me-5 nomeri.pmd

ekonomika

da biznesi

2011

ISSN 1987-5789

ECONOMICS and BUSINESSECONOMICS and BUSINESSECONOMICS and BUSINESSECONOMICS and BUSINESSECONOMICS and BUSINESS

ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÀ è ÁÈÇÍÅÑÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÀ è ÁÈÇÍÅÑÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÀ è ÁÈÇÍÅÑÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÀ è ÁÈÇÍÅÑÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÀ è ÁÈÇÍÅÑ

#5

seqtemberi-oqtomberi

SEPTEMBER-OCTOBERÑÅÍÒßÁÐÜ-ÎÊÒßÁÐÜ

ÑÅ

2

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis

saerTaSoriso referirebadi da recenzirebadi

samecniero-praqtikuli Jurnali

Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ðåôåðèðóåìûé è ðåöåíçèðóåìûé íàó÷íî-

ïðàêòè÷åñêèé æóðíàë ôàêóëüòåòà Ýêîíîìèêè è Áèçíåñà

Òáèëèññêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà

èìåíè Èâ. Äæàâàõèøâèëè

International refereed and reviewed scientific and practical journalof the Faculty of Economics and Business,Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

gamodis 2008 wlis ianvridan, or TveSi erTxel

Published since January, 2008 once in two month

Âûõîäèò ñ ßíâàðÿ 2008 ãîäà ðàç â äâà ìåñÿöà

redaqciis misamarTi: Tbilisi, universitetis q., #1,

Tsu maRlivi korpusi, me-13 sarT., tel. 30-36-68, 899-10-38-16

e-mail: [email protected]

3

saredaqcio kolegia

revaz gogoxia – mTavari redaqtori

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori.

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr–korespondente-

bi, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi: vladimer papava, avTandil silaga-

Ze, leo Ciqava.

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi, profesorebi: iuri ananiaS-

vili, ramaz abesaZe, simon gelaSvili, revaz gvelesiani, nugzar Todua, irak-

li kovzanaZe, eka lekaSvili, murTaz maRraZe, maia margvelaSvili, qeTevan

marSava, elguja meqvabiSvili, iakob mesxia, nugzar paiWaZe, murman turava,

mirian tuxaSvili, eTer xaraiSvili, elene xarabaZe, roman xarbedia, nodar

xaduri, Temur Sengelia, emzar jgerenaia.

EDITORIAL BOARD

Revaz Gogokhia – Editor-in-chief Doctor of Economic sciences, professor.

Corresponding members of Georgian National Academy of Sciences, doctors of

Economic Sciences: Vladimer Papava, Avtandil Silagadze, Leo Chikava.

Doctors of Economic Sciences, professors: Iuri Ananiashvili, Ramaz Abesadze,

Simon Gelashvili, Revaz Gvelesiani, Nugzar Todua, Irakli Kovsanadze, Eka

Lekashvili, Murtaz Magradze, Maya Margvelashvili, Ketevan Marshava, Elguja

Mekvabiishvili, Iakob Meskhia, Nugzar Paichadze, Murman Turava, Mirian

Tukhashvili, Eter Kharaishvili, Elene Kharabadze, Roman Kharbedia, Nodar

Khaduri, Temur Shengelia, Emzar Jgerenaia.

ÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÀß ÊÎËËÅÃÈß

Ðåâàç Ãîãîõèÿ – ãëàâíèé ðåäàêòîðá äîêòîð ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîð.

×ëåíû-êîððåñïîíäåíòû Íàöèîíàëüíîé Àêàäåìèè íàóê Ãðóçèè – Âëàäèìåð

Ïàïàâà, Àâòàíäèë Ñèëàãàäçå, Ëåî ×èêàâà.

Äîêòîðà ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîðà: Þðèé Àíàíèàøâèëè, Ðàìàç

Àáåñàäçå, Ñèìîí Ãåëàøâèëè, Ðåâàç Ãâåëåñèàíè,Íóãçàð Òîäóà, Èðàêëèé

Êîâçàíàäçå, Åêà Ëåêàøâèëè, Ìóðòàç Ìàãðàäçå, Ìàéÿ Ìàðãâåëàøâèëè,

Êåòåâàí Ìàðøàâà, Çëãóäæà Ìåêâàáèøâèëè, ßêîá Ìåñõèÿ, Íóãçàð

Ïàé÷àäçå, Ìóðìàí Òóðàâà, Ìèðèàí Òóõàøâèëè, Åòåð Õàðàèøâèëè, Ýëåíå

Õàðàáàäçå, Ðîìàí Õàðáåäèÿ, Íîäàð Õàäóðè, Òåìóð Øåíãåëèÿ, Ýìçàð

Äæãåðåíàèÿ.

4

saredaqcio kolegiis ucxoeli wevrebi.

volfgang vengi – berlinis (germania) universitetis pro-

fesori, harald kunci – branderburgis (germania) universite-

tis ekonomikuri Teoriis kaTedris gamge, kim taqsiri – ruse-

Tis mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi, jozef xasidi – pireusis

(saberZneTi) universitetis ekonomikuri fakultetis dekani,

profesori, tomas haldma – tartus (estoneTi) universitetis

ekonomikisa da biznesis administrirebis fakultetis dekani,

profesori.

FOREIGN MEMBERS OF THEEDITORIAL BOARD OF ECONOMICS:

Wolfgang Weng – Professor at Berlin University (Germany), HaraldKunz – Head of department of Economic theory at Branderburg University(Germany), Kim Taksir – Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences,Joseph Hassid - Dean of the Faculty of Economics Piraeus University(Greece), Professor, Toomas Haldma – Tartu University’s Dean Faculty ofEconomics and Business Administration, professor (Estonia).

ÈÍÎÑÒÐÀÍÍÛÅ ×ËÅÍÛÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÎÉ ÊÎËËÅÃÈÈ:

Âîëôãàíã Âåíã - Ïðîôåññîð Áåðëèíñêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãåðìàíèÿ),

Êóíö Ãàðàëä – çàâ. êàôåäðîé ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé òåîðèè Áðàíäåðáóðãñêîãî

Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãåðìàíèÿ), Êèì Òàêñèð – Àêàäåìèê Ðîññèéñêîé Àêàäåìèè

Íàóê, Äæîçåô Õàññèä – äåêàí ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ôàêóëüòåòà Ïèðåéññêîãî

Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãðåöèÿ), Òîîìàñ Õàëäìà - äåêàí ôàêóëüòåòà ýêîíîìèêè è

àäìèíèñòðèðîâàíèÿ áèçíåñà Óíèâåðñèòåòà Òàðòó (Ýñòîíèÿ), ïðîôåññîð.

5

sarCevi

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

iakob (iaSa) mesxia. saerTaSoriso sareitingo biznesi

da finansuri krizisebi ........................................................................................11

gulnaz erqomaiSvili. Mmewarmeoba da misi ganviTarebis

ekonomikuri politika saqarTveloSi .....................................................35

jemal xaritonaSvili. jon stiuart milis kompromisebi

da Tanamedroveoba ....................................................................................... 45

merab xmalaZe. kidev erTxel demografiisa da demografi-

uli statistikis Sesaxeb ...............................................................................57

mikro-makroekonomika

maia mindoraSvili. humanuri ganviTarebis indeqsi: is-

toria da realoba .................................................................................. 69

giorgi RaRaniZe. saqarTvelos saeqsporto potencialis

zrdis alternativa: diversifikacia Tu koncentracia ...91

sofiko jvarSeiSvili. ucxouri pirdapiri investiciebiszegavlena ekonomikur zrdaze ..................................................................103

laSa tabataZe. siRaribis daZlevisaTvis

saqarTveloSi .................................................................................................... 117

marine RuduSauri. XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTvelos

socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi niSnebi

......................................................................................................................................... 125

6

menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi

nodar bagrationi. korporaciuli mmarTvelobiTi gada-

wyvetilebis kriteriumebi ............................................................................139

vasil xizaniSvili. kultura – ekonomikuri progresis

umniSvnelovanesi faqtori ................................................................................143

nino faresaSvili. konfliqtis, rogorc konstruqciuli

da produqtiuli sawyisis Semcveli procesis

Sesaxeb ........................................................................................................................... 152

nino abesaZe. biznesstatistikis informaciuli bazis sru-

lyofa da maCvenebelTa prognozireba .......................................161

sabuRaltro aRricxva da analizi

izolda WilaZe. relevanturi da alternatiuli xarje-

bis maCvenebelTa gamoyeneba gadawyvetilebebis miRebi-

sas ............................................................................................... 175

nana sreseli. biologiuri aqtivebis Sefasebis da

aRricxvis Taviseburebebi ................................................ 185

nadeJda kvataSiZe. ZiriTadi saSualebebis eqspluataci-

isa da cveTis xarjebis aRricxvis sakiTxebi ..............................195

7

CONTENTS

ECONOMIC THEORY AND ECONOMIC POLICY

JACOB (IASHA) MESKHIA. International Rating Business and

Financial Crises ............................................................................... 11

GULNAZ ERKOMAISHVILI. Entrepreneurship and Economic

Policy of its Development in Georgia ................................................ 35

JEMAL KHARITONASHVILI. John Stuart Mill’s Compromises and

Modern Society ............................................................................... 45

MERAB KHMALADZE. Regarding Demography and Demographic

Statistics Once Again ....................................................................... 57

MICRO-MACROECONOMICS

MAIA MINDORASHVILI. Human Development Index: History and

Reality ............................................................................................ 69

GIORGI GAGANIDZE. The Alternative Ways to Increase the Export

Potential of Georgia: Diversification or Concentration .......................91

SOFIKO JVARSHEISHVILI. The Impact of Foreign Direct

Investments on Economic Growth ................................................... 103

LASHA TABATADZE. The Way for Overcoming Poverty in

Georgia …......................................................................................117

MARINE GUDUSHAURI. Main Characteristics of Social-Economic

Development of Georgia in XI-XII centuries ................................... 125

8

MANAGEMENT, MARKETING, TOURISM

NODAR BAGRATIONI. Corporate Governance Decision

Criteria .......................................................................................... 139

VASIL KHIZANISHVILI. Culture – the Most Important Factor of

Economic Progress ........................................................................ 143

NINO PARESASHVILI. Conflict as the Process Containing

Constructive and Productive Backgrounds ...................................... 152

NINO ABESADZE. Improving Database of Business-statistics and

Forecasting of Figures ................................................................... 161

ACCOUNTING AND ANALYSIS

IZOLDA CHILADZE. Using the Indicators of Relevant and

Opportunity Costs in Decision Making Process ............................... 175

NANA SRESELI. Peculiarities of Assessment and Accounting of

Biological Assets ........................................................................... 185

NADEJDA KVTASHIDZE. Issues of Accounting of Repair Expenses

and Depreciation of Fixed Assets .................................................... 195

9

ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ

ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÒÅÎÐÈß È

ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÏÎËÈÒÈÊÀ

ßÊÎÁ (ßØÀ) ÌÅÑÕß. Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ðåèòèíãîâûé

áèçíåñ è ôèíàíñîâûå êðèçèñû ................................................... 11

ÃÓËÍÀÇ ÅÐÊÎÌÀÈØÂÈËÈ. Ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëüñòâî

è ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ ïîëèòèêà åãî ðàçâèòèÿ â Ãðóçèè ....................35

ÄÆÅÌÀË ÕÀÐÈÒÎÍÀØÂÈËÈ. Êîìïðîìèññû

Äæîíà Ñòþàðòà Ìèëëÿ è ñîâðåìåííîñòü ....................................45

ÌÅÐÀÁ ÕÌÀËÀÄÇÅ. Åùå ðàç î äåìîãðàôèè è

äåìîãðàôè÷åñêîé ñòàòèñòèêå .................................................... 57

ÌÈÊÐÎ - ÌÀÊÐÎÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÀ

MAÉß ÌÈÍÄÎÐÀØÂÈËÈ. Èíäåêñ ãóìàííîãî ðàçâèòèÿ:

èñòîðèÿ è ðåàëüíîñòü ................................................................. 69

ÃÅÎÐÃÈÉ ÃÀÃÀÍÈÄÇÅ. Àëüòåðíàòèâà ðîñòà ïîâûøåíèÿ

ýêñïîðòíîãî ïîòåíöèàëà Ãðóçèè: äèâåðñèôèêàöèÿ èëè

êîíöåíòðàöèÿ .............................................................................91

ÑÎÔÈÊÎ ÄÆÂÀÐØÅÈØÂÈËÈ. Âëèÿíèå èíîñòðàííûõ

ïðÿìûõ èíâåñòèöèé íà ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé ðîñò ............................103

ËAØÀ ÒÀÁÀÒÀÄÇÅ. Äëÿ ïðåîäîëåíèÿ áåäíîñòè

â Ãðóçèè .....................................................................................117

MAÐÈÍÅ ÃÓÄÓØÀÓÐÈ. Îñíîâíûå ïðèçíàêè ñîöèàëüíî-

ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ðàçâèòèÿ Ãðóçèè â XI-XII âåêàõ .....................125

10

ÌÅÍÅÄÆÌÅÍÒ. ÌÀÐÊÅÒÈÍÃ. ÒÓÐÈÇÌ

ÍÎÄÀÐ ÁÀÃÐÀÒÈÎÍÈ. Êðèòåðèé êîðïîðàòèâíîãî

óïðàâëåí÷åñêîãî ðåøåíèÿ ........................................................ 139

ÂÀÑÈËÈÉ ÕÈÇÀÍÈØÂÈËÈ. Êóëüòóðà - âàæíåéøèé

ôàêòîð ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ïðîãðåññà ..........................................143

ÍÈÍÎ ÏÀÐÅÑÀØÂÈËÈ. Î êîíôëèêòå, êàê î ïðîöåññå

ñîäåðæàùèé êîíñòðóêòèâíèå è ïðîäóêòèâíûå îñíîâí ............152

ÍÈÍÎ ÀÁÅÑÀÄÇÅ. Ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèå èíôîðìàöèîííîé

áàçû áèçíåññòàòèñòèêè è ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèå

ïîêàçàòåëåé ................................................................................161

ÁÓXÃÀËÒÅÐÑÊÈÉ Ó×ÅÒ È ÀÍÀËÈÇ

ÈÇÎËÄÀ ×ÈËÀÄÇÅ. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïîêàçàòåëåé ðåëåâàíòíèõ

è àëüòåðíàòèâíèõ çàòðàò ðåøåíèé ............................................175

ÍÀÍÀ ÑÐÅÑÅËÈ. Îñîáåííîñòè îöåíêè è ó÷åòà áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ

àêòèâîâ ......................................................................................185

ÍÀÄÅÆÄÀ ÊÂÀÒÀØÈÄÇÅ. Âîïðîñû ó÷åòà ðàñõîäîâ

åêñïëóàòàöèè è èçíîñà îñíîâíûõ ñðåäñòâ ...............................195

11

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901

123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567

saerTaSoriso sareitingo biznesi da

finansuri krizisebi

iaSa (iakob) mesxia

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu sruli profesori,

saqarTvelos ekonomikur

mecnierebaTa akademiis vice-prezidenti

Tanamedrove globaluri safinanso-ekonomikuri kriz-

isebis gamomwvevi faqtorebidan gansakuTrebiT xSirad

asaxeleben da SedarebiT argumentirebulad miiCneven iseT

faqtorebs da mizezebs, rogoricaa: Warbwarmoebis

klasikuri krizisi; globaluri monopoliebis lpoba;

msoflio ekonomikis disbalansi; ekonomikuri zrdis cik-

luroba; finansuri sferos ganusazRvreli zrda; er-

Toblivi moTxovnis Semcireba da kapitalis efeqtiano-

bis dacema; warmoebuli finansuri produqtebis (opcione-

bi, derivatebi, fiuCersebi da a.S.) Warbwarmoeba; finansuri

resursebis moZraobaze arasakmarisi kontroli; global-

uri bazrebis regulaciis krizisi; valebis moculobis

zrda; aRiarebuli ekonomikuri Teoriis da codnis ar-

qauloba da a.S.1 Cveni azriT, msoflio ekonomikuri kriz-

1 sayuradReboa am Temaze gamocemuli monografiebi: Joseph E. Stiglitz,

FREEALL: America, Free Markets, and the Siking of the Wold Economy, W.W. Norton &

Co., 2010; Irakli Kovzanadze, Systemic and Borderline Banking Krises: Lessons Learned

for Future Prevention, iUniverse, Ins. New York Bloomington, 2010; Àëåí Ãðèñïåí,

Ýïîõà ïîòðÿñåíèé. Ïðîáëåìû è ïåðñïåêòèâû ìèðîâîé ôèíàíñîâîé ñèñòåìû, Ì.,

Þíàèòåä Ïðåññ, 2009; Äîëàí Ñ., Ðàéõ Ì., Ãëîáàëüíûé êðèçèñ. Çà ãðàíüþ

î÷åâèäíîãî, Ì., Ïðîòåêñò, 2010; Ìàêñèì Áëàíò, Ôèíàíñîâûé êðèçèñ, Ì., ÀÑÒ,

2008.


12

isis gamomwvevia ara erTi romelime calke aRebuli faq-

tori, aramed faqtorebisa da pirobebis mravalwaxnago-

vani erToblioba, sistema, romelTa elementebi erTmaneT-

Tan mimarTebiT mWidro kauzalur damokidebulebaSia.

ar vakninebT ra zemoCamoTvlili da sxva mravali

faqtoris gavlenas msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis war-

moSobaze, amasTanave migvaCnia, rom am procesze yvelaze

mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens faqtorTa wre, erToblioba,

romlebic SeiZleba gaerTiandes zogadad erT msxvil

faqtorSi – msoflio ekonomikis kriminalizacia. Tavad

am ukanasknelis warmoSoba da ganviTareba ganpirobebu-

lia uamravi sxvadasxva garemoebiT, romelTa saTaveSi dgas

ekonomikis yvelaze mTavari mamoZravebeli principi -

konkurencia. Tanamedrove Rrma globalizaciis pirobeb-

Si calkeuli qveynebis ekonomikebisa da umsxvilesi tran-

snacionaluri kompaniebis ganviTareba sul ufro damok-

idebuli xdeba konkurentuli upiratesobis miRwevaze. arc

erT qveyanas da arc erT msxvil calkeul sameurneo sub-

ieqts ar SeuZlia win aRudges Tanamedrove konkurenciis

gazrdil moTxovnebs, Tu isini ar Caebmebian dausrulebel

da mudmivad ganviTarebad konkurentul maraTonSi. amasTan,

globalizaciis, erTi SexedviT keTilSobiluri da lamazi

vitrinis ukan, dgas daundobeli, xSirad veraguli da ar-

akeTilsindisieri konkurentuli samyaro, romelic arc

Tu ukanasknel adgils ikavebs msoflio ekonomikuri kriz-

isis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebaSi.

konkurencia Tavisi Sinagani bunebiT aris daundobe-

li brZola bazarze damkvidrebisaTvis, sabazro segmen-

tis gafarToebisaTvis, imisaTvis, rom ajobo Sens konkurents,

gauswro mas da Sedegad amisa miiRo meti mogeba. amasTan,

konkurencias SeiZleba hqondes keTilsindisieri da ara-

keTilsindisieri xasiaTi. konkurencia keTilsindisieria

iaSa (iakob) mesxia

13

mxolod maSin, rodesac is efuZneba erovnuli da saerTa-

Soriso samarTlis dadgenil normebs. Mmagram, bunebaSi

adamianebi Tanabrad keTilsindisieri da humanuri rodi

arian. maTi erTi nawili kriminaluri bunebisaa, rasac

safuZvlad udevs sixarbe, anu zemogebis miReba sxvebis

gakotrebis xarjze da sicrue, raTa daumsaxureblad moi-

povos lideris pozicia msoflio bazarze. swored amit-

omac, sixarbes da sicrues miiCneven globaluri krizisis

wamoSobis mizezad msoflio sxvadasxva konfesiis lidere-

bi1. maTi azriT, krizisi aris RmerTismieri sasjeli ad-

amianur usamarTlobaze, adamianur sixarbeze, sakuTar mox-

marebaze kontrolis dakargvasTan, sasjeli swrafvaze neb-

ismieri gziT gamdidrebisaken, ise, rom uRalato adamia-

nur faseulobebs da humanur ideebs.

marTalia, bazari klasikuri gagebiT TviTregulire-

badi sistemaa, magram praqtika adasturebs, rom misi nor-

maluri funqcionirebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa

sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso maregulirebeli instituciis

formireba, romlebic saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi samarTlebrivi,

organizaciuli da finansuri meqanizmebiT Caerevian mis

saqmianobaSi. amitomac aris Seqmnili iseTi giganturi

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, rogoricaa msoflio savalu-

to fondi, msoflio banki, vaWrobis msoflio organizacia

da a.S., romelTaganN TiToeuls akisria valdebulebaTa

farTo wre, romelTa realizaciam xeli unda Seuwyos

msoflio ekonomikis optimalur ganviTarebas da ar dauS-

vas disbalansi da krizisuli movlenebi. msoflio da

erovnuli bazrebis regulaciis saqmeSi XX saukunis 70-

iani wlebidan gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs sareitin-

1 mesxia i. religiuri Sexedulebebi Tanamedrove globalur

ekonomikur krizisze. Jurn. ̀ religia~, 2009, # 3, gv. 66-76.


14

go saagentoebi, sxvadasxva kompania, gamomcemlobebi da

saerTaSoriso forumebi, romlebic TavianTi kvlevebisa

da Sefasebebis safuZvelze gansazRvraven calkeuli sax-

elmwifoebisa da sameurneo subieqtebis saerTaSoriso da

erovnul reitingebs. es ukanaskneli aris informacia,

romelic asaxavs qveynis an biznes-subieqtis mdgomare-

obas da perspeqtivebs sxva analogiur subieqtebTan mima-

rTebiT. sareitingo samsaxurebis mier gamoqveynebuli mo-

nacemebi xels uwyobs konkurentunarianobis WriliT bi-

znesis an sxva romelime saqmianobis lideris gamovle-

nas da Sefasebas, xolo reitingSi monawileoba iZleva

bazarze sakuTari reputaciis gamovlenisa da informaci-

uli gamWvirvalobis demonstrirebis saSualebas, rac Tavis

mxriv, amartivebs klientebsa da saqmian partniorebTan

muSaobas.

Tanamedrove msoflio sareitingo sistemaSi Ziri-

Tadad ikveTeba misi ori mTavari mimarTuleba. pirvel

mimarTulebaSi Sedis saerTaSoriso da erovnuli sare-

itingo saagentoebi, romlebic ZiriTadad ikvleven biznes-

struqturebis, maT Soris gansakuTrebiT sabanko, sadazRvevo

da sxva finansuri erTeulebis konkurentunarianobas

calkeuli qveynisa da saerTaSoriso masStabiT. meore

mimarTuleba moicavs organizaciul jgufur kvlevebs

calkeuli qveynebis globalur konkurentunarianobaze,

romelic, Tavis mxriv, moicavs reitingebs biznesis keTeba-

ze, biznesisa da fiskalur Tavisuflebaze, sakuTrebis

uflebaze, korufciidan Tavisuflebaze da a.S. amgvari da

sxva mravali politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri

xasiaTis reitingebis gaangariSebebs axorcieleben av-

toritetuli forumebi, kvleviTi institutebi, gamomcem-

lobebi da a.S. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom orive mimarTulebis

sareitingo samsaxurebTan saxelmwifoebisa da biznes-stru-

iaSa (iakob) mesxia

15

qturebis urTierToba dafuZnebulia gaweuli momsaxure-

bis (reitingebis dadgenis) anazRaurebis principze. Sei-

Zleba iTqvas, rom sareitingo saqmianoba aris Cveulebrivi

inteleqtualuri biznesi, romlis mTavari mamoZravebeli

motivi, iseve rogorc nebismieri biznesis, aris maRali

mogebis miReba. amasTan, sareitingo biznesis erT-erTi

mTavari Taviseburebaa is, rom misi saqmianobis saboloo

Sedegebze damkveTis mxridan protestis gamoxatvis aranai-

ri meqanizmi ar arsebobs. es ki, Tavis mxriv, reitingis

maZieblebs aiZulebs eZebon SemovliTi gzebi sareitingo

saagentoebTan `Tbili~ urTierTobebis dasamyareblad.

konkureniul brZolaSi gamarjvebis didi wyurvili ba-

zris moTamaSeebis nawils ubiZgebs arakeTilsindisieri

qmedebebisaken, romlis erT-erTi forma SeiZleba iyos sa-

reitingo saagentoebTan korufciuli garigebebis gziT

sasurveli reitingis mopoveba. damaxinjebuli, ararealuri

reitingebis gamoyeneba saerTaSoriso bazarze xdeba mc-

dari biznes-gadawyvetilebebis miRebis safuZveli, rac

saboloo angariSiT iwvevs bazrebis turbulenturobas

da xels uwyobs krizisebis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas

regionul da saerTaSoriso doneebze.

sareitingo saagentoebi da maTi saqmianoba civili-

zebuli sabazro sistemis organuli Semadgeneli nawil-

ia. is, rogorc sabazro urTierTobaTa erT-erTi mniS-

vnelovani instituti, warmoiSva im mizniT, rom gadaewyvi-

ton bazarze moZravi asimetriuli informaciis dabal-

ansebis problema, agreTve uzrunvelyon biznes-struqturebi

da saxelmwifoebi informaciiT moaxloebuli krizisuli

situaciis Sesaxeb.

sareitingo saagentoebi (kompaniebi) warmoadgens

komerciul organizacias, romlis mTavari amocanaa ganax-


16

orcielos fasiani qaRaldebis emitentebis gadaxdisuna-

rianobis, biznes-valdebulebebis, korporaciuli menejmen-

tis da aqtivebis marTvis xarisxis, agreTve qveynis gada-

xdisunarianobis da a.S. Sefaseba. maTi yvelaze ZiriTadi

da cnobili produqcia gadaxdisunarianobis Sefasebaa

(sakredito reitingi). igi asaxavs savalo valdebulebeb-

is argadaxdis risks da gavlenas axdens saprocento ga-

nakveTis sidideze, savalo valdebulebebidan Semosavlis

moculobaze. maRali reitingi niSnavs argadaxdebis nak-

leb risks. aqtobrivad, reitingi aris ndobis xarisxi,

romelsac sareitingo kompaniebi aniWebs emitentebs, biznes-

subieqtebs da saxelmwifoebs.

pirveli sareitingo saagentoebi Camoyalibda XIX

saukuneSi aSS-Si im mizniT, rom ufro gamWvirvale gamx-

dariyo amerikuli kompaniebis saqmianoba ucxoeli inves-

torebisaTvis. finansuri bazrebis swrafi ganviTarebis

periodSi, romelic moicavda XIX saukunis dasasruls da

XX saukunis dasawyiss, sareitingo saagentoebis momsax-

ureba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda, Tumca, XX saukunis meore

naxevramde isini SesamCnev rols mxolod aSS-Si Tama-

Sobdnen.

ekonomikuri da finansuri krizisebi maregulirebe-

li organoebisagan moiTxovda axali institutebis Seqm-

nas, ekonomikis finansuri stabilurobis, safinanso da

sabanko seqtorebis mdgradobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis.

axali maregulirebeli organoebis SeqmnasTan erTad, fi-

nansuri stabilurobis misaRwevad da informaciuli asim-

etriis problemis gadasaWrelad, gamoyenebul iqna adre

Seqmnili sareitingo saagentoebi da sxva organizaciebi.

1970-iani wlebisaTvis fasian qaRaldebsa da birJebze aSS-

s kongresis federalurma komisiam (The United States Securi-

ties and Exchange Commission- SEC) sam sareitingo saagentos –

iaSa (iakob) mesxia

17

Moody,s, Standard @ Poor,s, Fitch Ratings mianiWa erovnulad da

saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli kompaniebis statusi. maTi

roli gansakuTrebiT gaizarda XX saukunis 1980-1990 –

ian wlebSi finansuri bazris swrafi ganviTarebis dros.

Semdgom, sareitingo saagentoebi gamoCnda evropaSi, samxreT-

aRmosavleT aziaSi, ruseTSi, magram sareitingo momsax-

urebaSi kvlavac liderobda amerikuli `didi sameuli~.

es iyo gamowveuli maTi gansakuTrebuli statusiT, romelic

maT oficialurad mieniWa. Semdeg sxva qveynebSi Seqmnili

erovnuli sareitingo saagentoebi, arc Tu iSviaTad, ̀ didi

sameulis~ Svilobil struqturad yalibdeboda.

ukanasknel wlebSi sareitingo saagentoebi safinan-

so da sakredito institutebis riskTa sistemis Sefaseb-

is mniSvnelovani elementi gaxda, rac kerZod aisaxa kide-

vac cnobil bazel-II-is (dokumenti kapitalis gazomvisa

da kapitalis standartebis saerTaSoriso konvergenciis

Sesaxeb) SeTanxmebaSi. magram, rogorc praqtika gviCvenebs,

arsebobs Rrma winaaRmdegoba am instituciis gaZliereb-

is kuTxiT ekonomikis moTxovnilebasa da sareitingo mom-

saxurebis bazris metismeti monopolizaciis Sedegad Camoy-

alibebul negatiur Sedegebs Soris.

saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom 1970-iani wlebidan sareitin-

go saagentoebma wamyvani poziciebi daikava msoflios

ganviTarebul safinanso bazrebze. maT gaikafes gza riske-

bis Cveulebrivi Semfaseblidan investiciuri samyaros

kanonmdeblebamde. XX saukunis bolosaTvis mTeli msof-

lios investorebi sakuTari investiciuri politikisa da

fasiani qaRaldebis portfelis formirebaSi, agreTve in-

vesticiuri gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi xelmZRvanelobd-

nen ZiriTadad 3-4 wamyvani sareitingo saagentos Sefase-

bebiT.


18

safinanso-sabanko sferoSi sareitingo biznesi dRe-

isaTvis warmodgenilia karteliT, romelSic gaerTianeb-

ulia zemoxsenebuli sami uZlieresi saerTaSoriso saagen-

to: Standard @ Poor,s, Moody,s investors Servise da Fitch Ratings-i.

unda iTqvas, rom XX saukunis 70-ian wlebamde sareitingo

sfero iyo SedarebiT konkurentiani. mas Semdeg, rac aSS,

romelic pirdapir Tu arapirdapir cdilobs erTpolusi-

ani samyaros formirebas, mdgomareoba finansur politikaSi

da kerZod, sareitingo politikaSi radikalurad Seicva-

la. amis erT-erTi niSani iyo isic, rom fasiani qaRalde-

bis aSS-s komisiam (SEC) safuZveli Cauyara momaval uryev

oligarqias. man neba darTo kompaniebs ganexorcielebi-

naT garkveuli finansuri operaciebi mxolod reitingeb-

is safuZvelze, romelic mieniWeboda erovnulad aRiare-

bul statistikur sareitingo organizaciebs (NRSRO- Na-

tionally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization). maTi ricxvi 1980-

iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis Seadgenda 7 erTeuls, Tumca

Serwymisa da reorganizaciis Sedegad, 90-iani wlebisaTvis

sareitingo kompaniebis ricxvi 3-mde Semcirda.

aRniSnuli Ria oligopoliis Seqmnam mwvave kritikis

obieqti gaxada fasiani qaRaldebisa da birJebis aSS ko-

misia, ris gamoc igi iZulebuli gaxda NRSRO statusi

mieniWebina ramdenime amerikuli, kanaduri, iaponuri kompa-

niisaTvis, Tumca, maTi saqmianobis areali viwro sabazro

seqtoria da ver uweven konkurencias `did sameuls~. amiT

faqtobrivad damyarda monopolia, safuZveli gamoecala

konkurencias sareitingo saqmianobaSi, ris Sedeagadac

mniSvnelovnad daeca `didi sameulis~ muSaobis xarisxi.

ekonomikuri zrdis pirobebSi maTi naklovanebebi ar vlin-

deboda, magram krizisis etapze sareitingo saagentoebis

fataluri Secdomebi ara Tu cxadi gaxda, aramed msof-

lios bevr qveyanaSi Seiqmna STabeWdileba, rom maT didi

iaSa (iakob) mesxia

19

wvlili miuZRviT safinanso-sabanko krizisis warmoqmnasa

da msoflio ekonomikis destabilizaciaSi.

uZravi qonebis bazris aRmavlobis pirobebSi, romel-

sac zurgs umagrebda federaluri sarezervo sistemis

dabali ganakveTebi, umravles investors mieca saSualeba

SeeqmnaT mTeli rigi warmoebuli rTuli finansuri produ-

qtebi. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos ipoTekuri

kreditebis derivatebi, iseTebi, rogoricaa cnobili GDO

- Cjllateralizend Debt Obligation. am instrumentebis (obligacie-

bis) Semdgomi gayidvisaTvis bankebs, sapensio fondebs da

centralur bankebsac ki esaWiroebaT Sesabamisi sakredi-

to reitingi. obligaciebis gayidvis mizniT, saerTaSoriso

sareitingo kompaniebi mis realizatorebs aniWebda AAA

umaRles reitings. maTi xarisxi gaTanabrebuli iyo saukeTe-

so saxelmwifo savalo valdebulebebTan. analitikosebi-

sa da eqspertebis erTi nawilis azriT, aseT gadawyvetile-

bas safuZvlad edo ara mxolod kreditunarianobis gaan-

gariSebis rTuli maTematikuri modelebi, aramed is gare-

moeba, rom TiTqosda im sareitingo saagentoebis saqmi-

anobas, romlebic obligaciebs aniWebdnen reitingebs, ux-

vad uxdidnen dainteresebuli investiciuri bankebi1. am

mosazrebas, rogorc Cans, hqonda seriozuli safuZveli,

radgan fasiani qaRaldebis aSS komisiam daiwyo sagamo-

Ziebo saqmianoba reitingebis miniWebis procesSi interes-

Ta konfliqtisa da SesaZlo maqinaciebis Sesaxeb.

saagentoebis Cavardna finansuri alqimiis sferoSi

mas Semdeg gaxda mkafio, rogorc ki 2007 wlis gazafx-

ulze daiwyo defoltis zrda ipoTekur kreditebze. sa-

reitingo saagentoebma myisve daiwyes obligaciebze adre

miniWebuli reitingebis Semcireba. maT ricxvSi mohyva 1

trln-ze meti saerTo Rirebulebis fasiani qaRaldebi,


1 http://www.spekulant.ru/magazine/Tyuning_dlya_rejtinga.html

20

romelmac maTi mflobelebs fantastikuri zarali miaye-

na. amas mohyva sxvadasxva investiciuri emitentis mier

gamoSvebul qaRaldebze reitingebis mravalpunqtiani Sem-

cireba da saboloo angariSiT, es procesi spiralurad

gavrcelda mTels amerikasa da egvropaSi, Semdeg ki sxva

qveynebSi.

Tqma imisa, rom bolodroindel msoflio finansur

krizisSi, romelic jer kidev araa bolomde daZleuli,

saerTaSoriso sareitingo kompaniebis qceva SemTxveviTo-

bas SeiZleba mieweros, Cveni azriT, araa damajerebeli.

uaxloes finansur istoriaSi cnobilia 2001 wlis movle-

nebi. “didi sameulis” karteli gabedulad uWerda mxars

amerikuli energogigantis Enron-saTvis umaRlesi reit-

ingis miniWebas. misi faqtobrivi gabankrotebis bolo

dRemde, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTTvis, kolafsamde ramden-

ime TviT adre cnobili iyo kompaniaSi Seqmnili seriozu-

li finansuri problemebis Sesaxeb. am procesma ise Cai-

ara, rom sareitingo kompaniebis misamarTiT ukmayofileba

msoflios arc erTi qveynis xelisuflebis mxridan ar

gamoTqmula, xolo Tavad kompaniis sarCelze saagentoebs

imiT upasuxes, rom maTi reitingebi mxolod ̀ mosazrebaa~,

xolo `sityvis Tavisufleba~ daculia konstituciuri

principebiT. amrigad, `did sameuls~ imdenad didi Zalau-

fleba aqvs uzurpirebuli, rom maT mier dasmul erT niSans

SeuZlia kompania daayenos gakotrebis piras an piriqiT,

misces mas farTo gasaqani gamdidrebisaken.

sayuradReboa, rom saerTaSoriso sareitingo saagen-

toebi floben ara mxolod reguliaciur-ekonomikur, aramed

politikur siZlieresac. rogorc Cans, suveruli reit-

ingebi, romelsac aniWeben saagentoebi sxvadasxva qveynis

savalo valdebulebebs, CamorCa Tanamedrove moTxovnebs.

eqspertebis erTi nawilis azriT, im qveynebs, romlebic

iaSa (iakob) mesxia

21

politikuri kuTxiT araapartniorTa siaSi arian, SeiZle-

ba negatiuri Sefaseba miscen, xolo piriqiT – Tanamego-

brobis wevr qveynebs – pozitiuri. amave dros, maTi Se-

faseba aSS-s da partniori qveynebis mimarT metwilad

frTxil da liberalur xasiaTs atarebs. TviT aSS 1917

wlidan umaRlesi suverenuli reitingis matarebelia, im

dros ki, rodesac mis ekonomikaSi aSkarad ikveTeba sagar-

eo valebis fantastikuri zrda, eqsport-importis balan-

sis gauareseba da a.S. saagentoebis sameulis azriT, aSS

reitingi msoflio finansuri sistemis mesaWea da Tu misi

reitingi Semcirda, es iqneba ara mxolod amerikis, aramed

mTeli msoflios didi problema.

Tumca, 2011 wlis agvistoSi erT gamonakliss hqonda

adgili. aSS-s kongressa da prezidents Soris sagareo

valis zeda zRvris gamo wamoWrili diskusiis fonze, “didi

sameulidan” erT-erTma gavlenianma sareitingo saagentom

-”standart eng fursma” aSS-s istoriaSi pirvelad daswia

saxazino obligaciebis (US Treasusuries) reitingi AAA-dan

erTi safexuriT AA+-mde-negatiuri prognoziT, ramac gam-

oiwvia sabirJo maCveneblebis yvelaze didi vardna 2008

wlis krizisis Semdeg. am garemoebas mohyva am saagentoSi

Semowmebis dawyeba, erTi mxriv, aSS birJebisa da fasiani

qaRaldebis komisiis (SEC) mier, xolo, meore mxriv, aSS-s

iusticiis saministros mier (am ukanasknelis mier saagen-

toSi Semowmeba dawyebuli iyo Semcirebuli reitingis

gamocxadebamde). Aarsebobs eWvi, rom aSS-Si ipoTekuri bumis

dros sareitingo saagentoebi iRebdnen didZal Semosavals

ipoTekur qaRaldebze saeWvo umaRlesi reitingebis mini-

WebiT. aSS-s finansTa saministros miaCnia, rom sareitin-

go saagento Standard @ Poor,s reitingis gaangariSebisas Secda

2 trln dolariT da dausabuTebeli Sedegebi warmoadg-

ina. sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom “did sameulSi” Se-


22

mavalma danarCenma orma saagentom, mas Semdeg, rac aSS-s

kongresma qveynis sagareo valis limiti gazarda 2,1 trln

dolariT (14,3 trln-mde), xolo saxelmwifo xarjebi Seam-

cira 2,5 trln-iT, ar dauWira mxari kolegebs da qveynas

SeunarCuna umaRlesi sakredito reitingi.

dReisaTvis, mdgomareoba Semdegnairad gamoiyureba.

miuxedavad `didi sameulis~ mimarT 2008 wlidan wayenebu-

li mravali seriozuli braldebisa, isini Cveulebrivi

reJimiT agrZeleben saqmianobas, kvlav wyveten msoflios

saxelmwifoTa finansur beds. Ffinansuri bazari TiTqos-

da darwmunebulia, rom es saagentoebi ar moaxdenen faqte-

bis gayalbebas. saqme isaa, rom reitingebi aRiarebulia

sabazro urTierTobis ganuyofel nawilad. magaliTad, zo-

gierTi investori yidulobs mxolod maRali xarisxis

fasian qaRalds. es niSnavs, rom rogorc ki qaRaldebi

miiReben ̀ uxarisxoTa~ statuss, mis saswrafod mocilebas

cdiloben. Aanalogiurad, reitingebi gamoiyeneba bankis

sabalanso angariSis riskianobis Sesafaseblad. reitingebi,

miuxedavad maTi arasrulyofilobisa, mainc icavs inves-

tors, radgan awvdis mas kreditis xarisxis erTian mini-

malur maCvenebels fuladi bazris nebismieri aqtivisaTvis.

garda amisa, sareitingo saagentoebi TamaSoben piaris rols.

SeiZleba maT aranairi siaxle ar Tqvan, magram isini in-

formacias avrceleben mTels msoflioSi da amiT cen-

tralur bankebs da sainvesticio fondebs ubiZgeben ga-

ufasurebuli aqtivebis moSorebisaken. am SemTxvevaSi isini

qveynis usafrTxoebas xelyofen. magaliTad, Tu Moody,S an

sxva sameulSi Semavali saagento evrokavSiris romelime

qveynas Seafasebs minimaluri reitingiT, evropuli cen-

traluri banki moqmedi wesis Tanaxmad, ver miiRebs am

qveynis obligaciebs uzrunvelsayofad. Ees, ra Tqma unda,

iaSa (iakob) mesxia

23

gaaRrmavebs isedac dabali reitingiT Sefasebuli qvey-

nis finansur mdgomareobas.

Uukanasknel periodSi, saerTaSoriso sareitingo

saagentoebis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT, specialisteb-

isa da sazogadoebis didi nawilis Sefasebebi da komen-

tarebi calsaxad negatiuria. globalurma ekonomikurma

krizisma saxelmwifoebisa da biznesis winaSe daayena kiTx-

va: ramdenad asaxavs realur suraTs da mosalodneli

krizisis prognozebs sareitingo saagentoebis gaangariSe-

bebi da Sefasebebi. cnobilia, rom jer kidev krizisis

dawyebamde saerTaSoriso sareitingo samsaxerebi umaRles

reitings aniWebda sxvadasxva qveynis, gansakuTrebiT ki

aSS fasian qaRaldebs, romlic asrulebda nasesxobis

funqcias. pretenziebi, romlebic gamoikveTa globaluri

krizisis mimdinareobisa da Semdgom periodSi ̀ didi sameu-

lis~ mimarT, SeiZleba Semdegnairad Camoyalibdes:

• kompaniebze, fasian qaRaldebsa da qveynebze arao-

bieqturi reitingebis miniWeba sakuTari gaumWvirvale

kriteriumebisa da gasaidumloebuli meTodebis gamoyenebis

safuZvelze;

• `didi sameulis~ monopoliuri mdgomareoba da

konkurenciis ararseboba saerTaSoriso sareitingo baz-

arze;

• monopoliuri saagentoebis mier SefasebebSi daSve-

bulia uxeSi Secdomebi, rac badebs eWvs am saagentoebis

arakompetenturobis Sesaxeb;

• saagentoebis reitingebis damkveTebTan korufci-

ul garigebebSi CarTvis SesaZlebloba, romelic SeiZle-

ba gamxdariyo araswori reitingebis miniWebisa da, Sesa-

bamisad, globaluri krizisis warmoSobis erT-erTi mizezi.

2008 wels, fasian qaRaldebsa da birJebze aSS fed-

eraluri komisiis mier msxvil sareitingo saagentoebSi


24

Catarebulma sagamoZiebo saqmianobam, romelic ZiriTadad

exeboda ipoTekuri fasiani qaRaldebis Sefasebas, gviCve-

na, rom arc erT saagentos `didi sameulidan~ ar gaaCnda

aranairi dokumenturad dafiqsirebuli procedurebi

rTuli finansuri instrumentebis SefasebisaTvis. ar gaaCn-

daT agreTve Sefasebis srulyofili algoriTmi. amasTanave,

sareitingo saagentoebi arRvevdnen dokumentirebis pro-

ceduras, ris Sedegadac informaciis mniSvnelovani naw-

ili ar iyo dafiqsirebuli. aRniSnuli komisiis Tavmj-

domaris qristefor koqsis moxsenebaSi, romelic moicavs

10-Tviani gamoZiebis Sedegebs, aRniSnulia, rom am kompanie-

bSi gamovlinda seriozuli darRvevebi, romelTa Soris

aris investorebis informaciis araswori gaxsna, saWiro

kontrolisa da meTodologiis ararseboba da zerele

damokidebuleba interesTa konfliqtis warmoqmnis Sesa-

ZleblobasTan dakavSirebiT.1 kompaniebs ubralod ar See-

ZloT dabali reitingis miniWeba im emitentis wilobriv

valdebulebebze, romlebic axdenen struqturirebuli

instrumentebis qulebis formirebas. ase magaliTad, Moody,s-

ma krizisis dawyebisas aRiara, rom emitentebis savalo

valdebulebebze aniWebda kuTvnilze maRal reitings.

