)

Load

(kgf)

Speed in rpm Inlet air temperature in Outlet temperature of

LP cylinder or

Inlet of the intercooler

T1

Mano

meteric

Reading

(h1 - h2)m

Motor

Nm

Compressor

Nc

LP Cylinder

(Ti)

HP Cylinder

(T2)

oC K oC K oC K

1

2

3

4

5 `

6


(Autonomous)



55 | P a g e

Ex. No. Date:

PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR

AIM

To conduct the performance test on Air compressor and to determine the volumetric

efficiency, isothermal efficiency, adiabatic efficiency, free air delivered and heat lost in the

intercooler.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Tachometer, thermometer

COMPRESSOR SPECIFICATION

Power of the motor : 5.52 kW

Speed of the motor : 1440 rpm

Type of acting : Single

No. of Stages : Two

Bore of LP Cylinder : 100 mm

Bore of HP Cylinder : 80 mm

Stroke : 89 mm

Max. Operating Pressure : 10 bar

PROCEDURE

1. The Compressor motor is started after noting the room temperature.

2. The Pressure in the compressed air storage tank is maintained at atmospheric pressure

by fully opening the delivery valve. The readings from various thermometers and

spring balance are noted.

3. The Speeds of the compressor and motor are noted.

4. The Pressure of storage tank is maintained at 2 bar by adjusting the delivery valve and

the corresponding readings are noted.

5. The Procedure is repeated for 4,6,8 and 10 bar.

6. The compressor motor is stopped.


(Autonomous)



56 | P a g e

MODEL CALCULATION

1. Density of air ( a) = Patm / R x Ta

=

=______________________ kg/m3

2. Height of air column (ha) = whw/ a

=

=______________________ m

3. Velocity of air (Va) = a

=

=______________________ m/s

4. Volume flow rate of air (Qa) = Va x ao x Cd

=

=______________________ m3/s

5. Volume flow rate of air at NTP (Qa)NTP = (Qa x 273) / Ta

=

=______________________ m3/s

6. Theoretical volume flow rate of air (Qth) = (A x L x Nc) / 60

=

=______________________ m3/s

7. Volumetric efficiency = (Qa/Qth) x 100

=

=______________________ %


(Autonomous)



57 | P a g e

FORMULAE USED

1. Density of air ( a) = Patm / R x Ta

2. Height of air column (ha) = whw/ a

3. Velocity of air (Va) = a

4. Volume flow rate of air (Qa) = Va x ao x Cd

5. Volume flow rate of air at NTP (Qa)NTP = (Qa x 273) / Ta

6. Theoretical volume flow rate of air (Qth) = (A x L x Nc) / 60

7. Volumetric efficiency = (Qa/Qth) x 100

8. Mass flow rate of air (ma) = a x Qa

9. Input power (IP) = [(W x Nm) / 2000] x 0.736

10. Isothermal power (Piso) = (maRT / 1000) x ln(Pa/Ps)

11. Isothermal efficiency ( iso) = (Piso/IP) x 100

12. Adiabatic power (Pad)

13. Adiabatic efficiency ( ad) = (Pad/IP) x 100

14. Heat lost in the intercooler = ma Cpa (T2-T1)kW

GRAPH

Delivery Pressure Vs. Volumetric efficiency, Isothermal Efficiency, Adiabatic

Efficiency, Free air delivered and Heat lost in the intercooler.


(Autonomous)



58 | P a g e

8. Mass flow rate of air (ma) = a x Qa

=

=______________________ kg/s

9. Input power (IP) = [(W x Nm) / 2000] x 0.736

=

=______________________ kW

10. Isothermal power (Piso) = (maRT / 1000) x ln(Pa/Ps)

=

=______________________ kW

11. Isothermal efficiency ( iso) = (Piso/IP) x 100

=

=______________________ %

12. Adiabatic power (Pad) =[(maR(T1+T2) / 1000] x ( / -1) [(Pd/Ps) 1]

=

=______________________ kW

13. Adiabatic efficiency ( ad) = (Pad/IP) x 100

=

=______________________ %

14. Heat lost in the intercooler = ma Cpa (T2-T2)

=

=______________________ kW


(Autonomous)



59 | P a g e

RESULT TABULATION

S.No Absolute

Pressure

(bar)

Input

Power

kW

Iso

Thermal

Power

kW

iso Adiabatic

Power

kW

adi Heat lost

in

intercooler

kW

Free air

delivered

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

RESULT

Thus the performance test on reciprocating air compressor is conducted and the

characteristic curves are drawn.


