ME 305 Fluid Mechanics I Chapter 3 Introduction to Fluid Dynamics These presentations are prepared by Dr. Cüneyt Sert Mechanical Engineering Department Middle East Technical University Ankara, Turkey [email protected]They can not be used without the permission of the author. 1
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(a) Material (Lagrangian) Description: identified fluid particles are followed in the course of timeand the variation of their properties are determined.
Path of the fluid particle
• The path followed by this fluid particle from
point A to B can be given by specifying theposition vectors rP as a function of time.
y
z
x
• Fluid particle P is located at point A at time=0.A(xA , yA , zA )
rP(0)
B(xB, yB, zB)rP(t)
• As the time passes it moves in the flow field andis located at point B at time=t.
k (t)z j (t)y i (t)x(t)r PPPP
rrr
r
++=Position vector of P:
where xP, yP, zP are the coordinates of the fluid particle.
(b) Spatial (Eulerian) Description: attention is focused at fixed points of the flow field andproperties of the fluid particles passing through these points are observed.
) t ,z ,y ,x ( V Vrr
= ) t ,z ,y ,x ( ρ=ρ etc.
• In general, the properties in a flow field can change from point to point and from time to time.
Control volume (open system): is a fixed space with respect to a given coordinate system.
• Fluid particles can enter and leave the control volume through its boundaries, called control surface.
t = t0 t = t1 t = t2
• A flow filed at a certain time can be described by both Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions,therefore there must be a relationship between them.
)0t ,z ,y ,x( V ) 0t ),0t(z ),0t(y ),0t(x ( V V A A A PPPPP =======rrr
)0t ,z ,y ,x( ) 0t ),0t(z ),0t(y ),0t(x ( A A A PPPPP =ρ=====ρ=ρ
• If at time t = 0, the fluid particle P is located at point A,
Relations Between the Material and Spatial Descriptions in the Differential Formulation
• One can relate the rate of change of any property of a fluid particle in the material description, tothe rate of chage of the same property in the spatial description at the point of the flow field where
the particle is located.
) t ,z(t) ),t(y ),t(x ( NN =• In material description any property N can be expressed as
dt t
N dz
z
N dy
y
N xd
x
N DN
∂
∂+
∂
∂+
∂
∂+
∂
∂=• Total differential of this property is
t
N
dt
dz
z
N
dt
dy
y
N
dt
xd
x
N
dt
DN
∂∂
+∂∂
+∂∂
+∂∂
=• Divide by dt
z N w
yN v
x N u
t N
dtDN
∂∂+
∂∂+
∂∂+
∂∂=• Use velocity components u, v and w
N )V( t
N
dt
DN∇⋅+
∂
∂=
rr• Put into vectorial notation
• D/dt represents the rate of change of a property in the material description. It is called the totalderivative, substantial derivative, material derivative or the derivative following the fluid.
• ∂ /∂t represents the rate of change of a property in the spatial description. It is called the partial
derivative, local derivative or the spatial derivative.• (V.∇) N represents the change of the property N from one point of the flow field to the other ata certain time. It is called the convective derivative (read details from the book).
Relations Between the Material and Spatial Descriptions in the Integral Formulation
(Reynold’s Transport Theorem)
• To relate the change of any extensive property N of a closed system to the variations of the sameproperty associated with the control volume, consider the case shown below.
• Initially (at time t0), the system boundary coincides with the boundary of the control volume (CV).
• After a time interval of ∆t (at time t0+∆t), the control volume remains in its original position,however the system moves to a new position.
• The mass in region A enters into the CV, while the mass in region C leaves the CV.
• Details of the derivation of Reynold’s Transport Theorem will be given during the class.
• After an infinitesimal time interval, the particle will move to adifferent location.
r+dr
instantaneousstreamline
• Consider a fluid particle with a position vector r at a certain
time.
y
z
x
r
drV
• During this infinitesimal time interval, the position change of
the particle, dr, coincides with the instantaneous streamline.
• That is, the velocity vector V = u i + v j + w k is parallel to dr = dx i + dy j + dz k .
w
dz
v
dy
u
dx ==• In other words V x dr = 0. This gives the equation of a streamline as
14
Streamtube: is formed by a bundle of streamlines passing
through a closed curve in space. streamlines• For a steady flow, streamtube behaves like a real tube,because no particles can pass through the boundaries of astreamtube (they are formed by streamlines).
• For an unsteady flow, streamtube changes its position fromtime to time and the fluid particles that form the streamtubechange with time.
• For an incompressible fluid the density is constant. Therefore one can define
∫ ⋅=ρ
=A
dA nV m
Qrr&
• Sign convention for Q is the same as m-dot.
• For uniform flow going out of a control volume Q = A V
Average Velocity (V-bar) [m/s]
• If the velocity is not uniform over a cross section, then an average velocity, which produces thesame mass flow rate as the original velocity profile, can be defined as
∫ ∫
∫ ρ
⋅ρ
=ρ
=
A
A
A
dA
dA nV
dA
mV
rr
&
u(y) V
• If the fluid is incompressible this simplifies toA
Water with a density of 1000 kg/m3 is flowing through a pipe. The velocity of water, which is assumedto be uniform at the exit of the pipe, is 3 m/s. If the area at the exit is 0.001 m2, determine the mass
flow rate and the volumetric flow rate.
Flow
Vn
x
y
β=60o
Problem 3 .13
A viscous and incompressible fluid with a density of ρ is flowing through a wide flat channel with aheignt of 2h. At a certain section of the channel, the velocity distribution is given by u =UC [1-(y/h)2],where UC is the centerline velocity. Determine the mass flow rate per unit width, volumetric flow rate
A viscous and incompressible fluid with a density of ρ is flowing through a pipe with a radius of R. Thevelocity distribution in the pipe is given by Vx =UC [1-(r/R)], where UC is the centerline velocity.
Determine the mass flow rate, volumetric flow rate and the average velocity.