Sedegad amisa investorebi, romlebic orientirebuli iyvnen

am reitingze, fasiani qaRaldebis SeZenisas dakarges da-

bandebis 60%-ze meti2.

msxvil, ganviTarebul qveynebSi, maT Soris aSS-sa da

evropis wamyvan qveynebSi arsebobs eWvi, rom sareitingo

saagentoebi CarTulia korufciul garigebebSi. aSS xe-

lisuflebaSi Tvlian, rom sareitingo saagentoebi SeT-

1 http://rus.ruvr.ru/2010/07/13/12178613.html2 Òóðñóíîâ Ò.Ì. Ðåéòèíãîâûå àãåíòñòâà è èõ ðîëü íà ðûíêå ñòðóêòóðèðîâàííûõ

ôèíàíñîâûõ èíñòðóìåíòîâ, ýëåêòðîííûé æóðíàë “Êîðïîðàòèâíûå ôèíàíñû”.

Âûïóñê, ¹13(15), 2010, ñ. 82.

iaSa (iakob) mesxia

25

qmuli iyvnen sainvesticio bankebTan da mizanmimarTulad

aniWebdnen maRal reitingebs im produqtebs, romlebic

faqtobrivad toqsikur aqtivebs warmoadgenda. sayuradRe-

boa, rom aSS kongresma moismina sakiTxi sareitingo ko-

mpaniebSi Seqmnili rTuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da cal-

saxad daafiqsira, rom reitingebis miniWebis process Tan

axlavs korufciuli garigebebi.

ukanasknel dros saerTaSoriso sareitingo saagen-

toebis S@P, Moody,S da Fitch-is saqmianoba mkacri kritikis

qveS moeqca saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis, eliseis sasax-

lis da evropis komisiis mxridan. amis erT-erTi mizezi

isicaa, rom saagentoebis mier jer saberZneTis, Semdgom

portugaliisa da espaneTis suverenuli reitingebis Sem-

cirebam, negatiuri roli Seasrula evropis safondo bir-

Jebze bazrobebis mimdinareobaze. sareitingo samsaxureb-

is saqmianobas saeWvod xdis is garemoeba, rom isini ba-

zrobebis daxurvamde ramdenime wuTiT adre aqveyneben in-

formacias suverenuli reitingebis gacemis Sesaxeb. ufro

metic, maTi arsebobis praqtika gviCvenebs, rom ̀ didi sameu-

li~ ukan misdevs safondo bazrebis saqmianobas da ara

aqvT unari maRali albaTobiT daaprognozon mosalodne-

li situaciebi mokle an saSualovadian periodSi.

saerTaSoriso sareitingo saagentoebis mimarT un-

dobloba gamoxata ruseTis xelisuflebam, xolo ukrainis

erovnulma bankma sareitingo saagentos Fitch-s protestis

nota gaugzavna da gawyvita masTan kavSiri.

G-20-is londonisa da seulis samitebze mkafiod

dafiqsirda negatiuri damokidebuleba sareitingo saagen-

toebis saqmianobaze, agreTve gamoiTqva mosazreba komer-

ciuli bankebisa da hej-fondebis mimarT momTxovnelobis

gazrdis Sesaxeb. sayuradReboa, rom `did sameulTan~ er-

Tad krizisis xelSemwyob struqturad miiCneven, agreTve,


26

kanadur saagentos A, M, Best-s, romelic ZiriTadad sadazRve-

vo sferoSi saqmianobs.

unda aRiniSnos, rom `didi sameulis~ saqmianobas

mkacrad akritikeben maRalavtoritetuli eqspertebi da

mecnier-ekonomistebi. maTi azriT, saagentoebi daintere-

sebuli iyvnen warmoebuli fasiani qaRaldebis (derivate-

bis) emitentebis momsaxurebiT, radgan maTi mxridan did

Semosavals iRebdnen. emitentebi dainteresebuli iyvnen

fasiani qaRaldebis Rirebulebaze damatebiTi pliusebis

miRebiT, rasac aRwevdnen korufciuli garigebebiT. nobe-

lis premiis laureati pol krugmani emxroba mosazrebas

`didi sameulis~ korumpirebulobis Sesaxeb.1 maT mimarT

ndoba imdenad daeca, rom `didi sameulis~ saqmianobis

SeCerebazec ki gamoiTqva mosazreba. evropuli centraluri

bankis xelmZRvanelis, msoflioSi cnobili finansistis

Jan-klod triSes azriT, `didi sameuli~ TavianTi reit-

ingebiT gavlenas axdens ara mxolod biznesis ganviTare-

baze, aramed maT SeuZliaT TavianTi arakeTilsindisieri

saqmianobiT Searyion nebismieri qveynis finansuri stabi-

luroba.2

2008 wlis globaluri krizisi iseTi moulodnelo-

biT daatyda Tavs TiTqmis mTel msoflios, rom misi moax-

loebis Sesaxeb msxvili ologopoliuri sareitingo saagen-

tos mier odnavi miniSnebac ki ar dafiqsirebula. ra Tqma

unda, im garemoebam, rom saagentoebma ver uzrunvelyves

TavianTi ZiriTadi amocanis – msoflio finansuri siste-

mis mdgradobis prognozirebis realizacia, bevri kiTxva

warmoSva rogorc calkeuli saxelmwifoebis, aseve safin-

anso-ekonomikuri organizaciebis mxridan. im garemoebam,

rom saagentoebi bazrobebis daxurvamde 15 wuTiT adre

1http://nm2000.kz/news/2010-04-26-265072 http://popnano.ru/anticrisis/show/978

iaSa (iakob) mesxia

27

mniSvnelovnad amcirebdnen zogierTi qveynis sakredito

suverenul reitings, warmoSva eWvi, rom maTi saqmianoba

mimarTuli iyo birJaze moTamaSeTa erTi nawilis gamdi-

drebisaken. aseTi qmedebis ukan SeiZleba yofiliyo ko-

rufciuli garigebebi.

sareitingo samsaxurebi uaryofen maT braleulobas

msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis warmoqmnaSi. maTi azriT,

politikosebs da regulatorebs ubralod undaT maTi

upasuxismgebloba sxvas gadaabralon. maTi azriT, ubra-

lo teqnikur Secdomebs, romelsac marTlac hqonda adg-

ili maT saqmianobaSi, ar SeeZlo zianis miyeneba saerTa-

Soriso bazrisaTvis. Tumca, `didi sameulis~ misamarTiT

kritika gamoiTqva ara mxolod politikosebisa da regu-

latorebis mxridan, aramed maTi kolega saagentoebis mxri-

danac. magaliTad, Cinuri sareitingo kompania (Dagond Glo-

bal Credit Riting) acxadebs, rom amerikuli sareitingo ko-

mpaniebi ar xsnidnen riskebs saTanado doneze da Zalian

dauaxlovdnen TavianT klientebs. Cinurma kompaniam Tavi-

si gamokvlevebiT `didi sameulis~ sapirispiro monaceme-

bi gamoaqveyna, sadac aSS-ma da dasavleTis wamyvanma qvey-

nebma ufro cudi Sefasebebi miiRes, vidre maT mianiWa

`didma sameulma~. piriqiT, ganviTarebadi qveynebi braziliis,

CineTis da ruseTis CaTvliT, Sefasebul iqna ufro pozi-

tiurad, saerTaSoriso sareitingo saagentoebis Sefase-

bebTan SedarebiT.

saerTaSoriso sareitingo saagentoebis-`didi sameu-

lis~ mimarT saxelmwifoebisa da biznes-struqturebis

ndobis dakargvis ZiriTadi mizezebi, faqtorebi da pirobebi

SeiZleba Semdegnairad Camoyalibdes:

• yvelaze didi roli saerTaSoriso saagentoebi-

sadmi ndobis dakargvaSi Seasrula msoflioSi umsxvile-

si amerikuli investiciuri bankis Lehman Prothers – is ga-


28

kotrebam, romelsac ̀ did sameulSi~ Semavali saagentoebi

sistematurad maRal reitings aniWebda;

• saagentoebis saqmianobisadmi ndobis dakargvaSi

mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia im garemoebam, rom maTi,

rogorc kerZo biznessubieqtebis Semosavlebi, araa mibmu-

li Sesrulebuli samuSaoebis saimedobasa da Sefasebis

adekvaturobasTan. moqmedi wesis Tanaxmad, aRniSnul ko-

mpaniebs aranairi pasuxismgebloba ar akisria maT mier

arasworad miniWebul reitingebze. sareitingo saqmianoba

aris biznesi, romelic aranair risks ar Seicavs;

• saagentoebis mxridan biznesisa da saxelmwifoe-

bis mimarT valdebulebebis arqonam gamoiwvia maTi saqmi-

anobis xarisxis dacema. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom bolo

globalur krizisamde, sareitingo samsaxurebis saqmiano-

bis Sedegebze, umniSvnelo gamonaklisebis garda, arc erT

saxelmwifos (CineTis gamoklebiT) da msxvil kompanias

pretenzia ar gamouTqvams. aRniSnulma garemoebam TviTk-

mayofilebis grZnoba Seqmna sareitingo saagentoebSi da,

Sesabamisad, daeca maTi saqmianobis xarisxi;

• aSS kongresis birJebisa da fasiani qaRaldebis

komisiam, romelsac evaleba sareitingo saagentoebze

zedamxedveloba, am bolo periodSi Seasusta maTdami kon-

troli. yovelive aman ukanasknel wlebSi saagentoebs

ganumtkica rwmena, rom ara `bazari qmnis analitikosebs~,

aramed ̀ analitikosebi qmnian bazars~, rac winaaRmdegoba-

Si modis sayovelTaod aRiarebul sabazro principebTan;

• sareitingo saqmianobisadmi ndobis dakargvaSi

didi roli Seasrula arakonkurentulma garemom am sf-

eroSi da monopolisti `did sameulis~ aSS-s teritori-

aze arsebobam. marTalia msoflioSi isini ver gaumklavdnen

`didi sameulis~ zewolas da maTi momsaxurebis areali

ZiriTadad erovnuli ekonomikebia;

iaSa (iakob) mesxia

29

• sareitingo samsaxurebis mimarT ndobis dakargva

dakavSirebulia, agreTve, maT mier gamoyenebuli reitinge-

bis gaangariSebis meTodebisa da modelebis gaumWvirval-

obasTan. reitingebis gaangariSebis `samzareulo~ saidum-

lod rCeba maTi damkveTebisa da momxmareblebisaTvis.

saerTaSoriso sareitingo saagentoebis mimarT un-

doblobis gazrdam dRis wesrigSi daayena am sferoSi

wesrigisa da efeqtianobis amaRlebis problema. am mima-

rTulebiT dawyebulia sareformo samuSaoebi, romelTa

arsi SeiZleba mokled Semdegnairad Camoyalibdes:

– evropaSi Tvlian, rom saWiroa Seiqmnas damoukide-

beli, iseTi evropuli sareitingo saagento, romliTac

SesaZlebeli gaxdeba investorTa konfliqtis gamoricx-

va–Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareobis gamoyeneba piradi inter-

esebisaTvis. rac Seexeba evropaSi muSaobis survilis mqone

saerTaSoriso sareitingo saagentoebs, isini valdebuli

gaxdebian gaiaron saTanado registracia (akreditacia)

da Sesabamisad, moeqcevian garkveuli zedamxedvelobis qveS.

amasTan, aucilebeli unda gaxdes reitingebis gaangariSe-

bis meTodebisa da modelebis Sesaxeb informaciis gaxsna

(gamWvirvaloba). evrokavSirSi ukve dawyebulia muSaoba

franguli sadazRvevo kompania Coface-s bazaze msxvili

evropuli sareitingo saagentos Seqmnis mimarTulebiT;

– evropis paralelurad sareitingo saagentoebis

regulirebis srulyofis sakiTxebze daiwyo muSaoba aSS-

Sic, qveynis kongresSi mimdinare finansuri reformebis

CarCoebSi;

– msoflios qveynebis umravlesoba seriozulad

fiqrobs erovnuli sareitingo sistemis Semdgom ganvi-

Tarebaze. magram am SemTxvevaSic wamoiWreba seriozuli

problema, rac gamoixateba imiT, rom erovnuli sareitin-

go produqcia gamoiyeneba mxolod qveynis Siga moxmareb-


30

isaTvis. magram, rodesac sakiTxi exeba fasiani qaRaldeb-

is (aqciebis, obligaciebis da a.S.) ucxour da saerTa-

Soriso bazrebze ganTavsebas, maSin saWiro xdeba saerTa-

Soriso reitingebis gamoyeneba. amitomac, mxolod erovnu-

li sareitingo samsaxuris ganviTarebiTa da reformire-

biT saerTaSoriso doneze sareitingo problema ar moix-

sneba. gamomdinare aqedan, dRis wesrigSi dgeba arsebuli

saerTaSoriso sareitingo saagentoebis reformirebis, am

sferoSi konkurenciis gazrdis an kidev axali sareitin-

go instituciebis Seqmnis amocana. aRsaniSnavia, rom mx-

olod iaponia aris erTaderTi qveyana, romlis erovnul-

ma sareitingo samsaxurebma daimsaxures maRali imiji da

saerTaSoriso bazrebis ndoba.

Cveni azriT, sareitingo saqmianobaSi wesrigis dam-

yareba SeuZlebeli iqneba manam, sanam igi kerZo biznesis

xelSi darCeba. biznesis mamoZravebeli indikatoria moge-

bis miReba da gamdidreba, rasac biznesi aRwevs nebismieri

kanonieri Tu ukanono gziT. reitingebis roli da mniS-

vneloba imdenad gaizarda Tanamedrove globalizaciis

pirobebSi, rom sareitingo saqmianoba mTlianad unda

CamoSordes biznesseqtors da man unda miiRos daaxloe-

biT iseTive statusi, rogoric aqvs saerTaSoriso savaluto

fonds, vaWrobis msoflio organizacias an sxva romelime

saerTaSoriso donis institucias.

sareitingo saagentoeris saqmianobis reformire-

basTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi problemebi SeiZleba

Semdegnairad Camoyalibdes:

• saagentoebis muSaobaSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan

problemas warmoadgens is, rom reitingis mimRebi Tavis

produqcias yidis, ris gamoc igi dainteresebulia maRa-

li reitingis miRebiT. rogor unda moixsnas interesTa

konfliqti, amaze jerjerobiT gamokveTili koncefcia ar

iaSa (iakob) mesxia

31

arsebobs. idea imis Seaxeb, rom gadaixados iman, vinc iy-

enebs reitings, axal sirTuleebs warmoSobs. saqme is aris,

rom rodesac emitenti ixdis reitingisaTvis, igi xelmis-

awvdomi xdeba nebismieri msurvelisaTvis da es Sedis

emitentis interesSi. magram Tu reitingisaTvis gadaixdi-

an `momxmareblebi~ (investorebi, bankebi, sadazRvevo ko-

mpaniebi da regulatorebi), maSin es informacia ar iqneba

xelmisawvdomi sazogadoebisaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi bazarze

moTamaSe msxvil da mdidar kompaniebs eqneba aseTi in-

formaciis upiratesad miRebis saSualeba, rac sabazro

kanonebs ewinaaRmdegeba da arajansaR konkurencias Seqm-

nis.

Cveni azriT, Seqmnili situaciidan optimaluri gamo-

savalia msxvili kliringuli kompaniis Seqmna, romelic

Suamavlis rols Seasrulebs reitingis `damkveTebs~ da

`Semsruleblebs~ Soris, riTac gamoiricxeba am or sub-

ieqts Soris pirdapiri kontaqti da zewolis ganxorciele-

ba sasurveli reitingis miRebis mizniT, ramdenadac reit-

ingis damkveTs ar ecodineba Tu romeli sareitingo saagen-

to Seasrulebs mis davalebas.

• saagentoebis mier gansazRvruli reitingebis saime-

doobis xarisxis amaRlebis mizniT sainteresod migvaC-

nia winadadeba imis Sesaxaeb, rom araswori, damaxinjebu-

li reitingebis Sedegad biznesisaTvis miyenebuli zara-

lis anazRaureba daekisros saagentoebs. yovelive es gazr-

dis rogorc saerTaSoriso, aseve nacionaluri biznesis

usafrTxoebas. Tumca, aqac warmoiSoba axali problema:

vin unda daadginos reitingis siswore, misi xarisxi. Seu-

Zlia Tu ara am funqciis Sesruleba maregulirebel in-

stitutebs an sasamarTlo sistemas. rogorc Cans, Tu es

winadadeba miRebul iqna, dRis wesrigSi dadgeba sareit-

ingo saagentoebis maregulirebeli saerTaSoriso miuk-


32

erZoebeli instituciis Seqmna G8-sa da G20-is CarCoebSi

konsesusis gziT.

sareitingo saagentoebi dResac scodaven TavianT

prognozebSi. saqme is aris, rom isini prognozebs adgenen

Zalian martivad, saTanado argumentirebis gareSe, radgan

saqmianobis saboloo Sedegebze aranairad ar ageben pa-

suxs. rogorc Cans, dadga dro SemoRebul iqnes am saagen-

toebis saqmianobaze kontrolisa da maTi pasuxismgeblo-

bis meqanizmi. es saWiroa imisaTvis, rom nebsiT Tu un-

eblieT ar ubiZgon buStebis gabervas bazarze, upirveles

yovlisa, safondo bazarze.

zogierTi eqspertis azriT, dRevandelma situaciam

mosalodnelia gamoiwvios axali pretenziebi am saagen-

toebis mimarT. germania lobirebs evropuli sareitingo

sistemis Seqmnas. ufro Sors wavida CineTi, romlis kompa-

nia Dagon Global Credit Rating gaxda dasavleTs gareT arsebu-

li pirveli sareitingo saagento. ra Tqma unda, sanam ar-

sebobs fasiani qaRaldebis saerTaSoriso bazari, sareit-

ingo samsaxurebis arseboba aucilebelia. amasTan, Tanda-

TanobiT ikveTeba, rom didi sameulis dro am sferoSi

iwureba.

breton-vudsis sazogadoebrivi komitetis wevris, adre

sabWoTa, Semdeg amerikeli ekonomistis vladimer kvintis

winadadeba iyo zenacionaluri sareitingo samsaxuris

Seqmna mxolod erTi funqciiT – mosalodneli krizisis

adreuli signalebis ganWvreta da biznes-sazogadoebis

gafrTxileba. rogorc igi aRniSnavs, verc saerTaSoriso

savaluto fondma, verc msoflio bankma, verc vaWrobis

msoflio organizaciam da verc saerTaSoriso sareitin-

iaSa (iakob) mesxia

33

go saagentoebma ver SeZles globaluri finansuri kriz-

isis moaxloebis prognozireba.

msoflioSi nel-nela mwifdeba azri axali

ekonomikuri wesrigisa da axali finansuri arqiteqturis

Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb, aqtiurdeba diskusia axali msof-

lio fulis SemoRebis Taobaze, romelic ar iqneba rome-

lime erTi qveynis erovnuli valuta. Ees sakiTxebi imde-

nad mravalwaxnagovani da praqtikulad rTulad reali-

zebadia, rom mas aTeuli wlebi dasWirdeba, Tu saerTod

iqna aseTi gadawyvetileba miRebuli. Yyvelaferi damok-

idebulia imaze, Tu rogori ekonomikuri balansi Camoy-

alibdeba aSS-sa da sxva danarCen qveynebs Soris, agreTve

imaze perspeqtivaSi gauswrebs Tu ara ganviTarebadi qvey-

nebis (CineTi, indoeTi, brazilia da sxva) ekonomikuri gan-

viTareba amJamad lider saxelmwifoebs.

vidre kacobrioba miva im daskvnamde, rom romelime

erTi qveynis interesebis gamtarebeli saerTaSoriso reg-

ulatorebis Secvla iqneba saWiro, manamde mizanSewonil-

ia arsebuli saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebis efeq-

tianobis amaRleba. Cveni azriT, Soreul momavalSi

radikalurad Seicvleba msoflio finansuri arqiteqtu-

ra. masSi Tanabrad miiReben monawileobas mdidari da

Raribi qveynebi. is garemoeba, rom saerTaSoriso savalu-

to fondi da msoflio banki organizaciebia, sadac do-

minireben ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenle-

bi da icaven TavianTi qveynebis ideologias, kvlavac gam-

oiwvevs globalur finansur krizisebs. msoflios yvela

qveynis nacionaluri interesebis gaTvaliswineba iwvevs


34

disbalanss msoflio ekonomikur sistemaSi. saWiroa Zve-

li droiT, Zveli meTodologiiT da Zveli ideologiiT

momuSave yvela saerTaSoiso institutis radikaluri mod-

ernizacia da axal paradigmamde ayvana.

International Rating Business and Financial Crises

J. Meskhia

One of the major reasons causing global economic crisis is the in-

competent and unfair activities of international rating agencies conducted

on the world securities market. Inability of rating business oligopoly - the

“Big Three” (Moody’s, Standards & Poors, Fitch Ratings) to forecast the

global crisis and their corruption deals on the derivatives and securities

markets contributed to the birth and development of global crisis.

The present article classifies basic claims laid to the “Big Three” by

international financial and economical institutions, state leaders, experts and

scientists. It explains the main factors and reasons for losing confidence of

states and business structures in these rating agencies, describes modern

problems which rating business are facing, as well as positive and negative

aspects of reforms carried out in this direction. From the author’s viewpoint

management of international rating activity seems to be impossible until it

is in the hands of private business. In the nearest future the question of

establishment of independent superstate international non-commercial rat-

ing agency should be on the agenda. Meanwhile the optimal way out is the

foundation of a large clearing company that will act as a mediator between

“customers” and “executors”, thus preventing corruption business deals,

gain of rating through unfair means and direct contact between each other.

iaSa (iakob) mesxia

35

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901

123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567

Mmewarmeoba da misi ganviTarebis

ekonomikuri

politika saqarTveloSi

gulnaz erqomaiSvili

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tsu asocirebuli profesori

qveynis ekonomikuri politikis erT-erTi umTavresi

mizani mewarmeobis ganviTarebaa, romelic TavisTavad

ekonomikis stabiluri zrdis safuZvelia. igi uzrunvely-

ofs qveyanaSi samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas, Sromisunariani

mosaxleobis dasaqmebas, stabiluri ganviTarebis garan-

tis - ̀ saSualo fenis~ warmoqmnas. dResdReisobiT, umuSevro-

ba da siRaribe qveyanaSi jer kidev umZimes prolemebad

rCeba. samewarmeo garemosa da pirobebis Seqmnas, mewarmeTa

interesebis dacvas xeli unda Seuwyos saxelmwifos

ekonomikurma politikam, romelic organizaciul da fin-

ansur mxardaWerasTan erTad, gulisxmobs swori samewarmeo

politikisa da samamulo warmoebis konkurentunariano-

bis amaRlebis RonisZiebaTa gatarebas.

ra mdgomareobaa saqarTveloSi mewarmeobis ganvi-

Tarebis mimarTulebiT?

,,saqstatis~ monacemebiT, 2011 wlis 1 martisaTvis reg-

istrirebul sawarmoTa 2,4% ekuTvnis saxelmwifos, 0,4%

municipalitets, 93,8% arasaxelmwifo seqtors, 3,4% sakuTre-


36

bis sxva tips. aRsaniSnavia, rom 2008 wels arasaxelmwifo

seqtors sawarmoTa 99% ekuTvnoda. 2008 welTan Sedare-

biT umniSvnelod (0,5%), magram mainc gaizarda ucxoeli

kerZo pirebis sawarmoTa raodenoba. samarTlebrivi for-

mis mixedviT 67,9%-iT pirvel adgilzea individualuri

mewarme, meoreze Sps _ 24,1%, Semdeg modis saaqcio sazoga-

doeba 0,6%. wlidan wlamde mcirdeba sps-s, ks-s da kooper-

ativebis wili.

sawarmoTa saerTo raodenobidan 78,1% modis _ vaWroba,

avtomobilebis, sayofacxovrebo nawarmisa da piradi mox-

marebis sagnebis remontze (1999 wels _ 48,3%, 2004 wels -

66,5%, 2008 wels - 78,5%), meore adgilzea (4,5%) – komu-

naluri, socialuri da personaluri momsaxurebis gaweva,

mesameze - damamuSavebeli mrewveloba (4,4%). Ees ukanaskneli

2004 wels Seadgenda 10,4%, 2008 wels - 5,8% anu bolo

wlebis ganmavlobaSi damamuSavebeli mrewvelobis sawar-

moTa wili TiTqmis 2-jer Semcirda.

gamokvleul iuridiul pir sawarmoTa struqtura

sawarmoTa zomis mixedviT aseTia: 67% mcire sawarmo, 20,4%

saSualo, xolo 12,6% msxvili. Mmcire, saSualo da msxvil

sawarmoTa maRali xvedriTi wiliT,Sesabamisad 27,5%; 23,5%

da 39,6%-iT gamoirCeva vaWroba, avtomobilebis, sayofacx-

ovrebo nawarmisa da piradi moxmarebis sagnebis remonti,

meore adgilzea damamuSavebeli mrewveloba _ 12,6%;’ 12,7%;

14,1%. Semdeg modis mSenebloba_ 6,2%; 10,5% da 11,8%.

gulnaz erqomaiSvili

37

biznesseqtoris mier gamoSvebuli produqcia 2010

wels 2002 welTan SedarebiT 3,9-jer, xolo brunva 5,1-jer

gaizarda. msxvil sawarmoebze modis warmoebuli produ-

qciis 86,8%, saSualoze – 9,1%, mcireze- 4,1%.

rac Seexeba biznes seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa raode-

nobas, 2010 wels 2002 welTan SedarebiT igi didad ar

gazrdila (2002w. – 301,3 aTasi, 2010 w. – 365,4 aTasi kaci).

2005 da 2009 wlebSi adgili hqonda matebas (Sesabamisad,

388,9 da 387,5 aTasi kaci), 2010 wels isev Semcirda (365,4aTa-

si kaci). 25,4% modis saxelmwifo, xolo 74,6% arasaxelm-

wifo seqtorze. Aaqedan 63,9% dasaqmebulia msxvil, 22,2% -

saSualo, 13,8% - mcire sawarmoSi.

biznesseqtoris brunvisa da produqciis

gamoSvebis maCveneblebi


38

Sromis anazRaureba 2010 wels 2004 welTan Sedare-

biT 4,2-jer gaizarda da 670,3 lari Seadgina, Tumca,

gazrdili inflaciis fonze igi mizerulia.

mewarmeobis ganviTarebis politika SeiZleba

moicavdes sxvadasxva mizans: riskebis Semcireba; sagada-

saxado SeRavaTebi; axali firmebis finansuri daxmareba;

samewarmeo potencialis zrda; konkurencia; eqsportis

mxardaWera; biznesis kavSiri saganmanaTleblo da kvlev-

iT dawesebulebebTan da sxv. 1

mewarmeobis ganviTarebis ekonomikuri politika mi-

marTuli unda iyos samewarmeo azrovnebis, ganwyobis da

am mimarTulebiT ideebis miwodebis stimulirebisaken. Aaq

igulisxmeba ekonomikaSi samewarmeo azrovnebis amaRleba,

momavalSi riskisadmi mzadyofnis mqone individTa ricx-

ovnobis gazrda.

• www.geostat.ge1 mewarmeobis Teoriuli safuZvlebi. jozef hasidi, aleqsis-ste-

fanos komselisi, r. gvelesiani, e. meqvabiSvili, i. gagniZe, e. lekaS-

vili, m. nacvalaZe, nawili I-II. Tsu gamomcemloba, 2009.

biznesseqtorSi dasaqmebulTa raodenobis maCvenebeli

gulnaz erqomaiSvili

39

ganviTarebulma qveynebma samewarmeo azrovnebis ama-

RlebiT gazardes erToblivi samewarmeo saqmianoba. Aaqedan

gamomdinare politikis es mimarTuleba mniSvnelovania

ekonomikis zrdisTvis. bolo wlebSi mimdinare

ekonomikuri reformebi mimarTulia liberalizaciasa da

kerZo seqtoris ganviTarebaze dafuZnebul ekonomikuri

zrdis uzrunvelyofisaken. Aam mxriv gadaidga mniSvnelo-

vani nabijebi: kerZod, sagadasaxado sistemaSi ganxorciele-

buli reformebis Sedegad, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kanon-

mdebloba erT-erTi yvelaze liberaluria evropaSi. mniS-

vnelovnad aris Semcirebuli gadasaxadebis raodenoba 21-

dan 6-mde (2004-2010), aseve, sagadasaxado ganakveTebi.

axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi (amoqmedda 2011 wlis 1

ianvridan) 2005 wlidan am sferoSi moqmed wesebs cvlis.1

ucvleli darCa saerTo da adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis

eqvsive saxe da ganakveTebi. erTaderTi gamonaklisia aqci-

zuri gadasaxadi, romelTa gaormagebuli odenobac

garkveul sasaqonlo kategoriebze, maT Soris alkohol-

ur sasmelebsa da jarTze, ukve amoqmedda 2011 wlis 1

agvistodan.

axali sagadasaxado kodeqsiT, damatebiTi Rirebulebis

18%-iani gadasaxadis (dRg) savaldebulo gadamxdelebi

arian 100 000 da meti laris brunvis mqone fizikuri da

iuridiuli pirebi. Ggarda amisa, saSemosavlo gadasaxadis

klebis grafiki gadavadebulia da nacvlad 20%-idan 15%-

mde etapobrivi Semcirebisa, iTvaliswinebs 18%-mde Sem-

cirebas 2013 wlis 1 ianvridan 2014 wlis 1 ianvramde peri-

odSi. 2013 wlamde ki saSemosavlo gadasaxadi 20%-ian ga-

nakveTze iqneba SenarCunebuli.

axali sagadasaxado kodeqsis amoqmedebisTanave gauqm-

da sabaJo kodeqsi. importis gadasaxadi sxvadasxva sasaqon-

lo jgufebze 12 da 5 procents Seadgens. 2006 wlis 1

1 saqarTvelos axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi. Tbilisi, 2011.


40

seqtembridan moqmedebda importis calkeul jgufebze 0%-

iani dabegvris reJimi, rac axali sagadasaxado kodeqsis

mixedviT aRar arsebobs.

importis gadasaxadis gadaxda, importiorebs ara

uSualod sabaJoze, aramed sagadasaxado deklaraciebis

wardgenisas mouwevT. Aarsebuli yovelTviuri gadaxdis

wesis nacvlad, gadasaxadebis deklarireba kvartalurad

moxdeba.

axali kodeqsiT siaxlea mikro biznesis statusis

SemoRebac. aseTad SeiZleba daregistrirdes 2011 wlis 15

Tebervlamde 30 aTas laramde wliuri brunvis mqone fiz-

ikuri piri, romelic ar iyenebs daqiravebul pirTa Sro-

mas. Tumca 30 aTas laramde brunvis mqone yvela fiz-

ikuri piri ver miiRebs mikro biznesis statuss, radgan

kodeqsis Tanaxmad, gamonaklis saqmianobis saxeebs mTavroba

parlamentTan erTad gansazRvravs. mas aseve eqneba ufle-

ba akrZalos am statusis qveS calkeuli saqmianobebis

ganxorcielebac. Mmikro biznesis statusis mqone fizikuri

pirebi ar ixdian saSemosavlo gadasaxads, aseve ara aqvT

sakontrolo salaro aparatis gamoyenebis valdebuleba.

aRsaniSnavia is, rom axali kodeqsiT sakontrolo-

salaro aparatebis gamoyenebis wesebis darRvevisaTvis

jarimebis odenoba 400-dan 15 000 laramde meryeobs. amasTan,

2011 wlis ivlisidan salaro aparatebis gamoyeneba savalde-

bulo xdeba bazrobebis movaWreebisTvisac.

dabegvris specialur reJimSi moeqcnen aseve mcire

biznesis statusis mqone mewarme fizikuri pirebi. aseTad

iTvleba is saqmianoba, romlis wliuri brunvac 100 aTas

larze naklebia.

mcire biznesis statusis mqone biznesis Semosavali

3%-dan 5%-mde daibegreba. Semosavlis 3%-iani dabegvriT

sargeblobs is mcire biznesi, romelic SeZlebs warmoadg-

inos mTliani Semosavlis 60%-is xarjebis (garda daqirave-

gulnaz erqomaiSvili

41

bulze daricxuli xelfasis xarjebisa) damadasturebe-

li dokumentebi. 30%-iani dabegvriT aseve sargebloben

mcire biznesis is warmomadgenlebi, romlebic special-

uri savaWro zonis teritoriaze saqmianoben. magaliTad,

bazroba.

axali sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gadasaxadis gada-

mxdelisaTvis gadasaxadebis an/da sanqciebis Semcirebis

mizniT, SesaZlebelia gaformdes sagadasaxado SeTanxmeba

gadasaxadebis gadamxdelis mier gancxadebis Setanis mo-

mentisaTvis arsebuli sagadasaxado davalianebis odeno-

bis farglebSi, maT Soris, damatebiT daricxuli sagada-

saxado valdebulebis farglebSi gadasaxadis gadamxde-

lis mier miTiTebul sagadasaxado periodze/periodebze

da gadasaxadebis/sanqciebis saxeebze miTiTebiT.

2011 wlidan saqarTveloSi moqmedebs sagadasaxado

ombudsmenis instituti. misi meSveobiT xorcieldeba urT-

ierToba mewarmeebsa da saxelmwifos Soris. sagadasaxa-

do ombudsmeni zedamxedvelobas uwevs saqarTvelos ter-

itoriaze gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa uflebebisa da kanon-

ieri interesebis dacvas, avlens maTi darRvevis faqtebs,

xels uwyobs darRveuli uflebebis aRdgenas. gadasaxa-

dis gadamxdelis uflebebis darRvevis faqtis gamovle-

nis SemTxvevaSi, sagadasaxado ombudsmeni mimarTavs Sesa-

bamis organos da aZlevs rekomendacias am uflebebis

aRdgenis RonisZiebaTa ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, unda

aRiniSnos is, rom mas gauWirdeba im problemebis gadaw-

yveta, romelsac axali kodeqsi warmoSobs. kerZod, mikro-

biznesis dabegvrasTan dakavSirebuli usamarTloba.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mikrobiznesad daregistrirebu-

li pirovneba gadasaxadebisgan Tavisufldeba, xolo masze

naklebi Semosavlis mqone moqalaqe, romelic wvril an

msxvil kompaniaSi muSaobs 20%-ian saSemosavlo gadasaxa-


42

ds ixdis. erTi da imave Semosavlis odenoba erTnairad

unda ibegrebodes.

aRniSnuli kodeqsis proeqts biznesmenebma pirveli

mosmeniT ̀ revoluciuri~ uwodes, magram aRmoCnda, rom mik-

ro da mcire mewarmeebisaTvis gaweuli SeRavaTebiT biu-

jets rac daakldeba, msxvilma biznesma gazrdili gada-

saxadebiT unda aanazRauros. aseTebad is biznesebi iTv-

leba, romlebic `zemogebaze~ muSaoben. kerZod, mobiluri

kompaniebi, spirtiani sasmelebis biznesi, samedicino apara-

turis importiorebi da aseve umaRlesi saswavleblebi.

Tumca bolo ori am etapze dRg-Ti ar daibegreba. G gaizar-

da aqcizis gadasaxadi rogorc alkoholur sasmelebze,

ise Savi da feradi liTonebis jarTze. Aaqcizis gadasax-

adis gaormageba gansakuTrebiT spirtiani sasmelebis

adgilobriv mewarmeTa mdgomareobas gaauaresebs, radgan

aRniSnuli produqciis importiorebs sabaJo gadasaxads

umcireben. mewarmeTa azriT, aqcizis zrdis gamo maT dRg-

s saxiTac meti Tanxis gadaxda mouwevT, amitom produqci-

is TviTRirebuleba TiTqmis samjer gaezrdebaT. Sesabam-

isad, 50-70%-iT gaizrdeba spirtiani sasmelebis sacalo

fasic.

aqciziT 2011 wlis 1 agvistodan daibegreba aseve kav-

Sirgabmulobis satelefono xmovani momsaxureba. mobil-

uri komunikaciebis sferoSi dawesda 10%-iani gadasaxadi.

saqarTvelo erTaderTi qveyana iqneba, sadac mobiluriT

saubari aqciziT daibegreba. Ggamoricxuli ar aris amas

tarifebis zrda moyves.

izrdeba jarima produqciis dokumentebis gareSe

transportirebis, realizaciis SemTxvevebze. Ddanaklisis

gamovlenisas daricxuli jarima amJamad arsebuli produ-

qtis sabazro fasis 100%-idan 110%-mde gaizrdeba.

axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs patiosani

gadamxdelis waxalisebis rig meqanizmebs; sagadasaxado

gulnaz erqomaiSvili

43

loialuri gaxdeba kargi gadamxdelis mimarT. Mmas un-

eblie Secdomas apatieben da aRar daajarimeben. aseve,

finansTa saministros davebis ganxilvis sabWo, kanonis

orazrovani debulebis SemTxvevaSi, uflebamosilia gada-

wyvetileba gadamxdelis sasargeblod gamoitanos.1

axali kodeqsiT sagadasaxado tvirTi saSualo biz-

nessac ezrdeba. saSualo biznesi, romlis wliuri brunva

200 aTas larze metia, saqonlis mcire mewarmisagan Sesy-

idvis dros dRg-s veRar CaiTvlis. Mmas xarji gaezrdeba

da 18-is nacvlad dRg-s ganakveTi, faqtobrivad, 36%-mde

gaezrdeba. amiT mcire bizness moespoba motivacia, gaizar-

dos da saSualo biznesad iqces.

qveyanaSi unda gacnobierdes, rom sabazro ekonomikis

mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala mewarmeTa fenaa, romelic ba-

zris karnaxiT moqmedebs da amiT uzrunvelyofs qveynis

ekonomikis srulyofas da ganviTarebas. rac ufro myarad

Camoyalibdeba mewarmeTa axali klasi, miT ufro male gam-

ova igi ekonomikuri krizisidan. saxelmwifom mewarmeebs

unda Seuqmnas xelsayreli socialuri, politikuri, sa-

marTlebrivi da sabazro garemo. sabazro ekonomikis

pirobebSi mewarmes unda marTavdes mxolod bazari da

saxelmwifoSi moqmedi kanonmdebloba.

msoflioSi arsebuli tendenciebidan gamomdinare,

ucxoeli investorebis yuradRebas, umTavresad mTavrobis

swori ekonomikuri politika ipyrobs. arsebiTi mniSvneloba

eniWeba qveynis stabilurobas, Ria da konkurentunariani

bazrebis Camoyalibebas. saerTo ekonomikuri reformebis

fonze prioritetuli unda iyos qveyanaSi investiciebis

xelSewyoba da amisaTvis saWiro xelsayreli garemos Seqmna.

1g. erqomaiSvili, e. xaraiSvili, firmis ekonomika, Tbilisi, 2011.


44

Entrepreneurship and Economic Policy of its Development in

Georgia

GGG. Erkomaishvili

One of the main aims of the state economic policy is the develop-

ment of economic policy which on its side is the base of stable growth of

economics. Creation of proper environment and conditions for enterprises,

protection of entrepreneurs’ interests should be supported by the state eco-

nomic policy, which together with organizational and financial promotion

implies the activities for increasing competitiveness of national production

and development of proper enterprenurship policy.

Developed countries have increased joint enterprising activities

by raising their enterprising mentality. Therefore, this trend of the policy is

significant for economic growth. Economic reforms implemented during the

recent years in Georgia are directed towards ensuring economic growth based

on liberalization and development of the private sector. Significant steps

have been taken in this direction, in particular as a result of reforms imple-

mented in tax system the Georgian tax legislation is considered to be one of

the most liberal in Europe.

There should be general awareness of the state that the main driv-

ing force of market economy is the sector of entrepreneurship, whose activ-

ities are determined by market requirments and thus it ensures improvement

and development of the economy. The more sustainable is the new class of

entrepreneurs the sooner it will come out of the economic crisis. The state

should create beneficial social, political, legal and the market environment

for entrepreneurs. Under conditions of market economy the entrepreneur

should be managed by only the market and the legislation of the state.

gulnaz erqomaiSvili

45

123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901

123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567

jemal xaritonaSvili

Tsu asocirebuli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

bolo xanebamde CvenSi jerovani yuradReba ar eq-

ceoda ingliseli ekonomistis jon stiuart milis (1806-

1873) ekonomikur Sexedulebebs. arada, j.s. mils mniS-

vnelovani adgili ukavia ekonomikuri azris istoriaSi.

Tanamedrove amerikeli ekonomistebi k. r. Mmakkone-

li da s. l. briu j. s. mils asaxeleben msoflios

yvela drois udidesi ekonomistebis xuTeulSi. esenia:

a. smiTi, d. rikardo, j. s. mili, k. marqsi, j. m. keinzi.1

amerikeli ekonomisti b. seligmeni miuTiTebs, rom

XIX saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi inglisis ekonomikur

mecnierebaSi batonobda j. s. milisa da misi mowafeebis

Sexedulebebi (kerisi, miSeli, Sevale, kursel-senei, Ser-

bule).2 Semdgom b. selgmeni aRniSnavs, rom u. s. jevonsi

manCesterSi kiTxulobda politikuri ekonomiis kurss,

romelic man daalaga jon stiuart milis TeoriasTan

SesatyvisobiT.3 b. seligmeni “klasikuri tradiciebis

jon stiuart milis kompromisebi da

Tanamedroveoba

1 k.r. makkoneli, s. l. briu, ekonomiksi. nawili I, Tb., 1993, gv. 7.

2 Á. Ñeëèãìåí, Îñíîâíûå òå÷åíèÿ ñîâðåìåííîé ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ìûñëè. Ì.,

1968. ñ. 145.3 iqve, gv. 146.


46

korifeebs uwodebs smiTs, rikardosa da mils”.1 l. val-

rasi “Tavis Tavs uwodebda socialur ekonomists jon

stiuart milis suliskveTebiT”.2 b. seligmeni SeniSavs,

rom siJvikma Rirebulebis, warmoebis da ganawilebis

ganmartebebi – ekonomikuri Teoriis es mudmivi sakiTx-

ebi – milisgan isesxa3, xolo rikardo da mili a. marSal-

isaTvis darCnen ekonomikuri analizis sworupovar ma-

galiTebad.4

frangi ekonomistebi S. Jidi da S. risti aRniSnaven,

rom j s. milTan klasikuri politikuri ekonomia sru-

lyofilebas aRwevs. mis wignebSi klasikuri doqtrinebi

kristaldeba mkafio formulebiT ise, rom sruliad das-

rulebulad warmosdgebian.5

j. s. mili Tavis naSromebSi warmoCindeba

ekonomikuri Teoriis ara marto popularizatorad, aramed,

iZleva calkeuli debulebebis dazustebul da Rrma

warmodgenebs, ufro amomwurav formulirebebs, srul

argumentebs, daskvnebs da winadadebebs.6

ingliseli ekonomisti da filosofosi, jeimz mi-

lis (1773-1836) Svili, jon stiuart mili (Mill) Tavs klasi-

kosad Tvlida. jon stiuart milis cxovrebaSi mamam

mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula. jeimz mils surda, rom

Tavisi vaJi misi epoqis gamoCenili pirovneba yofiliyo.

sami wlis asakSi igi jons berZnuls, 8 wlis asakSi –

laTinurs, Semdeg ki filosofias, istorias da maTemati-

1 iqve, gv. 154.

2 iqve, gv. 236.

3 iqve, gv. 288.

4 iqve, gv. 298.5 Ø. Æèäü è Ø. Ðèñòü, Èñòîðèÿ ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ ó÷åíèé. Ì., 1918, ñ. 207.6 m. WumburiZe. ekonomikur moZRvrebaTa istoria. Tb., 2009, gv. 49.

jemal xaritonaSvili

47

kas aswavlida. ulmoblobamde mkacrma da dogmaturad

principulma jeimz milma gadawyvita aRzrdis sakuTari

sistema gamoeyenebina Svilis mimarT. bavSvis “samuSao

dRe” zustad iyo ganawilebuli. man ar icoda arc saTa-

maSoebi, arc zRaprebi, arc TanatolebTan TamaSi. yove-

live es Secvala mamasTan erTad seirnobis dros wak-

iTxuli wignebiis Sesaxeb angariSis Cabarebam, xolo

mogvianebiT, patara da-ZmebTan mecadineobam. rva wlis

biWunas mier wakuTxuli wignebis sia iwvevs gaocebas.

bavSvi namdvil vunderkindad iqca, romelic Tavisi cod-

niT mudam aocebda mamis megobrebs da nacnobebs.1 go-

nierebiT dajildoebuli bavSvi warudgines d. rikar-

dos. es ukanaskneli politikur ekonomiaSi masTan

saubriT friad kmayofili darCa. 13 wlis mili-umcrosi

mamasTan erTad gadis politikuri ekonomiis kurss, wers

referatebs. mogvianebiT j. s. mili mogviTxrobs: “rad-

gan mudmivad vmonawileobdi mamis mecnierul muSaobaSi,

me vicnobdi mis yvelaze axlo megobars – devid rikar-

dos, Tavisi keTilmosurne monawileobiT, Tavisi gulkeTi-

lobiT da SemwynareblobiT man metad daiaxlova axal-

gazrdoba. mas Semdeg, rac me mecadineoba daviwye poli-

tikur ekonomiaSi, igi mepatiJeboda TavisTan da seirno-

bis dros mesaubreboda am mecnierebis problemebis Sesax-

eb”.2

jonis aseTi “sasaTbure ganaTleba” ToTxmeti wlis

asakSi dasrulda. Semdegi periodi man safrangeTSi gaa-

1 a. anikini, mecnierebis siWabuke. Tb., 1989, gv. 275-276.

