Measurement & Analysis of Electricity Consumption in MMRDA Region

8/2/2019 Measurement & Analysis of Electricity Consumption in MMRDA Region

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION


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INTRODUCTION

1.1 Energy & Its Forms

Energy is the ability to do work and work is the transfer of energy from one form to

another. Energy is available in different forms heat (thermal), light (radiant),mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy. There are two types of energy -

stored (potential) energy and working (kinetic) energy. For example, in case of an

Internal Combustion Engine the chemical energy stored in the fuel is converted in the

form of mechanical energy.

1. Potential Energy

Potential energy is stored energy and the energy of position (gravitational). It exists

in following forms.

2. Chemical Energy

Chemical energy is the energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules.

Biomass, petroleum, natural gas, propane and coal are examples of stored chemicalenergy.

3. Nuclear Energy

Nuclear energy is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom - the energy that

holds the nucleus together. The nucleus of a uranium atom is an example of nuclear

energy.

4. Stored Mechanical Energy

Stored mechanical energy is energy stored in objects by the application of a force.

Compressed springs and stretched rubber bands are examples of stored mechanical

energy.

5. Gravitational Energy

Gravitational energy is the energy of place or position. Water in a reservoir behind ahydropower dam is an example of gravitational energy. When the water is released

to spin the turbines, it becomes motion energy.

6. Kinetic Energy

Kinetic energy is energy in motion- the motion of waves, electrons, atoms,

molecules and substances. It exists in following forms.

7. Radiant Energy

Radiant energy is electromagnetic energy that travels in transverse waves. Radiant

energy includes visible light, x-rays, gamma rays and radio waves. Solar energy is an

example of radiant energy.

8. Thermal Energy

Thermal energy (or heat) is the internal energy in substances- the vibration andmovement of atoms and molecules within substances. Geothermal energy is an

example of thermal energy.

9. Electrical Energy

Electrical energy is the movement of electrons. Lightning and electricity are

examples of electrical energy.


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1.2 Electrical Energy

Electrical energy is not generally referred to as electrical energy for the layperson, and

is most commonly known as electricity. Electrical energy is the scientific form of

electricity, and refers to the flow of power or the flow of charges along a conductor to

create energy. Electrical energy is known to be a secondary source of energy, which

means that we obtain electrical energy through the conversion of other forms of

energy. These other forms of energy are known as the primary sources of energy and

can be used from coal, nuclear energy, natural gas, or oil. The primary sources from

which we create electrical energy can be either non-renewable forms of energy or

renewable forms of energy. Electrical energy however is neither non-renewable nor

renewable.

Electrical energy is a standard part of nature, and today it is our most widely used form

of energy. Many towns and cities were developed beside waterfalls which are known

to be primary sources of mechanical energy. Wheels would be built in the waterfalls

and the falls would turn the wheels in order to create energy that fuelled the cities and

towns. Before this type of electrical energy generation was developed, homes would

be lit with candles and kerosene lamps, and would be warmed with coal or wood-

burning stoves.

Benjamin Franklin and the famous story of a kite on a stormy evening was the first to

discover the initial principles of electrical energy. Thomas Edison came along to perfect

these principles with the invention of the light bulb. Following this, Nikola Tesla

developed the notion of AC electrical energy, which referred to as alternating current

electrical energy. With AC energy, electrical energy could be transmitted over much

larger distances. With this discovery, electrical energy could then be used to light

homes and to power machines that would be more effective at heating homes as well.

It is important to understand that electrical energy is not a kind of energy in and of

itself, but it is rather a form of transferring energy from one object or element to

another. The energy that is being transferred is the electrical energy. In order for

electrical energy to transfer at all, it must have a conductor or a circuit that will enable

the transfer of the energy. This is what Benjamin Franklin discovered when the

electrical energy was transferred from the lightning to his kite, with the kite acting as

his conductor or circuit. Electrical energywill occur when electric charges are moving

or changing position from one element or object to another. When the electrical

energy is moved, it is frequently stored in what we know of today as batteries or

energy cells.


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1.3 Grades of Energy

High-grade energy

Electrical and chemical energy are high-grade energy, because the energy is

concentrated in a small space. Even a small amount of electrical and chemical energy

can do a great amount of work. The molecules or particles that store these forms of

energy are highly ordered and compact and thus considered as high grade energy.

High-grade energy like electricity is better used for high grade applications like melting

of metals rather than simply heating of water.

Low-grade energy

Heat is low-grade energy. Heat can still be used to do work (example of a heater

boiling water), but it rapidly dissipates. The molecules in which this kind of energy is

stored (air and water molecules) are more randomly distributed than the molecules of

carbon in a coal. This disordered state of the molecules and the dissipated energy are

classified as low-grade energy.

1.4 Energy through Global View

Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic development of any country. In the

case of the developing countries, the energy sector assumes a critical importance in

view of the ever-increasing energy needs requiring huge investments to meet them.

From the Global view the energy can be classified into several types based on the

following criteria:

Primary and Secondary energy

Commercial and Non commercial energy

Renewable and Non-Renewable energy

Primary and Secondary Energy

Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in nature. Common

sources are coal, oil, natural gas, and biomass (such as wood). The primary energysources can be converted into secondary energy sources like coal, gas are converted

into steam and electricity.


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Commercial Energy and Non Commercial Energy

Commercial Energy

The energy sources that are available in the market for a definite price are known as

commercial energy. By far the most important forms of commercial energy are

electricity, coal and refined petroleum products. Commercial energy forms the basis of

industrial, agricultural, transport and commercial development in the modern world. In

the industrialized countries, commercialized fuels are predominant source not only for

economic production, but also for many household tasks of general population.

Examples: Electricity, lignite, coal, oil, natural gas etc.

Non-Commercial Energy

The energy sources that are not available in the commercial market for a price are

classified as non-commercial energy. Non-commercial energy sources include fuels

such as firewood, cattle dung and agricultural wastes, which are traditionally gathered,

and not bought at a price, used especially in rural households. These are also called

traditional fuels. Non-commercial energy is often ignored in energy accounting.Example: Firewood, agro waste in rural areas, lifting water for irrigation, wind energy

for lifting water and electricity generation.

Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy

Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible.

Examples of renewable resources include wind power, solar power, geothermal

energy, tidal power and hydroelectric power (See Figure 1.2). The most important

feature of renewable energy is that it can be harnessed without the release of harmful

pollutants. Non-renewable energy is the conventional fossil fuels such as coal, oil and

gas, which are likely to deplete with time.

(Fig 1.1 Renewable & Non-Renewable Energy)


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Chapter 2

ENERGY CRISIS


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2.1 Global Energy Crisis

Energy is the lifeblood of modern era. Oil is necessary for almost all machines to move

and we live in an era where oil is necessary to produce, transport food, for movement

of vehicles, airplanes etc. We live in the age of oil. Oil is the most important

ingredient for our lives, for industry, for economic development, for our prosperity but

unfortunately, we are facing a global energy crisis with natural reserves being depleted

fast due to over consumption.

The reasons for global energy crisis are many. It can be the aging infrastructure, the

disrupting activities at oil refineries, over consumption during the cold winters. In

certain cases, accidents and pipeline failures also caused a crisis in energy supplies.

Unforeseen attacks by terrorists, or certain political events like change in government

regime, coup, etc, may cause disruption in oil and gas production. Dependence on non-

renewable sources of energy instead on utilizing the renewable sources of energy is

also one major cause of this global energy crisis. Abundantly available non-renewable

sources of energy like coal, petroleum that can be used immediately results in not

exploiting the non-renewable sources of energy like wind, water. Now, with the global

energy crisis, nations are aware of the threat of the current situation and new

technologies and developments are carried out to exploit the renewable source of

energy.

The US is heavily dependent on oil imports for its ever-increasing needs of energy.

With its huge companies and growing economy, the US also requires a growing energy

base that has not been feasible. Instead, the US is depending on imports and

petroleum imports have grown steadily and is said to be at record levels. The growing

energy scare is evident from the high rise of oil that has gone over $30 per barrel and

is still on the increase.

