Measuring Solubility & Crystallization Behaviour Joop H. ter Horst EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation (CMAC) Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS) Technology and Innovation Centre University of Strathclyde 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K. Email: [email protected]
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Measuring Solubility Crystallization Behaviour...Maria Briuglia, Jan Sefcik, Joop H. ter Horst, Measuring secondary nucleation through single crystal seeding, Crystal Growth Design
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Measuring Solubility &
Crystallization Behaviour
Joop H. ter Horst EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation (CMAC) Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS) Technology and Innovation Centre University of Strathclyde 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K. Email: [email protected]
Slide 2
Slide 3
Ter Horst Group
Technology & Innovation Centre
Prof. Joop H. ter Horst EPSRC Future Manufacturing Research Hub (CMAC) Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS) Technology and Innovation Centre University of Strathclyde 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K. Phone: +44 141 548 2858 Email: [email protected] www.strath.ac.uk www.cmac.ac.uk www.coreitn.eu
Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences
J.H. ter Horst, C. Schmidt, J. Ulrich, Fundamentals of Industrial Crystallization, In: Nishinaga T, Rudolph P, editors, Handbook of Crystal Growth, Vol. II., Elsevier, 2015, pp. 1317–49, DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63303-3.00032-8.
Filtration removes (part of) the heterogeneous particles
Nucleation occurs in bulk of solution onto heterogeneous (dust) particle
Heterogeneous Crystal Nucleation
Crystal Nucleation Rate Mechanism
P(t)
t [s]
Slide 28
Heterogeneous Nucleation of CO2 bubbles on a Mentos in Diet Coke
Slide 29
Crystal Nucleation
nucleation
primary secondary
homogeneous heterogeneous
Measuring Solubility & Crystallization Behaviour
• Solubility
• Solubility in Complex Multicomponent Systems
• Primary Nucleation
• Secondary Nucleation
Slide 31
Secondary Nucleation is the formation of particles due to the presence of other particles
Attrition Fluid Shear
Develop a systematic method for
secondary nucleation assessment
Secondary Nucleation
Slide 32
Metastable Zone Width Of isonicotinamide (INA) in Ethanol
Clear point temperature: Increase solubility until suspension turns into a clear solution Cloud point temperature: Decrease solubility until clear solution turns into a suspension
Slide 33
Induction time measurements Of isonicotinamide (INA) in Ethanol
Induction time: the time it takes for crystals to be detected at constant supersaturation
Slide 34
Induction time measurements Of isonicotinamide (INA) in Ethanol
Slide 35
Single Crystal Seed Experiment
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Calibrating Suspension Density
0
50
100
150
200
0 50 100 150
N
[#]
Nρ
x 103 [#/ml]
Number N of particles determined by Crystalline software versus suspension density N𝝆
50 μm monodisperse polymer particles
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Seeded experiment Unseeded experiment
Single Crystal Seed Experiment
N𝝆 x1000 [#/ml]
Suspension density in time after seeding single crystal
Slide 38
Seeded experiment Unseeded experiment
Single Crystal Seed Experiment
N𝝆 x1000 [#/ml]
Suspension density in time after seeding single crystal
Secondary Nucleation Rate B =
Slope of suspension density in time
B = 12.8 . 103 #/ml.min
Slide 39
Seed sizes: 1.7 – 2.4 mm
Secondary nucleation rate
B x1000
[#/ml.min]
Secondary Nucleation threshold
Prevent secondary nucleation
during seeded crystallization processes
Slide 40
Secondary Nucleation Understanding
Metastable Zone Width
Choose Supersaturation S
Measure Induction Times at Selected S
Single Crystal Seeds Preparation
Measure Secondary Nucleation Rates at Selected S
Secondary Nucleation Threshold
Maria Briuglia, Jan Sefcik, Joop H. ter Horst, Measuring secondary nucleation through single crystal seeding,
Literature Solubility • J.H. ter Horst, M.A. Deij, P.W. Cains, Discovering new co-crystals, Crystal Growth Design 9(3) (2009) 1531-1537. • S. Srisanga, J.H. ter Horst, Racemic Compound, Conglomerate, or Solid Solution: Phase Diagram Screening of Chiral Compounds, Crystal Growth
Design 10(4) (2010) 1808-1812. • J. Vellema, N.G.M. Hunfeld, H.E.A. Van den Akker, J.H. ter Horst, Avoiding Crystallization of Lorazepam during Infusion, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 44 (2011)
621–626. • António O.L. Évora, Ricardo A.E. Castro, Teresa M.R. Maria, M. Ramos Silva, J.H. ter Horst, João Canotilho, M. Ermelinda S. Eusébio, Thermodynamic
based approach on the investigation of a diflunisal pharmaceutical co-crystal with improved intrinsic dissolution rate, International Journal of Pharmaceutics 466 (2014) 68–75.