2 J. St. Mill, Autobiography. L., 1944. P. 38.


48

tara. Cvidmeti wlis asakSi mamam muSaoba ost-indoeTis

kompaniaSi daawyebina.

Tavisi naSromebis gamoqveyneba j. s. milma Teqvsme-

ti wlidan daiwyo. is moicavs literaturas, filoso-

fias, istorias, politikas, religias, mTavrobas, eTikas,

samarTalsa da ganaTlebas. misma rCeulma naSromebma 21

tomi Seadgina.

1822 wels man gamoaqveyna Tavisi pirveli naSromebi

politikur ekonomiaSi – ori statia Rirebulebis Sesaxeb.

1843 w. jon stiuart milma gamosca Tavisi umniS-

vnelovanesi filosofiuri Txzuleba “logikis siste-

ma”. 1844 wels gamoaqveyna naSromi “cdebi politikur

ekonomiis zogierT gadauWrel sakiTxze”, xolo 1848 w.

“politikuri ekonomiis principebi”1, romelsac didi

warmateba hqonda. mis sicocxleSi igi Svidjer gamoica.

es naSromi XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi sxvadaxsva qvey-

anaSi ekonomikuri Teoriis ZiriTad saxelmZRvanelod

iyo aRiarebuli. j. milis “politikuri ekonomiis princ-

ipebis” mTavari damsaxureba is aris, rom politikuri

ekonomia, anu ekonomikuri Teoria rogorc mecniereba

mTlianobaSia ganxiluli. j. s. milis azriT politikuri

ekonomia materialuri dovlaTis SeZena-moxmarebis prob-

lemebs Seiswavlis da calkeuli faqtis analizis dro-

sac gamoiyeneba. mas ekonomikuri Teoriisa da istoriu-

li mecnierebebis iseTi Sexameba surda, sadac istorii-

saTvis upiratesoba ar unda miecaT.

j. s. milis “politikuri ekonomiis principebi” xuTi

wignisagan Sedgeba da Sesabamisad eZRvneba warmoebas,

1 J. ST. Mill, Principles of Political Economy. v. 1-2, L., 1848.

jemal xaritonaSvili

49

ganawilebas, gacvlas, kapitalizmis progress da saxel-

wifos ekonomikur rols.

Rirebulebis Teoria III wignSia Setanili, vinaidan

j. s. milisaTvis SromiTi Rirebulebis Teoria ar war-

moadgens ekonomikuri moZRvrebis safuZvels, mis mixed-

viT Rirebuleba mxolod Sefardebaa erTi saqonlisa

meore saqonelTan, kerZod, fulze gacvlisaTvis es Se-

fardeba bazarze myardeba. klasikuri skolis warmomad-

genlebisaTvis sakiTxi ase idga: sacvlel Rirebuleba-

Ta da fasebis ZiriTad safuZvels warmoadgens SromiTi

danaxarjebi. yvela danarCeni faqtoris moqmedeba ki iwvevs

mxolod am safuZvlidan ama Tu im gadaxras. j. s. mili

ki cdilobda faswarmoqmnis axsnas moTxovnisa da mi-

wodebis safuZvelze.

j. s. milis gamokvlevis specifikurobaa is, rom man

erTmaneTisgan gamijna warmoebisa da ganawilebis kanon-

ebi: simdidre gacvliTi Rirebulebis mqone erTianobaa;

sazogadoebis ucvlelobis kanonebis Seswavlas poli-

tikuri ekonomiis dinamika daumata; fasi Rirebulebis

fuladi gamoxatulebaa; kapitali – SromiTi Rirebulebis

maragia, romelic danazogebis Sedegad kvlavwarmoebis

procesSi warmoiSoba.1

mogebis sakiTxSi j. s. mili ganicdida d. rikardos

gavlenas da werda – kapitalistis mogeba warmodgeba

iqidan, rom Sroma ufro met Rirebulebas qmnis, vidre

muSis Senaxva jdeba. magram es mainc rCeba mxolod mas-

wavleblis mimarT sityvier xarkad. sinamdvileSi j. s.

mili mogebas xsnis kapitalistis TavSekavebiT.2

1 a. silagaZe, ekonomikuri doqtrinebi. Tb., 2010, gv. 221.

2 a. anikini, mecnierebis siWabuke. Tb., 1989, gv. 282.


50

rentas j. s. mili gansazRvavda niadagis klebadi

nayofierebis kanoniT. aqedan gamomdinare igi ar cnob-

da miwis diferenciul renta II-s. aqac d. rikardos da

T. malTusis gavlena igrZnoba.

j. s. milis azriT, xelfasis nawili praqtikulad

stabiluria, radgan ganisazRvreba muSaTa xelfasis

fondiT, rac ganisazRvreba muSaTa raodenobis gamrav-

lebiT xelfasze. misi TqmiT, igi mudmivi sididea, amitom

xelfasis cvalebadoba niSnavs muSaTa erTi jgufis

mogebas meoris xarjze. j. s. mili erTdroulad iZleo-

da muSaTa fondis Teoriis formulirebas, amasTan,

msjelobda kapitalizmis dros muSaTa cxovrebis donis

mniSvnelovani amaRlebis SesaZleblobaze.

j. s. mili ganicdida T. malTusis, J. b. seisa da n.

senioris Zlier gavlenas. kapitalizmis winaaRmdegobeb-

is daZlevis mizniT, mili frTxilad aRniSnavda, rom ma-

RalganviTarebulma sazogadoebam mosaxleobis zrda

Sobadobaze kontroliT unda SezRudos, raTa cxovreb-

is donis amaRleba SesaZlebeli gaxdes. man gaiziara

malTusis mosazrebebi, magram mis zneobriv moTxovnebze

uars ambobda. igi aRfrTovanebas ar gamoxatavda cx-

ovrebiseuli idealebis gamo, romlis mixedviTac nor-

maluria, rodesac adamiani Tavisi arsebobis SenarCuneb-

isaTvis ibrZvis. misi azriT, adamianis bunebisaTvis ufro

misaRebia, rodesac aravinaa mdidari da ufro meti sim-

didrisaken aravin ar miiswrafvis da aravis eSinia, rom

xelsa hkravs sxva vinme. mas surda kapitalis zRvard-

adebuli dagroveba, Tumca kompromisebis winaaRmdegi ar

jemal xaritonaSvili

51

iyo. j. s. mili mxars uWerda socialuri reformebs.1 man

ganviTarebuli forma misca “kompromisul politikur

ekonomias”, romelic kapitalis interesebis muSaTa kla-

sis moTxovnebTan Sexamebas cdilobda.2

i. Sumpeteri aRtacebuli iyo j. s. milis Txzu-

lebiT, romelSic gamoxatulia muSaTa klasisadmi

garkveuli simpaTia, gakicxulia fulis kulti.4

marTalia, j. s. milis moZRvrebaSi igrZnoba muSaTa

klasisadmi garkveuli simpaTia, magram imave dros igi

cdilobda muSaTa klasis moTxovnebis Sexamebas kapi-

talis interesebTan.5

mTlianobaSi j. s. milisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo

dapirispirebulTa Serigebisaken midrekileba. kompro-

misebi. is ar gamoricxavda ekonomikuri liberalizmisa

da proteqcionizmis simbiozs.

Tavisufali konkurencia klasikuri skolisaTvis

warmoadgenda umaRles bunebriv kanons, romelic uzrun-

velyofs momxmarebels siiafiT. igi mwarmoeblebs Soris

SejibrebiT astimulirebs progress. magram “Laisser faire”

saerTod ar warmoadgens klasikuri skolisaTvis dog-

mas, anda mecnierul wess, romelic inaxeba keTilgonieri

adamianisaTvis, raTa man xeli CasWidos mas, sanam sawi-

naaRmdego ar iqneba damtkicebuli.6

1 a. silagaZe. ekonomikuri doqtrinebi. Tb., 2010, gv. 222.

2 a. anikini. mecnierebis siWabuke. gv. 279.

3 iqve.

4 j. xaritonaSvili. ekonomikur moZRvebaTa retrospeqtiva da

Tanamedrove problemebi. nawili I, Tb., 1997, gv. 130-131.

5 Ø. Æèäü è Ø. Ðèñòü, Èñòîðèÿ ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ ó÷åíèé. Ì., 1918. ñ. 210.


52

j. s. mili Tavis wignSi - “Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb,”

aseve ekonomikur Tavisuflebas ar gamoyofda poli-

tikurisgan, Tumca, nakleb lirikul terminebs iyenebda

mis mimarT. is aRniSnavda, rom “borotebaa yvelaferi

rac zRudavs konkurencias da sikeTea, saboloo anga-

riSiT, rac afarToebs mas”.

cnobilia, rom proteqcionistebi aRiareben sruli-

ad sawinaaRmdego Teorias, romlis mixedviTac saerTa-

Soriso vaWrobaSi Raribi qveyana yovelTvis sulelis

rols TamaSobs.

miuxedavad, SexedulebaTa sxvadasxvaobisa, j. s. mili

met simpaTias gamoxatavda proteqcionizmis mimarT, vi-

dre liberaluri skolis danarCeni ekonomistebi. ra-

tom? es Teoria maT aZlevs Cinebul arguments, radgan

miwodeba da moTxovna gansazRvravs saerTaSoriso vaWro-

bis sargeblianobas, amitom, sruliad dasaSvebia, rom

mocemulma qveyanam moqnili politikis daxmarebiT Sei-

Zleba amiT isargeblos Tavisi interesebisaTvis,

daafuZnos mrewvelobis iseTi dargebi, romlis produq-

ciazec gaCndeba yvelaze farTo moTxovna, da es moTxov-

na friad midrekili iqneba gafarToebisaken, fasebis Sem-

cirebis meSveobiT. ai, ratom iyo j. s. mili Tavis “princ-

ipebSi” mkacrad Tanmimdevruli da uSvebda mfarvelobi-

Ti baJebis kanonierebas, Tumca, droebiTi RonisZiebebis

saxiT axali warmoebis danergvis cdisaTvis.

j.s. milma Tavisi TeoriiT SeZlo gza gaekvlia

erovnulobisaTvis. Mmagram, saboloo angariSiT is dar-

Ca Tavisufali vaWrobis erTguli da mrewvelobis axa-

jemal xaritonaSvili

53

li dargebis aRmocenebis Semdeg ewinaaRmdegeboda

mfarvelobiT baJebs.

j. s. milis azriT, ekonomikuri daskvnebi swori da

misaRebia mxolod garkveuli pirobebSi da, amitom, isini

ar SeiZleba iyos universaluri xasiaTis.1

es problema mTeli sigrZe-siganiT warmoCindeba

Tanamedrove viTarebaSi. dRes principul rols asrulebs

ekonomikuri liberalizmis da proteqcionizmis SeT-

anawyobis problemis gonivruli gadawyveta.

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erovnuli modelis ageba

da realizacia warmoudgenelia proteqcionistuli poli-

tikis gatarebis gareSe. aq igulisxmeba, samamulo war-

moebis dacvis mizniT, importze sabaJo tarifebis ga-

dideba da samamulo warmoebis saxelwifoebrivi subsi-

direba. mxolod am politikiT aris SesaZlebeli erovnu-

li cxovrebis wesis SenarCuneba da msoflio politikis

gaTvaliswinebiT, ekonomikis gonivruli modernizacia.2

am mimarTebiT garkveuli RonisZiebebi tardeba

saqarTveloSi. 2009 wels gadaisinja saimporto tarife-

bi. manamade importze sabaJo tarifebi sami reJimiT iyo

warmodgenili: daubegravi (0), 5%-iani da 12%-iani dabe-

gvra. gauqmebul iqna 5%-iani dabegvra, datovebul iqna

daubegravi da 12%-iani dabegvra. saqonelTa erTi naw-

ili, romelic 5%-iT ibegreboda, gaTavisuflda dabegvris-

agan, upiratesad kvebis produqtebi. es kargia, radgan

romeli saqonlis warmoebac saWiro odenobiT ar Seu-

Zlia qveyanas, gaTavisuflda gadasaxadisgan, raTa defi-

1 m. WumburiZe. ekonomikuri moZRvrebaTa istoria. gv. 49.

2 j. kaxniaSvili, makroekonomika, Teoria da politika. nawili II, Tb.,

1997, gv. 45.


54

1 j. xaritonaSvili. paleoliberalizmi Tu neoliberalizmmi?_ paa-

ta guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis Sromebi, Tb., 2010, gv. 263.

2 j. miqlzueTi,. amerikis axali imedi, msoflio ekonomika, Tb., 2009, gv.

9.

3 g. ipi. airCie scenari. Msoflio ekonomika, Tb., 2009, gv. 55.

citi ar Seiqmnas, xolo iseTi saqoneli da momsaxureba,

romlis Seqmnis perspeqtiva gaaCnia samamulo warmoebas,

12%-iT ibegreba, raTa Seferxdes maTi Semotana da xeli

Seewyos samamulo warmoebis ganviTarebas.

proteqcionistuli Careva iyo aseve bankebisa da

samSeneblo kompaniebis subsidireba.1 dRes ara marto

Cven, msoflios wamyvani saxelmwifoebic ki iZulebuli

arian Caerion ekonomikaSi da proteqcionizmic ki gaa-

taron.

msoflios qveynebSi mimdinare globaluri finan-

sur-ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi zogierTi evropu-

li qveyana Tavs ikavebda saxelmwifos mxridan ekonomi-

kaSi Carevaze, Tumca, maT mainc mouwiaT iZulebiTi nabijis

gadadgma. jon miqlzueTi aRniSnavs, rom “krizisis

pirobebSi kongresidan iqneba proteqcionistuli moTx-

ovnebi aSS-Sic”.2 aki, aSS-is kongresma am mizniT gamoyo

787 mlrd dolari, iaponiam – 270 mlrd dolari, germa-

niam – 150 mlrd.

robin biu miuTiTebs, rom “umuSevrobis zrda

mTavrobebs motivacias aZlevs, sakuTari skamis Senar-

Cunebis mizniT, populistur proteqcionizms mimarTon”.3

orTodoqsaluri liberalebi eyrdnobian konkuren-

tunariani qveynebis praqtikas, aseve gamoCenili adami-

anebis azrebs (zogjer moZvelebuls) da moiTxoven srul

liberalizms.

jemal xaritonaSvili

55

bolo xanebSi CvenSi musirebs azri imis Sesaxeb,

rom vinaidan saqarTvelo msoflio savaWro organizaci-

is wevria, mas ar SeuZlia proteqcionistuli politikis

gatareba. zemoT Ddasaxelebul qveynebic aRiniSnuli

organizaciis wevrebi arian, magram roca dasWirdaT, gaa-

tares es politika.

saqarTvelo ver ganviTardeba msoflio civilizaci-

is moZraobis gamocdilebis gareSe. Cven unda gaviziar-

oT da gamoviyenoT mowinave ekonomikuri azri da gava-

taroT mobiluri politika. dRevandel situaciaSi wins-

vla SesaZlebelia mxolod yvela yofili da axla arse-

buli ekonomikuri urTierTobebis sinTezisa da ganvi-

Tarebis gziT. karga xania vicav koncefcias, romlis mixed-

viTac, sawyis periodSi saWiroa upiratesad gamoyenebul

iqnes proteqcionistuli principi (“aRmzrdelobiTi pro-

teqcionizmi”), xolo Semdeg, roca SesaZlebeli gaxdeba,

prioriteti mieniWos da farTo gza gaexsnas Tavisufal

mewarmeobas da Tavisufal vaWrobas (fritrederobas).

am mxriv saTanado gamocdileba arsebobs ekonomikis

istoriaSi. XIX saukuneSi, rodesac dasavleT evropis

wamyvan qveynebSi ekonomikuri liberalizmi batonobda,

ganviTarebis gzaze damdgar germaniaSi mecnierebma (f.

listi, istoriuli skolis Teoritikosebi) da politi-

kosebma (o. f. bismarki) ar gaiziares liberalizmi da

germaniis aRmavlobas proteqcionistuli politikis

gatarebiT miaRwies. Semdeg ki, XX saukunis meore naxe-

varSi, farTo gza gauxsnes neoliberalizms. XX sauku-

nis 70-ian wlebSi kvlav iyenebdnen regulirebadi

ekonomikis neikeinzur models. xolo 80-iani wlebis


56

dasawyisidan Camoyalibda neoliberalizmi. axla ki kv-

lav regulaciaa dRis wesrigSi.

rogorc vxedavT, yvela situaciaSi saWiroa elas-

tikuri, mobiluri politikis gatareba. amasTan, obieq-

turi aucilebloba moiTxovs... sabazro da saxelmwi-

foebrivi meqanizmebis “integracias”. bazris TviTregu-

lirebad meqanizmebTan erTad saWiroa saxelmwifobrivi

kanonmdeblobiT bazris sferos zogierTi mxaris mkac-

ri reglamentacia.1

1 r. gogoxia, sabazro sistemis efeqtianobisa da perspeqtivebis

sakiTxisaTvis. Jurn. “ekonomika da biznesi”. 2010, #2, gv. 37-39.

John Stuart Mill’s Compromises and Modern Society

J. Kharitonashvili

Until recently, we did not pay great attention to the ideas of a fa-

mous English economist John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). But the name of J.

S. Mill is emphasized in the history of economic thought. Modern Ameri-

can economists K.R. McConnell and S.L Brue name J. S. Mill among the

five greatest economists of the world. They are: A. Smith, D. Ricardo, J. S.

Mill, K. Marx, J.M. Keynes.

In the works of J. Mill classical doctrines are crystallized by clear

formulations so that they are presented in a complete way. The main posi-

tive point of his book Principles of Political Economy is that it considers

economic theory as a whole. J. S. Mill was characterized by a tendency of

reconciliation between contraries. He did not exclude the symbiosis of eco-

nomic liberalism and protectionism.

jemal xaritonaSvili

57

12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901

123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567

merab xmalaZe

Tsu asocirebuli profesori, ekonomikur

mecnierebaTa doqtori

demografia Seiswavlis mosaxleobaSi mimdinare

demografiul procesebs (Sobadoba, mokvdaoba, qorwineba,

ganqorwineba, migracia), maTze moqmed faqtorebs da de-

mografiuli procesebis Sedegebs.

demografiuli statistika Seiswavlis demografi-

ul procesebSi mimdinare raodenobriv kanonzomierebebs.

demografiisa da demografiuli statistikis urT-

ierTdamokidebulebis sakiTxis garkveva niSnavs imis

dadgenas, aris Tu ara demografia damoukidebeli mec-

niereba, Tu igi demografiuli statistikis sinonimia.

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ar arsebobda TviT termini

`demografia,~ iyo mxolod `statistika~, romlis Semad-

genlobaSic viTardeboda aRniSnuli dargi da warmoad-

genda statistikis Semadgenel nawils. demografiaze,

rogorc statistikis dargze, Sexedulebas vxvdebiT cno-

bili ukraineli statistikosis da demografis m.v. ptux-

as SromebSi1.

kidev erTxel demografiisa da

demografiuli statistikis Sesaxeb

1 Ì.Â. Ïòóõà. Î÷åðêè ïî ñòàòèñòèêå íàñåëåíèÿ. Ì., «Ãîññòàòèçäàò», 1960, ñ. 52.


58

vidre ganvixilavdeT demografiis raobis sakiTxs,

saWirod vTvliT, ganvixiloT sakiTxi demografiuli

statistikis da mosaxleobis statistikis arsis Sesax-

eb. dRemde yvela avtori, TviT am striqonebis avtoric1

demografiul statistikas da mosaxleobis statistikas

Tvlida erT da imaved. aseT Sexedulebas iziarebda saqvey-

nod aRiarebuli akad. p. guguSvilic2. Tu gamovalT de-

mografiis sagnis ganmartebidan, isini sxvadasxva cnebe-

bia. Ddemografiuli statistika dakavSirebulia de-

mografiul procesebTan da warmoadgens mosaxleobis

statistikis Semadgenel nawils. mosaxleobis statis-

tika, demografiuli statistikis garda, moicavs mosax-

leobis, rogorc statistikuri erTobliobis iseT maxa-

siaTeblebs, rogoricaa: socialuri da ekonomikuri sta-

tusi, erovneba, religiuri kuTvnileba da sxva. amitom

arcerTi avtori, romelic Tvlis mosaxleobis statis-

tikas demografiis Semadgenel nawilad, ar iTvaliswinebs,

rom demografiuli statistikis garda _ Cvens mier ze-

moT CamoTvlili mosaxleobis statistikis sakiTxebi,

warmoadgens ara demografiis, aramed socialur-

ekonomikuri statistikis sagans.

Sesabamisad, Cven erTmaneTisgan vmijnavT demografi-

ul da mosaxleobis statistikas. demografiis sagnis

Cveni ganmarteba sakmaod axlos dgas cnobili qarTve-

li statistikosis da demografis g. gamyreliZis mier

demografiuli statistikis sagnis ganmartebasTan. misi

1 m.xmalaZe, mosaxleobis statistika demografiis safuZvlebiT. leqcie-

bis kursi, nakveTi I. Tb., Tsu gamomcemloba, 1986.2 p.guguSvili. saqarTvelos ssr mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis sakiTxe-

bi. Tb., ̀ mecniereba~, 1973, gv.10.

jemal xaritonaSvili

59

azriT, `mosaxleobis statistikis (mosaxleobis statis-

tikas g.gamyreliZe aigivebda demografiul statis-

tikasTan _ m.x.), rogorc mecnierebis, Seswavlis sagania

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis konkretul-istoriul

pirobebSi aRebuli mosaxleoba, rogorc socialuri masa

da masSi mimdinare demografiuli procesebi, ganxilu-

li iseT niSanTa mixedviT, romlebic statistikur Ses-

wavlas eqvemdebarebian. demografiul procesebSi g.

gamyreliZe ganixilavs Sobadobas, mokvdaobas, qorwinebas,

ganqorwinebas da migracias1.

Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT im garemoebas, rom

mosaxleoba aris demografiuli statistikis Seswavlis

obieqti da ara sagani, g. gamyreliZis mosazreba iyo

progresuli im droisaTvis da aqtualuria dResac.

demografiis, rogorc damoukidebeli mecnierebis

Sesaxeb azri arsebobda ukve XIX saukunis meore nax-

evridan frang da italiel mecnierebSi. m.v. ptuxas cno-

biT2 esenia: a. giiari, g. rumelini, e. engeli, m. bloki, l.

bertilioni da J. bertilioni (mama da Svili), r. beni-

ni da sxvebi.

demografia damoukidebel mecnierebad aRiarebul

iqna XX saukunis meore naxevarSi. ZiriTadi diskusia

mimdinareobda ori mimarTulebiT: 1. ratom Seferxda

demografiis gamoyofa statistikidan da 2. ra aris de-

mografiis damoukidebel mecnierebad aRiarebis ZiriTa-

di argumenti.

ganvixiloT orive mimarTuleba.

1 g. gamyreliZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 34.2 m.v. ptuxa. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 55.


60

cnobili rusi statistikosi da demografi a.

boiarski werda, rom statistikis didma rolma gana-

piroba demografiisa da xalxTmosaxleobis statistikis

erTmaneTSi arasworad aRreva. xalxTmosaxleobis statis-

tika warmoadegns demografiis erT-erT nawils1. ™

SevCerdeT Tavad terminze _ xalxTmosaxleoba,

ramdenadac is qarTul samecniero produqciaSic gvx-

vdeba. boiarskis azriT, termin mosaxleobisagan is imiT

gansxvavdeba, rom laparakia xalxisgan Semdgar mosax-

leobaze. Tumca SeiZleba demografiaSi msjeloba iyos

xalxis garda sxvaze, magaliTad, mwerebis an mcenareebis

dasaxlebaze. rusul demografiul literaturaSi ter-

mini xalxTmosaxleoba sayovelTaodaa gavrcelebuli.

termini mosaxleoba, qarTul enaSi dakavSirebulia mo-

saxlesTan, saxlTan, xolo saxls aSenebs mxolod adami-

ani. Sesabamisad, termini ,,xalxTmosaxleoba~ qarTuli

samecniero leqsikonidan unda amoviRoT. aRniSnul azrs

iziarebs cnobili qarTveli mecnieri leo Ciqava2. ter-

mini xalxTmosaxleoba uaryves TviT rusma statistiko-

sebmac3.

rac Seexeba statistikis `did rols,~ is istoriu-

lad asrulebda, asrulebs da Seasrulebs àseT did

rols.~ statistikis da statistikuri meTodebis gareSe

demografia ver iarsebebda, ramdenadac demografiuli

procesebis Sesaxeb informaciis absolutur umravle-

2 leo Ciqava. demografiuli kategoriebi da kanonebi. Tb., 2002, gv.14.

3 Ñàòèñòèêà íàñåëåíèÿ ñ îñíîâàìè äåìîãðàôèè.Ì., 1990, ñ.4.

1Òåîðåòè÷åññêèå ïðîáëåìû äåìîãðàôèè. Ì., «Ñòàòèñòèêà», 1970, ñ. 33.

jemal xaritonaSvili

61

sobas iZleva statistika, xolo statistikuri meTodi

warmoadgens demografiuli analizis ZiriTad meTods.

ar SeiZleba iyos profesionali demografi statis-

tikis Teoriis da demografiuli statistikis codnis

gareSe, ra donis profesionalic ar unda iyos nebismi-

er mosazRvre dargSi.

rac Seexeba demografiul statistikas, rogorc

demografiis Semadgenel nawils, Tu demografiuli

statistika demografiis nawilia, maSin rogoraa dRemde

is rogorc mecnierulad, aseve praqtikulad imavdrou-

lad statistikis dargi1? msoflios yvela qveyanaSi in-

formacias demografiul procesebze xom statistikuri

samsaxurebi moipovebs? ufro meti, dasaqmebis standart-

ul klasifikaciaSi, romelic warmoadgens Sromis saer-

TaSoriso statistikis standarts, demografis profe-

sia miekuTvneba statistikis profesiebis jgufs2. ami-

tom adrec miRebuli iyo da dResac vsargeblobT zogi-

erTi profesionalis titulad: statistikosi, demografi.

da kidev erTi: demografiul literaturaSi gavr-

celebulia Sexeduleba, rom demografia warmoadgens

demografiuli statistikis safuZvels3, rasac kategori-

ulad ar veTanxmebiT da vTvliT, rom piriqiTaa _ de-

mografiuli statistika warmoadgens demografiis

safuZvels.

demografiis damoukidebel mecnierebad aRiarebaSi

garkveuli wvlili Seitanes sabWoTa mecnierebma. jer

1 ix.: demografiis mokle enciklopediuri leqsikoni. Semdgeneli

g.wulaZe, Tb., 2005, gv. 80.2 dasaqmebis standartuli klasifikacia. Tb., 2006, gv. 67.3 Ñòàòèñòèêà íàñåëåíèÿ ñ îñíîâàìè äåìîãðàôèè. Ïîä. Ðåä. Ïðîô. Ã.Ñ. Êèëüäèøåâà.

Ì., «Ôèíàíñû è ñòàòèñòèêà», 1990.


62

kidev 1919 wels q.kievSi Seiqmna msoflioSi pirveli

demografiuli instituti, romelsac 1938 wlamde selmZR-

vanelobad akad. m.v. ptuxa. aseTive instituti mogvianebiT

Seiqmna q. leningradSi. orive instituti 1940-ian wleb-

Si daixura, riTac demografiuli kvlevebi sabWoTa kav-

SirSi ramdenime aTeuli wliT Seferxda. demografiuli

kvlevebis Seferxebas xeli Suwyo sruli demografiu-

li informaciis ararsebobamac, ramdenadac demografiu-

li informaciis mniSvnelovani wyaro, mosaxleobis aRw-

era, sabWoTa kavSirSi 1939 wlis Semdeg Catarda mxolod

1959 wels.

Jurnal `vestnik statistikis~ (`statistikis moam-

be~) furclebze 1968-1970 wlebSi gaiSala mwvave disku-

sia demografiisa da demografiuli (maSin uwodebdnen

mosaxleobis statistikas) statistikis urTierTobis

sakiTxze. diskusiaSi monawile 20 cnobili sabWoTa da

sazRvargareTeli statistikos-demografebidan 19-ma de-

mografia CaTvala damoukidebel mecnierebad, romelic

sargeblobs demografiuli statistikiT, xolo erTma

(p.g. podiaCixi) gaaigiva demografiul statistikasTan.

saintereso iyo am ukanasknelis argumenti. 1950-ian wlebSi

moskovSi gamoica saxelmZRvanelo _ `demografiuli

statistika~ prof. a. boiarskis da p. SuSerinis avtor-

obiT. 1967 wels aseve moskovSi, prof. boiarskis xe-

lmZRvanelobiT avtorTa koleqtivma gamosca saxelmZR-

vanelo ̀ demografiis kursi.~ podiaCixma gamoaqveyna orive

saxelmZRvanelos arqiteqtonika, Tavebisa da paragrafe-

bis CamonaTvaliT, romlebic prqtikulad emTxvevoda

erTmaneTs.

jemal xaritonaSvili

63

XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis dasasruli da 70-iani

wlebis dasawyisi xasiaTdeba erTi mniSvnelovani gare-

moebiT. demografiam, rogorc saswavlo disciplinam, SeaRo

universitetis karebi. ai ras wers amis Sesaxeb msofli-

oSi cnobili frangi demografi Aalfred sovi: `codnis

es dargi ise didxans viTardeboda martoxela mkvle-

varebis mier, rom misTvis SeiZleboda gvewodebina _ ̀ mivi-

wyebuli mecniereba maswavleblebisa da moswavleebis

gareSe.~ man mxolod ukanasknel wlebSi moridebulad

SeaRo universitetebis kari, magram bevr qveynebSi is

Zveleburad rCeba kars miRma~1.

demografia, rogorc saswavlo disciplina, Tbili-

sis saxelmwifo universitetSi SemoRebul iqna 1970-iani

wlebis dasawyisSi2. kerZod, 1970 wels Tbilisis saxelm-

wifo universitetis ekonomikis fakultetis statistikisa

da zogierTi sxva specialobis meore kursze wakiTxul

iqna demografiis kursi. pirveli leqtori iyo cnobili

qarTveli demografi, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,

prof. anzor ToTaZe, xolo misi erT-erTi msmeneli, am

striqonebis avtori, statistikis specialobis meore

kursis studenti. amis Semdeg universitetSi demografi-

is kurss kiTxulobda leqtorTa mravali Taoba, maT

Soris am striqonebis avtori, 1978-1989 wlebSi.

magram, samwuxarod, demografia Tbilisis saxelm-

wifo universitetSi dReisTvis saerTod aRar ikiTxeba.

1 À. Ñîâè. Îáùàÿ òåîðèÿ íàñåëåíèÿ. Òîì ïåðâûé. Ýêîíîìèêà è íàñåëåíèå. Ïåðåâîä

ñ ôðàíöóçñêîãî. Ì., 1977, ñ. 27.2 1950-ian wlebSi da manamde, universitetSi iswavleboda demografi-

uli (mosaxleobis) statistika. leqciebs kiTxulobda filipe gog-

iCaiSvili, Semdeg ki giorgi gamyreliZe. aRniSnuli cnoba mogvawo-

da profesorma amiran jibutma.


64

ufro meti, demografia ara Tu savaldebulo saganTa,

aramed arCeviTTa Sorisac ar aris.

2000 wels Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi

Seiqmna demografiis kaTedra. kaTedra funqcionirebda

istoriis fakultetze da emsaxureboda istoriisa da

universitetis sxva humanitaruli profilis fakultetebs.

demografiis kaTedra saqarTvelosa da mTels amierkavka-

siaSi pirveli iyo, rac dadebiTi movlenaa saqarTvelos

demografiis istoriaSi. samwuxarod, 2006 wels is gauqm-

da.

magram, davubrundeT ZiriTad sakiTxs. ra aris Zir-

iTadi argumenti demografiis damoukidebel mecniere-

bad cnobisaTvis. es ZiriTadi argumenti Semdegia: statis-

tika demografiuli procesebisadmi mimarTebiT pasuxs

gvaZlevs kiTxvaze, Tu rogoria demografiuli procese-

bis done, dinamika, struqtura, e.i. statistikiT keTdeba

demografiuli procesebis raodenobrivi analizi, magram

ver pasuxobs kiTxvaze Tu ratom icvleba demografiu-

li tendenciebi, ra faqtorebi moqmedebs demografiuli

procesebis donesa da dinamikaze.

demografiul procesebze moqmedebs socialur-

ekonomikuri, erovnuli, religiuri da sxva faqtorebi.

mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens demografiuli ganwyoba,

e.i. adamianebis damokidebuleba demografiuli procese-

bis mimarT. aRniSnuli sakiTxebi Seiswavleba so-

ciologiuri meTodiT, anketuri gamokiTxviT. so-

ciologiuri meTodi eyrdnoba SerCeviT dakvirvebas,

romelic Seiswavleba statistikis TeoriaSi.

jemal xaritonaSvili

65

magram, sociologiuri gamokvlevebi tardeba

calkeuli mecnierebis, kaTedrebis, institutebis Tu

arasamTavrebo organizaciebis mier individualurad,

usistemod, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, saerTo saxelmwifoe-

brivi midgomis gareSe, rac mas saimedoobis da mom-

cvelobis TvalsazrisiT, arsebiTad ganasxvavebs saxelm-

wifo statistikis mier demografiuli procesebis Sesaxeb

qveynis masStabiT mopovebuli informaciisgan. saukeTe-

so gamosavali am SemTxvevaSi iqneboda is, rom saxelm-

wifo statistikas TavisTavze aeRo qveynis mas-

StabiT demografiuli procesebis sociologiuri

Seswavla, erTiani programiT, meTodologiiT, garkveu-

li periodulobiT. magaliTad, 5 weliwadSi erTxel,

romelic mogvcemda reprezentatul, droSi Sesadar

statistikur-sociologiuri gamokvlevis saimedo

masalas qveynis masStabiT.

sociologiuri gamokvlevebis Catareba garkveul

finansebTanaa dakavSirebuli, rac qveynis masStabiT mis

periodulad Catarebaze uaris Tqmis mizezi SeiZleba

gaxdes. magram arsebobs sakmaod kargi gamosavali _ sax-

elmwifo sociologiuri gamokvleva Catardes qveyanaSi

arsebul da moqmed Sinameurneobebis kvlevis qselze

dayrdnobiT. Tu aseTi ram arsebobs sxva qveynebSi, Sei-

Zleba maTi gamocdilebis gaziareba da Tu ar arsebobs,

maSin keTili nebis pirobebSi saqarTvelos msoflio

statistikur-demografiul praqtikaSi SesaZlebloba

eZleva pirvelma ganaxorcielos es proeqti. ra Tqma

unda, aseTi proeqtis ganxorcielebis pirobebSi, kerZo

proeqtebis arseboba aqtualurobas ar kargavs. misi mi-


66

zani gaxdeba problemis calkeuli aspeqtebis siRrm-

iseuli Seswavla, rac gaamdidrebs saxelmwifo statis-

tikur-sociologiuri kvleviT miRebul Sedegebs.

demografiul procesebze moqmedi faqtorebis da

demografiuli ganwyobis sociologiuri Seswavla msof-

lioSi daaxloebiT 5 aTeul wels iTvlis. es, ase vTqvaT,

informaciisaTvis. ise ki gvinda SevexoT sociologiuri

kvleviT miRebuli masalebis damuSavebis sakiTxs. saqme

isaa, rom aRniSnuli masalebis damuSaveba xdeba statis-

tikuri meTodebiT, kerZod ki dajgufebiT, e.i. mopovebu-

li masalebis gaerTianebiT erTgvarovan jgufebad maT-

Tvis maxasiaTebeli statistikuri niSnebis mixedviT. gam-

oiyeneba rogroc martivi, aseve kombinaciuri dajgufebebi.

es ukanaskneli saSualebas gvaZlevs davadginoT kavSiri

demografiul procesebze moqmed faqtorebsa da Sedegebs

Soris. is, rom dajgufeba statistikuri kvlevis umniS-

vnelovanesi meTodia, imedia, aravisSi eWvs ar iwvevs.

sociologiuri kvlevis masalebis dajgufebiT

viRebT movlenebis maxasiaTebel absolutur statis-

tikur sidideebs, romlebic safuZvlad edeba Semdgomi

statistikuri maCveneblebis gamoangariSebas. am SemTx-

vevaSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli statistikuri

maCveneblebia: SefardebiTi maCveneblebi, saSualo sid-

ideebi _ ojaxSi bavSvebis saSualo faqtobrivi, idealuri,

sasurveli da mosalodneli ricxvi, Sobadobis saSualo

protogenetikuri da intergenetikuri intervalebi, qor-

winebaSi Sesvlis saSualo asaki da a.S.

Tu SevajamebT naazrevs, aRmoCndeba Semdegi: demogra-

fiaSi ZiriTadi informaciuli uzrunvelyofa xdeba

jemal xaritonaSvili

67

statistikis saSualebiT, demografiis ZiriTadi meTodi

aris statistikis meTodi, sociologiuri gamokvlevis

masalebi muSavdeba statistikis meTodiT, xolo masze

dayrdnobiT aseve gamoiTvleba movlenebis maxasiaTebe-

li statistikur maCvenebelTa sistema. am CamonaTvals

davumatoT isic, rom demografiis ZiriTadi ena aris

statistikuri.

risi Tqma SeiZleba amis Semdeg? rogorc Cans, sima-

rTlesTan Zalian axlos viyavi 1986 wels, rodesac vwer-

di: imdenad didia demografiaSi mosaxleobis statis-

tikis (vigulisxmoT _ demografiuli statistikis) roli,

rom zRvari maT Soris zogjer pirobiT xasiaTs atarebs1.

amasTan ,unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom demografias

demografiul statistikasTan aqvs saziaro kvlevis

sagani, ar gaaCnia kvlevis sakuTari meTodi _ aseTs

warmoadgens statistikuri da sociologiuri meTode-

bis kompleqsi. damoukidebel mecnierebas unda hqondes

kvlevis sakuTari sagani da meTodi.

da mainc ris safuZvelzea aRiarebuli demografia

damoukidebel mecnierebad? _ im safuZvelze, rom war-

moadgens ra statistikis yvelaze uZveles dargs, de-

mografiulma statistikam Tavisi mravalsaukunovani

ganviTarebis manZilze daagrova kvlevis imdeni Teori-

ul-meTodologiuri gamocdileba da empiriuli masala,

rom aRiarebulia damoukidebel mecnierebad _ demogra-

fiad. Tumca avtoris Rrma rwmeniT, demografia aris

statistikuri mecnierebis Semadgeneli nawili.

1 m.xmalaZe, mosaxleobis statistika demografiis safuZvlebiT.

leqciebis kursi, nakveTi I. Tb., Tsu gamomcemloba, 1986, gv. 38.


68

Regarding Demography and Demographic

Statistics Once Again

M. Khmaladze

At present demography is an independent science, and the demo-

graphic statistics is considered to be the branch of both demography and

statistics at the same time. The demographic statistics and statistics in

general play such a considerable role in demography that we recognize

demography as an independent science in the composition of statistical

science.

jemal xaritonaSvili

69

maia mindoraSvili

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,

ivane javaxiSvilis Tsu

asocirebuli profesori

ukve 20 welia, rac gaeros ganviTarebis programa

(UNDP) adamianuri ganviTarebis angariSebs aqveynebs. 1990

wlidan moyolebuli, am angariSebma udidesi gavlena

moaxdina sazogadoebis cnobierebaze adamianis ganviTare-

bis Sefasebis mizniT Tavmoyrili mdidari empiriuli

monacemebiTa da inovaciuri meTodologiuri midgome-

biT. yoveli axali gamocema axal sakiTxebs svams dRis

wesrigSi da msoflios masStabiT mouwodebs politiko-

sebsa da analitikosebs maTi gadawyvetisaken.

adamianuri ganviTarebis indeqsi (agi) adamianis gan-

viTarebis krebsiTi maCvenebelia. is asaxavs ama Tu im

qveynis miRwevebs adamianis ganviTarebis sami sabaziso

maCveneblis mixedviT: 1. sicocxlis xangrZlivoba da

janmrTeloba, 2. codnis miRebisa da 3. Rirseuli cx-

ovrebis donis misawvdomoba. agi am maCveneblebis mixed-

viT agebuli indeqsebis saSualo geometriuls warmoad-

gens.

adamianuri ganviTarebis koncefcia

adamianuri ganviTarebis koncefcia pakistanel ekon-

omist doqtor mahbub ul-haks (1934-1998) ekuTvnis, romelic

humanuri ganviTarebis

indeqsi:

istoria da realoba


70

Tvlida, rom adamianuri ganviTareba zogadad ganviTare-

bis paradigmaa, is gacilebiT ufro mets niSnavs, vidre

erovnuli Semosavlis zrda an kleba. aq igulisxmeba

iseTi garemos Seqmna, romelSic adamianebi srulad Se-

Zleben TavianTi potencialis gamovlenas da icxovreben

TavianTi interesebisa da moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad.

eris WeSmarit simdidres swored adamianebi warmoad-

genen da unda gafarTovdes maTi SesaZleblobebi, adami-

anebma Rirseuli cxovrebiT unda icxovron. mahbub ul-

hakis azriT, ganviTarebis ZiriTadi arsi adamianisaTvis

arCevanis gafarToebaSia, es arCevani ki usasruloa da

SeiZleba icvlebodes droTa ganmavlobaSi. xSirad ki,

adamianebi miRwevebis daxasiaTebisaTvis ufro did mniS-

vnelobas aniWeben Semosavlebis zrdis amsaxvel cifrebs,

raSic verc swrafad da verc dauyovnebliv ver aisaxeba

zemoT aRniSnuli. mis koncefciaSi ganviTarebis mizania

iseTi garemos Seqmna, romelSic adamianebi gaatareben

xangrZliv, janmrTel da SemoqmedebiT sicocxles1.

adamianuri ganviTarebis koncefcia warmoiSva, nawi-

lobriv, 1980-ian wlebSi gavrcelebuli ganviTarebis

koncefciis sawinaaRmdegod, romelic adamianis arCeva-

nis gafarToebis ganmapirobebel faqtorad qveynis

ekonomikur zrdas miiCnevda. mahbub ul-hakma SeimuSava

alternatiuli ganviTarebis modeli, romlis winapirobe-

bia Semdegi garemoebebi:

1 Mahbub ul Haq. “ Reflections on Human Development”, Oxford Yniversity Press,1995.

maia mindoraSvili

71

• sul ufro meti argumenti Cndeba imis dasabuTeb-

isaTvis, rom sabazro sistema ver uzrunvelyofs keTil-

dReobas yvelasaTvis da siRaribis mospobas;

• sul ufro aSkara xdeba struqturuli gardaqm-

nebis programebis adamianuri danaxarjebi;

• socialuri siaveebi (damnaSaveoba, imunodeficituri

daavadebebi, garemos dabinZureba) adrindeliviT vrcelde-

ba Zlieri da stabiluri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

pirobebSic;

• demokratizaciis talRam XX s. 90-iani wlebis

dasawyisSi warmoSva adamianze orientirebuli modelebis

saWiroeba.

1990 wlisaTvis adamianuri potencialis koncefcia

gamoiyenes globaluri sakiTxebis sistematuri Seswav-

lisaTvis da angariSebis gamoqveyneba daiwyo gaeros

ganviTarebis programis egidiT. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniS-

navia nobelis premiis laureat, harvardis universite-

tis profesor amartia senis1 wvlili aRniSnul saqmeSi,

romelic ghi-is Tanaavtorad iTvleba.