(Autonomous)



60 | P a g e

OBSERVATION

Time in

minutes

Temperature of Refrigerator (oC) Pressure of Refrigerant in psi

T1 T2 T3 T4 P1 P2 P3 P4

0

10

20

Steady state

Condition

T1 = __________oC P1=P4=_________psi

T2 = __________oC P2=P3=_________psi

MODEL CALCULATION

P1=P4= ------------ + 1.013 = ------------- bar

14.2

P2=P3= ------------ + 1.013 = ------------- bar

14.2

PROCESS CHART

1 Compressor Inlet Condition

2 Compressor Outlet Condition

3 Condenser Outlet Condition

4 Evaporator Inlet Condition

FROM P-H CHART

H1 = ____________kJ/kg, H 2=_______________kJ/kg, H3=_____________kJ/kg

H1-H4 H1-H3

Theoretical COP = --------------- = ------------------- = ____________

H2-H1 H2-H1


(Autonomous)



61 | P a g e

Ex. No. Date:

PERFORMANCE TEST ON A REFRIGERATOR

AIM

To determine the COP of the vapour compression refrigerator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Thermometer and Stop watch.

PROCEDURE

1. Switch off the solenoid valve.

2. Open the valve in the capillary line.

3. Switch on the compressor.

4. After steady state conditions are achieved, switch on the solenoid valve and close the

valve in the capillary line.

5. Refrigerated space is opened for loading.

6. Steady state conditions are achieved after sometime noted by indication of same

temperature for at least 10 minutes.

7. Temperature and pressure at compressor inlet and outlet, condenser outlet are noted.

RESULT

The theoretical COP of the vapour compression refrigerator = ________________


(Autonomous)



62 | P a g e

OBSERVATION: COOLING PROCESS

1. Butterfly valve opening : 75o

2. Size of the duct : 250 x 250 mm

3. Velocity of air in the duct (Refer chart) : 4.55 m/sec (at 75o opening)

4. Rota meter reading (at steady state) : R1= 138 lit/hr

5. Time taken for 20 revolutions of energy meter : 35 sec

6. Energy meter constant : 600 rev./kWhr

TABULATION

Time in

minutes

Pressure(PSI) Temperature of Refrigerator (oC)

P1 = P4 P2 = P3 T1 T2 T3 T4

0

10

20

Steady state

Condition

Air Circuit

Air inlet condition 1

Air outlet condition 2

a) Inlet temperature of dry air DBT1 =_____________________oC

WBT1 =_____________________oC

b) Outlet temperature of dry air DBT2 =_____________________oC

WBT2 =_____________________oC

Ha1 =_____________________kJ/kg

Ha2 =_____________________kJ/kg

Da1 = (1/sp. vol@1)

=

=__________________kg/m3

sp. vol@1 taken from psychrometric chart


(Autonomous)



63 | P a g e

Ex. No. Date:

PERFORMANCE TEST ON AN AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

AIM

To find the theoretical COP, actual COP, heat absorbed and cooling load of the given

apparatus.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Thermometer

PROCEDURE

1. Switch on the condenser fan.

2. Switch on the blower.

3. Switch on the compressor.

4. Open the butterfly valve.

5. After attaining the steady state, note down the following

a. DBT & WBT of air before cooling coil

b. DBT & WBT of air after cooling coil

c. Pressure & Temperature of Refrigerant at compressor inlet

d. Pressure & Temperature of Refrigerant at compressor outlet

e. Pressure & Temperature of Refrigerant at condenser outlet

f. Compressor energy meter reading time for 20 revolutions

g. Rotameter reading

h. Butterfly valve opening

6. After taking all the readings, switch off compressor first.

7. Allow blower and fan to run for 20 minutes and then switch off both.


(Autonomous)