• M.A. Reus, A.E.D.M. van der Heijden, J.H. ter Horst, Solubility Determination from Clear Points upon Solvent Addition, Org. Process Res. Dev. 19 (8) (2015) 1004–1011, DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00156
• A.O.L. Evora, R. Castro, T. Maria, M.R. Silva, J.H. ter Horst, J. Canotilho, M.E.S. Eusébio, Co-crystals of diflunisal and isomeric pyridinecarboxamides–a thermodynamics and crystal engineering contribution, CrystEngComm, 18 (2016) 4749–4759, DOI: 10.1039/c6ce00380j (May 3, 2016).
Primary Nucleation • S. Jiang, J.H. ter Horst, Crystal Nucleation Rates from Probability Distributions of Induction Times, Crystal Growth Design 11 (2011) 256-261. • S.S. Kadam, S.A. Kulkarni, R. Coloma Ribera, A.I. Stankiewicz, J.H. ter Horst, Herman J.M. Kramer, A new view on the metastable zone width during
cooling crystallization, Chem. Eng. Sci. 72 (2012) 10–19. • S.A. Kulkarni, S.S. Kadam, H. Meekes, A.I. Stankiewicz, J.H. ter Horst, Crystal Nucleation Kinetics from Induction Times and Metastable Zone Widths,
Crystal Growth Design 13(6) (2013) 2435-2440. • R.J. Davey, S.L.M. Schroeder, J.H. ter Horst, Nucleation of Organic Crystals – A Molecular Perspective, Angewandte Chemie International Edition 52
(2013) 2166-2179, DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204824. • R. A. Sullivan, R. J. Davey, G. Sadiq, G. Dent, K. R. Back, J. H. ter Horst, D. Toroz, R. B. Hammond, Revealing the Roles of Desolvation and Molecular
Self-Assembly in Crystal Nucleation from Solution: Benzoic and p-Aminobenzoic Acid, Cryst. Growth Des. 14 (2014) 2689−2696. • Antonella Caridi, Samir A. Kulkarni, Gianluca Di Profio, Efrem Curcio, Joop H. ter Horst, Template-Induced Nucleation of Isonicotinamide
Polymorphs, Cryst. Growth Des. 14 (2014) 1135−1141. • J.H. ter Horst, C. Brandel, Measuring Induction Times and Crystal Nucleation Rates, Faraday Discuss. 179 (2015) 199 • C. Brandel, Y. Cartigny, S. Petit, J.H. ter Horst, G. Coquerel, Pre-Nucleation Self-Assembly and Chiral Discrimination Mechanisms during Solution
Crystallization of Racemic Diprophylline, Chemistry-A European Journal 22 (2016) 16103-16112, DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602707 (September 26, 2016).
• H. Yang, J.H. ter Horst, Crystal Nucleation of Small Organic Molecules, pp 317-337, In: New Perspectives on Mineral Nucleation and Growth, Editors: A.E.S. Van Driessche, M. Kellermeier, L.G. Benning, Denis Gebauer (2017), Springer International Publishing, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45669-0_16.
Secondary Nucleation • C.J. Brown, …, J.H. ter Horst, …, Enabling Precision Manufacturing of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients: Workflow for Seeded Cooling Continuous
Crystallisations. Molecular Systems Design Engineering (2018) https://doi.org/10.1039/C7ME00096K. • M. Briuglia, J. Sefcik, J.H. ter Horst, submitted