2.2 Causes of crisis

Market failure is possible when monopoly manipulation of markets occurs. A crisis can

develop due to industrial actions like union organized strikes and government

embargoes. The cause may be over-consumption, aging infrastructure, choke point

disruption or bottlenecks at oil refineries and port facilities that restrict fuel supply. An

emergency may emerge during unusually cold winters due to increased consumption

of energy.

Pipeline failures and other accidents may cause minor interruptions to energy supplies.

A crisis could possibly emerge after infrastructure damage from severe weather.

Attacks by terrorists or militia on important infrastructure are a possible problem forenergy consumers, with a successful strike on a Middle East facility potentially causing

global shortages. Political events, for example, when governments change due to

regime change, monarchy collapse, military occupation, and coup may disrupt oil and

gas production and create shortages.


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2.3 World Energy consumption and Reserves

World energy consumption in 2010: over 5% growth Energy markets have

combined crisis recovery and strong industry dynamism. Energy consumption in the

G20 soared by more than 5% in 2010, after the slight decrease of 2009. This strong

increase is the result of two converging trends. On the one-hand, industrialized

countries, which experienced sharp decreases in energy demand in 2009, recovered

firmly in 2010, almost coming back to historical trends. Oil, gas, coal, and electricity

markets followed the same trend. On the other hand, China and India, which showed

no signs of slowing down in 2009, continued their intense demand for all forms of

energy.

In 2009, world energy consumption decreased for the first time in 30 years

(1.1%) or 130 Mtoe (Megaton oil equivalent), as a result of the financial and

economic crisis (GDP drop by 0.6% in 2009).[ This evolution is the result of two

contrasting trends. Energy consumption growth remained vigorous in several

developing countries, specifically in Asia (+4%). Conversely, in OECD, consumption was

severely cut by 4.7% in 2009 and was thus almost down to its 2000 levels. In North

America, Europe and the CIS, consumptions shrank by 4.5%, 5% and 8.5% respectively

due to the slowdown in economic activity. China became the world's largest energy

consumer (18% of the total) since its consumption surged by 8% during 2009 (up from

4% in 2008). Oil remained the largest energy source (33%) despite the fact that its

share has been decreasing over time. Coal posted a growing role in the world's energy

consumption: in 2009, it accounted for 27% of the total.

In 2008, total worldwide energy consumption was 474 exajoules

(4741018 J=132,000 TWh). This is equivalent to an average energy consumption rate

of 15 terawatts (1.5041013 W). The potential for renewable energy is: solar energy

1600 EJ (444,000 TWh), wind power 600 EJ (167,000 TWh), geothermal energy 500 EJ

(139,000 TWh), biomass 250 EJ (70,000 TWh), hydropower 50 EJ (14,000 TWh) andocean energy 1 EJ (280 TWh).

More than half of the energy has been consumed in the last two decades since

the industrial revolution, despite advances in efficiency and sustainability. According to

IEA world statistics in four years (20042008) the world population increased 5%,

annual CO2 emissions increased 10% and gross energy production increased 10%.


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The total estimated amount

non-producible oil, is called

and limitations in petroleum

brought to the surface, and i

reserves. The ratio of produ

often referred to as the reco

The recovery factor of any p

history and in response to ch

may also rise over time if a

techniques such as gas injeenhanced oil recovery.

Based on data from OPEC a

including non-conventional

Saudi Arabia (18% of global re

Because the geology of t

techniques must be used to e

new technologies have inc

uncertainties still remain. In

field are conservative andreserves growth.

CRUDE OIL

(Fig 2.1 Crude Oil)

of oil in an oil reservoir, including both prod

il in place. However, because of reservoir cha

extraction technologies, only a fraction of this

t is only this producible fraction that is consid

ible oil reserves to total oil in place for a gi

ery factor. Recovery factors vary greatly amon

rticular field may change over time based on

anges in technology and economics. The reco

dditional investment is made in enhanced o

tion, surfactants injection, water-flooding, o

the beginning of 2011 the highest proved o

il deposits are in Venezuela (20% of global

serves), Canada (13% of global reserves), Iran (

e subsurface cannot be examined directl

stimate the size and recoverability of the reso

reased the accuracy of these techniques,

general, most early estimates of the reserve

tend to grow with time. This phenomeno

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ucible and

racteristics

oil can be

ered to be

en field is

g oil fields.

operating

ery factor

il recovery

microbial

il reserves

reserves),

9%).

, indirect

rce. While

significant

s of an oil

is called


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(Fig 2.2 Distribution of proved reserves)

Oil price were $79.50 per barrel in 2010, an increase of 29% from the 2009 but

still nearly $18 per barrel below the 2008 record level. Other benchmark crudes

registered similar increases. Very strong consumption growth and continuing OPEC

production restraint helped to push prices higher late in the year, with prices reaching

a peak near $94 at year-end. After falling for two consecutive years, global oil

consumption grew by 2.7 million barrels per day (b/d), or 3.1%, to reach a record level

of 87.4 million b/d. This was the largest percentage increase since 2004 but still the

weakest global growth rate among fossil fuels. OECD consumption grew by 0.9%

(480,000 b/d), the first increase since 2005. Outside the OECD, consumption growth

was a record 2.2 million b/d, or 5.5%. Growth remained robust in China and Middle

Eastern countries, with Chinese consumption growing by 860,000 b/d or 10.4%. Driven

by the economic recovery, middle distillates (+4.4%) were the fastest-growing refined

product category globally. Global oil production increased by 1.8 million b/d, or 2.2%,

but did not match the rapid growth in consumption. The gains in production were

shared between OPEC and non-OPEC producers. OPEC production cuts implemented

late in 2008 were maintained throughout 2010, although relaxed production discipline

and rising output not subject to production allocations resulted in an increase of

960,000 b/d, or 2.5%. The largest increases were in Nigeria (+340,000 b/d) and Qatar

(+220,000 b/d). Oil production outside OPEC grew by 860,000 b/d, or 1.8%, the largest

increase since 2002. Growth was led by China which recorded its largest production

increase ever the US, and Russia. Continued declines in Norway which saw the

worlds largest decline and the UK partly offset growth elsewhere. Non-OPEC

countries accounted for 58.2% of global oil production in 2010, roughly the same share

as in 2000. Global crude runs increased by 1.8 million b/d, or 2.4%. Non-OECD

countries accounted for 85% of the increase, and for the first time accounted for a

majority of global throughput. Chinese throughput grew by 1 million b/d, or 13.4%.

Global refinery capacity utilization rose to 81.5%. Refining capacity increased by

720,000 b/d last year, the slowest growth since 2003. However, the aggregate growth


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figure hides net reductions in the OECD markets of Europe, Japan, the US and Canada.

Capacity additions were concentrated in the non-OECD, with growth in China (640,000

b/d) accounting for almost 90% of the global total. Installed refining capacity in the

non-OECD now exceeds that of the OECD by 1.5 million b/d. After two consecutive

declines, global oil trade grew by 2.2%, or 1.2 million b/d, with net Asia Pacific imports

accounting for nearly 90% of the growth. Net imports grew robustly in China (+14.6%,

680,000 b/d) and Japan (+7.1%, 280,000 b/d). Net export growth was largely from the

Former Soviet Union (+7.2%, 570,000 b/d) and the Middle East (+2.6%, 470,000 b/d).

The growth in global trade was roughly split between crude and refined products,

though crude still accounts for 70% of global oil trade.

(Fig 2.3 Reserves to production)

World proved oil reserves in 2010 were sufficient to meet 46.2 years of global production,

down slightly from 2009 R/P ratio because of the large increase in the world production;

global proved reserves rose slightly last year . An increase in Venezuelan official reserve

estimates drove Latin Americas R/P ratio to 93.9 years the worlds largest, surpassing the

Middle East.