64 | P a g e

MODEL CALCULATION

P1=P4= ------------ + 1.013 = ------------- bar (abs)

14.2

P2=P3= ------------ + 1.013 = ------------- bar (abs)

14.2

From P-H Chart

H1 = ____________kJ/kg

H 2=_______________kJ/kg

H3= H4 = _____________kJ/kg

Heat absorbed = H1 - H4

= _____________kJ/kg

Heat absorbed x mass flow rate of refrigerant (mr) 1. Refrigeration capacity = ------------------------------------------------------------- ______________________________211 R1 x D1 Where Mass flow rate of refrigerant (mr) = ----------- = 60 x 1000 (H1-H4) x mr Refrigeration Capacity = ------------------ 211 = = _______________ TR 2. Theoretical COP = (H1-H4) ------------------ (H2-H1) = =_________________


(Autonomous)



65 | P a g e

FORMULAE USED

Heat absorbed x mass flow rate of refrigerant (mr)

1. Refrigeration capacity = -------------------------------------------------------------

211

R1 x D1

Where Mass flow rate of refrigerant (mr) = ----------- =

60 x 1000

Refrigeration Capacity = (H1-H4) x mr ------------------ 211 2. Theoretical COP = (H1-H4) ------------------ (H2-H1) 3. Actual COP = mr x (H1-H4) ------------------ Compressor Power Where Compressor Power = 20 x 3600 ------------- T1 x Ec

Where T1 = Time for 20 revolutions

Energy meter constant (Ec) = 600

COOLING LOAD CIRCUIT

Mass of air (kg/hr) = 0.25 x 0.25 x Va1 x 3600 x density of air (D1) kg/hr

Cooling Load = Mass flow rate of air x Ha1 Ha2

------------------------------------------

60 x 211


(Autonomous)



66 | P a g e

3. Actual COP = mr x (H1-H4)

------------------ Compressor Power Compressor Power = 20 x 3600 ------------- = ------------------------------- T1 x Ec

=

= _________________________

COOLING LOAD CIRCUIT

4. Mass of air (kg/hr) = 0.25 x 0.25 x Va1 x 3600 x D1

=

= _________________________ kg/hr

5. Cooling Load = Mass flow rate of air x Ha1 Ha2

------------------------------------------

60 x 211

=

= _________________________


(Autonomous)



67 | P a g e

RESULT

Theoretical COP of air conditioner =_____________________

Actual COP of air Conditioner =_____________________

Refrigeration capacity (Ref. Circuit) =_____________________

Refrigeration capacity (Air Circuit) =_____________________


(Autonomous)



68 | P a g e

OBSERVATION

Specific gravity of the fuel = _________

Calorific value of the fuel (CV) = _________kJ/kg

Maximum load to be applied (Lmax) = {BP x 60 x 1000/ (2 x N x r)} x 9.81 kg

=

= ___________________________kg

TABULATION


S.No Applied load (L) kg

(rounded off)

Time for 10cc of fuel consumption(sec)

t1 t 2 tavg

1 0% of Lmax

2 25% of Lmax

3 50% of Lmax

4 75% of Lmax

5 100% of Lmax


(Autonomous)



69 | P a g e

Ex. No. Date:


ENGINE BY HYDRAULIC LOADING

AIM


hydraulic loading with different loads at constant speed.

APPARATUS REQUIRED



Engine Make

Power (BP)

Speed (N)

Bore (B)

Stroke (SL)

Type of Lubrication

Fuel used

PROCEDURE



oil stump.







applied.

8. Note the corresponding readings of spring balance & fuel consumption.


stop the engine.