Temebi, romlebic yvelaze aqtualuria aRniSnul

angariSebSi mimdinare etapze, moicavs: socialur progress,

ekonomikas, efeqtianobas, samarTlianobas, Tanasworobasa

da Tavisuflebas, mdgrad ganviTarebas, adamianis usa-

frTxoebas.

meTodologia

agi-s agebis pirveli etapia subindeqsebis SemuSave-

ba. maCveneblebis indeqsebad gadaqcevisaTvis saWiroa maTi

1 Anand, S. and Sen A. (1994) Human Development: Methodology andMeasurement.World Bank, New york.


72

minimaluri da maqsimaluri zRvrebis daweseba, anu mizno-

brivi orientirebis dadgena. radgan agregirebisaTvis

saSualo geometriuli gamoiyeneba, maqsimaluri mniS-

vnelobebi gavlenas ver moaxdens nebismieri ori qveynis

an periodis Sedarebaze; maqsimaluri mniSvnelobebi av-

tomaturad eniWeba qveynebs Soris dakvirvebis period-

Si(1980-2010ww.) arsebul umaRles faqtobriv maCveneblebs.

Sedarebebze gavlenas axdens mxolod minimaluri

maCveneblebi, am mizniT gamoiyeneba is indikatorebi, rom-

lebic miCneulia saarsebo minimumad, anu “bunebriv” nu-

lad. amrigad, progresi gaizomeba im minimalur mniS-

vnelobebTan mimarTebiT, rac aucilebelia adamianis ga-

darCenisaTvis gansazRvruli periodis ganmavlobaSi.

2010 wlis angariSSi dadgenilia Semdegi minimaluri

zRvrebi:

• sicocxlis mosalodneli saSualo xangrZlivoba

dabadebisas _ 20 weli;

• ganaTlebis done (ganaTlebis orive indika-

torisTvis) _ 0 weli,

• mTliani erovnuli Semosavali (meS) mosaxleobis

erT sulze – 163 aSS dolari.

cxrilSi mocemulia miznobrivi orientirebi, rom-

lebic gamoyenebulia agi-is 2010 wlis angariSSi:

maia mindoraSvili

73

agi-is 2010 wlis angariSSi gamoyenebuli mizno-

brivi orientirebi

subindeqsebis maqsimaluri da minimaluri zRvreb-

is dawesebis Semdeg subindeqsebi gaiangariSeba Semdegi

formuliT:

minmax

max

−−= done faqtobrivi

indeqsi (1)

2010 wels agi-is gaangariSebis meTodologiam mniS-

vnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada, amitom, aRniSnuls “axa-

li meTodologiis” saxeliT moixsenieben. sakiTxis ufro

siRrmiseuli ganxilvisaTvis moviyvanT agi-is gaangariSe-

bis axal da Zvel meTodologiebs.

axali meTodologiiT:

1. sicocxlis xangrZlivobis indeqsi


maCvenebelimaqsimaluri

mniSvneloba

minimaluri

mniSvneloba

sicocxlis mosalodne-

li xangrZlivoba dabade-

bisas

83.2

(iaponia, 2010w.)

0

swavlis saSualo xangr-

Zlivoba

20.0

0

13.2

(aSS, 2000w.)

swavlis mosalodneli

xangrZlivoba

20.6

(avstralia, 2002w.)

ganaTlebis krebsiTi

indeqsi

0.951

(axali zelandia, 2010w.) 0

108 211

(arabeTis gaerTianeb-

uli saemiroebi, 1980w.)

Semosavali mosaxleobis

erT sulze (myidvelobi-

Tunarianobis paritetis

mixedviT) aSS dol.

163

(zimbabve,

2008w.)

74

(LEI) = 2.63

20−LE

LE – sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivobaa axl-

SobilTaTvis, Tu maTi sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi Senar-

Cunebuli iqneba dabadebisas arsebuli asakobrivi

mokvdaobis tendenciebi;

2. ganaTlebis indeqsi (EI) = 951.0

EYSIMYSI ⋅

2.1 swavlis saSualo xangrZlivobis indeqsi

(MYSI) = 2.13

MYS

MYS – 25 wlis da zeviT asakis mosaxleobis mier

mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli ganaTlebis

xangrZlivobaa ganaTlebis TiToeuli safexuris Teori-

uli xangrZlivobis gaTvaliswinebiT(wlebSi);

2.2 swavlis mosalodneli xangrZlivobis indeqsi

(EYSI) = 6.20

EYS

EYS – saskolo asakis bavSvis swavlis mosalodne-

li xangrZlivoba, Tu misi sicocxlis manZilze Senar-

Cundeba ganaTlebis miRebis mimdinare tendenciebi;

3. Semosavlebis indeqsi (II) = )163ln()108211ln(

)163ln()ln(

−−GNIpc

maia mindoraSvili

75

GHIpc – qveynis mTliani erovnuli Semosavali mo-

saxleobis erT sulze myidvelobiTunarianobis paritete-

biT, aSS dolari.

sabolood ki, igi Semdegi saxiT Caiwereba:

3 IIEILEIHDI ⋅⋅=

Zveli meTodologiiT:

,

)min()max(

)min(

xx

xxindex

−−=

sadac max(x) da min(x) Sesabamisi maCveneblis maqsi-

maluri da minimaluri mniSvnelobebia.

am modeliT aigeba samive maxasiaTebeli, xolo

adamianuri ganviTarebis krebsiT saSualo ariTmetikul

indeqsSi TiToeuli maTganis wona 1/3-ia:LE

• sicocxlis xangrZlivobis indeqsi = 2585

25

−−LE

• ganaTlebis indeqsi = GEIALI ×+×3

1

3

2

� mozrdilTa (15 wlis da zeviT) wera-kiTxvis cod-

nis indeqsi (ALI)0100

0

−−= ALR

,

sadac ALR – wera-kiTxvis mcodne 15 da zeviTa asakis

mosaxleobis xvedriTi wonaa.


76

� mosaxleobis ganaTlebaSi (samive safexuri) CarTu-

lobis indeqsi (GEI)0100

0

−−= CGER

CGER – swavlebis TiToeul safexurSi CarTuli

mosaxleobis xvedriTi wonaa ganaTlebis Sesabamis safex-

urze oficialurad aRricxulTa mimarT.

• mSp mosaxleobis erT sulze myidvelobiTunar-

ianobis paritetebiT, aSS dol.

)100log()40000log(

)100log()log(

−−= GDPpc

GDP

ra gansxvavebaa axal da Zvel meTodologiebs Soris

da riT aris gamowveuli es cvlilebebi?

ZiriTadad cvlilebebi Seexo ganaTlebisa da Semo-

savlebis indeqsebs. kerZod, swavlebis saSualo xangr-

Zlivoba izomeba ara 15 wlidan, aramed _ 25 da zeviT

asakis pirTa mimarT, xolo meore maCvenebelia swavlis

mosalodneli xangrZlivoba, romelic gaizomeba skola-

Si Sesvlis oficialurad dadgenili asakidan sicocx-

lis bolomde, Tu qveyanaSi SenarCundeba ganaTlebis

miRebis gavrcelebuli tendenciebi.

axali meTodologiiT Semosavlebis done izomeba

ara mSp-is, aramed meS-is saSualebiT mosaxleobis erT

sulze (myidvelobiTunarianobis paritetebiT, aSS dol).

aRniSnuli cvlilebiT xazi gaesva mSp-isa da meS-is

rogorc raodenobriv, aseve Tvisebriv gansxvavebas, ker-

Zod, Semosavlebis saldos gazrdil mniSvnelobas Semo-

savlebis ganawilebis procesSi.

agreTve, mniSvnelovani cvlilebaa agi-is krebsiT

indeqsSi agregirebis mizniT saSualo geometriulis

maia mindoraSvili

77

gamoyeneba saSualo ariTmetikulis nacvlad. 2010 wlam-

de agi warmoadgenda normalizebuli1 indeqsebis saSua-

lo ariTmetikuls fiqsirebuli minimumebisa da maqsi-

mumebis gamoyenebiT. axali meTodologiiT gaiangariSe-

ba normalizebuli indeqsebis saSualo geometriuli,

oRond minimumebi da maqsimumebi fiqsirebuli ar aris.

isini aRebulia dakvirvebis periodis mixedviT, romel-

Sic xdeba indeqsis gaangariSeba. saSualo geometriu-

lis gamoyeneba indeqsis mniSvnelobas SedarebiT amcir-

ebs, amitom yvelaze didi cvlilebebi agi-is indeqsSi

araTanabrad ganviTarebad qveynebs Seexo2.

saSualo geometriulis gamoyenebis dadebiT mxared

unda miviCnioT is faqtori, rom axal agi-is indeqsSi

maCvenebelTa sruli urTierTSenacvleba aRar xdeba, anu

erTi maCveneblis dabali mniSvneloba wrfivad aRar

kompensirdeba meore maCveneblis miRwevebiT, rac imis

safuZvels gvaZlevs vifiqroT, rom, magaliTad, sicocx-

lis mosalodneli xangrZlivobis erTprocentiani Sem-

cireba iseTive zegavlenas moaxdens agi-s cvlilebaze,

rogorc erTi-procentuli muxliT Semcireba ganaTle-

baSi an SemosavlebSi.

rac Seexeba zRvruli maCveneblebis cvlilebas agi-

Si, Zvel meTodologias safuZvlad edo mosazreba imis

Sesaxeb, rom dadgenilze maRali Semosavali xels ar

uwyobs adamianis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs. kidev

erTi damatebiTi argumenti iyo is, rom Semosavlebs si-

cocxlis xangrZlivobasa da wera-kiTxvis codnasTan

2 zogadad saSualo geometriuli mxolod mcire cvlilebebs

iwvevs agi-s reitingebSi.

1 normalizebaSi igulisxmeba maCveneblebisaTvis qulebis miniWeba

0-dan erTamde.


78

SedarebiT ar gaaCnia “bunebrivi” zRvrebi (100%, mokvdaobis

zRvrebi da a.S.), amitom Semosavlebi SeiZleba usasru-

lod gaizardos, rac droTa ganmavlobaSi did asimetri-

as gamoiwvevda agi-is zeda eSelonebSi.

Semosavlebis Zveli, 40 000-iani zeda zRvris mosax-

snelad sxvadasxva mizezi gaCnda. kerZod: a) sul ufro

meti qveyana uaxlovdeboda aRniSnul zRvars da aRar

Canda maT Soris gansxvaveba. 2007 wels ukve 13 qveynis

mSp aWarbebda zRvrul niSnuls. amitom Sesustda zRvru-

li niSnulis diskriminaciuli SesaZleblobebi, gan-

sakuTrebiT maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis SemTxvevaSi;

b) saSualo geometriuli ufro aZlierebs meS-is galog-

ariTmebuli mniSvnelobis Semcirebis efeqts saSualo

ariTmetikulTan SedarebiT; g) dakvirvebis periodisaTvis

arsebuli faqtobrivi maqsimaluri mniSvnelobebis gamoy-

eneba saSualebas iZleva miviRoT analogiur diapazon-

Si cvalebadi indeqsebi ise, rom maTi wonebi ufro msgav-

si iyos, vidre wina meTodologiiT.

axali meTodologia iyenebs naturalur logariT-

mebs (ln) aTis fuZiT logariTmis (lg) nacvlad, es cv-

lileba raime mniSvnelovan gavlenas ar axdens indeq-

sis gaangariSebaze, Tumca, angariSi gaewia im faqtors,

rom ekonomikuri literaturis umravlesobaSi gamoy-

enebulia Semosavlebis naturaluri logariTmebi. zRvru-

li mniSvnelobebi moixsna da isini gautolda 1980-2010

wlebis ganmavlobaSi dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul maqsi-

mumebs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Seicvala TviT subindeqsebis gaan-

gariSebis meTodologiac: maqsimaluri zRvrebi Seicva-

la dakvirvebis mTeli periodisaTvis(1980-2010) damaxasi-

aTebeli maqsimaluri mniSvnelobebiT da dadginda Sem-

maia mindoraSvili

79

degi minimaluri zRvrebi: sicocxlis saSualo xangr-

Zlivoba dabadebisas _ 20 weli, ganaTlebis orive cv-

ladisaTvis _ 0 weli da meS mosaxleobis erT sulze _

163 aSS dolari myidvelobiTunarianobis paritetebiT.

amasTan, dabadebisas sicocxlis saSualo xangr-

Zlivoba istoriuli trendebis safuZvelze dadginda.

monacemebi sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb

aRebulia medisonisa1 da railis2 naSromebidan; aq safuZ-

vlad gamoyenebulia mosazreba, rom Tu sazogadoebaSi

sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba dabadebisas Cveu-

lebriv reproduqciul asakze naklebi iqneba, es sazoga-

doeba gadaSenebisTvisaa ganwiruli. msoflioSi 20 welze

dabali maCveneblebic dafiqsirda, magaliTad, genocidis

dros ruandaSi, magram es tendenciebi myari ar iyo da

gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli.

ganaTlebis minimumi dadginda imis gaTvaliswinebiT,

rom sazogadoebebma SeiZleba iarsebon formaluri ga-

naTlebis gareSec.

arsebobisaTvis minimalurad miCneulia zimbabves

magaliTi _ istoriulad yvelaze dabali Semosavali

mosaxleobis erT sulze _ 163 dolari, anu 45 centi

dReSi, rac samjer naklebia msoflio bankis mier dawese-

bul siRaribis zRvarze _ 1,25 dolari.

rac Seexeba maqsimumebs, is SeiZleba wlidan wlam-

de icvlebodes, magram is rangebze gavlenas ver axdens.

es gamowveulia axali agi-is multiplikaturi formiT,

rac uzrunvelyofs qveynebis SefardebiTi poziciebis

1 Maddison, A. 2010. Historical Statistics of the World Economy: 1–2008 AD. Paris:Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.2 Riley, J. C. 2005. Poverty and Life Expectancy. Cambridge, UK: CambridgeUniversity Press.


80

dacvas maqsimumebis cvlilebis pirobebSi, Tumca, nor-

malizebuli parametrebis SerCeva, Tavis mxriv, gavlenas

axdens agi-ze.

bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva: maqsimumebis cvlileba

wlidan wlamde moaxdens Tu ara gavlenas monitoringis

procesze? Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT im faqts, rom agi-

is gadaTvla yovelwliurad xdeba axali maqsimumebisa

da myari droiTi mwkrivebis mixedviT, monitoringis pro-

cesze es veranair gavlenas ver iqoniebs. zogadad, agi

gamoiyeneba progresis gasazomad ara moklevadian, aramed

grZelvadian periodSi, radgan, bunebrivia, saWiroa garkveu-

li dro imisaTvis, rom gatarebuli politikis Sedegebi

aisaxos iseT maCveneblebSi, rogoricaa swavlis saSua-

lo xangrZlivoba da sicocxlis mosalodneli xangr-

Zlivoba dabadebisas. swored amitom, agi-is tendenciebi

5-wliani intervalebiT aris warmodgenili.

axali agi Tanabar wonebs aniWebs rogorc samive

indikators, aseve ganaTlebis orive subkomponentsac, rac

xazs usvams samive komponentis Tanabar mniSvnelobas

adamianis ganviTarebisTvis1.

adamianuri ganviTarebis indeqsis kritika wlebis

ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT mimdinareobda.

es exeba rogorc indeqsis komponentebs, aseve gaangariSebis

meTodologias da gamoyenebul resursebs. magaliTad,

zogierTi avtori akritikebs indeqsSi ekologiuri prob-

lemebis gauTvaliswineblobas da misi globaluri xed-

vis perspeqtivebidan mowyvetas, aseve Semosavlebis kate-

goriisadmi arasakmaris yuradRebas, rac gamoixateba

yovelwliuri Sesadarisobis arasakmarisobasa an difer-

1 Noorkbakhsh (1998). The Human Development Index: Some Technical Issues andAlternative Indices. Journal of International Development 10, 589-605; Decanq, K.and Lugo, M.A. 2009. Weights in Multidimensional Indices of Well-Being. OPHIworking paper No. 18. (to appear in Economic Reviews).

maia mindoraSvili

81

encirebul midgomaSi qveynebis sxvadasxva jgufis Se-

fasebisadmi1.

ekonomisti braian kaplani miiCnevs, rom agi-is ko-

mponentebis Sefasebis SemosazRvra 0-sa da 1-s Soris

aramarTebulia, radgan Sedegad mdidar qveynebs aRar

eZlevaT saSualeba reitingi gaiumjobeson, Tumca maT

gaaCniaT saamiso resursebi. misi azriT, es niSnavs, rom

qveyana, romelsac hyavs xandazmulTa didi raodenoba da

mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is maRali maCvenebeli, mi-

iRebs mxolod 0,666 qulas (rac ufro dabalia, vidre

tajikeTsa da samxreTi afrikis respublikaSi), Tu mis

mosaxleobas arasodes miuRia ganaTleba da wera-kiTx-

vis ucodinaria; amasTan, skandinavia yovelTvis mowinave

poziciebze darCeba, radgan swored masTan xdeba danar-

Ceni qveynebis Sedareba2.

ekonomistebi hendrik volfi, hovard Ceni da maqsi-

milian aufhameri yuradRebas amaxvileben monacemebSi

arsebul Secdomebze sami mimarTulebiT: a) monacemTa

ganaxleba, b) formulebis ganaxleba da g) qveynisaTvis

ganviTarebis statusis miniWebis zRvrebi. maTi azriT, am

Secdomebis gaTvaliswinebiT, qveynebis 11, 21 da 34% aras-

worad aris ranJirebuli ganviTarebis donis mixedviT,

ramac SecdomaSi SeiZleba Seiyvanos politikosebi, in-

1 Wolff, Hendrik; Chong, Howard; Auffhammer, Maximilian (2011). “Classification,Detection and Consequences of Data Error: Evidence from the Human DevelopmentIndex”. Economic Journal 121 (553): 843–870 , Sagara, Ambuj D.; Najam, Adil (1998).“The human development index: a critical review”. Ecological Economics 25 (3): 249–264., McGillivray, Mark (1991). “The human development index: yet another redun-dant composite development indicator?”. World Development 19 (10): 1461–1468., Srin-ivasan, T. N. (1994). “Human Development: A New Paradigm or Reinvention of theWheel?”. American Economic Review 84 (2): 238–243.2 Caplan, Bryan (May 22, 2009). “Against the Human Development Index”.


82

vestorebi, saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebi da sazogadoe-

ba mTlianobaSi.1

arsebobs azri, imis Sesaxebac, rom agi-is mniSvneloba

gadaWarbebulia, rom is verafers arsebiTs ver matebs

Semadgenel komponentebs da warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi

ganviTarebis mxolod ramdenime aspeqtisaTvis wonebis

nebismierad miniWebis legitimur saSualebas, is aZnelebs

dinamikaSi qveynis progresisa da regresis dadgenas,

radgan damokidebulia sicocxlis saSualo xangr-

Zlivobasa da mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSebul

mSp-ze. miuxedavad amisa, yovel wels gaeros wevri qvey-

nebi ranJirebulia hgi-is indeqsis mixedviT da Tu reit-

ingi maRalia, es martivad SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos

qveynis aRmatebul rangSi ayvanisaTvis, xolo Tu daba-

lia _ qveynis naklovanebebis xazgasasmelad. misi azriT,

aramarTebulia zogierTi avtoris mier agi-is, rogorc

socialuri keTildReobis absoluturi sazomis far-

Tod gamoiyeneba ekonomikuri politikis efeqtis Sesafa-

seblad2.

sul sxva kuTxiT udgeba agi-is koncefcias raTan

lal basu. igi Tvlis, rom materialuri Rirebulebebis

garda, indeqsSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos sulieri,

moraluri faseulobebic, raTa daexmaros “orfexa” ar-

sebebs iqcnen namdvil adamianebad. misi azriT, maRali

1 agi-is mimdinare angariSSi aisaxa aRniSnuli avtorebis SeniSvne-

bi, e.i. is gaTvaliswinebul iqna.

2 McGillivray, M. (1991). “The Human Development Index: Yet Another RedundantComposite Development Indicator?”. World Development 18 (10): 1461–1468., Hop-kins, M. (1991). “Human development revisited: A new UNDP report”. World Develop-ment 19 (10): 1461–1468., Izete Bagolin. Human Development Index (HDI) - A poorrepresentation to Human Development Approach. http://www-3.unipv.it/deontica/ca2004/papers/bagolin.pdf

maia mindoraSvili

83

suicidebis statistika zegavlenas iqoniebda indeqsis

Semcirebaze1

agi-is naklovanebebis aRmofxvris mizniT ramdenime

avtorma alternatiuli indeqsebic SemogvTavaza, Tumca,

misi mocvis xarisxi ar iyo farTo da gamoyenebis efeqtic

arasakmarisi aRmoCnda. mxolod erTi SemTxveva dafiq-

sirda, rodesac devid hastingsma2 230 ekonomikamde gaa-

farTova agi-is kvleva, maSin rodesac 2009 wlis angariSSi

moxvda 182 qveyana, xolo 2010 wlis angariSSi _ mxolod

169.

kritikis Semdegi mimarTulebaa Zlieri korelacia

agi-sa da mSp-is rangebs Soris (0,95), romelic gansakuTre-

bul yuradRebas makroekonomistebis mxridan iwvevs3.

gaeros adamianuri ganviTarebis ofisis xelmZRv-

anelis francisko rodrigesis azriT4, mniSvnelovania

imis codna, Tu ras veliT Cven agi-sagan. zrunva adami-

anis ganviTarebaze mxolod ranJirebis mizniT ar xdeba.

reitingi kargi saSualeba SedarebisaTvis, magram ara

saukeTeso, raTa gavaanalizoT gansxvavebebi sxvadasxva

qveynis cxovrebis doneebSi. misi azriT, rangebs Soris

korelacia verasodes gagvcems pasuxs or kiTxvaze: ra

1 Ratan Lal Basu, “Why the Human Development Index Does not Measure up to An-cient Indian Standards”. Culture Mandala, Volume 6 no. 2, February 2005.2 Hastings, David A. (2009). “Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index”. UnitedNations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Working Paper WP/09/02. , Hastings, David A. (2011). “A “Classic” Human Development Index with 232Countries”.3 Michael Boozer, Gustav Ranis, Frances Stewart, Tavneet Suri. “Paths to Success: TheRelationship Between Human Development and Economic Growth”, Srinivasan, TN. “Human Development: A New Paradigm or Reinvention of the Wheel?”. JustinWolfers. “Another Perspective on the Human Development Index”. http://www.freakonomics.com/2009/06/01/another-perspective-on-the-human-develop-ment-index/4 What Does the Human Development Index Really Measure? By Francisco Rod-riguez, A Guest Post. http://www.freakonomics.com/2009/06/01/another-perspective-on-the-human-development-index/


84

aris keTildReobis mamoZravebeli droTa ganmavlobaSi

da rogor moxda qveynebs Soris uTanabrobis evolucia?

orive kiTxvaze agi da mSp sxvadasxva pasuxs iZleva.

xangrZlivi periodis manZilze cvlilebebi adami-

anis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba mosax-

leobis erT sulze Semosavlebis zrdis tempebisagan.

gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom Semosavlebis zrdis tempebsa

da agi-is Soris korelaciam 0,43 Seadgina, xolo agi-is

danarCen komponentebsa da mSp-is zrdis tempebs Soris _

0,03, anu informacia, romelic dakavSirebulia jandacvi-

sa da ganaTlebis cvlilebasTan, mniSvnelovnad gansx-

vavebulia Semosavlebis cvlilebasTan dakavSirebuli

informaciisagan. Tu ganvixilavT 2 regresias, romelTa-

gan erTi swavlobs Semosavlis cvlilebebs mosaxleo-

bis erT sulze, xolo meore – agi-is (SegviZlia orives

mimarT gamoviyenoT damoukidebeli cvladebis erTnairi

nakrebi, magaliTad, Semosavlebis sawyisi done, swavlisa

da sicocxlis xangrZlivoba, ekonomikis Riaobis mim-

dinare maCveneblebi, inflacia da kanonis uzenaesoba),

aRmoCndeba, rom inflacia negatiur da mniSvnelovan gav-

lenas axdens agi-ze, magram ara Semosavlebis zrdis

tempze; vaWrobis Tavisufleba da kanonis uzenaesoba

pozitiur da mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens mSp-is zrdaze,

magram ara agi-ze. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, qveynebs

maia mindoraSvili

85

Soris regresiis analizis Sedegebi ganviTarebis poli-

tikis SemuSavebisaTvis arsebiTad damokidebulia sadRe-

iso interesebze: mSp-is zrda, Tu agi-is zrda?

alternativis saxiT SeiZleba ganvixiloT dispro-

porciebi cxovrebis doneebSi. mecnierebma Seiswavles

sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, izrdeba Tu mcirdeba uTanabroba

qveynebs Soris. aRmoCnda, rom rac ufro izrdeba disper-

sia SemosavlebSi erT sulze, miT ufro mcirdeba dis-

persia agi-is mixedviT, anu es orgvari midgoma sruliad

gansxvavebul Sedegebs iZleva (nax.1).

mSp-isa da agi-is saSualo kvadratuli

gadaxrebis dinamika 1980-2006 ww.

nax.1

log

mSp erT sulze, kvadr. gadaxra

agi-is saS. kvadr. gadaxramSp

agi


86

rac Seexeba mosaxleobis erT sulze meS-is gamoy-

enebas adamianuri ganviTarebis nacvlad, aq mxolod erTi

magaliTis moyvanac sakmarisi iqneba: bahamis kunZulebis

agi-is reitingi (0,784), romlis meS-i kuveitis analogiuri

maCveneblis 50%-s Seadgens, SeiZleba masze maRali iyos

imis gamo, rom kuveitSi (0,771) zrdasruli mosaxleobis

swavlis saSualo xangrZlivoba SedarebiT dabalia. erT

sulze gaangariSebuli meS-i mxolod saSualo erovnul

Semosavals asaxavs da ar gvaZlevs imis danaxvis saSu-

alebas, Tu ra mimarTulebiT ixarjeba.

20 wlis ganmavlobaSi agi-is kvlevebi miZRvnili

iyo umTavresi sakiTxisadmi, rom sazogadoebas gaego, Tu

ra gansxvavebuli midgomebia saWiro im faseulobaTa

miRwevisaTvis, romliskenac isini iswrafvian. agi-is sx-

vadasxva WriliT ganxilvam, rogoricaa genderuli uTa-

nasworoba, kulturuli Tavisufleba, klimaturi cvlile-

bebi, dagvanaxa, rom adamianTa arCevanis gafarToebis

saukeTeso cdebi pirdapirproporciulad ar iwvevs Se-

mosavlebis gadidebas erT sulze.

2010 wlis ivlisSi, oqsfordis siRaribisa da ad-

amianuri ganviTarebis iniciativis warmomadgenlebis mier1

gamoqveynda siRaribis mravalganzomilebiani indeqsi,

romelsac did momavals uwinaswarmetyveleben. es inde-

qsi scildeba siRaribis tradiciulad Semosavlebze

orientirebuli gansazRvris farglebs, raTa asaxos is

mravalricxovani danaklisi, rasac Raribi adamiani gan-

icdis janmrTelobis dacvis, ganaTlebisa da cxovrebis

donis kuTxiT. indeqsi gaangariSebulia 104 ganviTareba-

1 Sabina Alkire and Maria Emma Santos . Acute Multidimensional Poverty: A NewIndex for Developing Countries. Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative Ox-ford Department of International Development Working Paper: 38 July 2010. http://www.ophi.org.uk/acute-multidimensional-poverty-a-new-index-for-developing-countries/

maia mindoraSvili

87

di qveynisaTvis (Sinameurneobebze dakvirvebis Sedegad),

rac mTeli msoflios mosaxleobis 78%-ia. mecnierebma

gamoTvales, rom 1,7 mlrd adamiani msoflioSi ukidures

siRaribeSi (1,25-2 dolari dReSi) cxovrobs. aRniSnuli

naSromiT avtorebi afiqsireben Cavardnebs im saqmianobeb-

Si, romlebic amartia senis rekomendaciiT mimarTuli

unda iyos siRaribis winaaRmdeg, misi aRmofxvrisaTvis.

Cveni azriT, mecnierTa kamaTi aRniSnul sakiTx-

ebTan dakavSirebiT momavalSic gagrZeldeba, radgan Tema

Zalian mravalmxrivia da aqtualuri, Tumca isic unda

iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli sakiTxebi SeiZleba saerTod ar

gamxdariyo sakamaTo, Tu ara adamianuri ganviTarebis

koncefciebi.

saqarTvelos reitingi agi-is mixedviT

saqarTvelos agi dReisaTvis Seadgens 0,698-s (nax.2),

rac evropisa da centraluri aziis regionul indeqsebs

CamorCeba, Tumca, saqarTvelo agi-is reitingebiT maRal-

ganviTarebuli qveynebis jgufSia.

nax.2


a

agi

88

agi-is komponentebSi yvelaze maRali indeqsi janm-

rTelobas aqvs (0,824), Semdeg ganaTlebas (0,787) da Semo-

savlebs (0,524). Semosavlebis mixedviT saqarTvelo me-

zobel qveynebsac CamorCeba. amierkavkasiis qveynebs Soris

2005-2010 wlebSi Semdegi suraTi gvaqvs agi-is komponen-

tebis mixedviT:

1. swavlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba: azerbaijani

(13.0), saqarTvelo (12.6), somxeTi (11.9);

2. swavlis saSualo xangrZlivoba (weli): saqarTve-

lo (12,1), somxeTi (11.9), azerbaijani (10.2);

3. sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba dabadebisas

(weli): somxeTi (74.2), saqarTvelo (72), azerbaijani (70.8);

4. meS-i mosaxleobis erT sulzeazerbaijani (8746.60),

somxeTi (5494.60), saqarTvelo (4901.90).

rogorc vxedavT, Cven vliderobT mxolod swavlis

saSualo xangrZlivobis maCvenebliT, Sesabamisad reit-

ingebiT gviswrebs azerbaijani _ 67, saqarTvelos reit-

ingi 74, xolo somxeTisa _ 76-ia. am wlebis manZilze

aRniSnuli tendencia SenarCunebuli iyo stabilurad.

rac Seexeba saqarTvelos poziciebs danarCen yo-

fil sabWoTa respublikebTan mimarTebiT, miuxedavad imisa,

rom ukanasknel periodSi izrdeba rogorc sicocxlis

saSualo xangrZlivoba, aseve meS-i mosaxleobis erT

sulze da ganaTlebis maCveneblebic stabiluria, Cveni

mdgomareoba maincdamainc saxarbielo ar aris. rogorc

grafikidan (3) Cans, baltiis qveynebTan erTad gviswrebs

belarusi, ruseTi, ukraina, yazaxeTi.

maia mindoraSvili

89

yofili ssrk-is respublikebis agi-is

reitingebi, 2010w.

nax.3

aRsaniSnavia, rom qveynebis am jgufidan 2005-2010ww.

reitingi gaiumjobeses: azerbaijanma 16, ruseTma 3, be-

larusma 1 punqtiT, reitingi gauuaresdaT Semdeg qvey-

nebs: uzbekeTi 1, yazaxeTi 1, litva 2, latvia 2, saqarTve-

lo 3, estoneTi 3, ukraina 3 punqtiT, reitingi ucvleli

darCa qveynebSi: somxeTi, moldova, yirgizeTi, Turqmene-

Ti, tajikeTi.

Tu rogor unda avamaRloT saqarTvelos reitinge-

bi _ es sxva Temaa. Cven SevecadeT sxvadasxva WriliT

Segvexeda saqarTvelos poziciisaTvis dRevandeli mdgo-

mareobiT. mimdinare cvlilebebis dadebiTi da uaryofi-


90

Ti mxareebi, savaraudod, momdevno xuTwlian periodSi

hpovebs asaxvas. ufro grZelvadian periodSi ki Zalian

maRali ganviTarebis mqone qveynebis jgufisaken rTuli

gza gvelis.

Tavis erT-erT bolo Sexvedraze mahbub ul-hakma,

romelsac ekonomikis eretikoss uwodebdenen, Tavisi

gamosvla daasrula sayvareli citatiT bernard Sous

Semoqmedebidan: ,,Tqven xedavT imas, rac aris da kiTxu-

lobT, ratom? me ki vocnebob imaze, rac arasdros momx-

dara da vambob, _ ratomac ara?”

Human Development Index: History and Reality

M. Mindorashvili

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary composite in-

dex that measures a country’s average achievements in three basic aspects

of human development: health, knowledge, and income. It has a form of

geometric mean.

In the article the author discusses historical context of the pre-requi-

sites for introducing the index, compares the old and new methodologies

and proves the feasibility of changes, which took place in 2010, discusses

critical considerations about the index. The paper pays special attention to

the ratings of Georgia in comparison with the former Soviet Republics and

the Transcaucasian countries.

maia mindoraSvili

91

giorgi RaRaniZe,


Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis

dekanis moadgile

saqarTvelos mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa

da saeqsporto potencialis zrdis sakiTxebis urTierT-

kavSiri avtoris mier ganxiluli iqna statiaSi: `saer-

TaSoriso vaWrobis menejmenti da saqarTvelos saeqspor-

to potencialis amaRlebis konkretuli mimarTulebe-

bi’’.1…

amJamad gvinda gavaanalizoT da gamovkveToT ise-

Ti umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi, rogoricaa strategiuli

gadawyvetilebis miReba saeqsporto potencialis zrdis

uzrunvelsayofad. zogadad saeqsporto potencialis

zrda warmoadgens ori SesaZlo Teoriuli modelidan

arCevans, kerZod unda gairkves ra ufro prioritetulia

- sabazro diversifikacia da Sesabamisad saeqsporto

produqciis koncentracia, Tu piriqiT, sabazro koncen-

tracia saeqsporto produqtebis diversifikaciis gziT.

saqarTvelos saeqsporto

potencialis zrdis

alternativa: diversifikacia

Tu koncentracia

1 Jur. “ekonomika da biznesi”, 2011, #3


92

rasakvirvelia, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom garkveuli do-

nis diversifikacia rogorc produqtebis, aseve bazrebis

TvalsazrisiT orive SemTxvevaSi arsebobs. aseve aRsani-

Snavia is faqti, rom calsaxa pasuxi erTi romelime mod-

elis sasargeblod ar arsebobs, vinaidan realurad sax-

ezea orive modelis warmatebuli magaliTebi. amdenad

upriania gavaanalizoT saqarTvelos sabaziso

ekonomikuri (gansakuTrebiT eqsportTan mimarTebiT)

monacemebi da gavakeToT Sedarebebi im qveynebTan, rom-

lebmac analogiuri problemebi gadawyvites.

analizs daviwyebT iseTi sabaziso maCveneblebiT,

rogoricaa eqsportis moculoba mosaxleobis erT sulze

da misi mimarTeba mTlian Siga produqtTan (mSp),

(ix.cxrili 1)

eqsportis moculoba mosaxleobis erT sulze da

misi mimarTeba mSp-sTan (2010 w.)1

cxrili 1

qveynebi

eqsporti

erT sulze

(aSS

dolari)

mSp erT

sulze

dolari

eqsporti

erT

sulze mSp-

Tan

mimarTebiT

irlandia 26,146 38550 67,82

xorvatia 2370 17684 13,4

bulgareTi 2097 12851 16,31

makedonia 1311 9728 13,48

saqarTvelo 360 5114 7,04

somxeTi 210 5110 4,1

1 cxrilSi motanili maCveneblebi efuZneba saerTaSoriso savaluto

fondisa da saerTaSoriso vaWrobis centris monacemebs.

giorgi RaRaniZe

93

saqarTvelos saeqsporto potencialis realizaci-

is done TvalnaTliv mianiSnebs am mimarTulebiT arse-

bul urTules problemebze. aseve cxadia, Tu ra mniS-

vnelovani gza aqvs gasavleli saqarTvelos, Tundac im-

isaTvis, rom miuaxlovdes evrokavSiris analogiuri

maCveneblis saSualo donis 50%-s.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom irlandiis magaliTi naTe-

li dasturia, Tu rogor gadawyda ekonomikuri zrdis

problemebi saeqsporto potencialis ganuxreli zrdis

xarjze. praqtikulad irlandiam gamoiyena pirveli da

meore talRis aziuri vefxvebis mier aprobirebuli

ekonomikuri zrdis modeli, sadac aqcenti gadatanili

iqna eqsportis ganuxrel zrdaze. ramdenad realisturia

saqarTvelosaTvis es gza, ra aris aucilebeli da sakma-

risi pirobebi am amocanis realizaciisaTvis? Semdgom

etapze aseve unda gavaanalizoT sxva sabaziso

maCveneblebic, kerZod eqsporti mosaxleobis erT sulze

da saeqsporto bazrebis zrdis maCveneblebi. Tu safuZ-

vlad aviRebT 2005-2009 wlebis monacemebs, aRmoCndeba,

rom saqarTvelo ZiriTadad orientirebulia dabali

zrdis tempis mqone saeqsporto bazrebze. unda aRiniS-

nos, rom bazris zrdis tempi ama Tu im bazris saeqspor-

to mimzidvelobis mniSvnelovani, magram ara erTaderTi

ganmsazRvreli maCvenebelia.

Semdegi mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia eqsportis zoma

diversificirebis sapirispirod, anu saeqsporto produ-

qtebis raodenoba da sami saeqsporto produqtis wili

mTlian eqsportSi. Aam maCveneblis mixedviT saqarTve-

los aqvs saeqsporto produqtebis mcire raodenoba (1238


94

produqti 2010 wels) da maRali diversificireba. Aaqve

unda ganimartos, rom saeqsporto portfeli ganisazRvreba

harmonizebuli sistemis orniSna doniT, xolo saeqspor-

to produqtebis raodenoba aRebulia eqvsniSna doneze.

Aam sakiTxze ufro naTeli warmodgenisaTvis gavaanali-

zoT igive qveynebis jgufze aRniSnuli monacemebi di-

namikaSi, sadac sami saeqsporto jgufis standartuli

maCvenebeli Secvlilia xuTi saeqsportoYjgufiT.

xuTi wamyvani saeqsporto jgufis wili mTlian

eqsportSi1

cxrili 2

amasTan, cxrilSi motanilia mxolod is sasaqonlo

jgufebi, sadac konkretul qveynebs aqvT wminda eqspor-

tis dadebiTi saldo, amdenad gamoricxulia reeqspor-

ti.

cxrilis analizi naTlad mianiSnebs, rom saqarTve-

lo praqtikulad igive gzas gadis, romelic ukve ga-

1 saerTaSoriso savaWro centris (ITC) monacemebis safuZvelze.

xuTi

wamyvani

sasaqonlo

jgufi %

(or niSna

doneze)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

saqarTvelo 60,85% 51,25% 50,7% 58,98% 42,92%

bulgareTi 41.93

45.44 23.89

24.18

24.32

xorvatia 22.6

21.73 21.28

20.97

18.45

irlandia 72.55

70.46 70.27

69.35

70.63

makedonia 56.72

56.31 62.72

65.04

33.42

giorgi RaRaniZe

95

iares bulgareTma, xorvatiam da makedoniam. kerZod, 5

wamyvani sasaqonlo jgufis wili mTlian eqsportSi

mcirdeba. Uunda aRiniSnos, rom es aucilebeli momentia,

Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT saqarTvelos saeqsporto

produqtebis simcires. amdenad produqtebis diversi-

ficireba kvlavac gagrZeldeba, Tumca, es ZiriTadad ganx-

orcieldeba axali saeqsporto produqtebis SeqmniT,

arsebiTad pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis zrdis xar-

jze. sakiTxi Tu ra gza avirCioT - sabazro diversi-

fikacia Tu sasaqonlo diversifikacia, dRis wesrigSi

dadgeba mxolod amis Semdeg. unda vivaraudoT, rom ar-

sebuli tempis (saeqsporto produqtebis raodenobis

zrda) SenarCunebis pirobebSi saeqsporto sasaqonlo

produqtebis raodenoba miaRwevs 2000-s dasaxelebas 2015

wlisaTvis. rogori unda iyos Semdgomi arCevani - avir-

CioT da maqsimalurad xeli SevuwyoT irlandiur mod-

els, romelic gamoirCeva Zalze maRali sasaqonlo kon-

centraciiT, Tu gezi unda aviRoT sabazro diversifikaci-

is Semdgom gaRrmavebaze? A

am kiTxvaze pasuxi unda gaices saeqsporto diver-

sifikaciis analiziT, anu saeqsporto produqtebisa da

saeqsporto bazrebis diversificirebis monacemebis safuZ-

velze. Aam sakiTxis analizisaTvis gamoiyeneba sami Zir-

iTadi saeqsporto bazris wilisa da sami saeqsporto

produqtis wilis monacemebis analizi. Aam maCveneblebiT

saqarTvelo avlens sabazro da sasaqonlo diversifikaci-

is maRal poziciebs. sami bazris wili mTlian eqsport-

Si Seadgens 36,1%-s, xolo sami produqtis wili - 33,8%-

s. (2009 wlis monacemebi, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis cen-


96

tri). aRsaniSnavia rom irlandiis monacemebic igive

poziciis maCvenebelia. Aaqve unda davZinoT, rom amJamad

maCvenebelTa erTgvarovneba ar iZleva sarwmuno daskv-

nis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas, vinaidan Zalian maRalia

gansxvaveba eqsportis mTlian moculobasa da mosaxle-

obis erT sulze eqsportSi. Sesabamisad, mizanSewonilia

ganxiluli iqnes ganviTarebis ramdenime modeli da

moxdes maTi eqspertuli Sefaseba.

scenari 1 – saqarTvelos mTavroba agrZelebs

ekonomikuri liberalizaciis kurssOda amdenad uars

ambobs eqsportis xelSewyobis aprobirebuli meqanizme-

bis gamoyenebaze. Aamave scenariT ganixileba saqarTve-

los saxelmwifos mtkice politikuri neba ganaviTaros

da miaRwios Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmebebs evrokav-

Sirsa da aSS-s Tan.

am scenaris ganxorcieleba sakmaod maRali alba-

TobiT xasiaTdeba, misi Sedegebidan gamomdinare, evrokav-

SirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba ar moaxdens

myisierad saqarTvelodan eqsportis swraf zrdas. ori

mizezis gamo: pirveli, saqarTvelos realurad Zalian

mcire raodenobis saeqsporto produqtebi aqvs rom

SesTavazos evrokavSiris bazaars; meore, qarTuli ko-

mpaniebis Sigadargobrivi kooperaciuli kavSirebi

evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis sawarmoebTan Zalian

dabalia.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: ras

mogvitans Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vaWro-

bis SeTanxmeba evrokavSirTan? yvelaze xelSesaxebi iqneba

giorgi RaRaniZe

97

potenciur investorTa daintereseba, romlebic eZeben gzas

evrokavSiris bazarze produqcia Seitanon Tavisufali

vaWrobis reJimiT. aseTi investorebi SesaZlebelia moi-

Zebnos mTel msoflioSi evrokavSiris CaTvliT. Tumca,

aseve unda gaanalizdes saqarTveloSi garkveuli produ-

qciis dabali danaxarjebiT warmoebis SesaZleblobebi.

Samwuxarod, am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos po-

tenciali Zalze mcirea. problema exeba kvalificirebu-

li muSaxelis efeqtianobis sakiTxs. Tu am maCvenebels

aviRebT globaluri konkurentunarianobis angariSidan,

saqarTvelos rogorc mimdinare pozicia, aseve cvlile-

ba bolo periodis ganmavlobaSi sakmaod arasaxarbieloa.

kerZod, 2010-11 wlebis globaluri konkurentunariano-

bis angariSSi saqarTvelos uWiravs 93-e adgili msof-

lioSi, maCvenebliT - 3,86. (sul angariSi moicavs 139

qveyanas, romelTa Soris yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli

aqvs Sveicarias - 5,63, xolo yvelaze dabali Cads - 2,73).

isic unda aRiniSnos, rom biznesis keTebisaTvis yvelaze

problematuri faqtorebia: miwvdoma finansur resurse-

bze- 14,4; politikuri arastabiluroba – 14,4; araadek-

vaturad gawvrTnili samuSao Zala – 13,3; adgilobrivi

samuSao Zalis dabali samuSao eTika – 10,9.

aseve mniSvnelovania gaanalizdes ramdenad Sesa-

Zlebelia Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vaWro-

bis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze saqarTvelom miiRos efeqti,

kerZod, warmoebis gafarToebiT an ufro Rrma ekonomikuri

integraciiT. pirveli sakiTxis SefasebisaTvis gamoiy-

eneba Ffinger-kreininis indeqsi, xolo meorisaTvis -

glubel-loidis indeqsi.