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Natural gas is a naturally oc

methane, with up to 20 pe

impurities in varying amount

an important energy sour

generating electricity, providi

feedstock in the manufactureNatural gas is found in deep

other hydrocarbon reservoir

gas was created over time b

gas is created by methanog

sediments. Deeper in the ear

is created from buried organi

World natural gas consumpt

Consumption growth was ab

had the worlds largest incre

and to a new record high. Ru

volumetric increases in the ccountries also grew rapidly (

gas production grew by 7.3

worlds largest volumetric i

remained the worlds largest

to grow despite weak Nort

discounts to crude oil in 201

decline, falling for a fourth co

NATURAL GAS

(Fig 2.4 Natural Gas)

curring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting p

rcent concentration of other hydrocarbons

such as carbon dioxide. Natural gas is widely

e in many applications including heating

ng heat and power to industry and vehicles a

of products such as fertilizers.underground natural rock formations or asso

, in coal beds, and as methane clathrates. M

y two mechanisms: biogenic and thermogeni

enic organisms in marshes, bogs, landfills, a

h, at greater temperature and pressure, therm

material.

ion grew by 7.4%, the most rapid increase s

ve average in all regions except the Middle E

ase in consumption (in volumetric terms), risi

sia and China also registered large increases

untrys history in each case. Consumption in10.7%), led by a 21.5% increase in India. Glo

. Production grew rapidly in Russia (+11.6%

crease), the US (+4.7%) and Qatar (+30.7

producer, with supply of unconventional gas

American natural gas prices (which traded

1) while Canadian production saw the worl

nsecutive year.

12

rimarily of

as well as

sed and is

buildings,

d is also a

iated with

st natural

. Biogenic

d shallow

ogenic gas

ince 1984.

st. The US

g by 5.6%

the largest

ther Asianal natural

, with the

). The US

continuing

at record

ds largest


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(Fig 2.5 Global Natural Gas scenario)

Global natural gas trade increased by a robust 10.1% in 2010. A 22.6% increase in LNG shipments was

driven by a 53.2% increase in Qatari shipments. Among LNG importers, the largest volumetric growth

was in South Korea, the UK and Japan. LNG now accounts for 30.5% of global gas trade. Pipelineshipments grew by 5.4%, led by growth in Russian exports.


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Throughout history, coal ha

primarily burned as a fossil

also used for industrial purp

matter is converted into pea

This involves biological and g

time

Coal, a fossil fuel, is the lar

worldwide, as well as one of

dioxide releases. Gross carb

than those from petroleum

extracted from the ground b

seams or in open pits.

Top hard and brown coal pr

United States 997 (985), Ind

Russia 324 (297), South Afric

Colombia 74 (73)

COAL

(Fig 2.6 Coal mining)

been a useful resource for human consum

uel for the production of electricity and/or h

ses such as refining metals. Coal forms when

, which in turn is converted into lignite, then

eological processes that take place over a lon

gest source of energy for the generation of

the largest worldwide anthropogenic sources

n dioxide emissions from coal usage are sli

nd about double the amount from natural

mining, either underground by shaft mining t

oducers in 2010 (2009) were (Mt): China 3,1

ia 571 (571), Australia 420 (399), Indonesia

255 (247), Poland 134 (135), Kazakhstan 111

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tion. It is

eat, and is

dead plant

anthracite.

period of

electricity

of carbon

htly more

as. Coal is

rough the

2 (2,971),

336 (301),

(101), and


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(Fig 2.7 Production by Region) (Fig 2.8 Consumption by Region)

Coal consumption grew by 7.6% in 2010, the fastest global growth since 2003. Coal

now accounts for 29.6% of global energy consumption, up from 25.6% 10 years ago.Chinese consumption grew by 10.1%; China last year consumed 48.2% of the worlds

coal and accounted for nearly two-thirds of global consumption growth. But

consumption growth was robust elsewhere as well: OECD consumption grew by 5.2%,

the strongest growth since 1979, with strong growth in all regions. Global coal

production grew by 6.3%, with China (+9%) again accounting for two-thirds of global

growth. Elsewhere, coal production grew robustly in the US and Asia but fell in the EU,

helping to explain the relative strength of coal prices in Europe.


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Wind power harnesses the p

These turbines cause the rot

are usually built together on

annually, with a worldwide i

widely used in Europe, Asia, a

At the end of 2010, worldwi197 gigawatts (GW). Energ

worldwide electricity usage.

wind power penetration, suc

18% in Portugal, 16% in Spai

83 countries around the worl

the largest operational onsh

2010, the Roscoe Wind Far

capacity of 781.5 MW of po

(735.5 MW). As of Novemb

Kingdom is the largest offsho

Rev II (209 MW) in Denmark.Renewable energy used in

robust growth in wind energy

by China and the US, which t

forms of renewable energy a

0.6% in 2000.

WIND ENERGY

(Fig 2.9 Wind Energy)

ower of the wind to propel the blades of win

ation of magnets, which creates electricity. W

wind farms. Wind power is growing at the r

nstalled capacity of 158 gigawatts (GW) in 2

nd the United States.

e nameplate capacity of wind-powered geneproduction was 430 TWh, which is abou

Several countries have achieved relatively hig

as 21% of stationary electricity production in

14% in Ireland and 9% in Germany in 2010.

d are using wind power on a commercial basi

re wind farms are located in the USA. As of

is the largest onshore wind farm in the wo

er, followed by the Horse Hollow Wind Ene

er 2010, the Thanet Offshore Wind Project

re wind farm in the world at 300 MW, followe

ower generation grew by 15.5%, driven by

(+22.7%). The increase in wind energy in turn

gether accounted for nearly 70% of global gro

counted for 1.8% of global energy consumptio

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turbines.

ind towers

te of 30%

09, and is

rators wast 2.5% of

h levels of

Denmark,

s of 2011,

s. Many of

November

rld, with a

rgy Center

in United

d by Horns

continued

was driven

th. These

n, up from


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(The Gordon Dam in Tasman

inst

In hydro energy, the gravitati

single location with a dam

pressure and flow can be

mechanical mill or an electric

In some cases with hydroelec

that a hydroelectric dam in

kWh than electricity produc

decaying organic material, th

flooded, and are of much less

particular to dams created b

vegetation. There are howe

require a dam. And pumpe

different altitudes to store wi

Global hydroelectric and nucl

Hydroelectric output grew bygrowth due to a combination

HYDROELECTRIC

(Fig 2.10 Hydroelectric)

ia is a large conventional dammed-hydro facilit

lled capacity of up to 430 MW.)

nal descent of a river is compressed from a lo

r a flume. This creates a location where co

sed to turn turbines or water wheels, whi

generator.

tric dams, there are unexpected results. One st

he Amazon has 3.6 times larger greenhouse

ion from oil, due to large scale emission of me

ough this is most significant as river valleys

consequence for more boreal dams. This effec

simply flooding a large area, without first cl

er investigations into underwater turbines t

d-storage hydroelectricity can use water re

nd and solar power.

ear output each saw the strongest increases

5.3%, with China accounting for more than 60of new capacity and wet weather.

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y, with an

ng run to a

centrated

h drive a

udy shows

effect per

hane from

re initially

t applies in

aring it of

at do not

ervoirs at

ince 2004.

of global


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(Nellis Solar Power Plant, theSolar power involves using so

hitting solar thermal panels

hitting a parabolic mirror to

windows for passive solar h

solar panels in the regions of

At the end of 2009, cumula

GW[6][7][8] and PV power st

power stations operate in t

megawatt (MW) SEGS power

China is increasing worldwid

tons by July 2008, and ov

international investment ca

China is building large subsid

Dongtan Eco City. Much of

McDonough.

Many solar photovoltaic po

December 2011, the largest

Golmud Solar Park (China, 2

MW), Montalto di Castro Ph

Solar Park (Germany, 80.7 M

Photovoltaic Park (Germany,

MW), Olmedilla Photovoltaic

(Germany, 54 MW).