(Autonomous)



70 | P a g e

MODEL CALCULATION


(tavg x 1000)

=

= ____________________kg/sec


=

= ____________________kW

3. Brake Power (BP) = (W x N x 0.75) / (2000)

=

= ____________________kW


=

= ____________________kg/sec/kW



=

= ____________________kW


=

= ____________________%


=

= ____________________%


(Autonomous)



71 | P a g e

FORMULAE USED


(tavg x 1000)


3. Brake Power (BP) = (2NT) / (60 x 1000)

Where Cb = Circumference of the brake drum = 0.94m



method (BP Vs FC)





Efficiency









12. Torque = Load(L) x 9.81 x radius of brake drum


(Autonomous)



72 | P a g e


=

=____________________%


(BMEP)

=

=____________________bar

17. Indicated mean effective pressure = (BP x 60 )/( 100 x A x SL x N1)

(IMEP)

=

=____________________bar

18. Torque = L x 9.81 x radius of brake drum

=

=____________________Nm


(Autonomous)



73 | P a g e

GRAPH





RESULT TABULATION

S.No

FC

X 1

0-4

B

P

SF

C

X 1

0-4

IP

Fu

P

BM

EP

IME

P

TO

RQ

UE

Kg/Sec kW Kg/Sec

kW

kW % kW % % bar bar N-m

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

RESULT


hydraulic loading with different loads at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the characteristics

graphs are drawn.


(Autonomous)



74 | P a g e

OBSERVATION

Specific gravity of the fuel :

Calorific value of the fuel (CV) :

Specific heat of cooling water :

Specific heat of exhaust gas :

Coefficient of discharge :

Maximum load to be applied Lmax = {BP x 60 x 1000/ (2 x N x r)} x 9.81 kg

=

= ___________________________kg

TABULATION

S.No Applied load

(L) kg

(rounded off)

Time for 10cc

of fuel

consumption

(s)

Cooling water

temperature

(oC)

Mass flow

rate of

water (mcw)

kg/sec

Exhaust

gas temp

(Teg) oC

Manometer

reading

(difference in

water column)

(hw) x 10-2

m t1 t 2 tavg Ti To

1 0% of Lmax

2 25% of Lmax

3 50% of Lmax

4 75% of Lmax

5 100% of Lmax


(Autonomous)



75 | P a g e

Ex. No. Date:


ENGINE BY HYDRAULIC LOADING

AIM


hydraulic loading with different loads at constant speed.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Tachometer, Stopwatch, thermometer, measuring tape, etc


Engine Make

Power (BP)

Speed (N)

Bore (B)

Stroke (SL)

Type of Lubrication

PROCEDURE



oil stump.







applied.

8. Note the corresponding readings of spring balance, mass flow rate of water, fuel


temperature, etc.


stop the engine.


(Autonomous)



76 | P a g e

MODEL CALCULATION


(tavg x 1000)

=

= ____________________kg/sec


=

= ____________________kW

3. Brake Power (BP) = (W x N x 0.75) / (2000)

=

= ____________________kW


Water (Qcw)

=

= ____________________ kW


gas (Qeg)

Where ha = ( w x hw) / a

=

= ____________________m

Va = (2g x ha)

=

=__________________m/s


(Autonomous)



77 | P a g e

FORMULAE USED


(tavg x 1000)


3. Brake Power (BP) = (2NT) / (60 x 1000)






ma = Vol. flow rate of air (Qa) x density of air ( a)






GRAPH




(Autonomous)



78 | P a g e

Qa = Cd x ao x Va

=

= ____________________________ m3/s

ma = Qa x a

=

=_____________________________ kg/s

meg = ma + mf

=

=_____________________________kg/s


=

= _____________________________kW


=

= __________________kW


(Autonomous)



79 | P a g e

RESULT TABULATION

S.No Heat Input

(FuP)

Brake Power

(BP)

Cooling

water Loss

(Qcw)

Exhaust gas

loss

(Qeg)

Unaccounted

loss

(Qua)


11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

RESULT


hydraulic loading with different loads at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the charts are

drawn.