98

finger-kreininis indeqsi afasebs ori savaWro part-

nioris warmoebis struqturebis TanmTxvevas, indeqsi

tolia 1-is (an 100-is, Tu gamovxatavT procentebSi), rodesac

savaWro partniorebis vaWrobis struqtura sruliad

identuria, xolo tolia 0-is, rodesac is mTlianad gan-

sxvavebulia. aRniSnuli indeqsis gaangariSeba mot-

anilia naSromSi:’’Economic Feasibility,General Economic Impact and

Implications of FTA betweenthe EU and Georgia”1. Aam gaangariSeb-

is mixedviT, finger-kreininis indeqsi evrokavSiri saqar-

TvelosTvis utoldeba 16,13%-s harmonizebuli sistemis

6-niSna doneze da 23,29%-s 4-niSna doneze. aqedan Sesa-

Zlebelia martivad davaskvnaT, rom aRniSnuli Tavisu-

fali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba ar gamoiwvevs warmoebis moc-

ulobis mkveTr zrdas da ar gazrdis mniSvnelovnad

saqarTvelodan eqsportis moculobas evrokavSiris ba-

zarze.

meore mniSvnelovani sakiTxia Sigadargobrivi

vaWrobis xasiaTi, romelic gansazRvravs ufro Rrma

ekonomikuri integraciis SesaZleblobas. Sigadargobrivi

vaWroba SesaZlebelia warmodgenili iqnes sami formiT:

pirveli, erTi da imave xarisxisa da fasis produqtebiT

vaWroba; meore, erTi da imave magram gansxvavebuli xarisx-

isa da fasis produqtebiT vaWroba da mesame - produ-

qtebiT vaWroba, romlebic warmoadgens vertikalurad

integrirebuli miwodebis jaWvs, anu xdeba kooperireba

saboloo mza produqtis Seqmnis mizniT. Sigadargobrivi

vaWrobis done izomeba glubel-loidis indeqsiT - 0,

roca or partniors Soris ar arsebobs Sigadargobrivi

1 Case Network Reports,N79/2008

giorgi RaRaniZe

99

vaWroba da - 1 (an 100-iT Tu procentiT gamovxatavT),

rodesac mTlianad vaWroba Sigadargobrivi xasiaTisaa.

evrokavSirisa da saqarTvelosaTvis es maCvenebeli

Seadgens 8,2%-s harmonizebuli sistemis 6-niSna doneze

da 9,9%-s 4-niSna doneze. Aamdenad, aseTi Zalze dabali

maCvenebeli saSualebas gvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rom Tavis-

ufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba sawyis etapze ar gamoiwvevs

saqarTvelos ekonomikis ufro Rrma integrirebas evrokav-

Siris ekonomikasTan. Y

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis safuZvelze unda velo-

doT saeqsporto produqtebis raodenobis zrdas, Tumca,

investiciebi, rac ganxorcieldeba am produqciis Sesaqm-

nelad, naklebad mdgradi iqneba. Ppotenciuri investore-

bi aqcents gadaitanen im regionebze, sadac SesaZlebe-

lia produqciis Zalze dabali danaxarjebiT warmoeba.

garkveuli potenciali gaaCnia saqarTveloSi amwyobi

sawarmoebis ganviTarebas im pirobis gaTvaliswinebiT,

rom makompleqtebeli detalebis saqarTveloSi moZrao-

ba emTxveva saboloo gasaRebis bazrisaken moZraobis

mimarTulebas. (mag. makompleqtebeli masalebis Semot-

ana saqarTveloSi aziidan, raTa saboloo produqti ga-

vides evrokavSiris bazrze, anu moZraobis mimarTuleba

aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken, raTa gamoiricxox Semx-

vedri mimarTulebiT gadazidva da Sesabamisad optimi-

zebul iqnes satransporto danaxarjebi).

scenari 2- saqarTvelos mTavroba kurss aiRebs

eqsportis waxalisebaze. Aam scenaris albaToba zogadad

dabalia, Tumca arsebobs erTi mniSvnelovani garemoeba

- 2012 da 2013 wlis saparlamento da saprezidento arCevne-


100

bi. Tu saqarTvelos uaxloes warsuls gadavxedavT,

swored am faqtorma ganapiroba 2008 wels eqsportis

xelSewyobis axali programis Seqmna. amavdroulad unda

aRiniSnos, rom programa moicavda iseT sadavo elements,

rogoricaa eqsportiorTa dabalprocentiani kredite-

biT uzrunvelyofa. aseTi nabiji msoflio savaWro or-

ganizaciis wevri saxelmwifosaTvis sakmaod sariskoa.

miuxedavad amisa, politikuri mizanSewonilobidan ga-

momdinare, es nabiji gadaidga. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom

sawyis etapzeve programa tovebda garkveuli miznebi-

saTvis organizebuli specialuri kampaniis STabeWdilebas,

rac saboloo angariSiT, kidec dadasturda. Sesabamisad,

SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom msgavsi moklevadiani kampa-

nia organizebuli iqneba 2012 wlis dasawyisSi, Tumca mas

ar eqneba mdgradi xasiaTi.

scenari 3 – pirveli ori scenaris hibridi. am etapze

marTlac Zalze rTulia ganvsazRvroT Tu ra saeqspor-

to produqtebze unda aiRos gezi saqarTvelom. erTi

mxriv, absoluturad cxadia, rom unda gagrZeldes

ekonomikis liberalizacia, saqarTvelom unda miaRwios

realurad moqmed Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmebebs

evrokavSirTan, aSS-sTan, savaraudod sparseTis yuris

TanamSromlobis sabWos wevr saxelmwifoebTan. meore

mxriv, imisaTvis rom saxelmwifom miiRos strategiuli

gadawyvetileba garkveuli dargebis prioritetul gan-

viTarebaze unda arsebobdes am gadawyvetilebis dama-

dasturebeli sakmaod myari argumentebi. aseTi dasabuTeba

SeuZlebelia verbaluri logikis doneze, aucilebelia

ekonomikur-maTematikuri modelirebis meTodis gamoy-

giorgi RaRaniZe

101

eneba. yvelaze farTod, gamoyenebulma modelma sxva Tana-

bari pirobebis SemTxvevaSi unda mogvces saSualeba gam-

ovyoT yvelaze ufro perspeqtiuli sasaqonlo jgufebi

da bazrebi, anu pasuxi gavceT statiis saTaurSive dasmul

kiTxvas - sabazro diversifikacia Tu sasaqonlo diver-

sifikacia, ra moculobiT, ra daSvebebis pirobebSi da ra

vadebSi.

am tipis modelis damuSaveba SesaZlebelia ram-

denime principuli daSvebisas: gansazRvrulia prior-

itetuli bazrebi, bazrebis ranJireba Catarebulia ara

mxolod zomis da zrdis tempis, aramed aseve saqarTve-

los SesaZleblobebis am bazrebis moTxovnebTan Tavse-

badobis GgaTvaliswinebiT. kerZod, maRali tevadobis

bazrebs axasiaTebs misawodebeli minimaluri sasaqon-

lo partiis mimarT Zalze maRali raodenobrivi moTx-

ovna, rac saqarTvelos realobaSi warmoebis masStabis

gaTvaliswinebiT, xSirad Zalze rTuli gadasawyveti

amocanaa. Aamdenad, bazrebis mimarT wayenebuli moTx-

ovnebi, garkveuli azriT, sabazro niSebis Sefasebasac

unda moicavdes. aseve unda Sefasdes resursuli Sesa-

Zleblobebi produqciis warmoebisaTvis - ganixileba

yvela tipis resursi, xolo qarTuli realobis gaTval-

iswinebiT, Zalze mniSvnelovania samuSao Zalis faqtoris

Sefaseba. aqve SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom rogorc SemzRu-

davi faqtrori SeiZleba ganvixiloT iseTi produqciis

warmoebis uperspeqtivoba, sadac maRalia arakvalificir-

ebuli muSa-xelis mier warmoebuli operaciebis xvedri-

Ti wona. Aam SemTxvevaSi, zemoxsenebuli faqtorebisa da

samuSao Zalis erTeulis danaxarjebis gaTvaliswinebiT,


102

The Alternative Ways to Increase the Export Potential of Georgia:

Diversification or Concentration

G. Gaganidze

In the presented scientific article the author analyzed the exportfigures of Georgia for the strategic decision making to increase theexport potential. Georgian export trends are compared with othercountries. The author analyzed the three possible scenarios ofdevelopment and major results of these developments.

giorgi RaRaniZe

apriorulad cxadia am produqciis saqarTveloSi war-

moebis aralogikuroba. rasakvirvelia, modelis pasuxTa

utyuaroba ar warmoadgens warmatebis 100%-ian garan-

tias, magram is saSualebas mogvcems ufro argumentire-

bulad vimsjeloT saqarTvelos ekonomikuri politikis

iseT aspeqtebze, rogoricaa eqsportis zrda da mdgradi

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa.

103

sofiko jvarSeiSvili

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tsu doqtoranti

Tanamedrove ekonomikur TeoriaSi ekonomikuri

zrdis modelebi SeiZleba davyoT sam jgufad:

1.postkeinzianuri zrdis modeli, romelSic Ziri-

Tadia danazogebis da investiciebis gavlena ekonomikur

zrdaze;

2.neoklasikuri zrdis modeli, romelic dafuZnebu-

lia teqnologiur progresze;

3.endogenuri zrdis modeli, romelSic mniSvnelo-

vani roli eniWeba adamian-kapitalis akumulirebas.

tradiciul neoklasikur literaturaSi warmoeb-

is zrda grZelvadian periodSi ar aris damokidebuli

saxelmwifo politikis parametrebze da icvleba mxo-

lod teqnologiuri cvlilebebis da mosaxleobis zr-

dis Sedegad, romelic miekuTvneba ekzogenur faqtorebs.

am SemTxvevaSi ucxouri pirdapiri investiciis (upis)

wvlili warmoebis zrdaSi gamovlindeba mxolod mokl-

evadian periodSi.


ucxouri pirdapiri

investiciebis zegavlena

ekonomikur zrdaze

104

endogenuri zrdis modelebi Seicavs damatebiT

faqtorebs, romelTac aqvT gavlena adgilobrivi war-

moebis materialuri da aramaterialuri aqtivebis mo-

wodebaze da aseve grZelvadian ekonomikur zrdaze. aseT

faqtorebs miekuTvneba: realuri kapitalis , axali te-

qnologiebis da kvazi-investiciebis mozidva (licenzia,

franCaizingi, lizingi).

endogenuri zrdis modelebSi upi miCneulia, gr-

Zelvadiani ekonomikuri zrdis erT–erT faqtorad, rac

Semdegi mimarTulebiT vlindeba:

1.kapitalis dagrovebis Sedegad: upi dadebiT gav-

lenas axdens ekonomikur zrdaze axali ideebis da

axali teqnologiebis mozidvis TvalsazrisiT;

2.upi xels uwyobs ekonomikur zrdas samuSao Za-

lis xarisxis gaumjobesebis saSualebiT. gamocdilebi-

sa da codnis gaziarebis meSveobiT;

endogenuri zrdis modelis sxva upiratesoba

neoklasikur modelTan SedarebiT aris is faqti, rom is

gulisxmobs ara mxolod teqnologiuri cvlilebebis

gavlenas ekonomikur zrdaze, aramed institucionalur

gavlenasac. magaliTad kargi investiciuri klimati, ad-

amian–kapitalis ganviTarebis saxelmwifo programebi,

infrastruqturuli proeqtebi pirdapir axdens gavle-

nas ekonomikur zrdaze da xels uwyoben upi-s mozidvas.

ganvixiloT dawvrilebiT endogenuri zrdis erT–

erTi „de melo-luicis“1 modeli, romelic gviCvenebs,

Tu rogori gavlena aqvs upis ekonomikur zrdaze. mod-

eli gviCvenebs imas, rom upi-iT dafuZnebuli organiza-

1 De Mello, Luiz R., Foreign direct investment in developing countries and growth: Aselective survey.// Journal of Development Studies; Oct. 1997, Vol. 34 Issue, pp 1-34.

sofiko jvarSeiSvili

105

ciebi arian pirdapir kavSirSi centralur organizacie-

bTan. upi-s ganxorcielebis dros transnacionaluri

kompaniebis mizania produqciis realizaciis safuZvelze

mogebis miReba. sufTa mogebis nawili gankuTvnilia

warmoebis gafarToebaze anu reinvestirebaze, aseve

gankuTvnilia aqcionerebisaTvis dividendebis saxiT

gadaxdaze da SesaZlebelia, agreTve, rom mogebis garkveu-

li nawili iyos repatriirebuli centralur kompanieb-

Si, rasac «de melo-luicis» modeli ar iTvaliswinebs.

standartuli formulirebiT „de melos-luicis“

modeli ganixilavs ucxouri investiciis mimRebi qvey-

nis sawarmoo funqcias kob-duglasis1 formuliT:

, (1)

sadac: ( )

( )( )

Y ty t

L t= - erT muSaxelze gamoSvebuli

produqciis raodenobaa;

A - faqtorebis erToblivi mwarmoebluroba,

- Sromis Siga kapitalSeiaraReba erT

momuSaveze,

- mudmivia nulidan erTamde mniSvnelobiT, romel-

ic gansazRvravs kapitalis wils SemosavalSi, anu Semo-

savlis ra nawili xvdeba kapitalis mflobelebs da ra

nawili midis Sromis anazRaurebaze.

H - qveyanaSi teqnologiebis maragi, romelic damok-

idebulia ucxouri da Siga kapitalis moculobaze da

warmodgenilia Semdegnairad:

1 malxaz Ciqobava, nazira kakulia, makroekonomika. Tb., 2009, gv. 60-70.


106

- Sromis ucxouri kapitalSeiar-

aReba erT momuSaveze;

- Siga kapitalis Canacvlebis elastikuroba ucx-

ouri kapitaliT ( > 0), – es aris koeficienti, romelic

gviCvenebs Tu ramdenad rTulia Siga kapitalis Canacv-

leba ucxouri kapitaliT erTi konkretuli saqonelis

warmoebisaTvis;

n - ori tipis kapitalis droTaSorisi Canacvlebis

elastikuroba (Tu n>0, maSin ucxouri kapitali avsebs

Siga kapitals, Tu n<0, maSin xdeba Siga kapitalis ucx-

ouri kapitaliT Canacvleba).

vinaidan:

>0, >0

amitom H(t) funqcia aris zrdadi, rogorc ucxour

kapitalTan aseve Siga kapitalTan mimarTebiT. ase, rom

saerTaSoriso kapitalis mozidva iwvevs mimRebi qvey-

nis mTliani kapitalis da ara marto misi ucxouri

wilis mwarmoeblurobis zrdas.

CavsvaT teqnologiebis maragis formula sawarmoo

funqciaSi da miviRebT:

(3)

aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu Siga da ucxouri investiciebi

erTmaneTs avsebs, teqnologiuri siaxleebi zrdis Zve-

li teqnologiebis mwarmoeblurobasac.

aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa kob-dug-

lasis sawarmoo funqciaSi faqtorTa zRvruli mwar-

sofiko jvarSeiSvili

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )11 11( ) ( )

n n n

in in in out in outy t A k H A k k k A k kβ

β β β α ββ β α−

+ − −−= = =

107

moebluroba „de melos-luicis“ modelSi. inMPk -

Siga kapitalis zRvruli produqti1 es aris warmoebu-

li produqciis damatebiTi raodenoba, romelic Siga

kapitalis damatebiTi erTeulis gamoyenebis Sedegad

miiReba: vidre mogebis maqsimizaciis ganmaxorcielebe-

li konkurentuli firma gadawyvets gazardos Siga

kapitali ucxouri kapitalis daxmarebiT, is, upirveles

yovlisa fiqrobs imaze, Tu rogor imoqmedebs es mis

mogebaze. firma damatebiTi produqciis warmoebisgan

miRebul Semosavals, romelic damatebiTi raodenobis

kapitalis gamoyenebiT aris miRebuli, adarebs xelfasze

gaweuli xarjebis sidides.

mogebis zrda damatebiTi Siga kapitalis gamoyeneb-

is Sedegad tolia produqciis gayidvis Sedegad miRebu-

li damatebiT Semosavals gamoklebuli misi gamoyeneb-

is xarjebi:

�mogeba = �Semosavali -�danaxarjebi= inP MPk R× − .

mogebis maqsimizaciisaTvis, firma gaagrZelebs dam-

atebiTi mowyobilobebis SeZenas manam, vidre inMPk ar

Semcirdeba kapitalis realur fasamde:

MPkin= R P

MPH - teqnologiebis zRvruli produqti aris war-

moebuli produqciis damatebiTi raodenoba, teqnologie-

bis damatebiTi erTeulis gamoyenebis Sedegad.

sawarmoo funqcias axasiaTebs klebadi zRvruli

produqtis Tviseba: gamoyenebuli Siga kapitalis mud-

mivi sididisas rac ufro metia gamoyenebuli teqnolo-

1 olivie blanSari, makroekonomika. mexuTe gamocema Tbilisis

universitetis gamomcemloba, 2010w.


108

giebis raodenoba, miT ufro naklebia yoveli damatebiTi

teqnologiis erTeulis zRvruli produqti.

damatebiTi manqana-danadgarebis gamoyenebis Sede-

gad mogebis zrda tolia produqciis gayidvis Sedegad

miRebul damatebiT Semosavals gamoklebuli misi gamoy-

enebis xarjebi da amortizacia:

�mogeba =�Semosavali - �danaxarjebi= ( ) mP MPH R A× − −

mogebis maqsimizaciisaTvis, firma gaagrZelebs dam-

atebiTi mowyobilobebis SeZenas manam, vidre

M

ar

Semcirdeba realur fasamde:

m

R AMPH

p

+=

sabolood, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom konkurentuli firma,

romelic miiswrafis mogebis maqsimizaciisken, sakiTxis

gadawyvetisas, Tu ramdeni Siga kapitali da teqnologia

gamoiyenos, xelmZRvanelobs Semdegi martivi wesiT: fir-

ma waradgens moTxovnas warmoebis TviTeul faqtorze

manam, vidre warmoebis am faqtorTa zRvruli produqti

ar gautoldeba maTze arsebul realur fasebs.

teqnologiebis zRvruli produqti

( )1in

MPH Ak Hb b

b-

= - ,

xolo Siga kapitalis zRvruli produqti

( ) 1 1in inMPk A k H

β ββ − −=

viTvaliswinebiT imas, rom mudmivia, romelic

icvleba intervalSi nulidan erTamde, am sami tolo-

bidan SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT warmoebis faqtorTa

zRvruli produqtis cvlilebaTa mizezebi. Siga kapi-

talis raodenobis zrda ganapirobebs MPH -is zrdas

sofiko jvarSeiSvili

MPH

109

da inMPk -s Semcirebas. analogiurad, teqnologiaTa

raodenobis zrda zrdis inMPk -s da amcirebs MPH –

s. teqnologiuri progresi, romelic zrdis A parametrs,

proporciulad adidebs warmoebis orive faqtoris

zRvrul produqts.

kob–duglasis sawarmoo funqcia SeiZleba CavweroT,

rogorc:

( )1 Y

MPHH

β−= ,

inin

YMPk

k

β=

proporciulia gamosaSvebi produqciis mocu-

lobisa erT teqnologiaze gaangariSebiT, xolo inMPk

ki proporciulia gamosaSvebi produqciis moculobisa

kapitalis erTeulze.

Y

H - aris teqnologiis saSualo

mwarmoebluroba, xolo in

Y

k kapitalis saSualo mwar-

moebluroba. kobi–duglasis sawarmoo funqciis SemTx-

vevaSi warmoebis faqtorTa zRvruli mwarmoebluroba

maTi saSualo mwarmoeblurobis proporciulia.

axla SegviZlia vaCvenoT, rom Tu warmoebis faq-

torebi Rebulobs Tavis zRvrul produqtebs, maSin

parametri sinamdvileSi gviCvenebs, erovnuli Semosav-

lis ra nawili modis teqnologiis wilad da ra naw-

ili - Siga kapitalis wilad. teqnologiaze saerTo


MPH

110

danaxarjebi tolia , anu ubralod . Sesa-

bamisad aris warmoebul produqtSi Sromis xvedri-

Ti wona. analogiurad, kapitalze saerTo Semosavlis

Tanxa tolia anu, ubralod da warmoebul

produqtSi kapitalis xvedriTi wonaa. teqnologiaze

Semosavlis kapitalis SemosavalTan Tanafardoba

mudmivia, rac aRmoaCina duglasma.

davuSvaT, qveynis ekonomikaSi iwarmoeba erTi saqone-

li, romelsac yidulobs momxmarebeli erTi erTeulis

fasad. sagadasaxado balansis saldo da erToblivi

saxelmwifo fasebi 0-is tolia. warmoeba ekonomikaSi

gaTvaliswinebulia moxmarebisa da Siga kapitalis

gazrdaze, igulisxmeba, rom amortizaciis norma 0-is

tolia.

am amocanis marTvis sistemis gantoleba iqneba:

, (4)

sadac, - moxmarebis raodenoba erT

muSaxelze.

gamosaxuleba warmoadgens warmoebuli

produqciis nawils erT muSaxelze gaangariSebiT, romel-

ic rCeba mas Semdeg, rogorc ki dakmayofildeba moxmare-

blebis moTxovna.

sofiko jvarSeiSvili

MPH H×

111

axla ganvixiloT moxmareba . misi dasaSvebi

traeqtoria SesaZlebelia iyos nebismieri uwyveti traeq-

toriis nawili, romelic akmayofilebs Semdeg pirobas:

( ) ( )0 c c t y t< < < , (5)

sadac ( )0inftc c t≥= - aris dasaSvebi moxmarebis

qveda zRvari;

ekonomikuri sistemis marTvis organos amocana

marTos moxmareba ise, rom grZelvadian periodSi mi-

iRos maqsimaluri keTildReoba.

keTildReobis gasaangariSeblad gamoiyeneba dis-

kontirebuli sargeblobis formula1:

( )0

max ptu c t e dt+∞ −⎡ ⎤⎣ ⎦∫

( )u c - reprezantiuli moxmarebis sargeblianobis

funqcia

p- moxmarebis sargeblianobis diskontirebis

parametri, droTaSorisi sargeblianobis arCevadoba.

mocemul periodebSi ekonomikisTvis dausrulebu-

li marTvis horizontiT da diskontirebis dadebiTi

normiT optimaluri ekonomikuri zrdis amocana war-

modgenilia logariTmuli funqciiT:

(6)

im pirobiT rom:

1 Êîëåìàåâ Â., Ìàòåìàòè÷åñêàÿ ýêîíîìèêà.Ì.,1998, c.390.


( )c t

112

(7)

(8)

es optimaluri marTvis amocanaa, sadac erTaderTi

fazuri cvladia Sromis SeiaraReba Siga kapitaliT

k

,

erTaderTi samarTi parametri aris moxmareba C(t), mizno-

brivi funqcionali ki – keTildReobis integrali.

de melos-luicis ganxilul modelSi ar aris moy-

vanili damokidebuleba, romelic xsnis dasmul amocanas,

rasac qvemoT gTavazobT.

amocanis amoxsna moiTxovs moiZebnos optimaluri

traeqtoriebi ( )c t& da ( )ink t&

, romlebisTvisac keTildRe-

oba maqsimaluria. marTlac, adgili aqvs Semdeg pirobebs:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )11( )

nninin in ou t

dkk t y t c t A k k c t

dtα ββ β −+ −= = − = −&

( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )11 11 ( )nn

in out

cA n k k p

cα ββ ββ β −+ − −= + − −

&

, (9)

sadac,

dcc

dt=& - sargeblobis zrda drois erT

erTeulSi;

c

c

&

- SedarebiTi nazrdi moxmarebis optimaluri

traeqtoria sargeblianobis logarifmuli funqciis

SemTxvevisTvis:

sofiko jvarSeiSvili

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )11( )nnin

in in out

dkk t y t c t A k k c t

dt

α ββ β −+ −= = − = −&

( )0 0ink ≥

113

( ) ( )1

in out ink A k k cα β−= −&

(9’)

inMPk - rogorc ukve iTqva Siga kapitalis zRvru-

li produqti, aris warmoebuli produqciis damatebiTi

raodenoba, romelic Siga kapitalis damatebiTi erTeu-

lis gamoyenebis Sedegad miiReba:

( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )11 11 ( )nn

in in outMPk A n k kα ββ ββ β −+ − −= + −

endogenuri zrdis piroba:

( )1 1nβ β+ − = ,

maSin, 1n = , am SemTxvevaSi miviRebT:

(10)

(11)

rac SeiZleba Caiweros sistemis saxiT

- Siga kapitalis zRvruli produqtia.

aSkarad Cans, rom moxmarebis zrdis tempi aris dadebiTi

im SemTxvevaSi, roca Siga kapitalis zRvruli produq-

ti metia, vidre moxmarebis sargeblianobis diskontire-

bis parametri, droTaSorisi sargeblianobis arCevadoba,

anu roca:


in

cMPk p

c= −

&

( ) ( )

( ) ( )( )1

1

out in in

out

A k k c k

A k p c c

α β

α β

−

−

⎧ − =⎪⎨

− =⎪⎩

&

&

( ) ( )1

outA kα β−

114

(13)

( ) ( )1

outA k pα β− >

amave dros, am amocanaSi Siga kapitalis grZelva-

diani zrdis da matebis traeqtoria ar aris myari. es

mtkicebuleba gamomdinareobs gawrfivebuli sistemis

matricidan:

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

1

1

1

0

outin in in

out

A kk k k

c c cA k p

α β

α β

−

−

⎛ ⎞−⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞−⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ −−⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠

& &

& &

moxmarebis zrdis dadebiTi tempi aris is SemTxve-

va, roca kmayofildeba es piroba ( ) ( )1

outA k pα β− >

rac im faqtis garantirebaa, rom matrica da misi ganm-

sazRvreli dadebiTia, rac gulisxmobs am sistemis ara-

stabilurobas.

Siga ekonomikis stacionaluri pirobis dros

0ink = , ekonomikuri zrdis traeqtoria emTxveva

moxmarebis zrdis traeqtorias. aqedan gamomdinareobs,

rom ekonomikuri zrda ar aris damokidebuli Siga kap-

italis maragebze da ganisazRvreba ucxouri kapitalis

produqtiulobiT da zogadi faqtorebis mwarmoebluro-

biT. ucxouri kapitalis namatis wvlili ekonomikur

zrdaSi warmodgenilia fardobiTi statikis magaliTis

saxiT:

(12)

sofiko jvarSeiSvili

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )2ln ln 1out

outout

out

k outt k

k tout k outt

yyy y k

y yk y y k

α β

⎛ ⎞∂ ⎜ ⎟ ′′ ′ ′ ′⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞⎝ ⎠ ′ ′= = = = = −⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟∂ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

&

&

&

115

marTlac

radgan (1 ) 1nβ β+ − = maSin n=1 radgan =1 da

anu

maSin:

da miviRebT tolobas:


( ) ( ) ( )1 1(1 )out in out out in

yy A k k k k k

t

α β α β− −∂= = + −

∂& &

&

( ) 21

( )out

out out

yky

k kα β

∂= −

∂

&

&

( ) ( ) 21 1( )

out

in out out

out in out outk

yk k ky

k k k kα β α β

∂ ′⎛ ⎞= + − = −⎜ ⎟∂ ⎝ ⎠

&

& & &

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )1 11 1 11

in

nn n n

in out in outt

yy A k k A n k k k

t

β ββ β α β α ββ β+ − −+ − − −′∂= = = + − +

∂&

&

( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )1 1 11

n n

out out inA n k k kα β β βα β − − + −+ − &

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )1 1

1 1

(1 )1 ln 1 ln

out in out out in in outin outn n t t

in outin out

A k k k k ky k kk k

y k kA k k

α β

β β α β

α βα β α β

− −

+ − −

+ − ′ ′= = + − = + −& &

& &

&

116

Catarebuli analizis Sedegi aris is, rom

ekonomikuri zrda dadebiTia, anu im SemTx-

vevaSi , roca:

1. >1 da ucxouri investiciebi izrdeba;

2. <1 da ucxouri investiciebi klebulobs,

magram nulis toli ar xdeba _ 0outk <&

.

pirvel SemTxvevas Cven ver ganvixilavT radganac

Tavdapirveli pirobisda mixedviT - 0 < <1, ase, rom

ZalaSi rCeba mxolod meore Sedegi.

The Impact of Foreign Direct

Investments on Economic Growth

S. Jvarsheishvili

When considering foreign direct investments and their impact on

economic growth, the study and analyzing of economic-mathematical meth-

ods becomes of special importance. In the presented article the author pro-

vides the analysis of “De Mello -Luiz” model.

sofiko jvarSeiSvili

0outk

y

y

′⎛ ⎞>⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

&

117

laSa tabataZe

iv. javaxiSvilis sax.

Tsu doqtoranti

saqarTveloSi damoukideblobis aRdgenidan dRem-

de socialuri gardaqmnebi da demokratiuli faseulobe-

bis formireba ar mimdinareobs umtkivneulod. damoukide-

blobis pirveli wlebi ukiduresad mZime iyo: adgili

hqonda ekonomikuri kavSirebis moSlas da bazrebis

dakargvas, warmoiSva Raribebs Soris uRaribesi fenebi.

Camoyalibda Semosavlebis ganawilebis Zalze maRali

xarisxis uTanasworoba. yovelive zemoaRniSnulma war-

moSva socialuri riskis safrTxeebi. socialuri riski

ganixileba rogorc safrTxe, romelic warmoiSoba da

gamovlindeba sazogadoebis socialuri cxovrebis sf-

eroSi da romelmac SeiZleba uaryofiTi gavlena moax-

dinos calkeuli socialuri jgufis an mTeli sazoga-

doebis arsebobasa da ganviTarebaze. socialur riskebs

Soris yvelaze mwvave problemaa siRaribe, rac dRemde

erT-erT umTavres da mtkivneul problemad rCeba Cvens

qveyanaSi. Tavis mxriv, siRaribe globaluri problemaa,

siRaribis daZlevis da misi masStabis mniSvnelovani

Semcirebis sakiTxi mxolod saqarTvelos ar awuxebs.

siRaribis daZlevisaTvis

saqarTveloSi

1 msoflio banis angariSebi, zogadi statistikuri maCveneblebi,

2010w., Tb., gv. 79.


118

dRes msoflioSi 2.4 mlrd adamiani siRaribis zRvars

qvemoT cxovrobs.1

siRaribe, rogorc ekonomikis erT-erTi umniSvnelo-

vanesi problema, saqarTveloSi gacilebiT adreuli pe-

riodidan iRebs saTaves. unda aRiniSnos, rom, rodesac

aRmosavleTi evropisa da centraluri aziis qveynebma,

mbrZaneblur-administraciulad marTvadi ekonomikidan

sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla daiwyes, politikosebi-

saTvis siRaribe centralur problemas ar warmoadgen-

da. garda amisa, navaraudevi iyo, rom axali ekonomikuri

reformebis Sedegad qveynebi swrafad miaRwevdnen

ekonomikur zrdas da moqnili samuSao Zalis da ga-

naTlebis maRali doniT SesaZlebeli iqneboda siRari-

bis masStabebis Semcireba. samwuxarod, varaudi ar gama-

rTlda da warmoebis donis Semcirebam mniSvnelovani

gavlena iqonia qveynebis ekonomikaze, rac sabolood

siRaribis donis zrdiT gamoixata.

es procesi gansakuTrebiT daetyo dsT-s qveynebs.

bevr qveyanaSi ekonomikuri reformebi viwro, kerZo in-

teresebidan gamomdinare iqna warmarTuli (korufcia,

Crdilovani ekonomika) da arsebiTad ignorirebul iqna

sazogadoebrivi interesebi, ramac faqtobrivad negati-

urad gadawyvita ekonomikuri reformebis bedi da maso-

briv siRaribes daudo saTave. 1992 wlidan saqarTvelo-

Si adgili qonda `Sokuri Terapiis~ postkomunisturi

qveynebisTvis klasikur sqemad qceuli `balceroviCis

gegmis~ ganxorcielebis mcdelobas, romlis didi naw-

ili obieqturi Tu subieqturi mizezebis gamo, ver Ses-

rulda. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT Sokuri Terapiis ar-

sis ganmsazRvreli iseTi mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebi,

laSa tabataZe

119

rogoricaa sabiujeto dotaciebis da sufsidiebis gauqme-

ba da brunvaSi arsebuli fulis masis mkacri SezRudva

(kontroli). samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom am

da sxva punqtebis nawili verc ganxorcieldeboda, rad-

gan im dros saqarTvelos, uwinares yovlisa, sakuTari

fulad-sakredito sistema ar gaaCnda. aseT viTarebaSi

`Sokuri Terapiis~ meTodis ZiriTadad mxolod fasebis

liberalizaciaze dayrdnobiT ganxorcielebuli aras-

rulfasovani modifikacia kraxisTvis iyo ganwiruli.

Semdgom periodSi, mTavrobam SemoiRo droebiTi valuta

_ kuponi, romelmac, saTanado monetaruli politikisa

da realuri ekonomikis gareSe logikuri dasasruli

hpova hiperinflaciis saxiT _ 1 aSS dolaris oficial-

uri gacvliTi kursi kuponTan mimarTebiT Seadgenda 2.5

mln kupons. swrafi ekonomikuri reformebis gatarebi-

sas dagrovili gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom qveynebi,

romelTa arCevani `Sokuri~ reformebi iyo, ekonomikuri

aRmavlobis fazaSi pirvelebi Sevidnen.

am debulebis siswores, nawilobriv, saqarTvelos

gamocdilebac adasturebs. 1995 wels, `Sokuri Terapiis~

sqemis zogierTi muxlis amoqmedebis Sedegad xuTwliani

ekonomikuri vardna zrdiT Seicvala, rac Tavis mxriv,

erovnuli valutis da monetaruli politikis arsebobi-

Tac iqna ganpirobebuli: mSp-s zrda 1995 wels 3%-mde iyo,

xolo 1997-2000 wlebSi is weliwadSi saSualod 9-10%-s

Seadgenda. saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis Semdgomi

wlebic daaxloebiT msgavsi statistikiTaa warmodgeni-

li, Tu ar CavTvliT 2000-2001 wlis ekonomikur kriziss.1

1 msoflio bankis angariSebi, zogadi statistikuri maCveneblebi,

2010w., Tb., gv. 119.


120

rac Seexeba siRaribisa da socialuri uTanasworo-

bis gamomwvev mizezebs, mxolod politikuri da ekonomiku-

riT ar amoiwureba, anu siRaribis maprovocirebel faq-

torebad SesaZlebelia miviCnioT:

• qveynis mosaxleobis ricxovnobis kleba (de-

mografiuli kvdoma);

• mosaxleobis daberebis tempebis daCqareba;

• mosaxleobis janmrTelobis gauareseba;

• umuSevrobis zrda;

• xarisxiani ganaTlebis naklebi xelmisawvdomoba;

• erovnuli da zneobrivi faseulobebis gauareseb-

is tendencia (sulier-zneobrivi krizisi).

1989-2004wlebSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ricxovno-

ba 1 mln 88 aTasi kaciT Semcirda (4321.5 aTasi) da dRemde

aRniSnulma maCvenebelma jer kidev ver miaRwia sawyis

niSnuls (5341.8 aTasi). mosaxleoba bolo 18-20 wlis gan-

mavlobaSi demografiulad daberebulia. XX saukunis

90-ian wlebSi, Tu saSualo asaki 31-33.1 wels Seadgenda,

bolo periodis analogiurma maCvenebelma 39.3 weli Sead-

gina da prognozuli gaangariSebebiT, ori aTeuli wlis

Semdeg saSualo asaki 45,4 wlamde gaizrdeba.

saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da social-

uri dacvis saministros monacemebiT, registrirebul

daavadebaTa raodenoba 2000-2009 wlebSi 412,8 aTasidan -

807,5 aTasamde gaizarda. SemaSfoTebelia statistika 0-14

wlamde asakis mosaxleobaSi, sadac sxvadasxva daavadeb-

is SemTxvevebi matulobs. XX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan

dRemde siRaribe da umuSevroba qveynisaTvis umwvaves

socialur-ekonomikur problemad iqca da igi daaxloe-

laSa tabataZe

121

biT sul mcire 4-jer gaizarda. oficialuri statisti-

kiT, umuSevrobis done qveyanaSi dReisaTvis 16,5%-s Sead-

gens, Tumca, misi realuri maCvenebeli gacilebiT maRa-

lia. dRes moqmedi aRricxvis meTodikiT TviTdasaqmebu-

lad iTvlebian pirebi, romlebic sakvlevi kviris ganmav-

lobaSi, Tundac 1 saaTiT usasyidlod muSaobdnen sao-

jaxo meurneobaSi, kerZod: Tevzaobdnen, agrovebdnen ken-

kras, sokos, xarSavdnen murabas, keravdnen, qsovdnen da

a.S.

umuSevrobis maRal donesTan erTad saqarTveloSi

problematuria. mosaxleobis socialuri diferenciaci-

isa da uTanasworobis zrda. Semosavlebisa da moxmare-

bis uTanasworobis maCvenebliT (jinis koeficienti), msof-

lios 143 qveyanas Soris saqarTvelo dReisaTvis 33-e

adgilzea, anu msoflioSi mxolod 32 qveyanas aqvs

saqarTveloze uaresi maCvenebeli da es qveynebi Ziri-

Tadad afrikisa da samxreTi amerikis yvelaze CamorCe-

nili qveynebia.1 Tumca, garkveuli ekonomikuri gamococx-

leba aRiniSneba 2004 wlidan, rodesac daiwyo mniSvnelo-

vani socialur-ekonomikuri reformebis gatareba. sax-

elmwifo pensia 55 laramde, xolo xandazmulTa pensia

80 laramde gaizarda.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom 2009-2010 wlebSi starti

aiRo regionuli ganviTarebis programam, ramac mniSvnelo-

vani zegavlena unda moaxdinos qveynis socialur-

ekonomikur mdgomareobaze. miuxedavad Zalisxmevisa, so-

cialuri problemebi jer kidev rTulad mosagvarebe-

lia.

1 msoflio bankis angariSebi, zogadi statistikuri maCveneblebi,

2010w., Tb., gv. 119.


122

dRes saqarTveloSi socialur-ekonomikuri viTareba

atarebs ufro metad adgilobriv xasiaTs da igi gan-

pirobebuli ar aris garegani faqtorebiT (Tu agvistos

oms ar CavTvliT), radgan saqarTvelos ekonomika ise

mWidrod ar aris integrirebuli msoflio ekonomikasTan,

rogorc espaneTi, safrangeTi, irlandia, inglisi da a.S.

amitom, mxolod imis mtkiceba, rom saqarTvelos serio-

zuli dartyma msoflio ekonomikurma krizisma miayena,

ar iqneba swori. unda gamoiyos xarvezebi, rac reforme-

bis paralelurad aRiniSna:

• saqarTveloSi ucxouri pirdapiri investiciebis

mniSvnelovani nakadebi koncentrirebuli iyo privati-

zaciasa da uZravi qonebis SeZenaSi, ramacAaSkara dis-

balansi gamoiwvia _ finansuri resursebis nakadis tempi

qveyanaSi sagrZnoblad aRemateboda ekonomikis realuri

seqtoris zrdis temps;

• samSeneblo biznesSi ̀ samSeneblo piramidebi~ gaCn-

da.

bankebi TavianT sakredito resursebs ZiriTadad

dasavlur finansur bazrebze SedarebiT iafi resurseb-

is xarjze avsebdnen, xolo es kreditebi umTavresad

mSeneblobisa da im samomxmareblo da sayofacxovrebo

saqonlis SeZenis mizniT gaicemoda, romelic mTlianad

importirebulia saqarTveloSi. amrigad, importirebuli

sakredito resursebis xarjze finansdeboda `finansuri

piramidebiT~ dasneulebuli samSeneblo biznesi da sa-

momxmareblo sayofacxovrebo saqonlis importi, rac

qveynis ekonommikaze veranairad ver aisaxa dadebiTad,

mxolod importis waxaliseba gamoiwvia.

laSa tabataZe

123

2008 wlis agvistoSi saqarTveloSi ruseTis agre-

siam daaCqara ekonomikuri kolafsi, rac gamoixata ucx-

ouri pirdapiri investiciebis SemcirebaSi.1 kerZod, 2007

wels, oficialuri statistikis Tanaxmad, ucxuri pirda-

piri investiciebi 2 mlrd aSS dolars Seadgenda, 2008

wels misi raodenoba daaxloebiT 1.6 mlrd dolaramde

Semcirda, xolo 2009 wels ki _ 658 mln dolari Seadgi-

na.

mosaxleobis socialuri pirobebis gauaresebis Se-

CerebisaTvis saWiroa kardinaluri cvlilebebi qveynis

socialur-ekonomikur politikaSi, kerZod, gansakuTre-

buli yuradReba unda mieqces dasaqmebis xelSewyobisa

da umuSevrobis mizniT dasaqmebis efeqtiani saxelmwifo

politikis SemuSavebasa da realizacias. am mizniT, auci-

lebelia dasaqmebis saxelmwifo politikis axali kon-

cefcia, romlis bazaze unda momzaddes `dasaqmebis sax-

elmwifo regulirebis Sesaxeb~ kanonproeqti;

• aseve, dasaqmebis saxelmwifo politikis realizaci-

isaTvis unda Seiqmnas specialuri saxelmwifo uwyeba;

• profesiuli kadrebis momzadebis sistemam unda

asaxos Sromis bazris moTxovnebi;

• unda ganviTardes zrdasrulTa profesiuli mo-

mzadeba-gadamzadebis sistema;

• unda SemuSavdes evropul kanonmdeblobasTan har-

monizebuli `Sromis kodeqsis~ axali varianti, romel-

Sic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba rogorc damqiraveblis, aseve

daqiravebulis interesebi (saarsebo minimumi, minimaluri

xelfasi, samuSao drois xangrZlivoba, Svebulebis xan-

1 v. papava. nekroekonomikis zombireba. Tb., 2010w.


124

grZlivoba, socialur-SromiTi normativebi), dadgenili

Sromis saerTaSoriso konvenciebiTa da èvropis so-

cialuri qartiiT~.

unda momzaddes sakanonmdeblo-normatiuli baza

socialuri dazRvevis modelze TandaTanobiT gadasv-

lisTvis, savaldebulo (saxelmwifo) da nebayoflobiTi

(kerZo) dazRvevis principebis urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZ-

velze. dazRvevis sistemaze gadasvlisTvis safuZvleb-

is mosamzadeblad;

dasasrul, xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos is, rom auci-

lebelia socialuri daxmarebis sferoSi saxelmwifo

da arasaxelmwifo uwyebebis Zalisxmevis koordinacia,

rac gazrdis daxmarebis efeqtianobas;

organizaciul cvlilebebs win unda uswrebdes

saxelmwifo struqturebis funqcionaluri analizi da

mxolod amis Semdeg unda xdebodes konkretul uwyeba-

Ta transformacia an gauqmeba.

The Way for Overcoming Poverty in Georgia

L. Tabatadze

The purpose of the article is to analyse and evaluate the social and

economical situation of the country, to highlight and generalize the types

of social risks and dangers.

It aims to emphasize the social and political priorities of the country

and to develop the strategy which will be effective to settle the social prob-

lems that exist in the country.

laSa tabataZe

125

marine RuduSauri

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

saqarTvelos XI-XII s.s. socialur-ekonomikuri gan-

viTarebis istoria gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs.

am periods ukavSirdeba is fundamenturi reformebi, ra-

mac e.w. qarTuli renesansi ganapiroba. aRniSnul peri-

odSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo wyobileba da social-

uri struqtura amgvari iyo: saxelmwifos saTaveSi idga

monarqi, qveyana dayofili iyo msxvil da SedarebiT wvril

samTavroebad, romelTa saTaveSi idgnen erisTavebi da

erisTavTerisTavebi. maT eqvemdebrebodnen mxareTa ad-

monistraciuli Tanamdebobis pirebi. dedaqalaqis same-

fo karTan arsebobda mTavrobis centraluri aparati _

darbazi, romelsac oTxi ministri warmoadgenda: samxedro,

finansTa, sasaxlisa da Sinagan saqmeTa. darbazs saTave-

Si edga mwignobarTuxucesi, igi gankargavda saxelmwifo

kancelarias Tavisi mdivnebiTa da saqmeTa mmarTvelebiT.

qveynis saxelmwifo struqtura emyareboda wodebrivsa

da feodalur urTierTobebs. sazogadoeba dayofili iyo

oTx wodebad:

1.aznaurebi _ umaRlesi wodeba;

2.vaWrebi, romlebic iyofodnen or kategoriad: did

vaWrebad da wvril vaWrebad;

XI-XII saukuneebSi

saqarTvelos socialur-

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

ZiriTadi niSnebi


126

3.xelosnebi, msaxurebi, romlebic asrulebdnen wvril

samoxeleo samuSaos samefo, saeklesio da feodalTa

samflobeloSi;

4. glexebi _ Tavisi uflebrivi da qonebrivi mdgo-

mareobis mixedviT ramdenime kategoriad iyofodnen. kuTv-

nilebis mixedviT arsebobdnen samefo, saeklesio da ker-

Zo mflobelobis ymebi. maT Soris saeklesio ymebs gaaCn-

daT rogorc uflebrivi, aseve qonebrivi privilegiebi.

garda amisa, arsebobdnen Tavisufali miwis muSa-glexebi.

saqarTveloSi wodebebi ar warmoadgenda kastebs.

damsaxurebis SemTxvevaSi erTi wodebidan meore, ufro

maRal wodebaSi aRzeveba Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. amave

dros, kanonmdeblobiT, Tuki romelime konkretuli wodebis

warmomadgeneli sami Taobis manZilze ver SeZlebda Tavisi

wodebis Sesabamisi valdebulebebis Sesrulebas, wode-

briv uflebas kargavda.

aRsaniSnavia, rom sagadasaxado da sasamarTlo imu-

nitets saxelmwifo mxolod saeklesio organizaciebi-

sTvis cnobda. rac Seexeba samxedro begaras, misgan aravin

Tavisufldeboda, garda arasrulwlovnebisa, davrdomileb-

isa da xeibrebisa.