SOLAR ENERGY

(Fig 2.11 Solar Energy)

third largest photovoltaic power plant in Northlar cells to convert sunlight into electricity, usi

to convert sunlight to heat water or air, usi

heat water (producing steam), or using sunlig

ating of a building. It would be advantageo

highest solar radiation.

tive global photovoltaic (PV) installations sur

tions are popular in Germany and Spain.[9] Sol

e USA and Spain, and the largest of these

plant in the Mojave Desert.

silicon wafer capacity for photovoltaics to 2,

r 6,000 metric tons by the end of 2010

ital is flowing into China to support this o

ized off-the-grid solar-powered cities in Huan

the design was done by Americans such

er stations have been built, mainly in Eur

photovoltaic (PV) power plants in the wor

00 MW), Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant (

otovoltaic Power Station (Italy, 84.2 MW), Fi

), Okhotnykovo Solar Park (Ukraine, 80 MW),

71.8 MW), Rovigo Photovoltaic Power Plan

Park (Spain, 60 MW), and the Strasskirchen

18

America)g sunlight

g sunlight

t entering

s to place

passed 21

ar thermal

is the 354

00 metric

Significant

portunity.

baiyu and

s William

pe. As of

ld are the

anada, 97

sterwalde

Lieberose

(Italy, 70

Solar Park


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AGRIC

(Fig 2.12 A

Biomass production involves

or other vegetation to gener

produced is captured in pipe

wood can be burned directly

alcohols. Brazil has one of

involving production of ethan

the country's automotive fuel

Vegetable oil is generated fro

store than gasoline or dieselin diesel engines if it is heate

biodiesel, which burns like no

For India, biomass has alway

scenario in India today indica

energy, about 32% of the tot

biomass and more than 70%

needs.

Global biofuels production in

the largest sources of liquids

the US (+140,000 b/d, or 17%

LTURAL BIOMASS & BIOFUEL

gricultural biomass and biofuel)

using garbage or other renewable resources s

ate electricity. When garbage decomposes, th

and later burned to produce electricity. Vege

to generate energy, like fossil fuels, or process

the largest renewable energy programs in

ol fuel from sugar cane, and ethanol now provi

.[11] Ethanol fuel is also widely available in the

m sunlight, H2O, and CO2 by plants. It is safer

as it has a higher flash point. Straight vegetabld first. Vegetable oil can also be transesterifie

rmal diesel.

been an important energy source. Although

tes a growing dependence on the convention

al primary energy use in the country is still de

f the country's population depends upon it fo

2010 grew by 13.8%, or 240,000 b/d, constitu

production growth in the world. Growth wa

) and Brazil (+50,000 b/d, or 11.5%).

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ch as corn

methane

tation and

ed to form

he world,

des 18% of

USA.

to use and

e oil worksd to make

he energy

l forms of

rived from

its energy

ing one of

driven by


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2.4 Conclusion:

Energy will be one of the defining issues of this century. One thing is clear: the

era of easy oil is over. What we all do next, will determine how well we meet the

energy needs of the entire world in this century and beyond.

Because of our numbers and our technology, we humans greatly influence the

ecology of Earth. We humans qualified or not, are at the controls. Earth does not come

with an operating manual. We humans need to look to science to create one.

The coming era of limited and expensive energy will be very difficult for

everyone on Earth but it will be even more difficult if it is not anticipated. It is of

utmost importance that the public and especially policymakers understand the global

energy crisis and the underlying science.


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Chapter no -3

INDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO


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3.1Energy Reserves in India

Crude oil

Most of Indias crude oil reserves are located offshore, in the west of the country, and

onshore in the northeast. Substantial reserves also exist in the Bay of Bengal and in

Rajasthan state. Indias largest oil field is the offshore Mumbai High field, locatednorth-west of Mumbai and operated by ONGC. Block D6 in the Krishna-Godavari basin,

a major gas play operated by Reliance Industries, began oil production in September

2008.

Natural gas

Despite major new natural gas discoveries in recent years, India continues to plan on

gas imports to meet its future needs. According to Oil and Gas Journal, India had

approximately 38 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves as of January

2011. EIA estimates that India produced approximately 1.8 Tcf of natural gas in 2010, a

63 percent increase over 2008 production levels. The bulk of Indias natural gasproduction comes from the western offshore regions, especially the Mumbai High

complex, though fields in the Krishna-Godavari (KG) are increasingly important.

Electricity

In 2008, India had approximately 177 gigawatts (GW) of installed electric capacity and

generated 761 billion kilowatt hours. Conventional thermal sources produce more

than 80 percent of Indias electricity. Hydroelectricity, nuclear power, and other

renewable sources account for the remainder. India also imports marginal amounts of

electricity from Bhutan and Nepal and has signed an agreement to begin importing

power from Bangladesh.

Conventional thermal power generation

Conventional thermal-generated power accounted for more than 80 percent of

electricity in India in 2008. Coal predominates, generating roughly 70 percent Indias

power. India is both the third-largest consumer and third-largest producer of coal in

the world. Indias domestic coal is low in quality this renders coal-fired power

generation relatively inefficient and necessitates imports of metallurgical coal for steel-

making. The country imports considerable quantities of coal (83 million tons or 11

percent of total consumption in 2010).

Natural gas, which was primarily to offset the seasonality of hydroelectricity, is now

becoming an increasingly important power generation fuel. Capacity additions and

increasingly abundant domestic natural gas are causing this expansion. In the IEO2011,

EIA projects that the share of natural gas in Indias power generation mix will expand

from 11 percent in 2008 to 16 percent in 2035.


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Nuclear power generation

The Indian government continues to focus on the development of nuclear power to

meet its power generation targets. Although India is not a party to the Nuclear

Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), its 2005 nuclear cooperation deal with the United

States, known as the 123 Agreement, allows for civil nuclear trade between the U.S.

and India. This agreement will facilitate Indias goal of increasing Indias installed

nuclear power generation capacity to 20 GW by 2020. India currently operates 20

nuclear reactors, which represent 4.4GW of generation capacity. The country is

building another six reactors that will more than double this.

Hydropower

As part of Indias goal of diversifying its sources of electric power generation and

increasing the countrys capacity, the government also plans to increase the use of

hydroelectric power. International organizations such as the World Bank are providing

funding for a variety of hydroelectric projects around the country. However, lack of

reliability and environmental and land-use concerns surrounding construction may

make it difficult to capitalize fully upon this domestic energy resource.

While India holds the potential for developing other renewable power sources, such as

geothermal, solar, and wind power, cost concerns and an underdeveloped

transmission and distribution network will likely hinder their expansion.


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3.2 Energy Requirement in India

Indias rapid economic growth has made it the second fastest growing energy market

in the world. Its domestic strategy for dealing with this raises painful questions about

efficiency and fiscal soundness. Its international strategy involves a relentless push to

diversify suppliers, increase Indias equity stake overseas, and try to avoid destructive

commercial competition with China. In some cases, this has produced foreign policy

differences with the United States that will require careful management on both sides.

The Indian economy has clocked an average growth rate of 7 percent in the last

decade. To maintain this pace, experts believe that the country will have to increase its

energy consumption by at least 4 percent annually. This relentlessly increasing demand

is a massive challenge for India, affecting not only the domestic economy but Indias

foreign policy. India is the worlds eleventh-largest energy producer, with 2.4 percent

of energy production, and the worlds sixth-largest consumer, with 3.5 percent of

global energy consumption. Domestic coal reserves account for 70 percent of Indias

energy needs. The remaining 30 percent is met by oil, with more than 65 percent of

that oil being imported. Demand for energy is expected to double by 2025; by then, 90

percent of Indias petroleum will be imported. Many observers believe that the most

effective way to meet this growing demand is to reform the energy sector.

3.3 Need for alternate energy sources

Alternative energy is an umbrella term that refers to any source of usable energy

intended to replace fuel sources without the undesired consequences of the replaced

fuels. The term "alternative" presupposes a set of undesirable energy technologies

against which "alternative energies" are contrasted. As such, the list of energy

technologies excluded is an indicator of which problems the alternative technologies

are intended to address. Controversies regarding dominant sources of energy and their

alternatives have a long history. The nature of what were regarded alternative energy

sources has changed considerably over time, and today, because of the variety of

energy choices and differing goals of their advocates, defining some energy types as

"alternative" is highly controversial.