(Autonomous)



80 | P a g e

OBSERVATION

Specific gravity of fuel :

Calorific value of fuel :

Efficiency of Alternator :

Input voltage :

Maximum load to be applied: Lmax = {BP x 60 x 1000/ (2 x N x r)} x 9.81 kg

=

= _______________ kg

Where R- Radius of arm

TABULATION


Sl.No. Applied load(rounded off) Time for 10cc of fuel consumption (s)

Current (A) Voltage (V) t1 t2 tavg

1 0% of Amax

2 25% of Amax

3 50% of Amax

4 75% of Amax

5 100% of Amax


(Autonomous)



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Ex No.: Date:


ENGINE BY EDDY CURRENT LOADING

AIM

To conduct a performance test on a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by eddy current

loading with different loads at constant speed.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Tachometer, stopwatch, thermometer, measuring tape, etc.


Engine Make

Power (BP)

Speed (N)

Bore (B)

Stroke (SL)

Type of lubrication

Fuel used

PROCEDURE

1. Calculate maximum load to be applied for the selected engine.

2. Check the fuel supply, water circulation in the water system and lubricating oil in the oil sump.

3. Ensure no load condition

4. The engine is started and allowed to run on idle speed for a few minutes.

5. Gradually the engine is loaded by electrical dynamometer and the speed is maintained constant.

6. Load the engine in steps of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% & 100% of maximum load to be applied.

7. Note the corresponding readings of voltmeter, ammeter, and fuel consumption.

8. After taking the readings, unload the engine, allow it to run for few minutes and then stop the engine.


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MODEL CALCULATION


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FORMULAE USED


(tavg x 1000)

2. Fuel Power (FuP) = FC x CV

3. Brake Power (BP) = (2NT) / (60)

4. Specific fuel consumption (SFC) = FC/BP

5. Frictional Power (FP) = Calculate from Willans graphical method (BP Vs

FC)


7. Mechanical Efficiency (m) = (BP/IP) x 100

8. Brake thermal efficiency (bt) = (BP/FuP) x 100

9. Indicated thermal efficiency (it) = (IP/FuP) x 100

10. Brake mean effective pressure = (BP x 60) / (100 x Area of cylinder (A) x Stroke (SL)

(BMEP) x speed (N1))

Where N1=N/2 for 4 stroke engine


11. Indicated mean effective pressure = (IP x 60) / (100 x Area of cylinder (A) x Stroke (SL)

(IMEP) x speed (N1))

Where N1=N/2 for 4 stroke engine


12. Torque = (BP x 60 x 103) / (2N)


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MODEL CALCULATION


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GRAPH

1. Brake power Vs Fuel consumption

2. Brake power Vs variation of specific fuel consumption, mechanical efficiency, brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, brake mean effective pressure,

indicated mean effective pressure and torque.

RESULT TABULATION

Sl.

No.

FC

BP

SF

C

IP

m

FuP

b

t

it

BM

EP

IME

P

TO

RQ

UE

kg/s kW kg/

kWh kW % kW % % bar bar N-m

1

2

3

4

5

RESULT

The performance test is conducted for a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine by eddy

current loading with different loads at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the characteristics

graphs are drawn.


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OBSERVATION

Specific gravity of fuel :

Calorific value of fuel :

Efficiency of Alternator :

Input voltage :

Maximum load to be applied: Lmax = {BP x 60 x 1000/ (2 x N x r)} x 9.81 kg

=

= _______________ kg

Where R- Radius of arm

TABULATION

Sl.

No

.

Applied load

(rounded off)

Time for 10cc

of fuel

consumption

(sec)

Cooling

water

temperature

(oC)

Mass

flow

rate of

water

(mcw)

kg/sec

Exhaust

gas

temp

(Teg) oC

Manometer

reading

(difference in

water column)

(hw) x 10-2

m A (amps) V (volt) t1 t2 tavg Ti To

1 0% of Amax

2 25% of Amax

3 50% of Amax

4 75% of Amax

5 100% of Amax


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EX. No.: Date:


ENGINE BY EDDY CURRENT LOADING

AIM

To conduct a heat balance test for a single cylinder four stroke diesel

Mechanical Engg Lab for Chemical

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