XI saukuneSi saqarTvelos ekonomikam “didi Turqo-

bis” damangreveli zegavlena ganicada. sameurneo cxovre-

bas did tvirTad daawva Turq-selCukTa mier dawesebu-

li gadasaxadebi, rasac Tan daerTo gaxSirebuli stiqi-

uri ubedurebebi: miwisZvrebi da wyaldidobebi. sauku-

nis uaRresad mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ukavSirdeba mefe

daviT IV _ aRmaSeneblis saxels (saqarTvelos samefo

taxti daikava 1089 wels), romlis mier gatarebuli re-

formebi ZiriTadad iTvaliswinebda: saxelmwifoebrivi

marine RuduSauri

127

mTlianobis aRdgena-gamyarebas da politikisa da

ekonomikis marTvis maqsimalurad efeqtiani, centrali-

zebuli sistemis Seqmnas.

daviT aRmaSenebelma upirvelesad saukuneobiT

damkvidrebuli erisTavobis institutis sapirispirod, ad-

amianis pirovnuli Rirsebebi gvarovnulze maRla daaye-

na da maRali Tanamdebobebis pirTa niWis, unaris da

damsaxurebis mixedviT arCevis principi daamkvidra. sa-

zogadoebriv urTierTobebSi TandaTan axali social-

uri jgufebi _ ZiriTadad saSualo da wvrili aznauro-

ba, vaWrebi da xelosnebi dawinaurdnen.

rogorc cnobilia, aRniSnuli epoqis kulminaciad iTv-

leba 1121 wlis didgoris brZola da amis Semdgom Tbili-

sis gaTavisufleba. saqarTvelom SeZlo sakuTari teri-

toriebis dabruneba da misi gafarToeba. xelisuflebas

TurqTa winaaRmdeg brZolas jvarosnuli laSqrobebic

uadvilebda iseve, rogorc saqarTvelos brZola Turq

sulTanTa winaaRmdeg uadvilebda saqmes jvarosnebs.

saqarTvelos mier TurqeTisTvis xarkis Sewyvetam, ucxo

qveynis gavlenisagan gaTavisuflebam da sakuTar teri-

toriebze kontrolis aRdgenam Zlieri biZgi misca

ekonomikur ganviTarebas.

qveynis dedaqalaqi quTaisidan TbilisSi gadmovida

da kvlav daibruna qveynis politikuri da ekonomikuri

centris funqciebi. igi warmoadgenda saqalaqo respub-

likas _ komunas, sadac moqalaqeebs miniWebuli hqondaT

Tavisufleba. banu-jafaris 200-wliani sagvareulo

mmarTvelobis Semdeg dedaqalaqis mmarTveloba gadavi-

da qalaqis mcxovrebTa xelSi. centraluri xelisuflebis

ZiriTad sayrdenad qalaqebi da wvrili aznauroba iqca,

romelTaTvisac es cvlilebebi sruliad misaRebi aR-


128

moCnda. garda Tbilisisa, mniSvnelovani savaWro-saqaravno

gzebi gadioda rusTavSi, samSvildesa da dmanisSi, ramac

am qalaqebis dawinaureba da savaWro da saxelosno cen-

trebad gadaqceva ganapiroba.

sistemuri politikuri cvlilebebi sruliad iyo

misadagebuli saxelmwifos mier gatarebul socialur-

ekonomikur politikasTan. daiwyo qveynis ekonomikuri

winsvla, rac yvelaze ukeT qalaqebisa da saqalaqo meur-

neobis swrafi dawinaurebiT gamoixata. saSinao da

sagareo bazris gafarToebam gazarda fulze moTxovna

da saWiro gaxda masze kontrolis aucilebloba. Camoyal-

ibda calke safinanso uwyeba, anu, centralizebuli xazi-

na _ saWurWle, rogorc saxelmwifo organizacia, sadac

inaxeboda fuli, Zvirfasi liTonebi da ganZeuloba. aRniS-

nuli safinanso uwyeba uSualod mefis xelqveiTs _ meWur-

WleTuxucess daeqvemdebara. igi ganagebda safinanso da

savaWro saqmes da amgvarad, vaWrebic da qalaqis adminis-

traciac mas eqvemdebareboda. masve eqvemdebarebodnen

saWurWlis, anu centraluri xazinis, aseve qalaqebis sa-

baJo da savaWro gadasaxadebis amkrebi moxeleebi. garda

amisa, meWurWleTuxucess eqvemdebareboda Zveli samefo

qalaqebic. aseT maRal Tanamdebobaze saqarTvelos sxva-

dasxva kuTxis feodalebi iniSnebodnen, rac xels uwyob-

da centralizebuli saxelmwifos ganmtkicebas. central-

izebuli safinanso uwyebis _ saWurWlis garda rogorc

TbilisSi, aseve sxva qalaqebSi arsebobda saxelmwifo

xazina, e.w. saganZurni.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Tuki grigol xanZTelis epoqaSi

(X s.) eklesia qveynis politikur-ekonomikur progress

uwyobda xels, aRmaSeneblis epoqis dasawyisSi eklesiis

zneobrivi xrwna farTo radiusis mankierebad iyo qceu-

marine RuduSauri

129

li. radikalurma saeklesio reformam ki saxelmwifos

saSualeba misca eklesiaze sistemuri kontroli ganex-

orcielebina. kerZod, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda

mwignobarTuxuces - Wyondidelis, rogorc saxelmwifo

mmarTvelobis xelmZRvanelis _ kancleris Tanamdebobis

dawesebas. damkvidrda wesi, rom mwignobarTuxucesi unda

yofiliyo beri, Wyondidis mTavarepiskoposi _ dasavleT

saqarTvelos uZlieresi mRvdelmTavari, riTac mtkicde-

boda dasavleT saqarTvelos kavSiri erTian saxelmwifo

organoebTan. garda amisa, kancleris meSveobiT eklesia

mefes eqvemdebareboda, amasTanave, igi yvelaze naklebad

iyo dainteresebuli piradi meurneobis gafarToebiT, rad-

gan mas arc memkvidreebi hyavda da arc piradi saadgil-

mamulo qoneba gaaCnda. centralizebuli samefo poli-

tikis gatarebis mZlavri iaraRi gaxda sami pirisgan

Semdgari uzenaesi sasamarTlo _ “saajo kari”, romelic

aseve mwignobarTuxucess eqvemdebareboda da ganixilav-

da im pirTa saCivrebs, romlebmac dabal samsjavro dawese-

bulebebSi ver ipoves samarTali.

XIs. bolos da XII saukuneSi saqarTvelos

ekonomikuri politikis prioriteti iyo infrastruqturis

mowesrigeba. kavkasiis samxreT regionSi gadioda aRmo-

savleTisa da dasavleTis damakavSirebeli didi savaWro

magistrali, regionisa da mcire aziis qveynebis yvela

mniSvnelovani savaWro gza Tbilisze gadioda da aqve

iyrida Tavs. garda didi savaWro magistralebisa, aqti-

uri savaWro urTierTobebi arsebobda qveynis regionebs

da daba-qalaqebs Soris. aqedan gamomdinare, didi mniS-

vneloba hqonda gzebisa da xidebis aSeneba-mowesrigebas.

gzebi Semdegi teqnologiiT igeboda: Siga gzebze 25 mm.

sisqis dafxvnili aguri iyreboda daaxloebiT 5 metris


130

siganeze. aqeT-iqiT, naxevari metrze iyreboda wvrili ken-

Webi, gzis gaswvriv ki keTdeboda mcire zomis Txrilebi.

xidebTan keTdeboda saTanado SemaRleba. ZiriTad magis-

tralebze gzebi 50X50 sm. kvadratuli formis da 8 sm.

sisqis Savad gamomwvari qarTuli aguriT iyo mokirwy-

luli. naleqian amindebSi gzis bunebrivi gruntis teniano-

bis Sesamcireblad iyenebdnen xis nacars, romelsac nes-

tis Sewovis Tviseba gaaCnia. gzebze arsebobda funduke-

bi, sadac mgzavrs saSualeba eZleoda cxenebi gamoecva-

la da moesvena. amgvari fundukebi, gansakuTrebiT ki mTa-

var savaWro magistralebze, mgzavrTa ubralo TavSesa-

fari ki ar iyo, aramed Tlili qviT nagebi didi da keTil-

mowyobili sastumroebi, rac mgzavrebs sasurvel kom-

forts uqmnida. amgvar sastumroebs gaaCndaT aseve Tav-

lebi da samWedloebi cxenebisa da etlebisaTvis.

rac Seexeba xidebis samSeneblo teqnikas, iyenebdnen

kamarovani formis TaRis praqtikulad yvelaze raciona-

lur formas. amgvari kamarovani xidebi ZiriTadad ige-

boda TeTri kirqviT, romlis simtkicesac umTavresad

maRali xarisxis kiris duRabi ganapirobebda. aRniSnu-

li konstruqciis xidebi gansakuTrebiT mravlad iyo

aWaraSi, SavSeTsa da tao-klarjeTSi. SedarebisTvis _

amave epoqis evropaSi romaelebis mier gayvanili gzebi

ukve ganadgurebuli iyo, atalaxebulsa da oRro-CoRro

gzebze (faqtobrivad ki bilikebze) ori uremi ver uqcev-

da gverds. xidebi ki umTavresad xisgan igeboda da male

lpeboda.

saberZneTidan saqarTvelos mimarTulebiT saxmele-

To gza basiansa da taoze gadioda, Tumca Turqebis Tare-

Sis gamo es gza ar iyo usafrTxo, amitom Ziri-

Tadad sazRvao gziT sargeblobdnen foTis mima-

marine RuduSauri

131

rTulebiT. somxeTidan saqarTveloSi gza samSvildeze

(axlandeli TeTriwyaros raioni) gadioda. am periodSi

saqarTvelom daibruna didi abreSumis gzis erT-erTi

tranzitori qveynis funqcia, ramac garda finansuri moge-

bisa, saSualeba misca, rom globaluri procesebis kurs-

Si yofiliyo. didi abreSumis gza saqarTvelosTvis met-

naklebad usafrTxoebis garantiac iyo im TvalsazrisiT,

rom am simbiozis stabiluroba didi saxelmwifoebis in-

teresebSi Sedioda da maTi ekonomikuri mogebis garan-

tia iyo.

aRniSnul epoqaSi saqarTvelo ara mxolod didi

savaWro-saqaravno magistralebiT iyo daserili, aramed

adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis Siga gzebiTac, rac saqarTve-

los calkeul regionebTan mWidro erTierTkavSirs

uzrunvelyofda. problemuri iyo mesxeT-javaxeTTan dakav-

Sireba, rac sabolood Tamar mefis epoqaSi gadaiWra, rode-

sac dedaqalaqidan umoklesi saqaravno gza TrialeTze

gaiyvanes da gzis orive mxares Sesabamisi Senoba-nage-

bobebi da sastumroebi aages. mesxeTi dasavleT saqarTve-

los e.w. rkinisjvris qvafeniliani gziT daukavSirda. es

mniSvnelovani iyo, radgan mesxeTi garda samxedro-strate-

giuli mniSvnelobisa, saqarTvelos marcvleulis beR-

els warmoadgenda. TrialeTze gadioda gza taodan kax-

eTisken. CrdiloeT kavkasiidan umoklesi gza gavida afx-

azeTze quTaisis mimarTulebiT, romelic manamde, VIII

saukuneSic arsebobda, Tumca uaRresad grZeli da mou-

wesrigebeli. dasavleTi saqarTvelodan aRmosav-

leTisken mokle gza gadmodioda lixis qedze.

movlili gzebi da mowesrigebuli infrastruqtu-

ra didad ganapirobebda vaWrobis ganviTarebas.

saqarTveloSi savaWro qaravans mekobreTagan SeiaraRebu-


132

li razmi icavda. qaravnebs uZRvebodnen da sabaJo mox-

eleebTan molaparakebebs marTavdnen qaravanTuxucesebi.

qaravanTuxucesebad iniSnebodnen didvaWrebi, romlebic

qalaqSi mravlad iyvnen da gansakuTrebuli pativisce-

miT sargeblobdnen. didvaWrebi eqvemdebarebodnen vaWar-

Tuxucess, romelic marTavda savaWro organizacias da

iyo Suamavali rgoli samefo xelisuflebasa da vaWrebs

Soris. didvaWris sicocxle kanonmdeblobiT Tormetia-

Tas TeTrad iyo Sefasebuli, Cveulebrivi vaWris _ eqvsi-

aTasad, anu imdenad, ramdenadac Cveulebrivi aznaurisa.

SedarebisaTvis _ glexis sicocxle oTxas TeTrad fa-

sobda.

aRniSnul epoqaSi savaWro kapitali Tavis orbita-

Si iTrevda feodalur aristokratias. mravali maTgani

mWidro kavSirSi iyo qalaqebTan da maT dapatronebasac

axerxebda. magaliTad, feodali SanSe mxargrZeli 15 qala-

qis mflobeli iyo. qalaqSi mcxovrebTa umravlesoba msx-

vili moZravi qonebis mflobeli iyo da qonebrivi cen-

ziT aRzevebulTa wres warmoadgenda. maTi da uZravi

qonebis mesakuTreTa intersebi xSirad erTmaneTs ar emTx-

veoda. am faqtors ki centralizebuli saxelmwifo sep-

aratist feodalTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi efeqtianad iy-

enebda. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom qalaqebi da vaWarTa klasi

guluxvad afinansebda samefo xelisuflebas.

saqarTvelos savaWro urTierToba hqonda iranTan,

bizantiasTan, somxeTTan, italiis qalaqebTan, siriasTan,

egviptesTan, ruseTTan, indoeTTan, CineTTan. am qveynebidan

saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad importirdeboda mravali saxeo-

bis Zvirfasi qsovili, saneleblebi, Saqari, Zvirfasi Tv-

lebi, cxenis aRkazmuloba, iaraR-saWurveli, bewveuli, nel-

marine RuduSauri

133

sacxebeli, sayofacxovrebo nivTebi da sxva. daviT aR-

maSenebelma, ucxoeTis strartegiuli bazrebis dauflebis

mizniT, kontroli daamyara anisis, ganjis, kaxis, Semaxias

da darubandis savaWro gzebze. savaWro urTierTobebis

gafarToebis Sesabamisad saqarTvelos bazarze adgilo-

briv monetebTan erTad ucxo qveynebis monetebic iyo

brunvaSi, kerZod, perpera, botinati da drahkani-konstan-

tinati, drahma, dangi da sxva, ramac primitiuli formis

savaWro-sakredito dawesebulebebis warmoSoba ganapiroba.

XII s. saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis zrdasTan dakav-

SirebiT da meurneobis intensifikaciis mizniT xelisu-

flebam prioritetulad miiCnia agraruli meurneobisa

da agroteqnologiebis ganviTareba. am sferoSic, pirvel

rigSi, infrastruqturuli proeqtebi xorcieldeboda,

rogoricaa hidroteqnikuri, kerZod, sairigacio sistemis

gayvana-mowesrigeba. srulyofili da masStaburi (119 km.)

sarwyavi arxi gaiyvanes kaxeTSi, alaznis velze, romlis

meSveobiT 53 000 heqtari miwis gasarwyaveba gaxda Sesa-

Zlebeli. 20 km. sigrZis sarwyavi arxi arsebobda samgor-

Si, aseve tirifonis velze da ruis-urbnisis midamoebSi.

didi sameurneo mniSvneloba hqonda sruliad gansxvave-

bul sarwyav sistemas _ muxranis e.w. rusxmuls. es iyo

mraval kilometrze gaWimuli, 6 m. simaRlis xelovnurad

Sezvinul miwaze gatarebuli arxi. aigo 7 km. sigrZis

sxaltba-SiomRvimis wyalsadeni, romelic SiomRvimis sa-

vanes dReRameSi 243 000 litr wyals awvdida.1 es saSu-

alebas iZleoda mieRwiaT sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis

maRali donisTvis, mieRoT polimorfuli marcvleuli

da parkosani kulturebi, ewarmoebinaT sxvadasxva xarisxis

Rvino da a. S.


1iv. javaxiSvili, Txz., tomi II. Tb., 1983, gv. 418.

134

sofels memamule marTavda mamasaxlisis da dabali

rangis moxeleebis _ gzirebis meSveobiT. mamasaxlisi

krefda gadasaxadebs da wyvetda, Tu sad unda wasuliyo

glexi samuSaod. soflad umTavresad Sereul meurneobas

misdevdnen, kerZod, miwaTmoqmedebas da mecxoveleobas,

mebaReoba_mebostneobas da, ra Tqma unda, mevenaxeobas.

bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebis miuxedavad marani yvelas

hqonda. Tuki venaxis gaSenebis pirobebi ar arsebobda,

Semodgomaze Rvinos yidulobdnen an cvlidnen saqonel-

sa da xorbalze, an yurZens yidulobdnen da wuravdnen.

saqarTvelos ekonomikis erT-erTi yvelaze gavr-

celebuli dargi iyo meabreSumeoba, romelzec didi moTx-

ovna arsebobda adgilobrivsa da sagareo bazarze. gan-

viTarebuli iyo aseve selis warmoeba. misgan gamoxdil

zeTs gaaCnda ara mxolod maRali kvebiTi Rirebuleba,

aramed igi iyo umaRlesi xarisxis sawvavi masala da

bazarze Zvirad fasobda. misi yidva sazogadoebis dabal

fenas ar SeeZlo. maRal doneze iyo ganviTarebuli me-

futkreoba. moSenebuli hyavdaT gansakuTrebuli, ende-

muri jiSis qarTuli futkari da awarmoebdnen didi

raodenobis Tafls da cvils, razec adgilobrivsa da

sagareo bazarze didi moTxovna iyo. meurneobis uZvele-

si, tradiciuli da prioritetuli dargi iyo mevenaxeo-

ba-meRvineoba. qarTuli Rvino didi raodenobiT

eqsportirdeboda somxeTSi, midiasa da sparseTSi. aseve

eqsportirdeboda cxenebi, sabrZolo iaraRi (xanjali,

xmali, karpaWi), bamba, matyli da tyavi, kakali da Txili,

romelic mxolod erTi qalaqidan oTxi aTasi datvirTuli

aqlemiT gadioda. ekonomikis tradiciulad warmatebu-

li dargi iyo meTuneoba. garda keramikis WurWlisa, xor-

marine RuduSauri

135

cieldeboda samSeneblo keramikuli masalis _ aguris,

kramitis, mosapirkeTebeli filebis eqsporti. saqarTvelo-

Si warmoebuli samSeneblo masala gansakuTrebuli simt-

kiciTa da xarisxiT gamoirCeoda. daviT aR-

maSenebeli gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda vaWrobis

ganviTarebas, misi gaaqtiurebisTvis igi SeRavaTebs uweseb-

da arab da spars vaWrebs, garda amisa, somxebi Camoasaxla

gorSi, raTa am regionSi ganeviTarebina vaWroba. Tbili-

si iqca imdroindeli msoflios erT-erT savaWro cen-

trad, amisa Sedegad aRmosavleTSi moRvawe evropeli vaWre-

bisgan evropaze met sargebels saqarTvelo naxulobda.

aRmaSenebelma arCevani erTaderTi mimarTulebiT gaake-

Ta: rogorc aRmosavleTis, aseve dasavleTis interesebi

saqarTvelos interesebs dauqvemdebara da marTebula-

dac, radgan saqarTvelos mimarT aseve yvelas sakuTari

interesebi amoZravebda. saqarTvelos politikuri ori-

entaciis mudmivad sadavo sakiTxi _ dasavleTi, Tu aRmo-

savleTi, mtroba, Tu partnioroba, yvelaze efeqtianad, anu

saqarTvelos sakeTildReod mxolod daviT aRmaSenebelma

gadawyvita. man gamoiyena rogorc konfliqti selCukebsa

da jvarosnebs Soris, aseve maTi savaWro interesebic.

evropel qristianTa mxardasaWerad jvarosnul

laSqrobebSi agzavnida meomrebs, ebrZoda musulmanebs

da amave dros, Tbiliseli musulmanebisTvis yvelaze

dabal gadasaxads awesebda. aqedan gamomdinare, aRmaSeneb-

lis saqarTvelosTan ekonomikuri TanamSromloba mtre-

bisTvisac ki metad xelsayreli xdeboda.

daviT aRmaSeneblis reformebSi mniSvnelovani ad-

gili ukavia fulis reformas. Seicvala fulis garegnu-

li mxare. monetaze gamoisaxa cxenosani mefe arabuli

warweriT _ `mefeT-mefe daviT giorgis Ze mesiis max-


136

vili”. amave principiT moiWra SemdgomSi giorgi III, Tam-

ar mefe, laSa giorgis spilenZis monetebic. valuta ver-

cxlis nacvlad spilenZiT iWreboda, oRond vercxlis

kursiT, anu spilenZis fuli gamocxadda ̀ TeTrad” _ ver-

cxlis fulad. am aqciis savaraudo mizezad miiCneva aR-

mosavleTis qveynebis vercxlis sabadoebis gamofitva da

aRmosavluri vercxlis monetebis dasavleTisa da

CrdiloeTis qveynebSi masobrivi gazidva.

fulze moTxovnis zrdas, gaaqtiurebuli vaWro-

bis garda saxelmwifo xarjebis zrdac ganapirobebda,

kerZod, daqiravebuli jaris Senaxva da samxedro opera-

ciebis xarjebi, saxelmwifos ganadgurebuli infras-

truqturis mowesrigeba. aRmaSenebeli savaluto liTo-

nis gamocvliT Seecada fuli daemagrebina saxelmwifos

farglebSi, anu xeli SeSala misi gadinebisTvis. Tuki

saqarTveloSi moWril dabali Rirsebis liTonis (spilen-

Zis) fuls vercxlis kursi hqonda miniWebuli, sxva qvey-

anaSi gasvlisas mas ecvleboda kursi da iZenda dabali

Rirsebis liTonis kurss, rac misi gadinebis motivacias

amcirebda. garda amisa, spilenZis monetis transportire-

ba rTuli iyo, vinaidan, im periodSi vercxlsa da spilen-

Zs Soris Sefardeba iyo _ 1 : 60. aqedan gamomdinare,

pirobiTad 1 kg. vercxlis Sesabamisi Rirebulebis spilen-

Zis moneta iwonida 60 kg.-s, risi transportirebac gac-

ilebiT rTuli iqneboda. amgvarad, amkrZalavi adminis-

traciuli RonisZiebebis nacvlad efeqtianad iqna gamoy-

enebuli ekonomikuri RonisZieba.

aRmaSeneblis epoqas ukavSirdeba samxedro refor-

mis gatareba, ramac didad ganapiroba mdgradi ekonomikuri

ganviTareba. cixe-qalaqebs icavda sajaro garnizonebi,

regularuli armiis Camoyalibebis mizniT ki Camosaxle-

marine RuduSauri

137

bul iqna yivCaRTa daaxloebiT 40 000 ojaxi (savarau-

dod 225 000 suli), yivCaR meomrebs saxelmwifo ar qiraobda,

aramed maTi TiToeuli ojaxi valdebuli iyo erTi meo-

mari gamoeyvana. regularuli armiis meomrebis raodeno-

ba 60 000-s aRwevda1. Seiqmna kargad gawvrTnili, Sear-

aRebuli da disciplinirebuli pirvelxarisxovani armia,

romlis meomrebsac ekrZalebodaT brZolaSi mopovebu-

li alafis miTviseba, rogorc es manamde xdeboda, maT

eniSnebodaT jamagiri. samxedro begarisgan ar Tavisu-

fldeboda aravin, garda arasrulwlovanebis, moxucebisa

da xeibrebisa. yoveli wodebis warmomadgenels hqonda

samxedro-materialuri valdebuleba da am movaleobis

Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi, igi wodebas kargavda.

XII s-is meore naxevridan sagareo-ekonomikuri urT-

ierTobebis da vaWrobis ganviTarebis gzaze did dab-

rkolebad iqca qurdoba da mekobreoba. savaWro-saqaravno

gzebze gadaadgileba ar iyo usafrTxo. 1170 wliT da-

TariRebuli sigeli cxadyofs, rom arsebobda sagangebo,

e.w. organizacia qurdebisa da yaCaRebis gamosavlenad

da dasasjelad. 1179 w. giorgi mesamem usafrTxoebis ga-

Zlierebis mizniT sagangebod Sekriba darbazi, sadac mi-

iRo gadawyvetileba, rom saqaravno gzajvaredinebze aR-

marTuliyo saxrCobelebi da xalxis Tvalwin momxdariyo

Sepyrobili mekobre-yaCaRebis dasja. CamoxrCobilTan er-

Tad Zelze moparul saqonelsac hkidebdnen, raTa xalx-

isTvis es mkacri zneobrivi gakveTili yofiliyo.

sagulisxmo faqtia, rom saxelmwifo samZebro organoebi

dazaralebulis saCivars ki ar elodnen, aramed Tavad

eZebdnen kanonis damrRvevs.


1iv. javaxiSvili, Txz., tomi II. Tb., 1983, gv. 215.

138

Main Characteristics of Social-Economic Development

of Georgia in XI-XII centuries

M. Gudushauri

The history of social and economic development of Georgia in XI

and XII centuries is especially important. Some of the fundamental reforms

were carried out during this period. These reforms brought political and

economic power to Georgia. Systematic political changes were made in ac-

cordance with the economic policy of the state. After implementation of

these reforms the country’s economic advance began. The development of

cities and towns and their economy was especially fast.

At the end of XI century and in the XII century the main priority

Georgia’s economic policy was improvement of infrastructure. There was a

large commercial line in the South of the Caucasus which connected the

East and the West parts. All the trading roads of Asia Minor went through

Tbilisi. Good infrastructure played an important role in the development of

trade.

Davit the Builder paid special attention to the development of trade.

Currency reform played an important role as well.

marine RuduSauri

139

nodar bagrationi

guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo

universitetis sruli profesori

sabazro urTierTobebis damkvidreba obieqturad

ganapirobebs korporaciuli sakuTrebis da urTierTobaTa

zrda-ganviTarebis process. ganviTarebuli sabazro

ekonomikis qveynebSi is sakuTrebis gabatonebul da mzard

seqtors warmoadgens, rasac ganapirobebs kapitalis kon-

centraciis da mobilurobis didi SesaZleblobebi da fir-

mis, korporaciis mmarTvelobis formis srulyofileba. es

ukanaskneli Tavis koncentrirebul gamoxatulebas aqcioner-

uli sazogadoebis (sawarmos) marTvis demokratiul for-

masa da mis maRl efeqtianobaSi poulobs. gansxvavebiT

sakuTrebis sxva formebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mmarTvelo-

bisagan, korporaciuli sakuTrebis mmarTveloba yvelaze

metad iZleva imis SesaZleblobas, rom menejerebma SeaTanx-

mon mis mflobelebTn - aqcionerebTn yvela mniSvnelovani

(gansakuTrebiT strategiuli) gadawyvetileba, TvianT saqmi-

anobaSi maqsimalurad gaiTvaliswinon da ixelmZRvanelon

mesakuTreTa interesebiT. saqmianobaSi interesTa aseTi har-

moniuloba SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is em-

yareba korporaciis xelmZRvanelobis miswrafebas uzrun-

velyos mesakuTreTa (aqcionerebis) ekonomikuri keTildRe-

obis maqsimizacia korporaciis saqmianobis srulyofisa da

ganviTarebis safuZvelze.

menejmentis saboloo miznebze, rac saboloo anga-

riSiT, fokusirdeba mesakuTreTa interesebis maqsimaluri

korporaciuli mmarTvelobiTi

gadawyvetilebis

kriteriumebi

menejmenti. marketingi.turizmi

140

gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze maTi keTildReobis zrdaze

zrunvasa da korporaciis ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofaSi,

miuTiTebs am sakiTxiT dainteresebuli zogierTi mecnieri1.

magram, aq gasarkvevia is, Tu ra SeiZleba iyos is ekonomikuri

kriteriumi, romelSic konkretizdeba aqcionerebze zrun-

vasTan dakavSirebuli mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebis

sisworis xarisxi? am sakiTxs aqvs rogorc Teoriuli, aseve

praqtikuli mniSvneloba.

mmarTvelobiTi funqciis sirTulidan gamomdinare,

menejeris funqciebi da amocanebi metad mravalsaxovania,

amasTan, sxvadasxva endogenur da egzogenur faqtorTa gav-

leniT is droSi mniSvnelovnad icvleba. aqedan gamomdinare,

mniSvnelovania menejerebis saqmianobis mareglamentirebe-

li ZiriTadi amocanebis da wesebis Camoyalibeba, romelic

maT miscemda firmis operatiuli da efeqtiani marTvis sa-

Sualebas, yovel mocemul momentSi konkretul sakiTxze

aqcionerebis Sexedulebebis Tu survilebis dadgena-Ses-

wavlis gareSe (rac praqtikulad SeuZlebelicaa). swored

amisTvisaa saWiro aseTi erTiani kriteriumi, romelzec gada-

wyvetilebebis miRebisas orientirebuli iqnebian menejere-

bi.

migvaCnia, rom aseTi SeiZleba iyos ori maCvenebeli:

aqciaTa sabazro Rirebulebisa da dividendebis zrdis maq-

simizaciis maCveneblebi. Cveni mosazreba emyareba investoris

mier aqciebis SeZenis motivacias: uzrunvelyos investire-

buli kapitalis anu qonebis maqsimaluri zrda da investire-

buli kapitalidan miiRon rac SeiZleba didi Semosavali,

dividendi. cxadia, am faqtorebs aqcionerTa mxriv alterna-

tiva ar eqneboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mewarmeobaSi gamoricx-

uli iqneboda riskis faqtori, magram is realurad arse-

bobs. maRali sarisko proeqtis alternativaa -dabali sa-

risko. maRali riski, dabalisagan gansxvavebiT, asocirdeba

ufro did zaralTan, Tumca, is ufro did Semosavals gvpird-

eba. aqedan gamomdinare, arCevanis gakeTebisas aqcionerTa

nodar bagrationi

1a. gabelaia, finansebi, Tb., 2011, gv.20.

141

poziciebi SesaZlebelia gaiyos: kapitalis bazris efeq-

tiani funqcionireba saSualebas aZlevs aqcionerebs ko-

reqtivebi Seitanon TavianTi aqciebis portfelis riskis

xarisxSi sakuTari interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, magram ko-

rporaciis doneze rogori gadawyvetileba unda miiRos

menejerma, riT unda ixelmZRvanelos man? migvaCnia, rom aseT

kriteriums warmoadgens riski imisa, Tu rogor imoqmedebs

mocemuli gadawyvetileba korporacii aqciebis sabazro

Rirebulebaze. pasuxobs is sabazro koniunqturis arsebul

pirobebSi an Tvalsawier momavalSi aqciaTa sabazro Rire-

bulebis maqsimizaciis moTxovnas Tu ara? cxadia, swori

gadawyvetilebis miReba menejerisgan moiTxovs ekonomikuri

procesebis codnas, analizs da prognozirebas, magram am

SemTxvevaSi Cven konkretulad gvainteresebs menejeris Zal-

isxmevis kriteriumis sakiTxi, ris gamoc masTan dakavSire-

buli sxva sakiTxebis ganxilvisagan Tavs vikavebT.

rac Seexeba gadawyvetilebas kriteriumis meore, div-

idendis maqsimizaciis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxs: avtorebis

mniSvnelovan nawils miaCniaT, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebi-

sas menejerebis ZiriTadi amocana korporaciis mogebis maq-

simizaciiT Semoifargleba, ramdenadac is dividendebis zrdis

safuZvelicaa. cxadia, es kriteriumi xSirad igive gadaw-

yvetilebis miRebas gvkarnaxobs, rac aqcionerTa simdidris

maqsimizaciis SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan misi zrda aqciaTa saba-

zro Rirebulebis zrdis mniSvnelovani faqtoria, magram

miuxedavad amisa, zemoT aRniSnuli keTildReobis zrdis

maqsimizaciis es ori kriteriumi Sinaarsobrivad identuri

ar aris. aqciaTa sabazro Rirebulebis zrdas bazarze mo-

qmedi sxvadasxva faqtoris da korporaciis ekonomikuri

strategiis cvlileba advili SesaZlebelia ar mohyves

dividendebis zrda an mohyves magram is Sors iyos maqsi-

mumisagan (maqsimizaciisagan). am ukanasknelis SemTxvevaSi

albaTobis, anu riskis faqtori aqciaTa sabazro Rirebulebis

zrdasTan SedarebiT gacilebiT didia. sworad migvaCnia

cnobili avtoris p.etilis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom moge-


142

bis maqsimizaciis procesi, xSirad menejerebs ubiZgebs ma-

Ralriskiani proeqtebis realizaciisaken, rac yovelTvis

ar Seesabameba aqcionerebis interesebs1. amasTan, gacilebiT

rTulia alternatiuli proeqtebidan SesaZlo riskebis

gaTvaliswinebiT imis garCeva, Tu romeli maTgani pasuxobs

mogebis (rogorc dividendebis wyaros) maqsimizaciis Sesa-

Zleblobas. aqedan gamomdinare, korporaciis aqcionerebis

keTildReobis zrdis Sesafaseblad sakmarisi ar aris swori

gadawyvetilebis misaRebad menejerma ixelmZRvanelos ze-

moT aRniSnuli ori kriteriumis maCveneblidan mxolod

erTi romelimeTi. saWiroa orives gaTvaliswineba - maTi

gazomva, Sepirispireba, arCevanis gakeTeba. mxolod am gzi-

Taa SesaZlebeli dasabuTebuli, swori mmarTvelobiTi gada-

wyvetilebis miReba, romelic erTdroulad pasuxobs rogorc

saerTod korporaciis, rogorc sameurneo subieqtis, aseve,

misi mflobelebis - aqcionerebis interesebs uzrunvelyo-

fil iqnes rogorc saaqcio sazogadoebis, aseve misi mflo-

belebis keTildReobis maqsimaluri zrda.

Corporate Governance Decision Criteria

N. Bagrationi

The establishment of market relations objectively determines the ne-cessity of improvement of corporate property management. The paper discuss-es correct managerial decision making criteria in corporation management. Thecriteria, which meets both the interests of corporation and its owners and share-holders is orientation to increasing and maximizing the welfare of corporationmanagers and shareholders. The author considers that for evaluation of the above-mentioned criteria in corporation management, two parameters should be ap-plied to. These are: increasing the market value of shares and the criteria formaximizing the dividends. The paper provides both the common and the differ-ent features of these criteria. It’s properly concluded that it’s necessary to useboth of them for making right managerial decisions.

nodar bagrationi

1 Ï.Ýòðèëë. Ôèíàíñîâûé ìåíåäæìåíò (äëÿ íåñïåöèàëèñòîâ) 3-îå èçäàíèå. Ïèòåð,

2006. ñòð. 54.

143


vasil xizaniSvili

Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis

asistent-profesori, doqtoranti

kultura rTuli humanuri fenomenia, romelic udides

gavlenas axdenda da axdens ekonomikaze. igi ekonomikis

ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria, romelic Tavisi

faseulobebiT da normebiT gvevlineba adamianis ekonomikuri

qcevisa da SromiTi saqmianobis regulatorad. kultura

asrulebs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ,,sazogadoebrivi mex-

sierebis” rolsac, asaxavs ra wina TaobaTa mier dagrovil

ekonomikur gamocdilebas, romelic gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove

ekonomikur cxovrebaSi.1 kultura erTnairad zemoqmedebs

materialuri sikeTis warmoebis, ganawilebisa da moxmareb-

is sferoebze, riTac arsebul mocemulobaTa gaTvaliswinebiT

warmoadgens ekonomikis ganviTarebis an mis Semaferxebel

faqtors. amitom, mTlianad qveynis ekonomikis Seswavlisas,

dauSvebelia sxva faqtorebTan erTad kulturuli faqtore-

bis ignorireba.2

Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mecniereba, SeiZleba iTqvas,

gverds uvlis kulturis faqtors. ukanasknel wlebSi gar-

damavali ekonomikis mqone qveynebis gamocdilebam dagvarw-

muna, rom sakmarisi ar aris kerZo seqtoris dafuZneba, ba-

zrebis liberalizacia da fuladi stabilizacia. saWiroa

kultura – ekonomikuri

progresis umniSvnelovanesi

faqtori

1 Çêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ êóëüòóðà êàê ôàêòîð ðàçâèòèÿ çêîíîìèêè. http://

www.iteconomic.com/economicheskaya-kultura-kak-faktor-razvitiya-ekonomiki.aspx2 Íàäåëü Ñ. Ñîöèàëüíûå ôàêòîðû çêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ðîñòà//Ìèðîâàÿ çêîíîìèêà è

ìåæäóíàðîäíûå îòíîøåíèÿ, 2005, ¹5, c. 26.

144

kulturis, rogorc ekonomikis funqcionirebis winapirobis,

arsebobac, radgan eWvgareSea, rom eTnosebis, konfesiebisa

da mosaxleobis jgufebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tradicie-

bi da Cveulebebi, rogorc kulturis organulad Semadgene-

li elementebi, seriozul gavlenas axdens maT ekonomikur

miRwevebze.

am mxriv sainteresoa cnobili amerikeli mecnieris,

saxelmwifo marTvis sferos specialistis - edvard ben-

fildis mier 1958 wels kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli is daskv-

na, rom ama Tu im qveynis ganviTarebis dabali tempebi,

garkveulwilad, mocemul qveyanaSi Camoyalibebuli da ar-

sebuli kulturuli sistemiT SeiZleba aixsnas.1

aseve sayuradReboa amerikeli politologis - rob-

ert patmenis hipoTeza - rac ufro ,,altruistulia” sa-

zogadoeba, miT maRalia masSi moqmedi politikuri da sax-

elmwifo struqturebis xarisxi.2

istorikosma da ekonomistma devid landesma daasabu-

Ta, rom arsebobs pirdapiri kavSiri saxelmwifos erovnuli

ekonomikis warmatebebsa da misi mosaxleobis iseT Tvise-

bebs Soris, rogoricaa: momWirneoba, patiosneba da Semwy-

narebloba, xolo iseTi Tvisebebi ki, rogoricaa: qsenofobia,

religiuri Seuwynarebloba, korufcia mosaxleobis farTo

masebis siRaribesa da ekonomikis ganviTarebis dabal tem-

pebs ganapirobebs. devid landesi eTanxmeba maqs veberis

mosazrebas ekonomikur warmatebaSi religiis mniSvnelo-

bis Sesaxeb. igi wers, rom Tu Cven Tvals gadavavlebT msof-

lio ekonomikuri ganviTarebis istorias, mivalT daskvnamde,

rom ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doneebSi qveynebis TiTqmis

yvela gansxvaveba arsebiTad kulturiT aixsneba.1

vasil xizaniSvili

1 Edward C. Banfield (with Laura Fasano), The Moral Basis of a Backward SocietyGlencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1958.2 Robert D. Putman with Robert Leonardi and Raffalella Y. Nanetti., Making Democra-cy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy., 1993, Princetion, Nev Jersey.3 David S. Landes. The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich andSome So Poor. New York, 1998.

145

italielma ekonomistma gvido tabelinim gaaanaliza

ganaTlebis done da politikuri institutebis xarisxi evro-

pis 69 qveyanaSi da mivida im daskvnamde, rom mSp-s moculoba

da ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi maRalia im regionebSi, sadac

adgili aqvs urTierTndobas, adamianis individualur ini-

ciativaSi rwmenas da kanonisadmi morCilebas. misi azriT,

,,arsebul kulturul TaviseburebebTan uSualod aris dakav-

Sirebuli ara mxolod evropis regionebis ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis xasaiTi da buneba, aramed calkeuli qveynis

ekonomikuri da institucionaluri ganviTarebac...”1

swavluli ekonomistebi luiji guizo, paula sapienza

da luiji zingalesi amtkiceben, rom kultura pirdapir

zemoqmedebs ekonomikaze. grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi swored

ekonomikuri sistema ayalibebs sazogadoebis kulturas.

Tumca, kulturuli faseulobebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

Sesabamisad yovelTvis ar ganicdis cvlilebas. neli cv-

lilebebi kulturul ganviTarebaSi aixsneba memkvidreobi-

Ti informaciis Taobidan TaobaSi gadacemis midrekile-

basa da swrafvaSi, aseve imiT, rom tradiciebi mdidrdeba da

axali SinaarsiT ganagrZobs arsebobas.

tradiciuli kulturuli faseulobebi miCneuli unda

iqnes rogorc ekonomikis myari ganviTarebis safuZveli.2

kultura gansazRvravs adamianis Sexedulebebs cxovrebaze,

mis damokidebulebas garemosa da mimdinare movlenebTan,

da umTavresi, is CarTulia adamianuri qcevis motivaciaSi,

gansazRvravs ra mTel mis moqmedebas, maT Soris ekonomikur

qcevas. sxvanairad, motivaciis meqanizmis saSualebiT kul-

turuli faseulobebi da normebi aregulirebs adamianTa

ekonomikur qmedebebs. amgvarad, ekonomikur qcevebSi arse-

bobs kulturuli dimensia.3


1 http://ideas.repec.org/p/ces/ceswps/_1492.html2 Èâëèåâ: Âëèÿíèå êóëüòóðû íà çêîíîìèêó áåñïîðíî., www.er-oren.ru/index.php?...3 Culture and Economic Development: Cultural Concerns, gv. 3130,sais jhu.edu/facul-ty/fukuyama/articles/isb505010.pdf

146

arsebobs kardinalurad sapirispiro Sexedulebebic,

riTac ignorirebulia kulturis dominanturi faqtori

ekonomikur urTierTobebSi. magaliTad, piter j. bietkes

azriT, naklebad mniSvnelovania is, Tu ra tipis sazogadoe-

ba (es iqneba qristianuli, musulmanuri, iudaisturi, Tu gnebavT,

aTeisturi) monawileobs ekonomikur procesebSi. misTvis

gadamwyvetia politikuri da ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis

institutebis arseboba. iq, sadac ar arsebobs imgvari in-

stitutebi da politika, romelic uzrunvelyofs kerZo

sakuTrebis garantiebs, xelSekrulebaTa dadebis Tavisu-

flebas, saxelmwifo regulirebis SezRudulobas, finansur

disci plinas da vaWrobis Tavisuflebas, SeuZlebelia

ekonomikur zrdasa da ganviTarebaze msjeloba. bietke mi-

iCnevs, rom ra upiratesobasac ar unda flobdes esa Tu is

kultura, ar moxdeba misi realizeba, Tu am sivrceSi ar

iarsebebs zemoT aRniSnuli faqtorebi.1 kulturuli faq-

tori mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens ekonomikur ganviTare-

baze, Tumca ekonomikuri ganviTarebis zrdis tempebze aseve

did gavlenas axdens sazogadoebis ekonomikur da poli-

tikur institutebs Soris gansxvavebulobac, risi naTeli

magaliTic aris CrdiloeTi da samxreTi korea, maTi

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis masStabebs Soris arsebuli sxva-

dasxvaoba am ori qveynis saerTo kulturuli erTobis mi-

uxedavad.2

maSasadame, ama Tu im qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis

gasaRebia ara mosaxleobis kulturuli tradiciebi, aramed

ekonomikuri Tavisufleba. kultura, SesaZloa, axdens

garkveul zegavlenas ekonomikur situaciebze, magram umTavre-

si faqtori, romelic ganapirobebs qveynebs Soris arsebu-

li ekonomikuri maCveneblebis gansxvavebulobas, aris Tama-

Sis is wesebi, rac gansazRvravs adamianebs Soris erTmaneTze,

da maTsa da bunebriv resursebs Soris urTierTqmedebas.3

3 www.inliberty.ru/library/study/3222 Jim Granato, Ronald Inglehart, David Leblang, The Effect of Cultural Values on EconomicDevelopment: Theory, Hypotheses, and Some Empirical Tests. gv.608,www.uh.edu/.../The EffectOfCultural ValuesOn Economic Development.pdf3 Êîíöåïöèÿ ,,êóëüòóðà èìååò çíà÷åíèå”: ñîäåðæàíèå, îñíîâû, âîïðîñû. www.inliberty.ru./

library/study/322

vasil xizaniSvili

147

miuxedavad zemoTmoyvanili sakmaod safuZvliani mt-

kicebulebisa imis Taobaze, rom ekonomikis ganviTarebis

procesSi kultura ar TamaSobs gadamwyvet rols, albaT,

SeuZlebeli iqneboda misi am formiT upirobod miReba, rad-

gan didi xania cnobilia, rom sxvadasxva qveynis da xalxis

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doneSi gansxvaveba aixsneba ara

mxolod ekonomikur-politikuri faqtorebiT, Tundac es iyos

,,warmoebis faqtorebi”, aramed didwilad swored kulturu-

li faqtorebiTac. magaliTad, zemoT naxseneb mecnier-ekon-

omistebs - l. zingales. p. sapienzas da l. guizos Se-

moaqvT ,,samoqalaqo kapitalis” cneba, rac warmoadgens mo-

qalaqeobriobis maCvenebels da amave dros ,,socialuri kap-

italis” koncefciis erT-erT variants, romlis arsia is,

rom sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis miRweva SesaZlebelia

sakuTari resursebis uSurvelad gaRebiT. ,,socialuri kap-

italis” formas, ,,moqalaqeobriobasTan” erTad, warmoad-

gens iseTi kulturuli faqtori, rogoricaa ,,ndoba”, romelic

,,moqalaqeobriobasTan” erTad udides gavlenas axdens sa-

zogadoebis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze, rasac mowmobs Sem-

degi statistikuri monacemebic: afrikis qveynebSi (mcire-

odenis gamoklebiT) ndobis xarisxi rom iyos iseTive maRa-

li, rogoricaa SvedeTSi, maSin zogierTi SefasebiT mSp-is

moculoba Sav kontinentze iqneboda 546%-iT, xolo ruseT-

sa da meqsikaSi 60%-iT ufro meti, vidre axla aris.1

rasakvirvelia, am maCveneblebis absolutur WeSmaritad miReba

ar SeiZleba, Tumca maTi xelaRebiT ugulvebelyofac aras-

woria. amaze isic mianiSnebs, rom TviT cnobili amerikeli

ekonomisti, prof. jefri saqsi, romelic saerTod skep-

tikuradaa ganwyobili ekonomikaSi kulturuli faqtoreb-

is mimarT, saWirod miiCnevs ekonomikaze ama Tu im zomiT

misi gavlenis aRiarebas.2 misi azriT, ,,maSinac ki, roca xe-


2 Nathan Glazer, David Landes, Seymour Martin Lipset, Orlando Patterson, MichaelPorter, Jeffrey Sachs, and Richard Shweder., Culture Matters: how values shape humanprogress., New York,2000, gv. 37.