In a general sense in contemporary society, alternative energy is that which is

produced without the undesirable consequences of the burning of fossil fuels, such as

high carbon dioxide emissions, which is considered to be the major contributing factor

of global warming according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Sometimes, this less comprehensive meaning of "alternative energy" excludes nuclear

energy (e.g. as defined in the Michigan Next Energy Authority Act of 2002).


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Common types of alternative energy:

Solar energy

The sun is the ultimate source of energy on earth and provides renewable sources of

energy like wind, tidal energy, biomass etc. With the rapid advances in technology,

direct conversion of solar energy into electricity has gathered momentum.

Solar energy is generating of electricity from the sun. It is split up into two types,

thermal and electric energy. These two subgroups mean that they heat up homes (and

water) and generate electricity respectively.

Wind energy

Wind power has been recognized, globally, as one of the most affordable clean energy

solutions. With more than 65 GW of onshore generation potential and 15 GW of

operating capacity, wind already contributes to more than 90% of installed renewable

energy asset base and provides less than 4% of all the electricity produced in India.

With the emergence of IPPs, such as GIL, and the strong regulatory policy and fiscal

incentive support provided by the Government of India through tax benefits and

Generation Based Incentives (GBI), REC's etc., wind is expected to remain the mainstay

of Indian renewable energy generation over the next few years.

Growth in wind energy sector in India has been tremendous. The Indian wind energy

sector has an installed capacity of 14158.00 MW (as on March 31, 2011). In terms of

wind power installed capacity, India is ranked 5th in the World. Today India is a major

player in the global wind energy market.

Indian government plans to add 5,000 MW of capacity in the 12th Five-Year Plan in

addition to the 15,000 MW planned through new projects. In India, Tamil Nadu is the

most aggressive and leading state seeking quantum leap in harnessing power through

both wind and solar energy over next five years. India's total wind power installedcapacity is about 14,000 MW, with Tamil Nadu accounting for 43%. The state is

preparing to announce a separate renewable energy policy with a goal to add about

8,000mw of capacity through wind and solar in the next five years.

India is among the fastest growing renewable energy countries in the world after

China, Brazil and United States, said a UN report on green economy released.

Investment from countries such as India, China and Brazil has increased by five times

between 2005 and 2010 and it surpassed that of the developed countries in 2010.


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Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy is using

buildings or electricity gener

(Fig 3.2 geothermal energy)

Geothermal energy harness

wells are drilled. One well in

heat the water to produce

purified and is used to drive

temperature is below the b

point liquid is used to drive

refrigeration unit running i

energy: some can come fro

world's largest geothermal pcapacity of 750 MW.

hot water or steam from the Earths interior

ation.

es the heat energy present underneath the

ects water into the ground to provide water. T

team. The steam that shoots back up the oth

urbines, which power electric generators. Wh

iling point of water a binary system is used.

a turbine and generator in a closed system

reverse. There are also natural sources of

volcanoes, geysers, hot springs, and steam ve

ower installation is The Geysers in California,

26

or heating

Earth. Two

he hot rocks

er hole(s) is

n the water

low boiling

similar to a

geothermal

nts.[30] The

ith a rated


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Tidal energy

(Fig 3.3 Tidal energy generati

Tidal power can be extracte

turbine in a tidal current, o

release water through a turbi

compressor, that can then s

clean, free, renewable, and s

Fossil fuels

Fossil fuels sources burn co

decomposition of plants and

petroleum, and natural gas.

principally derived from theused either directly for space

energy for vehicles, industrial

Greenhouse gas emissions

Currently governments subsi

n)

from Moon-gravity-powered tides by locati

r by building impoundment pond dams that

ne. The turbine can turn an electrical generat

ore energy until needed. Coastal tides are a

stainable energy.

al or hydrocarbon fuels, which are the rema

animals. There are three main types of fossil

Another fossil fuel, liquefied petroleum ga

roduction of natural gas. Heat from burning fheating and process heating, or converted to

processes, or electrical power generation.

result from fossil fuel-based electricity

ize fossil fuels by an estimated $500 billion a y

27

g a water

admit-or-

r, or a gas

source of

ins of the

uels: coal,

s (LPG), is

ssil fuel isechanical

eneration.

ar.


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Nuclear

(Fig 3.4 Diablo Canyon Power

FissionNuclear power stations use

uranium-235 inside a nuclea

which are split in the proce

process continues as a chain

create steam, which spins a t

Fusion

Fusion power could solve m

mentioned above) but, despi

fusion reactor is expected b

Proposed fusion reactors co

and in most current designs acurrent global output and th

current lithium reserves wou

million years, and a more co

water would have fuel for 15

Plant Nuclear power station)

nuclear fission to generate energy by the r

r reactor. The reactor uses uranium rods, th

ss of fission, releasing a large amount of e

reaction with other nuclei. The energy heat

rbine generator, producing electricity.

any of the problems of fission power (the

te research having started in the 1950s, no c

efore 2050 many technical problems remain

monly use deuterium, an isotope of hydrog

lso lithium. Assuming a fusion energy output eat this does not increase in the future, then

ld last 3000 years, lithium from sea water wo

mplicated fusion process using only deuteriu

billion years.

28

eaction of

atoms of

ergy. The

s water to

echnology

ommercial

unsolved.

en, as fuel

qual to thehe known

uld last 60

from sea


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Electricity

(Fig 3.5 Electric Grid: Pilons a

Electricity grids are the ne

production source to end us

Sources include electrical ge

power plant, etc. A combin

piping are used to maintain

transient blackouts and bro

extreme space weather even

have a predefined carrying

power requirements exceed

problems, power is then ratio

Industrialized countries such

per capita consumers of el

widespread electrical distribu

although infrastructure main

a real-time overview of the el

Northeast of the US. Afric

correspondingly low annual

power grids in the world supp

d cables distribute power)

tworks used to transmit and distribute p

r, when the two may be hundreds of kilome

neration plants such as a nuclear reactor, co

tion of sub-stations, transformers, towers, c

a constant flow of electricity. Grids may s

nouts, often due to weather damage. Duri

ts solar wind can interfere with transmissions.

apacity or load that cannot safely be excee

what's available, failures are inevitable.

ned.

as Canada, the US, and Australia are among t

ectricity in the world, which is possible th

tion network. The US grid is one of the most

enance is becoming a problem. Current Ener

ectricity supply and demand for California, Tex

n countries with small scale electrical gri

er capita usage of electricity. One of the mos

lies power to the state of Queensland, Australi

29

wer from

ters away.

al burning

ables, and

uffer from

ng certain

Grids also

ed. When

o prevent

he highest

anks to a

advanced,

y provides

as, and the

s have a

t powerful

a.


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3.4 Energy Reserves

Levels of primary energy sources are the reserves in the ground. Flows are

production. The most important part of primary energy sources are the carbon

based fossil energy sources. Coal, oil, and natural gas provided 79.6% of primaryenergy production during 2002 (in million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe))

(34.9+23.5+21.2).

Levels (proved reserves) during 20052007

Coal: 997,748 million short tonnes (905 billion metric tonnes) 4,416 billion barrels

(702.1 km3) of oil equivalent

Oil: 1,119 billion barrels (177.9 km3) to 1,317 billion barrels (209.4 km3)

Natural gas: 6,1836,381 trillion cubic feet (175181 trillion cubic meters), 1,161

billion barrels (184.610^9 m3) of oil equivalent

Flows (daily production) during 2006

Coal: 18,476,127 short tonnes (16,761,260 metric tonnes),[15] 52,000,000 barrels

(8,300,000 m3) of oil equivalent per day Oil: 84,000,000 barrels per day (13,400,000 m3/d)[16]

Natural gas: 104,435 billion cubic feet (2,960 billion cubic meters) 19,000,000

barrels (3,000,000 m3) of oil equivalent per day

Years of production left in the ground with the current proved reserves and flows

above

Coal: 148 years

Oil: 43 years

Natural gas: 61 years

Years of production left in the ground with the most optimistic proved reserve

estimates (Oil & Gas Journal, World Oil)

Coal: 417 years Oil: 43 years

Natural gas: 167 years


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3.5 Sector wise energy consumption:

(Fig 3.6 Sector wise energy consumption)

The energy consumption by various stake-holders contributes towards the GDP growth

and, therefore, the energy consumption in various sectors like domestic, commercial,

agriculture, industry, railways, public lighting, public water works etc. has beenconsidered State-wise to work out the demand for each sector of electricity

consumption. India has been facing electricity shortages in spite of appreciable growth

in electricity generation. The demand for electrical energy has been growing at the

faster rate and shall increase at higher growth rate to match with the projected growth

of Indian economy. The forecast of electricity demand is done on short and long term

basis using internationally well- know n methodologies of time series analysis and end

use method duly validated by the results obtained from economic and electricity

growth indicators. The short term electricity demand has been made after

compensating electricity shortages in the assumed base year. The T&D loss reduction

targets were assumed based on consultation with the State Electricity Regulatory

Commissions w ho furnished the plans of T&D loss reduction for 11th Plan. Whereversuch program was not available for full period of 11th Plan, extrapolated data has been

considered. The inter- regional diversity factor w as also applied for peak demand for

the first time in view of the program for format ion of a strong National Grid during the

11th Plan.

The Rural-Urban division of the forecast of electricity consumption has been done for

the first time to account for accelerated rural electrification and development in line

with National Electricity Policy. With all these features the utility of the Report would

improve over previous edit ions of Electric Power Survey of India. The growth rates of

forecast of electrical energy consumption and energy requirement prepared by the

17th Electric Power

Survey Committee worked out to about 1 0% & 8% respectively for the period t ill 11thPlan end against the actual growth rate of less than 5% during 9 th & initial years of

10th Plan.

The corresponding peak demand growth works out to 9% for period upto 11th Plan

end against actual achievement of 5.3%.


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The energy consumption by various stake-holders contributes towards the GDP growth

and therefore, the energy consumption in various sectors like domestic, commercial,

agriculture, industry, railways, public lighting, public water works etc. has been

considered State-wise to work out the demand for each sector of electricity

consumption. The report has projected electrical energy demand of 969 Tera Watt

Hours for 2011 12 and peak electric demand of 153 Giga Watts entailing capacity

addition of 78000 MW by

2011-12 . The electrical energy demand for 2021 - 22 has been estimated as 1915 Tera

Watt Hours and peak electric demand of 2 9 8 Giga Watts. The demand project ions

have been made assuming that the utilities would be able to make rigorous efforts in

containing T&D losses and adopting Demand Side Management Techniques to achieve

high load factors.


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Chapter 4

ENERGY CONSERVATION


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4.1 Energy Security

The basic aim of energy security for a nation is to reduce its dependency on the

imported energy sources for its economic growth. India will continue to experience an

energy supply shortfall throughout the forecast period. This gap has widened since

1985, when the country became a net importer of coal. India has been unable to raise

its oil production substantially in the 1990s.

Rising oil demand of close to 10 percent per year has led to sizable oil import bills. In

addition, the government subsidizes refined oil product prices, thus compounding the

overall monetary loss to the government.

Imports of oil and coal have been increasing at rates of 7% and 16% per annum

respectively during the period 199199. The dependence on energy imports is

projected to increase in the future. Estimates indicate that oil imports will meet 75% of

total oil consumption requirements and coal imports will meet 22% of total coal

consumption requirements in 2006. The imports of gas and LNG (liquefied natural gas)

are likely to increase in the coming years.

This energy import dependence implies vulnerability to external price shocks and

supply fluctuations, which threaten the energy security of the country.

Increasing dependence on oil imports means reliance on imports from the Middle East,

a region susceptible to disturbances and consequent disruptions of oil supplies.

This calls for diversification of sources of oil imports. The need to deal with oil price

fluctuations also necessitates measures to be taken to reduce the oil dependence of

the economy, possibly through fiscal measures to reduce demand, and by developing

alternatives to oil, such as natural gas and renewable energy. Some of the strategies

that can be used to meet future challenges to their energy security are

Diversification of energy supply sources

Increased capacity of fuel switching

Demand restraint

Development of renewable energy sources

Energy efficiency

Sustainable development

Although all these options are feasible, their implementation will take time.

However, out of all these options, the simplest and the most easily attainable is

reducing demand through persistent energy conservation efforts.


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4.2 Importance of Energy Conservation

Coal and other fossil fuels, which have taken three million years to form, are likely to

deplete soon. In the last two hundred years, we have consumed 60% of all resources.

For sustainable development, we need to adopt energy efficiency measures.

Today, 85% of primary energy comes from non-renewable and fossil sources (coal, oil,

etc.). These reserves are continually diminishing with increasing consumption and will

not exist for future generations.

Energy Conservation & Energy Efficiency

Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency are separate, but related concepts. Energy

conservation is achieved when growth of energy consumption is reduced, measured in

physical terms.

Energy Conservation can, therefore, is the result of several processes or developments,

such as productivity increase or technological progress. On the other hand Energy

efficiency is achieved when energy intensity in a specific product, process or area of

production or consumption is reduced without affecting output, consumption or

comfort levels. Promotion of energy efficiency will contribute to energy conservation

and is therefore an integral part of energy conservation promotional policies.

Energy efficiency is often viewed as a resource option like coal, oil or natural gas. It

provides additional economic value by preserving the resource base and reducing

pollution. e.g. replacing traditional bulbs with CFLs means you will use only one fourth

of the energy to light a room. Pollution levels are also reduced by same amount.

Nature sets some basic limits on how efficiently the energy can be used, but in most

cases our products and manufacturing processes are still a long way from operating

this theoretical limit. Very simply, energy efficiency means using less energy to

perform the same function.

Although, energy efficiency has been in practice ever since the first oil crisis in 1973, it

has today assumed even more importance because of being the most cost-effective

and reliable means of mitigating the global climatic change.

Recognition of that potential has led to high expectations for the control of future CO

emissions through even more energy efficiency improvements than have occurred in

the past. The industrial sector accounts for some 41 per cent of global primary energy

demand and approximately the same share of CO emissions.


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4.3 The Energy Conservation Act, 2001 and its Features

Policy Framework Energy Conservation Act 2001

With the background of high energy saving potential and its benefits, bridging the gap

between demand and supply, reducing environmental emissions through energy

saving, and to effectively overcome the barrier, the Government of India has enactedthe Energy Conservation Act 2001. The Act provides the much-needed legal

framework and institutional arrangement for embarking on an energy efficiency drive.

Under the provisions of the Act, Bureau of Energy Efficiency has been established with

effect from 1 March 2002 by merging erstwhile Energy Management Centre of

Ministry of Power.

The Bureau would be responsible for implementation of policy programmes and

coordination of implementation of energy conservation activities.

Important features of the Energy Conservation Act are:-

Standards and Labeling

Standards and Labeling (S & L) has been identified as a key activity for energy efficiency

improvement. The S & L program, when in place would ensure that only energy

efficient equipment and appliance would be made available to the consumers.

The main provision of EC act on Standards and Labeling are:

Evolve minimum energy consumption and performance standards for notified

equipment and appliances.

Prohibit manufacture, sale and import of such equipment, which does not conform

to the standards.

Introduce a mandatory labeling scheme for notified equipment appliances toenable consumers to make informed choices.

Disseminate information on the benefits to consumers.

Designated Consumers

The main provisions of the EC Act on designated consumers are:-

The government would notify energy intensive industries and other establishments

as designated consumers;

Schedule to the Act provides list of designated consumers which covered basicallyenergy intensive industries, Railways, Port Trust, Transport Sector, Power Stations,

Transmission & Distribution Companies and Commercial buildings or

establishments; The designated consumer to get an energy audit conducted by an accredited

energy auditor;

Energy managers with prescribed qualification are required to be appointed or

designated by the designated consumers;

Designated consumers would comply with norms and standards of energy

consumption as prescribed by the central government.