1 Ãðàæäàíñêèå öåííîñòè. Ìîæíî ëè èçìåðèòü âëèÿíèå êóëüòóðû íà çêîíîìè÷åñêîå

ðàçâèòèå. www.forbes.ru/.../47475-grazhdanskie-tsennosti

148

lisufleba seriozulad cdilobs qveynis social-

ekonomikur modernizebas, ganviTarebis dabrkolebad Sesa-

Zlebelia iqces araadekvaturi kulturuli garemo. magal-

iTad, kulturul an religiur normebs SeuZlia xeli SeuS-

alos qalebs Rirseuli roli Seasrulon aRniSnul pro-

cesSi, ris Sedegadac mosaxleobis naxevari moklebulia

ekonomikur da politikur uflebebs...” 1

kulturuli aspeqtiT, qveynebi, rasakvirvelia, gansxvavde-

bian erTmaneTisgan, rac imas niSnavs, rom sxvadasxvagvar

kulturul normebs ZaluZs didi an mcire xarisxiT xeli

Seuwyos ama Tu im institucionaluri garemos aRqmas.

ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, kultura aris adamianTa qceve-

bis TviTregulirebis instrumenti, e.i. mas SeuZlia Seamcir-

os an gazardos xarjebi gansazRvruli TamaSis wesebis

uzrunvelyofaze. Tuki qcevis wesebi, romlebic xels uwy-

obs ekonomikuri keTildReobis zrdas, konkretuli kultu-

ruli sivrcis farglebSi aRiqmeba aralegitimurad, meTva-

lyureobis mZlavri sistemis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, isi-

ni ubralod arc ki iqneba daculi. xarjebi amgvar meTvaly-

uraobaze SesaZloa iyos imdenad didi, rom mocemuli so-

cialuri mowyobis mxardaWera aRmoCndes SeuZlebeli da

piriqiT, kulturuli legitimaciis pirobebSi izrdeba kul-

turis elementebis zemoqmedeba adamianTa qcevebze, romlebic

xarjebis minimizaciis dros pozitiur gavlenas axdenen

ekonomikur ganviTarebaze.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, qveynebi mosaxleobis ufro

maRali kulturuli doniT, floben gacilebiT ufro ganvi-

Tarebul ekonomikas. msgavs SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, moiaz-

reba ama Tu im eris sulieri da inteleqtualuri potencia-

li. magram, CvenTvis aseve mniSvnelovania kulturis, rogorc

mosaxleobis sayofacxovrebo da qceviTi kulturisa da

aseve, sazogadoebrivi moralis mdgomareoba im pirobebSi,

1 Jeffrey D.Sachs., The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time. New York,2005, gv.218.

vasil xizaniSvili

149

rodesac kultura gavlenas axdens ekonomikuri urTierTo-

bebisa da ekonomikis ganviTarebis doneze zneobrivi da

civilizaciis xelSemwyobi orientirebis SeTavazebiT mTe-

li sazogadoebisaTvis.1

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTarebasa da sazoga-

doebriv cnobierebaSi ukanaskneli aTwleulis ganmavloba-

Si momxdarma kardinalurma cvlilebebma ekonomikur da

kulturul kavSirurTierTobebs SesZina globaluri xas-

iaTi.

aucilebelia imis aRniSvna, rom zogadad arc kultu-

ruli da arc religiuri faqtori ar aris ekonomikuri

qcevebis erTaderTi ganmsazRvreli da ar gaaCnia eqsklu-

ziuri gavlena calkeuli qveynisa Tu romelime regionis

ekonomikur maCveneblebze.2 miuxedavad amisa, kultura zemo-

qmedebs ekonomikur maCveneblebze imdenad, ramdenadac mas

SeuZlia gavlenis moxdena xalxTa qcevebze danazogebTan,

aRzrdasTan, Sromis eTikasTan da a.S. mimarTebiT.

rogorc zogadad kulturas, aseve konkretulad kul-

turis TiToeul formas gaaCnia Tavisi, sakuTari unikaluri

pozitiuri da negatiuri komponentebi, magram pozitiur

komponentebs avtomaturad ar ZaluZT ukeTesi ekonomikuri

maCveneblebis Seqmna sxva iseTi aucilebeli pirobebis gareSe,

rogoricaa: ekonomikuri politika, efeqtiani instituciebi,

xelsayreli msoflio ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, politikuri

stabiluroba da a.S. sxva sityvebiT, mxolod xelsayrel

ekonomikur da politikur garemoSi xdeba kultura

ekonomikuri zrdis xelSemwyobi. swored amiT SeiZleba

aixsnas CineTis - konfucianelobis samSoblos - saocari

ekonomikuri miRwevebi ekonomikuri reformebis ukanaskne-

li sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi.3


1 Çêîíîìèêà è îáùåñòâåíàÿ ñðåäà: Âçàèìîñâÿçü è âçàèìîâëèÿíèå.

www.imepi-eurasia.ru/baner/bogomolov.doc2 See Alvin Y. So and Stephen W.K. Chiu: East Asia and the World Economy, Sage Publications, 1995, gv.8.3 Jiang Shixue, Cultural Factors and Economic Performance in East Asia and Latin America, gv. 31.

150

ekonomikasa da kulturas Soris arsebuli urT-

ierTqmedeba iZleva qveyanaSi mimdinare ekonomikuri gardaqm-

nebis xasiaTsa da socialur-kulturul meqanizmebs (e.i.

adamianTa cxovelmoqmedebisa da qcevebis faseulobiT-nor-

matiul regulaciebs) Soris kavSiris kvlevis SesaZleblo-

bas. sazogadoebaSi socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba da

sxva cvlilebebi gulisxmobs adamianebis mier axali cod-

nis, ideebis, normebis, faseulobebis, qcevis nimuSebisa da

modelebis SeTvisebas. msgavsi procesi Zalze mniSvnelova-

nia adamianTa qcevebisa da saqmianobis socialur-kultu-

ruli regulirebis meqanizmebis aqtivizaciis dros, romel-

ic iZleva progresuli gamocdilebisa da informaciis ga-

dacemisa da gavrcelebis SesaZleblobebs. amgvari regu-

lireba amartivebs da aCqarebs axal faseulobaTa da nor-

maTa SeTvisebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, uzrunveylyofs maT kom-

fortul arsebobas dinamikurad cvalebad ekonomikur

pirobebSi.1

Tanamedrove postindustriul sazogadoebaSi kultu-

ra xdeba ekonomikuri progresis erT-erTi strategiuli

faqtorTagani. ekonomikis mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa

ara mxolod mecniereba, teqnologiebi, aramed WeSmariti

kulturis arsebobac.

dRes ekonomikasa da kulturas Soris arsebul urT-

ierTdamokidebulebas axasiaTebs gardatexis momenti. maTi

daaxloeba imyofeba sawyis stadiaze, Tumca, am warmatebaze

didadaa damokidebuli kacobriobis gadarCena. ekonomika

unda iyos ara mxolod efeqtiani, aramed ekologiuri da

humanuric. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, adamiani da buneba gan-

wirulia degradaciis, rRvevisa da daRupvisaTvis.2

ekonomikisa da kulturis kavSirurTierToba Sinaarss

iZens modernizaciis konteqstiT. kulturul faseulobaTa

1 Â.Â. Ìèðîíîâ., Ôèëîñîôèÿ: ó÷åáíèê äëÿ ÂÓÇîâ., Âçàèìîñâÿçü êóëüòóðû è

çêîíîìèêè.

vasil xizaniSvili

1 Âçàèìîäåèñòâèå çêîíîìèêè è êóëüòóðû – Ñîöèîëîãèÿ.

151

mimarT gulgrili damokidebuleba seriozul bariers qm-

nis modernizaciis gzaze.1 amitom, socialuri sabazro

ekonomikisaTvis aucilebelia gansazRvruli kulturuli

bazisi,2 sadac kultura ganixileba rogorc realurobis

axsna-ganmartebisa da Sefasebis sistema.3

ekonomikuri warmateba xangrZlivi ganviTarebis pro-

cesis Sedegia, romelic ekonomikur da kulturul sivrce-

Ta integraciiT miiRweva. am procesSi mxedvelobaSi miiRe-

ba kulturuli faqtorebisa da kulturuli cvlilebebis

problema, romelTa gaTvaliswineba xels uwyobs msoflio-

Si ekonomikuri ganviTarebis procesebis arsebiT daCqare-

bas.

Culture – the Most Important Factor of Economic Progress

V. Khizanishvili

Culture, as a difficult human phenomenon, has greatest influence on econ-

omy and is one of the most important factors for development of economy.

Countries with population of higher cultural development have much more bhigh-

ly developed economy. Interrelation of culture and economy defines the nature

of economic reforms carried out in a country and social and economic mecha-

nisms. Economic success is the result of a long development, wich is achieved

by integration of economic and cultural environments. During this process the

aspect of cultural factors and cultural changes are also taken into consideration.

Taking into account of these aspects promotes acceleration of economic devel-

opment in the world.


1 Âñòðå÷à êóëüòóðû è çêîíîìèêè., expert.ru./expert/.../vstrecha_kultury_i_ekonomiki/2 Die soziale Marktwirtschaft als Leitbild für Entwicklungsländer?, www.hss.de.../Die_soziale_Marktwirtschaft_als_Leitbild_01.pdf3 Wimmer, A.: Kultur: Zur Reformulierung eines sozialanthropologischen Grundbegriffs,in: KÖlner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie H.3,S.413, KÖln, 1996.

152

vasil xizaniSvili

nino faresaSvili



konfliqtebi, rogorc adamianTa socialuri kavSireb-

is urTierTobebisa da urTierTqmedebis, maTi moqmedebebisa

da qcevebis arsebiTi mxare, uxsovari droidan izidavda

adamianTa cnobismoyvareobas. amis dasturia sxvadasxva xalx-

is miTosi, folklori da Zveli kulturis Zeglebi, anti-

kuri da Sua saukuneebis moazrovneTa msjelobebi, social-

ur da humanitarul mecnierebaTa miRwevebi. konfliqtebis

Teoriam amJamad damatebiTi konkretuloba SeiZina. konfliq-

tologiis problematikis konturebi ufro naTeli gaxda.

konfliqti warmoadgens marTvis erT-erT saSualebas,

romlis arcodniT an ugulebelyofiT menejeri yovelTvis

amcirebs mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobis efeqtianobas.

konfliqtebis kvlevis Teoriuli aspeqtebis SemuSave-

baSi mniSvnelovani adgili daikava organizaciis struqtu-

rul-funqcionalurma modelma, romlis mixedviT nebismieri

socialuri sistema SedarebiT myar, stabilur da kargad

integrirebul struqturas warmoadgens. am sistemis yovel

elements gansazRvruli funqcia gaaCnia da amiT mis sim-

yareSi garkveuli wvlili Seaqvs. socialuri struqturis

funqcionireba efuZneba sazogadoebis wevrTa faseulebaTa

Tanxvedras, romelic uzrunvelyofs aucilebel stabil-

urobasa da integracias.

konfliqtis, rogorc konstruqciuli

da produqtiuli sawyisis Semcveli

procesis Sesaxeb

153


socialuri qmedebis normatiuli komponenti vrceldeba

oTx doneze: organizmi, pirovneba, socialuri sistema, kul-

tura. konfliqtis SesaZlebloba Cadebulia Tavad social-

izaciis procesSi, romlis msvlelobisas adamiani eziareba

ara marto socialuri sistemis funqcionirebis xerxebs,

aramed Sesabamisi kulturis normebsa da faseulobebs. so-

cializaciis dros Camoyalibebuli Seusabamoba da daZab-

uloba SeiZleba aseve gadaizardos konfliqtSi.

socialur sistemaSi igulisxmeba oTxi funqcionaluri

moTxovnis erTgvari koleqtiuroba: garegani obieqtebisad-

mi adaptacia, miznis miRweva, qvesistemebis integracia, nor-

matiul-RirebulebiTi nimuSis struqturuli formebis ga-

naxleba. amasTan, miiCneva, rom adaptacias uzrunvelyofs

ekonomikuri urTierTobebi, miznis miRwevas _ politikuri

pirobebi, integracias _ samarTlebrivi normebi da Cveule-

bebi, struqturis ganaxlebas _ socialuri institutebi, rw-

mena da morali.

Zalze arsebiTia socialuri sistemis Siga winaaRmde-

gobriobis aRiareba da, maSasadame, konfliqtebis warmoqm-

nis realuroba. konfliqtebis marTvis procesi, romelic

konfliqtologias da menejments emyareba, kompleqsuri xa-

siaTisaa da humanitaruli ganaTlebis gaRrmavebis dinebas

mihyveba. misi Seswavla ueWvelad afarToebs adamianisa da

sazogadoebis Sesaxeb codnis wres da xels uwyobs rogorc

socialuri urTierTqmedebis problemebis gagebas, aseve maTi

gadawyvetis efeqtiani xerxebis gamoyenebas.

organizaciebSi konfliqti xSirad aRmoCndeba ara mar-

to gardauvali, aramed misaRebi ̀ gamosavali~ procesi Seqm-

nili situaciidan. is Cven SegviZlia ganvixiloT rogorc

adamianTa Soris erTobliv saqmianobaSi darRveuli urT-

ierTobis aRdgenis saSualeba, aseve kerZo da saerTo in-

teresebSi, qcevis normebSi SeTanxmebis miRwevis SesaZle-

blobac.

154

nino faresaSvili

saqmis amgvari viTarebisas saWiroa konfliqtebis obieq-

turi da subieqturi bunebis Semecnebis, maTi uSualo mize-

zebisa da motivebis Seswavla, orientireba imaSi, Tu ra

formiT mimdinareobs konfliqtebi da rogori gzebiTaa

SesaZlebeli maTi gadaWra. konfliqtur pirobebSi Tanam-

SromelTa qcevis Seswavla da konfliqtebis marTvis unari

nebismieri donis menejerisTvis iseTive savaldebuloa,

rogorc koordinireba, uflebamosilebis delegireba, moti-

vacia, kontroli da sxva.

dRevandeli dinamikuri garemo didi gamowvevebis winaSe

ayenebs nebismier organizacias. am procesebs mudmivad Tan

axlavs konkretuli problemebis gadawyvetasa da cvlile-

bebTan dakavSirebuli konfliqtebi. socialuri da humani-

taruli codnis sferodan mopovebuli monacemebi aadvilebs

saSualebaTa arCevans imisaTvis, rom ufro metad iqnes gamoy-

enebuli konfliqtebis dadebiTi potenciali da imavdrou-

lad maTi negatiuri Sedegebi minimumamde dayvanili.

menejmentTan mimarTebiT misi ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa

aiZulos xelmZRvaneli realurad Sexedos konfliqtur situ-

aciebs, dakmayofildes ara mxolod intuiciiTa da jansaRi

azriT, aramed TanamSromlebTan muSaobis proceSi daicvas

konfliqtebis marTvis gansazRvruli, mecnierulad dadge-

nili wesebi da xerxebi. mecnieruli midgoma gulisxmobs

sistemurad organizebul, principulad struqturirebul,

meTodologiurad zust codnas sagnis (mocemul SemTxveva-

Si konfliqtebis marTvis) Sesaxeb, orientacias realuri

samyaros kanonzomierebebisa da obieqturi WeSmaritebis Ses-

amecneblad. nebismieri mecniereba konstruqciulia, gaTv-

lilia miRebuli codnis praqtikulad gamoyenebis, axali

proeqtebis SemuSavebisa da danergvis SesaZleblobaze. so-

cialuri procesebis mecnieruli xelmZRvaneloba, maT Soris

konfliqtebis regulireba, rogorc wesi, xorcieldeba anal-

itikuri gaangariSebis, socialuri kavSirebisa da urT-

ierTqmedebis monawileebze gegmazomieri da mravalmxrivi

155

gavlenis, mecnierulad Semowmebuli rekomendaciebis praq-

tikuli gamoyenebis safuZvelze.

alRosa da gamWriaxobaze dafuZnebuli jansaRi azri

da intuicia SezRudulia Tavis SesaZleblobebSi. Tumca, es

maxasiaTeblebi SeiZleba sasargeblo aRmoCndes konfliq-

turi situaciebis gacnobierebis, Tavidan acilebisa da mog-

varebis procesSi. amis meSveobiT menejerebma SesaZloa

uzrunvelyon garemoebebTan pragmatuli misadageba da Tu

konfliqti mainc gardauvalia, maSin ipovon misgan Tavis

daRwevis saukeTeso gamosavali.

rasakvirvelia, konfliqtis sxvadasxva tipisa da gada-

metebuli socialuri daZabulobis gamovlinebebis Seswav-

la saWiroa ara cnobismoyvareobisa da cxovrebis perip-

etiebis Sesaxeb codnis gamdidrebis mizniT, aramed imis-

aTvis, rom moxdes konfliqtebis profilaqtikisa da regu-

lirebis meTodebis, xerxebisa da wesebis Seswavla. saWiroa

nebismierma xelmZRvanelma konkretuli warmodgena Seiqm-

nas Serigebis procedurebze, rac SesaZlebels xdis Sromi-

Ti, qonebrivi davebis, sxva socialuri konfliqtis monawi-

leTa miyvanas SeTanxmebamde. mniSvnelovania mzadyofna kon-

fliqturi qcevis Sesabamisi stilis daxasiaTeba-Sefasebi-

saTvis, adamianTa Soris urTierTobis maRali kulturis

Seqmna-SenarCunebisaTvis, urTierTgagebis, TanamSromlobis,

funqcionaluri da socialuri partniorobisaTvis.

mTavaria konfliqtebis amocnobisa da maTi Sedegebis

winaswarmetyvelebis paralelurad viswavloT maTi mar-

Tva. imavdroulad, upirobod, gamosayofia konfliqtur situ-

aciebSi xelmZRvanelis roli, misi inteleqtualuri da emo-

cionaluri Tvisebebi, rac saWiroa konfliqtebis profilaq-

tikisa da gadawyvetisaTvis.

nebismier konfliqtur dapirispirebaSi Cadebulia pozi-

tiuri potenciali. es dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom kon-

fliqti xels uwyobs individebis specializacias da so-

cialuri jgufebis warmoqmnas, Sigajgufuri da jgufTa-


156

Sorisi urTierTobebis SedarebiT stabiluri struqturis

SenarCunebas, ZalTa balansis Seqmnasa da dacvas, ama Tu im

socialuri problemebisa da naklovanebebis ,,signaliza-

cias’’.

cnobili amerikeli (germanuli warmomavlobiT) mkvl-

evari kozeri, rogorc funqcionalizmis poziciis mimdevari,

Tavis naSromebSi aqcents akeTebda TanamSromlobaze. igi

xazgasmiT gamoyofda konfliqtebis mniSvnelobas social-

uri sistemis, ama Tu im organizaciis mdgradobisa da sta-

bilurobis uzrunvelyofaSi1. zogierT dasavleTevropel

mecniers Tavisi mkveTrad gamoxatuli kritikuli damok-

idebuleba aqvs struqturul-funqcionaluri analizisadmi,

isini skeptikurad aRiqvamen sazogadoebrivi mowyobis ̀ wonas-

worul-integralur~ models. maT Soris gamoirCeva ger-

maneli sociologi ralf darendorfi, romelmac SemogvTava-

za sazogadoebis konfliqturi modelis koncefcia.

germaneli sociologi mecnieri darendorfi dabejiTe-

biT gvarwmunebs, rom sazogadoeba nebismier momentSi Sei-

Zleba cvlilebebis mowme gaxdes, nebismier wertilSi Sei-

Zleba gaJRenTili iyos SeuTanxmeblobiT da konfliqtiT.

socialuri sistemis yoveli elementi ama Tu im xarisxiT

iwvevs cvlilebebs da dezorganizacias.

yoveli sazogadoeba dafuZnebulia batonobaze, imaze,

rom erTni aiZuleben da imorCileben sxvebs. winaaRmdegoba,

konfliqtebi warmoiqmneba imis gamo, rom adamianebs ganasx-

vavebs ara mxolod socialuri uTanasworoba, anu resurse-

bis flobisa da ganawilebis araerTgvarovani xelmisawv-

domoba, aramed brZola ZalauflebisaTvis, prestiJi da av-

toriteti, araTanabari mdgomareoba organizaciis marTvis

urTierTobebSi.1

konfliqti sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganuyofeli naw-

ilia. is yvelgan arsebobs, rogorc nebismieri ierarqiulad

organizebuli sistemis gardauvali Sedegi. adamianebs gaaC-

niaT konfliqtebis regulirebis, `socialuri ryevebis~

nino faresaSvili

157

Tavidan acilebis SesaZleblobebi. amisTvis mniSvnelovania:

jer erTi, konfliqtis mxareebs Soris gansxvavebebisa da

winaaRmdegobebis aRiareba; meore, mxareTa organizaciis done

_ rac ufro maRalia organizebulobis done, miT ufro ad-

vilia Tanxmobisa da SeTanxmebebis miRweva; mesame, gansazRvru-

li wesebis ormxrivi aRiareba, romelTa dacva SesaZlebels

xdis konfliqtis monawile mxareebs Soris urTierTobebis

SenarCunebasa da mxardaWeras.

XXI saukunis zRurblze msoflio ergatuli (gulisx-

mobs sami komponentis _ individis, sociumisa da teqnikis

erTianobas) gaxda, kacobriobam SeiZina grandiozuli ener-

getikuli da informaciuli resursebi. Tumca, gazrdili

SesaZleblobebis drosac ki adamians ar ZaluZs sakuTari

Tavis floba. amis Sedegad gardauvalia sxvadasxva masSta-

bis, mniSvnelobisa da Tvisebebis konfliqti, rac erTsa da

imave dros warmoadgens progresis stimuls da muxruWs,

sikeTes da borotebas.

xangrZlivi drois manZilze konfliqti ganixileboda

rogorc humanitaruli problema, romelic ar eqvemdebare-

boda zust gamokvlevas. magram gamoyenebiTi maTematikisa

da kompiuteruli teqnikis ganviTarebam gaafarTova raode-

nobiTi meTodebis gamoyenebis areali. kacobrioba gamovida

sazogadoebrivi progresis spiralis kidev erTi xviidan da

amJamad, TiTqmis yvela konfliqti ase Tu ise dakavSirebu-

lia teqnikasTan. socialuri konfliqtebi, romlebSic wamy-

vani roli ekisreba adamianur faqtors, mimdinareobs rogorc

socialur, aseve teqnikur sferoebSic.

interesTa sayovelTao harmonia miTia da adamianebi

SecdomaSi Sehyavs. sazogadoeba, xelisuflebis organoebi

da calkeuli pirebi ufro efeqtian Sedegebs miaRweven Ta-

vianT saqmianobaSi, Tu ar daxuWaven Tvals konfliqtur

situaciebze da daicaven konfliqtebis regulirebis wesebs.


1 Âçãëÿäû Ë. Êîçåðà íà ïàðàäèãìó êîíôëèêòà – Ñîöèîëîãèÿ

socio.rin.ru/cgi-bin/article.pl?id=1308

158

ukanasknel aTwleulebSi konfliqtologiis Teoriu-

li da gamoyenebiTi mniSvneloba gaizarda. garkveulwilad

es dakavSirebulia sabazro urTierTobebis CamoyalibebasTan

da, kerZod, ekonomikuri partniorebis urTierTkavSiris

garTulebasTan, mewarmeTa da, saerTod, meurne subieqtebis

interesebis SejaxebasTan, mwarmoeblebsa da saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis momxmareblebs Soris sxvadasxva xasiaTis

winaaRmdegobaTa gamwvavebasTan; sikeTeebis ganawilebasa da

moxmarebaSi, moqalaqeTa socialuri garantiebis, uflebebi-

sa da movaleobebis dacvaSi daubalanseblobasTan.

SemecnebiTi sawyisis arseboba principulad ganasx-

vavebs sazogadoebas mTlianad materialuri samyarosgan.

sazogadoebaSi yvelaferi, konfliqtebis CaTvliT, xdeba ara

mkacri, obieqturad ganpirobebuli winaswarganzraxulobiT,

aramed adamianTa mier TavianTi qmedebebis gaazrebiT.

goneba da TviTSegneba ganapirobebs imas, rom adamiani

Tavisufalia saqmianobis mimarTulebebis arCevaSi. igi cdi-

lobs angariSi gauwios qcevis daweril da dauwerel kanon-

ebs, romelTac iTvisebs socializaciis, kulturis miRweve-

bis gaziarebis procesSi.

Cven sinamdvileSi ar SeiZleba warmovidginoT calkeu-

li adamianebis Camoyalibeba an organizaciis saqmianoba

Siga daZabulobis, winaaRmdegobebis, uZraobisa da CamorCe-

nilobis daZlevis, interesebis Sejaxebebisa da brZolis

gareSe. maTi mizezebi SeiZleba iyos Semdegi: organizaciis

funqcionirebisaTvis araxelsayreli garemoebebi; SromiTi

motivaciis problemebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia Sromis

anazRaurebasTan, muSaobis Sinaarssa da prestiJulobasTan;

koleqtivSi calkeul pirebsa da socialur jgufebs Soris

urTierTobebi; struqturuli winaaRmdegobebi; komunikaci-

uri kavSirebis gawyvetasTan, administraciis gadawyvetile-

bebiT muSakTa ukmayofilebasTan dakavSirebuli mizezebi;

nino faresaSvili

1 Ðàëüô. Äàðåíäîðô., Òðîïû èç óòîïèè. Ðàáîòû ïî òåîðèè è èñòîðèè ñîöèîëîãèè.

Èçä. «Ïðàêñèñ.» ISBN 5-901574-08

159

TanamSromelTa temperamentis, xasiaTisa da qcevis manereb-

is, maTi asakisa da cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis, zneobrivi

warmodgenebis, ganaTlebis donis, kvalifikaciisa da saer-

To kulturis gansxvavebulobiT gamowveuli emociuri ga-

mosvlebi.

organizaciis arseboba da funqcionireba konfliqtis

gareSe iluziaa, utopia da, ufro metic, arc sikeTea. kon-

fliqtebi iseve, rogorc nebismieri socialuri winaaRmde-

goba, realuri sazogadoebrivi kavSirebis formaa, romelic

gamoxatavs pirovnebaTa urTierTqmedebas, socialuri jgufe-

bisa da gaerTianebebis urTierTobebs maTi moTxovnebis, mo-

tivebisa da rolebis gansxvavebulobisa da SeuTavseblo-

bis pirobebSi. am gagebiT is ara mxolod dasaSvebi, aramed

sasurvelicaa da SeiZleba sasargebloc iyos, rogorc sa-

zogadoebrivi aqtivobis faqtori. erTi sityviT, adamianTa

saqmianobas yovelTvis Tan axlavs konfliqti.

mxareTa ukuqmedebas adgili aqvs ara mxolod

pirovnebaTaSoris da jgufTaSoris konfliqtebSi, aramed

adamianis avtokomunikaciis, TviTorganizaciisa da TviTdapro-

gramebis procesSi. TviTregulacia fsiqologiurad uzrun-

velyofilia Sinagani dialogiT, romelic warmoiqmneba

azrovnebaSi, adamianis aRqmaSi, rogorc mis sakuTar gancdebsa

da qcevebze sxvadasxvagvari Sexedulebebis Sedegi. arsebi-

Tad, adgili aqvs igive kamaTs, azrTa sxvadasxvaobas, urT-

ierTdapirispirebas da winaaRmdegobas, rac damaxasiaTebe-

lia nebismieri socialurad ganpirobebuli konfliqti-

saTvis.

aqtiuri urTierTdapirispireba da ukuqmedeba ganasx-vavebs konfliqts konfrontaciis sxva formebisgan, rogor-

icaa Tanxmobis ararseboba ama Tu im sakiTxze, sxvadasxva

erTobisa da individebis interesTa winaaRmdegoba da gan-

sxvavebuloba, koliziebi moralur da samarTlebriv normebs

Soris, SejibrebiTi metoqeoba an mkacri konkurencia. kon-

fliqturi ukuqmedeba, Tuki igi SemoqmedebiTi formisaa da


160

ara damangreveli, konstruqciuli, produqtiuli sawyisis

Semcvelia. aseTi konfliqti xels uwyobs progresul cv-

lilebebs, dinamizms aniWebs ama Tu im socialuri sistemis

ganviTarebas, saboloo angariSiT, gonivruli kompromisis

safuZvelze is midis TanamSromlobamde.

konfliqtis umniSvnelovanesi funqciaa socialuri kav-

Sirebis aqtivizacia, adamianTa urTierTqmedebisa da maTi

urTierTobebisaTvis meti dinamikurobisa da mobilobis mini-

Weba. es aisaxeba socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tempe-

bze rogorc sazogadoebaSi, aseve calkeuli organizaciis

farglebSi da gansazRvravs saqmiani ganwyobis ama Tu im

xarisxs.

Conflict as the Process Containing Constructive and Productive

Backgrounds

N. Paresashvili

The article deals with the idea that conflicts as well as any social contra-

dictions are the form of actual public contacts which expresses personal inter-

actions, relations of social groups and entities in terms of differences and in-

compatibility of their requirements, motivations and roles. From this point of

view they are not only admissible but desirable and in some cases even useful

as well as a factor of public activeness.

Successful management of conflicts is important for ensuring sustain-

ability and stability of any organization. Counteraction of conflict, in case it has

creative and not destructive character, involves productive origin. Such conflict

promotes progressive changes, makes development of definite social systems

dynamic and leads to cooperation based on reasonable compromise.

nino faresaSvili

161


nino abesaZe

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tsu asocirebuli profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori.

biznesstatistikis informaciuli uzrunvelyofisaTvis

statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri sawarmoTa gamokvlevas

yovelkvartalurad axorcielebs. Tumca, es kvlevebi

programulad iseTi srulyofili formisa da im masStabisa

ar aris, rogoric es iyo 2008 wels evrokavSiris programa

TACIS-is dafinansebiT ganxorcielebuli kvlevisas.AaseTi

farTomasStabiani kvlevebis Catareba didZal finansur sax-

srebs moiTxovs da misi sistematurad Catareba, Tundac am

etapze, mxolod donori organizaciebis daxmarebiT aris

SesaZlebeli. aqedan gamomdinare oficialuri statistika

jer-jerobiT srulad ver axorcielebs mcire da mikro-

biznesis kvlevebs, rac Sedegebis popularizaciis safuZ-

velze biznesmens Camouyalibebda saqmianobis swori taq-

tikisa da strategiis SemuSavebis, Tavisi biznesis ganvi-

Tarebis xelisSemwyob da xelisSemSlel faqtorTa gamov-

lenis da sxva unars. amitom, statistikis erovnuli samsax-

uris saqmianobis erT-erT prioritetul mimarTulebas Bbi-

znesstatistikis informaciuli uzrunvelyofis gaumjobeseba

warmoadgens. faqtia, rom dRes saqarTveloSi mcire da saSu-

lo biznesis sawarmoebi realurad moklebulia marketingu-

li kvlevevis Catarebasa da miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze

biznesstatistikis

informaciuli bazis srulyofa

da maCvenebelTa prognozireba

162

nino abesaZe

swori mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZle-

blobas, rac didi biznesisaTvis SedarebiT advilad misaR-

wevia. dRes biznesstatistikis gamokvlevebi xorcieldeba

SerCeviTi meTodiT. msxvili sawarmoebi gamoikiTxeba sru-

li mocviT, xolo saSualo da mcire zomis sawarmoebi –

SerCeviT.

zomis mixedviT sawarmoebis klasifikacia moicavs: msx-

vil, saSualo da mcire sawarmoebs.

msxvil sawarmoebs ganekuTvneba sawarmo, sadac dasaqme-

bulTa saSualowliuri raodenoba aRemateba 100 kacs an

saSualowliuri brunvis moculoba -1.5 mln lars.

mcire zomis sawarmoebs miekuTvneba yvela organizaci-

ul-samarTlebrivi formis sawarmo, romelSic dasaqmebul-

Ta saSualo wliuri raodenoba ar aRemateba 20 dasaqme-

buls da saSualowliuri brunvis moculoba ar aRemateba

0.5 mln lars.

saSualo zomis sawarmoebs miekuTvneba yvela orga-

nizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis sawarmo, romelSic dasaqme-

bulTa saSualowliuri raodenoba meryeobs 20-dan 100 ka-

camde, xolo saSualowliuri brunvis moculoba – 0.5 mln

laridan 1.5 mln laramde.

biznesstatistikis gamokvlevisas gamosakvlev sawar-

moTa SerCeva xorcieldeba ,,saqstatSi” moqmed sawarmoTa

bazidan.

aRniSnuli baza Tavdapirvelad formirebul iqna 2005

wels imdroindeli sagadasaxado samsaxuris raionul dawese-

bulebebTan TanamSromlobis Sedegad, misi sruli aqtual-

izacia ki ganxorcielda 2009 wels. is moicavs yvela msx-

vil sawarmos da met-naklebad yvela saSualo zomis sawar-

mos, magram mcire sawarmoebis realuri raodenobisgan

garkveulwilad gansxvavdeba, rac mis xarvezebze migvaniS-

nebs (ix.cxrili 1).

163


saqarTveloSi moqmed sawarmoTa raodenoba zomis

mixedviT (2010 wlis 1 ivlisis mdgomareobiT)1

amasTan, baza (39078 sawarmo) ar moicavs NACE-is

klasifikatoris mixedviT yvela saqmianobis seqtors1. igi

moicavs mxolod Semdegi organizaciul-samarTlebrivi for-

mis mqone sawarmoebs: SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazoga-

doeba; solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba; saaq-

cio sazogadoeba; kooperativi; komandituri sazogadoeba;

individualuri mewarme.

zomis mixedviT sawarmoTa dajgufeba SeiZleba warmo-

vadginoT Semdegi cxrilis saxiT (ix. cxrili 2).

biznesseqtoris brunvis, produqciis gamoSvebisa da

dasaqmebis maCveneblebi sawarmoTa zomis mixedviT

(2010 wlis II kvartlis gamokvlevis Sedegebi)

cxrili 2

cxrili 1

raodenoba %

msxvili

saSualo

mcire

sul 39078 100,0

1902 4,9

3698 9,5

33478 85,6

1 cxrili Sedgenilia ,,saqstatis” monacemebis safuZvelze. www.geostat.ge2mcire da saSualo biznesi saqarTveloSi. statistikuri publikacia. Tb., 2009.

brunva

produqciis

gamoSveba dasaqmebulTa

raodenoba

mlrd

lari %

mlrd

lari% aTasi %

sul 5,74 2,97 100,00 371,4 100,00 msxvili

biznesi 4,78 83,28 2,42 81,48 217,9 58,67

saSualo

biznesi 0,49 8,54 0,28 9,43 73,1 19,68

mcire

biznesi 0,47 8,19 0,27 9,09 80,4 21,65

164

rogorc cxrilidan Cans, biznesseqtoris mTliani brun-

vis 83.28 % msxvil biznesze modis, xolo saSualo da mcire

zomis sawarmoebze Sesabamisad - 8.54% da 8.19%.

ra Tqma unda, garkveulwilad Seicvleba brunvis mocu-

lobis struqtura sawaroTa zomebis mixedviT, Tu Seicvle-

ba saSualo da mcire zomis sawarmoTa raodenoba gener-

alur (mTlian) erTobliobaSi1.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ,,saqstatSi” arsebuli generaluri

erToblioba moicavs saSualo da mcire sawarmoTa ufro

nakleb raodenobas, vidre es realobaSi SeiZleba arsebob-

des, magram, Cveni azriT, aman maincdamainc didi sxvaoba ar

unda mogvces procentuli wilebis gaangariSebisas.

mraval qveyanaSi biznessawarmoTa statistikis gamokv-

levebi da aqedan gamomdinare SerCevis samuSaoebi efuZneba

administraciul wyaroebs, rasac saqarTveloSi finansTa

saministros Semosavlebis samsaxuris monacemTa bazebi war-

moadgens. Tumca, misi gamoyeneba statistikis miznebisaTvis

jer-jerobiT garkveulwilad gamousadegaria, radgan gada-

saxadis gadamxdelTa bazaSi CarTulia iseTi subieqtebi,

romlebic statistikis gamokvlevis obieqts ar warmoad-

genen (magaliTad, fizikuri pirebi, subieqtebi, romlebic mx-

olod qonebis gadasaxads ixdian, subieqtebi, romlebmac ga-

daixades garkveuli gadasaxadebi erTjeradi operaciisaTvis).

Bes ki xelovnurad iwvevs bazis gazrdas. amasTan, bazaSi

zogjer ar aris dafiqsirebuli sawarmoTa misamarTi, xSir

SemTxvevaSi sworad ar aris miTiTebuli telefonis nomeri2,

rac aucilebelia interviurebis ganxorcielebisaTvis. aras-

rulad an xSir SemTxvevaSi saerTod araa miTiTebuli

ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxeoba. aRniSnul bazaSi ar aris

gamoricxuli agreTve sxvadasxva teqnikuri Secdomac, rac

1.N. Abesadze-Bewertung der Businessbedingungen in Georgien. Jurn. ,,axali ekono-

misti”, 2011 #2, gv.12.

2. n. abesaZe. mcire da saSualoBbiznesis informaciuli bazis sruly-

ofis sakiTxebi saqarTveloSi. goris universiteti. saerTaSoriso

konferencia: gori, 2011.

nino abesaZe

165

aferxebs mis gamoyenebas statistikuri miznebisaTvis. gar-

da amisa, garkveuli gansxvavebebia ,,saqstatisa” da Semosav-

lebis samsaxuris meTodologiaSi, romelic exeba moqmedi

sawarmoTa tipis gansazRvras.

,,saqstatisTvis” sawarmo moqmedad iTvleba, Tu igi

funqcionirebda saangariSo periodSi, e. i. miiRo garkveuli

Semosavali da/an gawia garkveuli xarjebi. SeiZleba sawar-

mo ar funqcionirebda saangariSo periodSi, magram gadaixa-

da qonebis gadasaxadi. aseT SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli sawarmo

Semosavlebis samsaxurisTvis moqmedad iTvleba ,

,,saqstatisTvis” ki ara.

samwuxarod, ver xerxdeba monacemTa bazebis Sedareba

sawarmoTa zomebis mixedviT, vinaidan amisTvis aucilebelia

calkeul sawarmoze brunvisa da dasaqmebulTa raodenobis

maCveneblis Sesaxeb informaciis floba, rac ar miiReba Se-

mosavlebis samsaxuridan garkveuli mizezebis gamo. amasTan,

,,saqstatSi” arsebuli moqmed subieqtTa bazaSi arsebuli

saSualo da gansakuTrebiT mcire zomis sawarmoTa raode-

noba gansxvavdeba realuri raodenobisagan.

aRniSnuli xarvezis gamosasworeblad aucilebelia

ekonomikuri aRweris Catareba, rac qveyanaSi saerTod ar

Catarebula, aucilebelia misi Catareba periodulobiT (mag.:

5 weliwadSi erTxel), xolo aRweraTa Soris periodebSi

moxdeba bazis aqtualizacia rogorc biznes registris xaziT,

aseve sawarmoTa kvartaluri da wliuri periodulobis

gamokvlevebiT. amasTan, unda ganxorcieldes registrire-

bul sawarmoTa etapobrivi aqtualizacia, sxvadasxva dar-

gis mixedviT.

Semosavlebis samsaxurisa da sajaro reestris erovnu-

li saagentos bazebze ,,saqstatis” sruli xelmisawvdomoba

da am uwyebebis SeTanxmebuli TanamSromloba mniSvnelovnad

gaaumjobesebs ,,saqstatis” mxridan ekonomikuri subieqteb-

is registracias, statistikur aRricxvianobas da aqedan

gamomdinare, statistikuri informaciis xarisxs.


166

biznesstatistikis erT-erT amocanas ara marto mim-

dinare statitikis warmoeba, aramed saprognozo maCveneblebis

gaangariSeba warmoadgens. amitom, arsebuliBbiznesstatis-

tikis informaciuli bazis pirobebSi SevecadoT sawarmoTa

brunvis mavveneblebis prognozirebas droiTi mwkrivebis

mosworebis analizuri meTodebis safuZvelze. amisaTvis

warmovadginoT sawarmoTa brunvis dinamika 1999-2010 wleb-

is mixedviT (cxrili 3).

brunva sawarmoTa zomis mixedviT (1999-2009 w.w.,

(mln lari)

cxrili 3

aRniSnuli maCveneblis dinamikaze ufro TvalsaCino

warmodgenis Seqmnis mizniT, pirvel rigSi, avagoT am maCveneb-

lis grafiki da histograma (ix. nax. 1.2).

Weli sul

maT Soris

msxvili saSualo mcire

1999 3,111.3 ... ... 1,044.1

2000 3,781.4 ... ... 1,265.5 2001 3,975.2 ... ... 1,232.7 2002 4,595.6 3,475.5 535.7 584.4

2003 5,523.0 4,198.8 572.7 751.5

2004 7,248.4 5,618.7 770.1 859.6 2005 10,076.3 7,756.9 1,163.6 1,155.8

2006 13,090.3 10,643.0 1,368.0 1,079.3 2007 17,544.4 15,002.5 1,609.1 932.8

2008 19,650.7 17,228.8 1,454.3 967.6

2009 20,302.2 17,136.9 1,701.2 1,464.1

nino abesaZe

weli

167

0

1

2

3

4

5

5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

Series: VSample 1999 2010Observations 12

Mean 11007.69Median 8662.350Maximum 23193.50Minimum 3111.300Std. Dev. 7427.675Skewness 0.427819Kurtosis 1.589851

Jarque-Bera 1.360318Probability 0.506536

nax. 1. sawarmoTa brunvis maCveneblis dinamika 1999-2009

wlebSi (mln larebSi)

nax. 2. sawarmoTa brunvis maCveneblis histograma da

satatistikuri maxasiaTeblebi

saprognozo gaangariSebebis dawyebamde unda SevniS-

noT, rom mocemuli maCveneblis prognozirebisTvis saWiro

modelebis agebis mizniT, qvemoT gamoyenebuli iqneba cno-

bili kompiuteruli programuli paketi Eviews1.

0

4000

8000

12000

16000

20000

24000

99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

1 Vincent Su. Economic Fluctuations and Forecasting. HarperCollins College Pub-liShers. 1996.2 C. W. J. Granger. Forecasting in Business and Economics. Academic Press, Inc.1980.