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Certification of Energy Managers and Accreditation of Energy Auditing Firms

The main activities in this regard as envisaged in the Act are:

A cadre of professionally qualified energy managers and auditors with expertise in

policy analysis, project management, financing and implementation of energy

efficiency projects would be developed through Certification and Accreditation

program. BEE to design training modules, and conduct a National level examination for

certification of energy managers and energy auditors.

Energy Conservation Building Codes

The main provisions of the EC Act on Energy Conservation Building Codes are:

The BEE would prepare guidelines for Energy Conservation Building Codes (ECBC).

These would be notified to suit local climate conditions or other compelling factors

by the respective states for commercial buildings erected after the rules relating to

energy conservation building codes have been notified. In addition, these buildings

should have a connected load of 500 kW or contract demand of 600 kVA and above

and are intended to be used for commercial purposes;

Energy audit of specific designated commercial building consumers would also be

prescribed.

Central Energy Conservation Fund:

The EC Act provisions in this case are:

The fund would be set up at the centre to develop the delivery mechanism for large-

scale adoption of energy efficiency services such as performance contracting and

promotion of energy service companies. The fund is expected to give a thrust to R & D

and demonstration in order to boost market penetration of efficient equipment and

appliances. It would support the creation of facilities for testing and development and

to promote consumer awareness.


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Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE):

The mission of Bureau of Energy Efficiency is to institutionalize energy efficiency

services, enable delivery mechanisms in the country and provide leadership to

energy efficiency in all sectors of economy. The primary objective would be to

reduce energy intensity in the Indian Economy.

The general superintendence, directions and management of the affairs of the

Bureau is vested in the Governing Council with 26 members. The Council is headed

by Union Minister of Power and consists of members represented by Secretaries of

various line Ministries, the CEOs of technical agencies under the Ministries,

members representing equipment and appliance manufacturers, industry,

architects, consumers and five power regions representing the states. The Director

General of the Bureau shall be the ex-official member-secretary of the Council.

The BEE will be initially supported by the Central Government by way of grants

through budget, it will, however, in a period of 5-7 years become self-sufficient. It

would be authorized to collect appropriate fee in discharge of its functions assigned

to it. The BEE will also use the Central Energy Conservation Fund and other funds

raised from various sources for innovative financing of energy efficiency projects in

order to promote energy efficient investment.

Role of Bureau of Energy Efficiency

The role of BEE would be to prepare standards and labels of appliances and

equipment, develop a list of designated consumers, specify certification and

accreditation procedure, prepare building codes, maintain Central EC fund and

undertake promotional activities in co-ordination with center and state level agencies.

The role would include development of Energy service companies (ESCOs),transforming the market for energy efficiency and create awareness through measures

including clearing house.

Role of Central and State Governments:

The following role of Central and State Government is envisaged in the Act

Central - to notify rules and regulations under various provisions of the Act,

provide initial financial assistance to BEE and EC fund, Coordinate with various

State Governments for notification, enforcement, penalties and adjudication.

State - to amend energy conservation building codes to suit the regional and local

Climatic condition, to designate state level agency to coordinate, regulate and

enforce provisions of the Act and constitute a State Energy Conservation Fund forpromotion of energy efficiency.


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Enforcement through Self-Regulation:

E.C. Act would require inspection of only two items. The following procedure of

self-regulation is proposed to be adopted for verifying areas that require inspection

of only two items that require inspection.

The certification of energy consumption norms and standards of production

process by the Accredited Energy Auditors is a way to enforce effective energy

efficiency in designated Consumers.

For energy performance and standards, manufacturers declared values would be

checked in Accredited Laboratories by drawing sample from market. Any

manufacturer or consumer or consumer association can challenge the values of the

other manufacturer and bring to the notice of BEE. BEE can recognize for challenge

testing in disputed cases as a measure for self-regulation.

Penalties and Adjudication:

Penalty for each offence under the Act would be in monetary terms i.e. Rs.10, 000

for each offence and Rs.1, 000 for each day for continued non Compliance.

The initial phase of 5 years would be promotional and creating infrastructure for

Implementation of Act. No penalties would be effective during this phase.

The power to adjudicate has been vested with state Electricity Regulatory

Commission which shall appoint any one of its member to be an adjudicating

officer for holding an enquiry in connection with the penalty imposed.

Features Extracted from The Energy Conservation Act, 2001.

Energy Strategy for the Future

The energy strategy for the future could be classified into immediate, medium-term

and long-term strategy. The various components of these strategies are listed below:

Immediate-term strategy:

Rationalizing the tariff structure of various energy products.

Optimum utilization of existing assets

Efficiency in production systems and reduction in distribution losses, including

those in traditional energy sources.

Promoting R&D, transfer and use of technologies and practices for environmentally

sound energy systems, including new and renewable energy sources.


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Medium-term strategy:

Demand management through greater conservation of energy, optimum fuel

mix, structural changes in the economy, an appropriate model mix in the

transport sector, i.e. greater dependence on rail than on road for the movement

of goods and passengers and a shift away from private modes to public modes

for passenger transport; changes in design of different products to reduce the

material intensity of those products, recycling, etc.

There is need to shift to less energy-intensive modes of transport. This would

include measures to improve the transport infrastructure viz. roads, better

design of vehicles, use of compressed natural gas (CNG) and synthetic fuel, etc.

Similarly, better urban planning would also reduce the demand for energy use in

the transport sector.

There is need to move away from non-renewable to renewable energy sources

viz. solar, wind, biomass energy, etc.

Long-term strategy:

Efficient generation of energy resources

Efficient production of coal, oil and natural gas

Reduction of natural gas flaring

Improving energy infrastructure

Building new refineries

Creation of urban gas transmission and distribution network

Maximizing efficiency of rail transport of coal production.

Building new coal and gas fired power stations.

Enhancing energy efficiency

Improving energy efficiency in accordance with national, socio-economic, and

environmental priorities

Promoting of energy efficiency and emission standards

Labeling programs for products and adoption of energy efficient technologies in

large industries

Deregulation and privatization of energy sector

Reducing cross subsidies on oil products and electricity tariffs Decontrolling coal prices and making natural gas prices competitive

Privatization of oil, coal and power sectors for improved efficiency Investment

legislation to attract foreign investments.

Streamlining approval process for attracting private sector participation in power

generation, transmission and distribution.


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Chapter 5

HOME ENERGY

MANAGEMENT & AUDIT


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HOME ENERGY MANAGEMENT & AUDIT

5.1 Energy Management

The fundamental goal of energy management is to produce goods and provide services

with the least cost and least environmental effect.

Energy Management is defined as The judicious and effective use of energy to

maximize profits (minimize costs) and enhance competitive positions

Another comprehensive definition is The strategy of adjusting and optimizing energy,

using systems and procedures so as to reduce energy requirements per unit of output

while holding constant or reducing total costs of producing the output from these

systems

A home energy management system includes set of devices that can be installed in

home to help owner monitor their energy usage and therefore advise them on how to

reduce both energy wastage and money on energy bills.

Objectives of Energy Management:-

To minimize energy costs / waste without affecting production & quality

To minimize environmental effects.

5.2 Benefits of home energy management:-

The benefits of owning a home energy management system are advantageous, not

only to the homeowner, but also the environment as a whole. Not only can

homeowners see for themselves just how much energy they are using on each

individual appliance, as well as on average, but they can also take active measures to

reduce the amount of energy they are using unnecessarily in order to save money and

cut energy bills. They will also no longer have to provide electricity or gas meter

readings to energy suppliers. This will have considerable benefits for the environment.


45/100

5.3 Types of houses in India

Slums

A heavily populated urban

by substandard housing and s

The United Nations

slums/informal settlements

the following:

Poor structural quality and du

Insufficient living areas (more

sharing a room) ,Lack of se

access to water & Lack of sani

Chawl

A chawl is a name for a type

in India. They are often 4 t

about 10 to 20 tenemen

as kholis, which literally mea

floor. Many chawls c

in Mumbai where they wer

abundance to house the pe

Mumbai because of its boo

and overall strong economy.A usual tenement in a chawl

purpose room that functions

and sleeping space and a kitc

also serves as a dining room.

floor have to share a commo

each block containing typicall

Row house

One of a series of houses, oidentical design, situated s

joined by common walls.

rea characterized

qualor.

characterizes

y one or more of

rability of housing

than three people

cure tenure, Poor

tation facilities

(

of building found

o 5 stories with

ts, referred to

'rooms' on each

n be found

constructed in

ple migrating to

ing cotton mills

onsists of one all

both as a living

en that

Families on a

block of latrines,

4 to 5 latrines.

ften of similar oride by side and

45


46/100

f

k

s

Bungalow

A house or cottage usually h

and sometimes an addit

Bungalows are generally sma

footage, but it is not uncom

bungalows. Bungalows were

provide affordable, moder

working class.

lat

flat or apartment is self contained housin

ccupies only part of a building. Such a buildi

alled an apartment building, apartment hous

lats, tower block. Flats usually consist of hall,

itchen and bathroom. Depending upon the n

edrooms the flat can be classified as 1bhk 2bh

o on.

aving a single storey

ional attic storey.

ll in terms of square

on to see very large

riginally designed to

housing for the

46

unit that

g may be

e block of

bedroom,

umbers of

3bhk and


47/100

5.4 Ways of managing electri

Unplugging devices when the

See for star rating while

purchasing decisions abou

equipment, and even vehicle

Tips to efficiently manage

household are as follows

Lightning:-

Turning off lights while

room to another room of

Use CFCL bulbs instead

bulb which consumes less

Turn off your lights whil

and while going from one Take advantage of dayli

colored, loose-weave

windows to allow daylig

room. Also, decorate wit

reflect daylight.

Fans:-

Make use of 5 star rated f Install exhaust fans at a h

ceiling fans.

Replace conventional

electronic regulators for c

Iron:-

Use appropriate regulator Do not put more water on

Do not iron wet clothes

As iron consumes more p

city consumption at home

re not in use is a simple way to cut your ener

uying appliances. These ratings can help

t energy-efficient appliances, heating an

.

the electricity consumption for various ap

moving from one

the house.

f Incandescent light

power.

e leaving the house

room to another.ght by using light-

curtains on your

ht to penetrate the

h lighter colors that

ans.igher elevation than

regulators with

eiling fans.

position for ironingclothes while ironing

wer make quick and proper use of it.

47

y costs.

you make

d cooling

liances in


48/100

Washing machines:-

Always wash only with fu

Use optimal quantity of

Use timer facility to save

Always use cold water in

Refrigerator:-

Regularly defrost manu

freezers; frost buildup

energy needed to keep th

Leave enough space bet

the walls so that air can

refrigerator.

Don't keep your refrigerat

Make sure your refrigerat

Cover liquids and wr

refrigerator. Uncovered

make the compressor wo

Do not open the doors of

Don't leave the fridge

necessary, as cold air will

Use smaller cabinets for s

Avoid putting hot or war

Switch off the refrigeratortemperature is almost ma

Vacuum clean the conde

Accumulated dust reduce

electricity bill.

ll loads.

ater.

energy.

the rinse cycle

l-defrost refrigerators and

increases the amount of

e motor running.

een your refrigerator and

easily circulate around the

or or freezer too cold.

or door seals are airtight

p foods stored in the

oods release moisture and

k harder.

the refrigerators frequently

oor open for longer than

escape.

oring frequently used items.

food straight into the fridge.

at night for 5-6 hrs since at night it is rarely usintained within it.

ser coils at the back or underneath your frid

s their efficiency by up to 25% adding that c

48

ed and the

e freezer.

st to your


49/100

Air conditioner:-

Prefer air conditioners ha

cut off.

Keep regulators at low c

Operate the ceiling fan

window air conditioner to

effectively throughout th

conditioner at higher tem

Seal the doors and windo

Set your thermostat as h

in the summer.

The less difference betw

be energy consumption.

Don't place lamps or TV s

senses heat from these

longer than necessary.

Computer:-

If your computer must b

monitor; this device alon

the system's energy.

Setting computers, monit

sleep-mode when not in

costs by approximately 40

Battery chargers, such as

phones and digital

whenever they are plu

inefficient. Pull the plug a

Screen savers save comp

Start-ups and shutdown

energy, nor are they h

components. In fact, sh

when you are finished usi

system wear and saves

ing automatic temperature

ol position.

in conjunction with your

spread the cooled air more

room and operate the air

perature.

s properly.

igh as comfortably possible

en the indoor and outdoor temperatures, the

ts near your air-conditioning thermostat. The

appliances, which can cause the air conditio

e left on, turn off the

e uses more than half

rs, and copiers to use

use helps cut energy

%.

those for laptops, cell

ameras, draw power

gged in and are very

d save.

ter screens, not energy.

do not use any extra

ard on your computer

utting computers down

ng them actually reduces

nergy.

49

lower will

hermostat

er to run


50/100

5.5 Energy Audit

Energy Audit is the key to a

energy management.

It attempts to balance the tot

energy streams in a facility

functions. Industrial energy

comprehensive energy mana

As per the Energy Conservati

monitoring and analysis of

containing recommendations

and an action plan to reduce

Need for Home Energy Audit

Various audit gadgets like lu

used to check the efficiency

repair faulty appliance and wi

Energy Audit will help to und

residential buildings and hel

where scope for improvemen

By knowing the time hours

consumed by each appliance

can help household for deter

Such an audit program will h

costs, availability and reliabili

identify energy conservation

systematic approach for decision-making in t

al energy inputs with its use, and serves to ide

. It quantifies energy usage according to i

audit is an effective tool in defining an

ement programme.

n Act, 2001, Energy Audit is defined as the v

se of energy including submission of techn

for improving energy efficiency with cost bene

nergy consumption.

The first step toward increasing your hom

efficiency and comfort is to conduct wh

energy audit. It is very essential for every in

make efficient utilization of electricity con

present shortage.

Energy audit helps people know how muc

their electric appliance are and how much

being utilized by them daily. This can b

proper assessment of the time hours for

electric appliances are running.

x meter, anemometer, thermo hygrometer,

of the household appliances. This data will

ll put in the picture the concept of energy cons

erstand more about the ways electricity is bei

p in identifying the areas where waste can

t exists.

for which the appliances are running and t

total energy consumed in kwh can be calcul

ining exact cost of energy they are consumin

lp to keep focus on variations which occur in

y of supply of energy, decide on appropriate e

echnologies, retrofit for energy conservation e

50

he area of

tify all the

s discrete

pursuing

erification,

ical report

fit analysis

es energy

ole house

dividual to

idering its

h efficient

energy is

done by

which the

tc can be

help us to

ervation.

ng used in

occur and

he energy

ted which

.

he energy

nergy mix,

quipment.


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51

In general, Energy Audit is the translation of conservation ideas into realities, by

lending technically feasible solutions with economic and other organizational

considerations within a specified time frame.

Energy Audit provides a bench-mark (Reference point) for managing energy in the

household and also provides the basis for planning a more effective use of energy

throughout the residential areas.

Types of audit

Preliminary Audit:-

The preliminary audit alternatively called a simple audit, screening audit or walk-

through audit, is the simplest and quickest type of audit. It involves minimal interviews

with site operating personnel, a brief review of facility utility bills and other operatingdata, and a walk-through of the facility to become familiar with the building operation

and identify glaring areas of energy waste or inefficiency.

Typically, only major problem areas will be uncovered during this type of audit.

Corrective measures are briefly described, and quick estimates of implemen

Measurement & Analysis of Electricity Consumption in MMRDA Region

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