168

am maCveneblis prognozirebisaTvis SeiZleba gamoviy-

enoT sxvadasxva modeli, daviwyoT wrfivi trenduli mod-

eliT.

am models aqvs saxe:

V = 53.96666667 + 1991.586364*t

rogorc Sesabamisma gaangariSebebma aCvena, am modelis

determinaciis koeficienti sakmaod maRalia (0.93-s toli),

aseve sakmaod maRalia modelis daxris koeficientic, e.i. es

koeficienti sakmaod didi sizustiTaa gansazRvruli, rasac

ver vityviT mis Tavisufal wevrze, sakmaod maRalia F-statis-

tikis mniSvnelobac, amasTan, models axasiaTebs darbin-uot-

sonis statistikis dabali mniSvneloba, rac miuTiTebs, rom

misi saxe sulac araa saukeTeso.

maCveneblis wrfivi trenduli modelis cdomileba

warmovadginoT nax.3-iT.

nax. 3. maCveneblis wrfivi trenduli modelis cdomilebis

grafikuli warmodgena

-4000

-2000

0

2000

4000 0

4000

8000

12000

16000

20000

24000

99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

Residual Actual Fit ted

nino abesaZe

169

rac Seexeba am maCveneblis kvadratultrendul mod-

els, mas eqneba saxe:

V = 2572.051374 + 480.7355395*t + 137.3500749*t2

gaangariSebebiT irkveva, rom am modelis determinaci-

is koeficienti mis wrfiv variantze ufro maRalia (0.976-is

toli), aseve sakmaod maRalia modelis pirveli da mesame

koeficientTa t -statistikebic, Tumca meore koeficientis

t -statistikaze(stiudentis kriteriumze) amis Tqma ukve ar

SeiZleba. amasTan, modelis F- statistikis(fiSeris kriteri-umi) mniSvneloba wrfivi modelis analogiur maCvenebelze

metia, xolo standartuli cdomileba ki naklebi, rac

mTlianobaSi am modelis ufro maRal sizusteze miuTiTebs.

aRniSnuli modelidan gamomdinare, prognozuli Sefase-

bebis Sesabamisi grafiki naCvenebia nax. 4-ze.

nax. 4. maCveneblis kvadratuli trenduli modelis

cdomilebis grafikuli warmodgena.

axla avagoT mocemuli maCveneblis naxevrad logariT-

muli trenduli modeli. mas eqneba saxe:

LOG(V) = 7.953505642 + 0.2028865705*t.

-200 0

-100 0

0

100 0

200 0

300 0

0

5 000

1 000 0

1 500 0

2 000 0

2 500 0

99 0 0 01 02 0 3 04 05 06 07 0 8 09 10

Residu al Actual Fitted


170

am modelis determinaciis koeficienti wina (kvadrat-

uli) modelis rigisaa, xolo koeficientTa t -statistikebi

mniSvnelovnad ufro maRali. mniSvnelovnadaa amaRlebuli

modelis F-statistikis mniSvnelobac, da mxolod darbin-

uotsonis statistikis sididea ufro dabali. aqedan gamom-

dinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom am modelis sizuste wina

modelis sizustis rigisaa.

maCveneblis naxevrad logariTmuli trenduli mode-

lis cdomileba naCvenebia nax.5-ze.

nax. 5. maCveneblis naxevrad logariTmuli trenduli

modelis cdomilebis grafikuli warmodgena

dabolos, avagoT am maCveneblis e.w. ARIMA-s (integr-

irebuli avtoregresiisa da mcocavi saSualos) tipis mod-

eli. mas eqneba saxe:

V = 12019.77419 + [AR(1)=0.9069015913,MA(1)=3.316283132, INITMA=2000],

sadac AR(1) warmoadgens pirveli rigis avtoregresi-

ul wevrs, xolo (1) pirveli rigis mcocavi saSualos sid-

ides (rogorc cnobilia, MA(1)= , sadac mocemuli

gantolebis cdomilebaa (naSTi wevria wina periodisaTvis)).

-.2

-.1

.0

.1

.2

7.5

8.0

8.5

9.0

9.5

10.0

10.5

99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

Residual Actual Fit ted

nino abesaZe

1−tu 1−tu

171

amasTan, gantolebis marjvena mxareSi miTiTebulia drois

momenti, romlidanac iwyeba wiaRsvla warsulSi

(ingl.BACKCAST-warsulis aRdgenas, retropolacias niSnavs).

am gantolebis parametrTa statistikuri maxasiaTeblebi

zemoT moyvanili modelebidan yvelaze zustia. kerZod: misi

determinaciis koeficienti 0.99-s tolia, F-statistikis mniS-

vneloba udris 586-s, mxolod darbin-uotsonis statistikis

mniSvnelobaa sxva modelebze naklebi da Sesabamisad, t -statis-

tikis mniSvnelobebic araa maRali. (garda amisa, rogorc

cnobilia, aseTi tipis modelebi sakmaod swrafad hkargaven

prognozirebis sizustes, amitom maTi gamoyeneba grZelvadi-

an periodSi prognozirebisTvis araa mizanSewonili.)

nax. 6. maCveneblis ARIMA-s tipis modelis cdomilebis

grafikuli warmodgena

wrfivi trenduli, kvadratuli trenduli modelis,

naxevrad logariTmuli trenduli modelis, ARIMA-s tipis

modelis bazaze da bolo sami modelis bazaze gakeTebu-

li prognozuli Sefasebebi warmovadginoT cxrilis saxiT

(ix. cxrili 4).

-800

-400

0

400

800

1200

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

Residual Actual Fitted


172

sawarmoTa brunvis maCveneblis prognozuli Sefasebe-

bi 2011-2015 wlebisaTvis sxvadasxva modelis bazaze

cxrili 4.

am maCveneblis dinamikis grafiks, Sesabamisi prognozu-

li SefasebebiT, eqneba saxe (ix. nax.7).

nax. 7. maCveneblis dinamika da prognozuli Sefasebebi

wrfivi, kvadratuli, naxevrad logariTmuli da ARIMA-s

tipis modelebis bazaze

rogorc vxedavT, mocemul modelebs Soris yvelaze

optimistur prognozul Sefasebebs iZleva naxevrad log-

wlebi prognozuli

Sefasebebi

wrfivi

trenduli

modelis

bazaze

prognozuli

Sefasebebi

kvadratuli

trenduli

modelis

bazaze

prognozuli

Sefasebebi

naxevrad

logariTmuli

trenduli

modelis

bazaze

prognozuli

Sefasebebi

ARIMA-s tipis

modelis

bazaze

bolo sami

modelis

bazaze

miRebuli

Sewonili

prognozuli

Sefasebebi

2011 23953.0 28119.2 32472.35 23173.3 27892.7

2012 25944.6 32033.77 39776.5 22134.9 31259.2

2013 27936.2 36222.96 48723.5 21193.2 35293.4

2014 29927.8 40686.85 59683.1 20339.2 40114.9

2015 31919.3 45425.43 73107.8 19564.7 45870.6

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14

V1FV2F

V3FV4F

nino abesaZe

173

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14

WFV

ariTmuli trenduli modeli, yvelaze pesimistur Sefase-

bebs ki - ARIMA-s tipis modeli (romelic, misi statis-

tikuri maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare, yvelaze zusti Cans!).

amasTan, sabolood obieqturTan maqsimalurad miaxloe-

buli prognozuli Sefasebebis miRebis mizniT, vipovoT prog-

nozuli Sefasebebi, romlebic warmoadgens bolo sami (yve-

laze ufro zusti!) modelidan miRebuli prognozuli Se-

fasebebis Sewonil saSualos, aRniSnuli modelebis deter-

minaciis koeficientebis (maTi sizustis ZiriTadi maxasi-

aTeblis) mimarT.

am Sefasebas, romelsac WFV-iT aRvniSnavT, eqneba saxe:

WFV=

romlis Sesabamisi prognozuli Sefasebebi naCvenebia

nax. 8-ze.

nax. 8. maCveneblis A dinamika da bolo sami modelis

bazaze miRebuli Sewonili prognozuli Sefasebebi

advili SesamCnevia, rom es ukanaskneli prognozuli

Sefaseba, TiTqmis zustad imeorebs kvardatuli trenduli

modelis bazaze miRebul Sefasebebs. amitomac SegviZlia

,993.0975.0976.0

4*993.03*975.02*976.0++

++ FVFVFV


174

CavTvaloT, rom 2015 wlis sawarmoTa brunvis saprognozo

maCenebeli 45425.43 mln laris toli iqneba.

cxadia, ,,saqstatis” mxridan ekonomikuri subieqtebis

registraciis, statistikuri aRricxvianobisa da aqedan ga-

momdinare, statistikuri informaciis xarisis gaumjobese-

ba, adekvaturi statistikuri maxasiaTeblebisa da amis safuZ-

velze saimedo saprognozo gaangariSebebis myari safuZve-

li gaxdeba.

Improving Database of Business-statisticsand Forecasting of Figures

N. Abesadze

The article discusses the question of improving information base for the

small and medium business in Georgia.

The point is that these businesses don’t have abilities to conduct market-

ing researches and make proper managerial decisions based on the results of

these researches. This is easier for bigger businesses to do.

Therefore, the necessity of conducting periodical economic census and

actualization of the base during the intervals are proved in the article. It also

provides the classification of enterprises according to their sizes and sets out a

question of periodical actualization of the registered enterprises according to

different sectors. The article also discusses the problem of forecasting turnover

figures of enterprises using the modern methods of time series models. Namely,

the following models are used: linear trendy, square trendy, half-logarithm trendy

and ARIMA type model. In addition, the weighted average of the results using

the above-mentioned models is calculated, taking into account determination

coefficient of these models.

nino abesaZe

175

izolda WilaZe



saerTod, gadawyvetilebis miReba ramdenime altarna-

tividan arCevanis gakeTebas niSnavs. nebismieri gadawyvetile-

ba warmoebis donis, asortimentis, Sesyidvebis, gayidvebis,

warmoebis SemzRudveli faqtorebis, sasurveli finansuri

Sedegis miRebis, konkretuli SekveTis miRebis, biznesis naw-

ilis daxurvis da a.S. Sesaxeb, garkveul danaxarjebTanaa

dakavSirebuli.

pirvel rigSi aRvniSavT, rom cnebebi ̀ xarji~ da ̀ dax-

arji~ erTi da igivea. finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso

standartebis (fass) ganmartebiT, xarjebi aris sawarmos

ekonomikuri sargeblis Semcireba angariSgebiTi perio-

dis ganmavlobaSi sawarmodan aqtivebis gasvlis an valde-

bulebebis zrdis safuZvleze, rac gamoixateba sawarmos

sakuTari kapitalis SemcirebiT, romelic dakavSirebu-

li araa mesakuTreTaTvis kapitalis ganawilebasTan.1

motanil ganmartebaSi igulisxmeba, rogorc Cveulebriv

sameurneo saqmianobaze gaweuli xarjebi, aseve zaralic.

da miCneulia, rom Cveulebriv sameureno saqmianobaze gaweu-

li xarjebic warmoadgens sawarmodan ekonomikuri sargeb-

lis gasvlas (Semcirebas), rasac ar veTanxmebiT.


relevanturi da alternatiuli

xarjebis maCvenebelTa gamoyeneba

gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas

1 bass, struqturuli safuZvlebi, muxli70. Targmani inglisuridan, Tb., 2010.

176

migvaCnia, rom Cveulebrivi samerneo saqmianobis dan-

axarjebis gaigiveba zaralis cnebasTan, gaumarTlebelia,

rameTu, Cveulebrivi sameurneo saqmianobis ganxorcieleba

adekvaturi danaxarjebis gawevis gareSe SeuZlebelia da

amdenad, sawarmodan ekonomikuri sargeblis gasvlad an

Semcirebad ar unda CaiTvalos.

davasaxelebT ramdenime magaliTs: produqciis damza-

debaze nedleulis xarjva, marTalia, iwvevs sawyobSi nedleu-

lis maragis Semcirebas, magram imavdroulad izrdeba mza

produqtad gardaqmnili aqtivi, romelsac realizaciis

Semdeg Semosavali da mogeba moaqvs. amasTan, sawarmos

aqtivis (qonebis) saerTo sidide ar icvleba. maSasadame,

nedleulis xarji aucilebeli iyo momavali ekonomikuri

sargeblis formirebisaTvis.Aaseve, SromiTi xarjebic mza

produqtSi gadadis da miuxedavad imisa, rom personalis

mier gaweul Sromaze sawarmos warmoeqmneba valdebuleba

gasacem xelfasze, imave sididiT izrdeba mza produqciis

moculoba. agreTve, resursebis SeZenaze daxarjuli fula-

di qonebac ar warmoadgens, sawarmos ekonomikuri sargeb-

lis Semcirebas. davuSvaT, Sesyidulia 45000 laris danad-

garebi. am operaciaze, marTalia, sawarmodan fuladi Tanxa

gava, magram sanacvlod Semodis imave Rirebulebis materi-

aluri aqtivi da a.S. arsebobs aseTi `paradoqsi~: xarjebis

gawevis gareSe, aranairi Semosavlebi ar miiReba. Mmogebis

miReba erTnairi aucileblobiT moiTxovs Semosavlebsa da

Sesabamis xarjebs.

rac Seexeba zarals, igi aris sawarmos saqmianobis ama

Tu im mxaris,uaryofiTi finansuri Sedegi, romelic

rasakvirvelia, sawarmos ekonomikur sargebels amcirebs

da gauamarTlebelia, zaralis cneba, xarjebis cnebasTan

gavaigivoT.

izolda WilaZe

177

maSasdame, xarjebi aris Cvelebriv sameurneo saqmi-

anobaSi moxmarebuli materialuri da aramaterialuri

resursebi, samomavlo ekonomikuri sargeblis miRebis

mizniT.

zarali ki aris sawarmos ekonomikuri sargeblis

Semcireba an gasvla sawarmodan, romelic dakavSirebu-

li araa mesakuTreTaTvis kapitalis ganawilebasTan.

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros iseTi arCevanis ga-

keTeba xdeba, romelic aqcionerebs (mflobelebs) maqsi-

malur mogebas moutans. gadawyvetilebebis miRebis proce-

si oTx ZiriTad safexurs moicavs: gadawvetilebis miRebis

saWiroebis aRiarebas, SesaZlo alternativebis gamovlenas,

alternativebis Sefasebas da moqmedebis mimarTulebis

Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebas. maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelo-

vani alternativebis Sefasebaa.

alternativebis Sefasebisas mravali sxvadasxva in-

formacia gamoiyeneba, magram, Cven amjerad, danaxarjebis

informacias ganvixilavT.

gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze damokidebulebis mixed-

viT gamoyofen relevantur, ararelevantur da alterna-

tiul danaxarjebs.1

relevanturia xarji, romelic gadawyvetilebis Secv-

laze damokidebulebis mixedviT icvleba. igi romelime

proeqtis (kursis) miRebisas warmoiSoba, Aanu, igi ar arse-

bobs erT SemTxvevaSi, magram warmoiSoba meore SemTxveva-

Si. amitom, arCevanis gakeTebis dros igi gaTvalswinebuli

unda iqnes.

relevanturi danaxarjebi aris momavlis xarji da

fuladi saxsrebis nakadebia.ramdenime alternatividan is

proeqtia misaRebi, romlis relevanturi xarjebic naklebia.

1 finansuri marTva da kontroli. ACCA, wigni 2.4, Targm.inglis., Tb., 2004, gv:451.


178

ararelevanturia xarji, romelic ar Seicvleba, rome-

li gadawvetilebac ar unda iqnes miRebuli.Aamitom, gadaw-

yetilebis miRebis dros igi SeiZleba gaTvaliswinebuli

ar iqnes. davuSvaT, ganixileba ori proeqti (ix. cxrili).

relevanturi xarjebis gamoyofa

cxrilidan Cans, rom ufro naklebi prognozuli xar-

jebi aqvs pirvel proeqts. imaves aCvenebs Sefaseba rele-

vanturi danaxarjebiT.Nnaklebi relevanturi xarjebi

swored pirvel proeqts gaaCnia. danaxarjebis jamebs Soris

sxvaobac orive SemTxvevaSi 14100 laria. maSasadame, gadaw-

yvetilebis miRebis dros SeiZleba mxolod relavanturi

xarjebi iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli. amitom, relevantur xar-

jebs, gasaTvaliswinebel xarjebsac uwodeben. xolo, Sromi-

Ti xarji, imave magaliTze, ar Seicvleba romeli proeqtic

ar unda iyos miRebuli. igi yovelTvis Tanabari sididiT

iarsebebs, amitom arareleeanturia, gadawyvetilebis miRe-

baze ar reagirebs da amdenad, arCevanis gakeTebis dros

SeiZleba gaTvalswinebuli ar iqnes. ararelevantur xar-

jebs, argasaTvaliswinebel xarjebsac uwodeben.

danaxarjebi prognozuli

informacia (lari)

Arelevanturi

xarjebi (lari)

I proeqti II proeqti I proeqti II proeqti

• masalis xarji

• SromiTi xarji

• cveTis xarji

• reklamis xarji

-------------------------------

jami

30 600

11 500

7 400

5 200

------------

54 700

43 800

11 500

8 300

5 200

----------

68 800

30 600

-

7 400

-

------------

38 000

43 800

-

8 300

-

------------

52 100

izolda WilaZe

179

Aararelevanturi xarjebi Seuqcevadi xarjebia, war-

sulis danaxarjebia da gardauvali xarjia. ararelevan-

tur xarjebs miekuTvneba agreTve arafuladi xarjebi (ma-

galiTad, cveTis xarji da pirobiTi xarjebi), saerTo mud-

mivi zednadebi xarjebi da aqtivis wminda sabalanso YR-

irebuleba.

alternatiuli danaxarjebi aris xelidan gaSvebuli

sargebeli, sxva saukeTeso alternativaze uaris Tqmis gamo.

alternatiuli danaxarji xazs usvams imas, rom gada-

wyvetilebis miReba sxvadasxva alternativasTan aris dakav-

Sirebuli da erTi gadawyvetilebis miRebis alternatiu-

li danaxarji aris mogeba an zRvruli mogeba, romelzec

uari iTqva morigi saukeTeso alternativis armiRebis gamo.1

alternatiuli danaxajebis gansazRvris dros Ziri-

Tadad zRvruli mogebis maCvenebeli gamoiyeneba, romelic

Semosavlebsa da cvlad xarjebs Soris sxvaobis

tolia.zRvruli mogebis maCvenebeli Tavisufalia materi-

aluri maragebis naSTebiscvlilebis gavlenisagan da ami-

tom, momgebianobis ufro realur suraTs iZleva, vidre Cveu-

lebrivi mogebis maCvenebeli.

Tanamedrove dasavleTis ekonomistebi Tvlian, rom

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros, alternatiuli proeqteb-

is Sefasebisas alternatiuli danaxarjebic iqnes gaTval-

iswinebuli.

ganvixiloT, sxvadasxva situaciuri SemTxveva:

1. davuSvaT, erT-erT kontraqts sWirdeba 1000 kg raRac

masala, romlis Sesyidvis fasia 2l/kg. maragSi aseTi masa-

la ar arsebobs. igive saxis masala SeiZleba gamoyenebul

iqnes meore proeqtze, romelsac 500 lariT meti zRvruli

mogeba moaqvs.

ismeba kiTxva: ra xarjebi unda gaiTvaliswinos me-

warmem kontarqtis Sefasebis dros?

proeqtSi gasaTvaliswinebeli xarjebia: masalis rele-

vanturi xarji – 2000 lari da alternatiuli xarji 500


1mmarTvelobiTi aRricxva. ACCA. wigni F2, Targmani inglis., Tb., 2008, Ggv: 191.

180

lari. Cveni azriT, aseTi midgoma proeqts aZvirebs.yovelTvis

arsebobs miRebuli gadawyvetilebis alternativa, romelT-

anac SedarebiT mewarmem raRac Semosavali SeiZleba dakar-

gos, magram es bunebrivad arsebobs da misi gaTvaliswineba

gaumarTleblad mimaCnia.

2. davuSvaT, sawarmos aqvs adre nayidi 100 kg raime-

masala, 1,5 l/kg. igi aRar gamoiyeneba, magram SeiZleba

gaiyidos 3l/kg. menejmenti ganixilavs erT-erTi SekveTis

fass, romelSic gamoyenebuli iqneba 80 kg es masala.

Mmasalis alternatiuli xarji, romelic gaiTval-

iswineba SekveTis fasSi, iqneba 240 lari, rac bunebrivia,

SekveTis fass aZvirebs.

3. mompovebeli sawarmo iyenebs kvalificiur Sromas,

romlis saaTobrivi Rirebulebaa 5 lari da iRebs zRvrul

mogebas saaTSi 2 lars. axla ixilaven axal proeqts, romel-

ic saWiroebs 1500 sT kvalificiur Sromas. arsebobs kval-

ificiuri Sromis siWarbe. muSebi amJamad mocdenili arian,

magram anazRaurebas mainc Rebuloben.

Mmocemul SemTxvevaSi, relevanturi xarji nulis

tolia, radgan igive xelfasi isedac gadaixdeba, romeli

gadawyvetilebac ar unda iqnes miRebuli.

imave magaliTze Tu davuSvebT, rom ar arsebobs sam-

uSao Zalis siWarbe da yvela, vinc dasaqmdeba am axal

proeqtSi, sxva samuSaodan unda iqnes gadmoyvanili, maSin

am proeqtisaTvis gasaTvaliswinebeli SromiTi xarjebi

iqneba:L

relevanturi xarji - 1500 * 5 = 7500 l

alternatiuli xarji - 1500 * 2 = 3000 l

———————————————— —————

sul gasaTvaliswinebeli xarji 10500 l

izolda WilaZe

181

5. grZelvadian aqtivebTan dakavSirebiT igive meTodi

gamoiyeneba, romelsac masalebis mimarT iyeneben. Tuki man-

qana-danadgarebi unda Seicvalos misi sasargeblo momsax-

urebis vadis bolos, maSin relevanturi danaxarji iqneba

misi mimdinare Canacvlebis Rirebuleba (anu Sesyidvis fasi).

Tu manqana-danadgarebi ar unda Seicvalos, maSin relevan-

turi danaxarji iqneba Semdegi ori Tanxidan udidesi: re-

alizaciidan miRebuli Semosavali (Tu gaiyideboda) da

wminda fuladi saxsrebis nakadebi, rac warmoiqmneba aq-

tivis gamoyenebidan (Tu ar gaiyideboda).

davuSvaT, sawarmoSi aris danadgari, romelic Tavda-

pirvelad 14000 lari Rirda, momsaxurebis vada aqvs 5 weli

da cveTa ericxeba wrfivi meTodiT wliurad 2800 lari.

amJamad, danadgaris wminda sabalanso Rirebuleba aris 5600

lari. misi sxva miznebisaTvis gamoyeneba ar xdeba, magram

SeiZleba gaiyidos 4000 larad.

danadgaris pirvandeli Rirebuleba, sabalanso Rire-

buleba da cveTis Tanxa ararelevnturia, radgan isini war-

sulis danaxarjebia da saaRricxvo politikiT ganisazRvre-

ba. magram amJamad misi gayidva SeiZleba 4000 larad, maSas-

adame, igi gasaTvaliswinebeli alternatiuli xarjia.

cnobili mecnieri samuelsoni,alternatiul danaxar-

jebs dakisrebul danaxarjebs uwodebs. mas miaCnia, rom

arsebobs gansxvaveba sabuRaltro angariSebSi asaxul dan-

axarjebsa da realur ekonomikur danaxarjebs Soris. al-

ternatiuli danaxarji aris saukeTeso xelsayreli Sesa-

Zleblobis fasi. magaliTad, wvrili firmis mflobels

SeeZlo epovna msgavsi samuSao _ daqiravebuliyo da mis

wliur xelfass gadaeWarbebina misi sakuTari firmis wli-

uri mogebisaTvis, magram, radgan sinamdvileSi aseTi anazRau-


182

reba ar arsebobs, warmoiqmneba dakisrebuli xarjebi.rodesac

firmis mflobeli raRac Tanxas xarjavs mowyobilobebis

sayidlad da mSeneblobisaTvis, maSin gaiangariSeba alter-

natiuli xarjebi.

sabazro fassa da alternatiul danaxarjebs Soris

winaaRmdegoba ar aris, wers samuelsoni. bazarze konkurent

gamyidvelebs Soris warmoqmnili fasi utoldeba saukeTe-

so xelmisawvdom SesaZleblobas da, maSasadame, alternati-

ul danaxarjebs, magram alternatiuli danaxarjebis gaan-

gariSeba ufro mizanSewonilia ara bazarze mimoqcevadi

nivTebisaTvis, aramed sabazro brunvaSi CaurTvelebisTvis.

amgvarad, danaxarjebi moicavs zustad fiqsirebul

fulad xarjebze mimatebul iseT alternatiul danaxar-

jebs, rac warmoiqmneba im faqtorebis gamo, romelTaA gamoy-

enebac SeiZleba alternatiul mimarTulebebSi. Tu, visime

Sroma an kapitali kompiuterebis warmoebaSi SeiZleba gamoy-

enebul iqnes naxSiris mopovebis an xorblis moyvanisaTvis,

an sxva kompiuteruli firmis saqmianobaSi, namdvili dan-

axarjebi gansazRvruli unda iqnes saukeTeso SesaZlo al-

ternatiuli danaxarjebis am elementebis gaTvaliswinebiT.1

veTanxmebiT samuelsons,rom makroekonomikur doneze

realuri danaxarjebi SeiZleba aseTi midgomebiT iqnes gaan-

alizebuli wminda Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, magram mikro

doneze, sawarmoebSi alternatiuli xarjebis Setana proeq-

tis (an nebismieri saxis saqmianobis) prognozul an faqto-

1 p.samuelsoni, v.nordhausi, ekonomiksi, saxelmZRvanelo, Targm.inglis.,

Tb., 1992, gv: 117.

izolda WilaZe

183

briv RirebulebaSi gamarTlebulad ar migvaCnia, jer erTi,

sazogadoebas uricxvi saxeobis saxmari nivTi sWirdeba da

SeuZlebelia mxolod romelime erTi, yvelaze maRal-mo-

mgebiani produqtis warmoeba arsebobdes, raTaA masze iqnes

orientacia aRebuli da Mmeore, praqtikaSi igi permanen-

tul hiperinflacias gamoiwvevs.

magaliTad, davuSvaT raime masalis Sesyidvis fasi,

saidanc SeiZleba damzaddes oridan erT-erTi saxeobis

produqti, aris 4l/kg. pirveli saxeobis produqts erTeulze

moaqvs 5 lari zRvruli mogeba, meores - 3 lari. Tu pirve-

li produqtis damzadeba gadawydeba, zRvruli mogebis

danakargi ar iarsebebs, vinaidan pirveli saukeTeso varian-

tia. Tu meore saxis produqtis warmoebas airCevs sawarmo,

maSin produqtis erTeulze daikargeba 2 l zRvruli mogeba,

romelic alternatiuli xarjia da Tuki gaTvaliswinebu-

li iqneba meore saxeobis produqtis SefasebaSi, amiT, orive

saxeobis produqtis danaxarjebi da fasi faqtobrivad erT-

nairi gaxdeba. ase, rom Tuki yvela fizikuri da iuridiuli

piri Tavis xarjebSi alternatiurl xarjebs Seitans,

vfiqrobT, sabolood imas moitans, rom erTi kg askili da

erTi kg oqro erTi da igive fasis gaxdeba, rac gamarTle-

bulad ar migvaCnia.

Aamrigad, marTebulia, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros,

arCevanis gakeTebis mizniT, gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes mxo-

los relevanturi xarji, alternatiuli xarjebis gareSe,

rac mikro da makrodoneze stabilurobas Seuwyobs xels.


184

Using the Indicators of Relevant and Opportunity Costs

in Decision Making Process

I. Chiladze

There are two types of costs depending on decision making process:

relevant costs and irrelevant costs. Costs are relevant if they change when

decisions are made, such costs are decision related costs. Thus, when making

decisions it’s enough to take into consideration only relevant costs. If there are

several alternatives, the project where relevant costs are less is better.

Alternative costs are the benefit (profit or marginal profit) which is lost

when the best alternative has not been chosen. That’s why economists consid-

er that in decision making, when evaluating projects alternative costs should

also be taken into consideration.

We consider that alternative costs shouldn’t be included in the value of

a chosen project, as it increases its price.

izolda WilaZe

185

nana sreseli

iv. javaxiSvilis sax.


soflis meurneoba, rogorc mTeli ekonomikis umniS-

vnelovanesi dargi, xasiaTdeba rigi TaviseburebiT:

• warmoebis ekonomikuri procesi mWidrodaa dakavSire-

buli bunebriv procesebTan. Sesabamisad, warmoebis procesebs

Soris adgili aqvs did wyvetas;

• samuSao periodis da warmoebis procesis erTmaneTis-

gan mkveTrad dacilebis gamo, saboloo produqti miiReba sa-

muSao periodis dasrulebidan ramdenime Tvis Semdeg an su-

lac wlis bolos;

• soflis meurneoba (memcenareoba da mecxoveleoba)

rTuli warmoebaa da xasiaTdeba mravalproduqtianobiT (Zir-

iTadi, SeuRlebuli da Tanmdevi produqtebi).

sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis specifikuroba gana-

pirobebs buRaltruli aRricxvis Taviseburebebs. Aamis

gaTvaliswinebiT, sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobis buRaltru-

li aRricxvis wesebis, finansuri angariSgebis wardgenisa da

masTan dakavSirebuli ganmartebiTi SeniSvnebisaTvis, 2001 wlis

TebervalSi gancalkevebulad SemuSavda buRltruli aR-

ricxvis saerTaSoriso standarti (bass) 41 ,,soflis meurneo-

ba”. standarti dargobrivia da gamoyenebuli unda iqnes saso-

flo-sameurneo saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli muxlebis - bi-

ologiuri aqtivebis, masTan dakavSirebuli saxelmwifo gran-

tebis da nayofis miRebis momentisTvis arsebuli soflis

meurneobis produqciis aRricxvisaTvis.


biologiuri aqtivebis

Sefasebis da aRricxvis

Taviseburebebi

186

standarti ar gamoiyeneba sasoflo-sameurneo saqmi-

anobasTan dakavSirebuli miwisa (romelic regulirdeba bass

16 ,,ZiriTadi saSualebebi”) da aramaterialuri aqtivebis

(romelic regulirdeba bass 38 ,,aramaterialuri aqtivebi”)

mimarT. 41 standarti aseve ar exeba soflis meurneobis

produqciis gadamuSavebis process, radgan mas sasoflo-sameur-

neo saqmianobis nairsaxeobad ar miiCnevs.

magaliTad, yurZnis Rvinod gadamuSaveba am standartiT

ar ganixileba sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobad, Tumca, misi

logikuri gagrZelebaa.

bass-is 41 ,,soflis meurneoba” mizania, gansazRvros

nayofis miRebis momentisaTvis soflis meurneobis produqci-

is Tavdapirveli Sefaseba da aRiareba, biologiuri aqtivebis

transformaciis procesis aRricxvis meTodi da masTan dakav-

Sirebuli iseTi sakiTxebi, rac sxva standartebiT ar ganix-

ileba.

biologiuri aqtivebis, soflis meurneobis produqciisa

da nayofis Semdgomi gadamuSavebis procesis TvalsaCinoebi-

saTvis mogvyavs sqemebi magaliTebiT:

sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobis aRricxvis Taviseburebebs

ganapirobebs ara mxolod warmoebis, aramed aRricxvis obieqte-

bis calkeuli saxeobebis _ biologiuri aqtivebis, soflis

meurneobis produqciis da biologiuri transformaciis pro-

cesebis specifikac. Bbass-is Tanaxmad:

nana sreseli

187

biologiuri aqtivi aris mcenare an cxoveli. msgavsi

mcenareebis an cxovelebis erToblioba, rac qmnis biologiuri

aqtivebis jgufs;

soflis meurneobis produqcia aris sawarmos bi-

ologiuri aqtivebidan miRebuli produqti, mxolod nayofis

miRebis momentisaTvis; B

nayofis miReba aris biologiuri aqtividan produqciis

mocileba an biologiuri aqtivis sicocxlis procesis Sew-

yveta.

biologiuri transformacia aris biologiuri aqtivis

zrdis, degeneraciis (dakninebis), warmoebis da kvlavwarmoeb-

is (gamravleba-reproduqciis) procesebis erToblioba, romelic

ganapirobebs am aqtivis raodenobriv da xarisxobriv cvlile-

bas. biologiuri transformaciis, rogorc procesis marTvis

mizania: soflis meurneobis produqciis warmoeba, damatebiTi

biologiuri aqtivebis miReba, biologiuri aqtivis gayidva.

sasoflo_sameurneo saqmianoba mravaldargovania, magram

gansxvavebebis miuxedavad, aqvs Semdegi saerTo maxasieTeblebi1:

• cvlilebis unari, rac gamoixateba cocxali cxove-

lis an mcenaris biologiuri transformaciis unarSi;

• cvlilebis marTva, rac gulisxmobs biologiur trans-

formacias im pirobebis gaumjobesebis an stabilizaciis meS-

veobiT, romelic aucilebelia transformaciis procesisaTvis

(kveba, datenianeba, da a.S.). amgvari marTva soflis meurneobis

saqmianobas ganasxvavebs sxva saqmianobisgan.

• cvlilebis Sefaseba _biologiuri transformaciiT

an nayofis miRebiT gamowveuli xarisxobrivi (mag.: cximianoba,

simwife da a.S.) an raodenobrivi (namati,wona da a.S) cvlile-

ba Sefasebadi da kontrolirebadia.

biologiuri transformaciiT miiReba Sedegebis Semde-

gi tipebi:

1 finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebi (bass), buRal-

truli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standarti 41 „soflis meurneoba”

,2009 wlis 1 ianvari, gv. 901.


188

zrda gulisxmobs aqtivis (mcenaris an cxovelis) cv-

lilebas misi raodenobis matebis an xarisxis amaRlebis gziT;

degeneracia aris aqtivis cvlileba mcenaris an cxovelis

raodenobis Semcirebis gziT; reproduqcia aris aqtivis cv-

lileba cocxali mcenaris an cxovelis namatis (namravlis

miRebis) Sedegad.

biologiuri aqtivebis klasifikacia.

aRricxvasa da finansur angariSgebaSi wadgenis mizniT

biologiuri aqtivebi klasificirdeba:

moxmarebisTvis gankuTvnili biologiuri aqtivebi ise-

Ti aqtivebia, rac soflis meurneobis produqciis saxiT miRe-

buli unda iqnes nayofad an gaiyidos rogorc biologiuri

aqtivi. magaliTad, marcvleuli kulturebi _ simindi, xorba-

li, qeri; saxorce daniSnulebis Sinauri cxovelebi da frin-

veli, Tevzi da a.S.

sanaSene biologiuri aqtivia yvela is aqtivi, romelic

gankuTvnili araa moxmarebisaTvis. magaliTad, cocxali piru-

tyvi, romlidanac miiReba rZe da namravli; vazi; xexili da a.

S. sanaSene biologiuri aqtivi aris ara soflis meurneobis

produqcia, aramed TviTmenayofe aqtivi.

nana sreseli

189

zrdasrulia biologiuri aqtivi, romelic xasiaTdeba

mosavlis mowevis unariT (moxmarebisTvis gankuTvnili bi-

ologiur aqtivebTan mimarTebiT) an SeuZlia regularulad

namatis mocema (sanaSene, TviTmenayofe biologiur aqtivebTan

mimarTebiT).

mozardi jgufis gamoyofa biologiuri aqtivebidan

gamowveulia imiT, rom cxovelebis erTi nawili gamoiyeneba,

rogorc ZiriTadi saSualebebi, xolo meore nawili, rogorc

sabrunavi saSualebebi _sasaqonlo -materialuri faseulo-

bis SemadgenlobaSi. aRricxvaSi zustad unda aisaxos yvela

saxeobis cxovelis suladobis moZraoba da cvlileba: nam-

ravlis miReba, jiSiani cxovelebis SeZena, mozardis zrdas-

rul jgufSi gadayvana da a. S.

biologiuri aqtivebis Sefaseba.

sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobas gaaCnia unikaluri bune-

ba da maxasiaTeblebi. gamomdinare aqedan, soflis meurneobis

produqcia da biologiuri aqtivebi Sefasdeba mxolod maSin,

rodesac1:

biologiuri aqtivi, Tavdapirveli aRiarebisas da yoveli

saangariSgebo periodis bolos, unda Sefasdes gayidvisaTvis

saWiro Sefasebuli xarjebiT Semcirebuli realuri Rire-

bulebiT.

biologiuri aqtividan miRebuli soflis meurneobis

produqti unda Sefasdes nayofis miRebis momentisaTvis ar-

1 finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebi (bass), buRal-

truli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standarti 41 „soflis meurneoba”,

2009 wlis 1 ianvari, gv. 902.


190

sebuli gayidvisTvis saWiro Sefasebuli xarjebiT Semcire-

buli realuri RirebulebiT.

Sefasebuli xarjebi moicavs gayidvisaTvis saWiro

xarjebs: sasaqonlo birJebis da maregulirebeli saagentoeb-

is mosakrebels; Suamavlis sakomisios da gayidvis sxva xar-

jebs. igi ar moicavs transportirebis da bazarze aqtivis

miwodebis xarjebs, radgan is ukve gaTvaliswinebulia re-

aluri Rirebulebis gansazRvrisas.

realuri Rirebuleba aris is Tanxa, romliTac SeiZle-

ba aqtivi gaicvalos urTierTdamoukidebel da saqmis mcodne

mxareebs Soris „gaSlili xelis manZilis principiT.” re-

aluri Rirebuleba efuZneba aqtivis mimdinare adgilmdebar-

eobasa da mdgomareobas. realuri Rirebuleba aris sxvaoba

sabazro fassa da aqtivebis bazarze miwodebis satransporto

da sxva xarjebs Soris. magaliTad, fermaSi msxvilfexa rqosani

pirutyvis realuri Rirebuleba aris Sesabamis bazarze arse-

bul fass gamoklebuli transportisa da bazarze misi miyva-

nis sxva xarjebi.

realuri Rirebulebis dadgenis gamartivebis mizniT, Bbi-

ologiur aqtivebsa da soflis meurneobis produqcias ajgufe-

ben mniSvnelovani maxasieTeblebis mixedviT. dajgufebisaTvis

sawarmom unda SearCios iseTi maxasiaTebeli, romlis mixedvi-

Tac gansazRvrulia sabazro fasi. magaliTad, asakobrivi jgufi,

xarisxi da a.S.

nana sreseli

191

biologiuri aqtivis realuri Rirebulebis dadgenis

safuZvelia aqtiur bazarze kotirebuli fasebi :

aqtiuri bazris ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, realuri Rire-

bulebis gansazRvris mizniT, sawarmom SeiZleba gamoiyenos

qvemoT miTiTebuli pirobebidan erTi an ramdenime, misi xelm-

isawvdomobis mixedviT:

soflis meurneobis produqtebis mwarmoebeli, warmoeb-

is zogierT stadiaze, sasaqonlo materialur faseulobas _

soflis meurneobis produqcias nayofis miRebis Semdeg, Sei-

Zleba aRricxavdes neto-sarealizacio RirebulebiT. ker-

Zod, rodesac marcvleuli kulturebis mosavali ukve aRebu-

lia da misi realizaciac uzrunvelyofilia saxelmwifo

grantebiT an winaswar dadebuli (forvarduli) kontraqte-

biT an bazris erTgvarovnebiT, ris gamoc umniSvneloa saqon-

lis realizaciis gareSe darCenis riski.

neto (wminda) sarealizacio Rirebuleba aris Sefasebi-

Ti gasayidi fasi produqciis dasrulebisa da gayidvisaTvis

saWiro SefasebiTi xarjebis gamoklebiT. igi aris wminda Tanxa,

romelsac sawarmo moelis sasaqonlo materialuri faseu-

lobis gayidvis Semdeg, Cveulebrivi sameurneo saqmianobis


192

procesSi. realuri Rirebuleba ki aris Tanxa, romelzec igive

sasaqonlo- materialuri faseuloba SeiZleba gaicvalos ba-

zarze, dainteresebul da saqmismcodne myidvelebsa da gamy-

idvelebs Soris.Nneto sarealizacio Rirebuleba sawarmosaTvis

specifikuri Rirebulebaa, xolo realuri Rirebuleba ki _

ara. neto (wminda) sarealizacio Rirebuleba SesaZlebelia

ar udrides gayidvis Sefasebuli xarjebiT Semcirebul re-

alur Rirebulebas.

biologiuri aqtivis mocemuli mdgomareobisaTvis saba-

zro fasis ar arsebobis pirobebSi, biologiuri aqtivis

realuri Rirebulebis gansazRvrisas sawarmo iyenebs am aq-

tividan mosalodneli wminda (neto) fuladi saxsrebis dis-

kontirebul Rirebulebas. Ddiskontirebuli Rirebuleba

gamoTvleba im neto fuladi nakadidan, romlis miRebasac varau-

doben bazris monawileebi mocemuli aqtividan am aqtivisTvis

yvelaze Sesaferis bazarze.

im biologiuri aqtivisaTvis, romlzec ar arsebobs ba-

zriT gansazRvruli fasebi an Rirebulebebi da aris varaudi,

rom SeuZlebelia realuri Rirebulebis saimedod Sefaseba,

amgvari biologiuri aqtivi unda Sefasdes TviTRirebulebiT,

dagrovili cveTisa da dagrovili gaufasurebis zaralis

gamoklebiT. rodesac amgvari biologiuri aqtivis realuri

Rirebulebis Sefaseba saimedo gaxdeba, sawarmom biologiuri

aqtivi unda Seafasos gayidvisaTvis Sefasebuli xarjebiT

Semcirebuli realuri RirebulebiT.

biologiuri aqtivebi xSirad fizikurad mimagrebulia

miwaze (magaliTad, xeebi tyis masivSi, xexilis xeebi baRebSi,

vazi zvarSi da a.S.).miwaze mimagrebuli biologiuri aqtivi-

saTvis SeiZleba ar arsebobdes calke bazari, magram aqtiuri

bazari SeiZleba arsebobdes kombinirebuli aqtivisaTvis,

rogorc biologiuri aqtivebis, daumuSavebeli miwis an gaum-

jobesebuli miwis erTiani paketisaTvis. Bbiologiuri aqtivis

realuri Rirebulebis gansazRvrisaTvisKkombinirebuli aq-

tivis realuri Rirebulebas SeiZleba gamoakldes daumuSave-

beli miwis an gaumjobesebuli miwis realuri Rirebuleba.

rogorc aRvniSneT, biologiuri aqtivebidan miRebuli

soflis meurneobis produqcia Tavdapirveli aRiarebisas fas-

deba gayidvis Sefasebuli xarjebiT Semcirebuli realuri

nana sreseli

193

RirebulebiT. aseTi Sefaseba warmoadgens soflis meurneo-

bis produqciis TviTRirebulebas nayofis miRebis momentSi,

rac SesabamisobaSia Tavdapirveli TviTRirebulebiT aRricx-

vis modelTan.

standartiT biologiuri aqtivebis Tavdapirveli aRi-

arebisas da realizaciis Sefasebuli xarjebiT Semcirebuli

realuri Rirebulebis cvlilebebidan warmoqmnili Semosu-

loba an zarali unda aRiardes im periodis wminda mogebasa

da zaralSi, rodesac igi warmoiqmna1.

magaliTi:

fermerulma meurneobam mozardidan ZiriTad merZeul

jogSi gadaiyvana 10 uSobeli cocxali woniT - 4.620 kg da

gamozrdis TviTRirebulebiT - 27.720 lar. gadayvanis TariR-

isaTvis 1 kg cocxali wonis gayidvis Sefasebuli xarjebiT

Semcirebuli realuri Rirebuleba aris 7 lari.

mozardi da suqebaze dayenebuli pirutyvi warmoadgens

sabrunav saSualebebs da unda aRiricxos sasaqonlo -materi-

aluri faseulobis SemadgenlobaSi, angariSze _ 1615 ,,mozar-

di da gasasuqebeli pirutyvi.” produqtiuli pirutyvis mozar-

deulSi gadayvana unda aRiricxos angariSze _ 2125 ,,ZiriTa-

di jogis formireba.” meurneobaSi ganxorcielebuli sameur-

neo operaciebi aRricxvaSi aisaxeba Semdegi gatarebebiT:

ZiriTad merZeul jogSi gadasayvani 10 suli mozardeu-

lis Camowera gamozrdis TviTRirebulebiT 27,720 lari:

debeti _ 2125 ,,ZiriTadi jogis formireba” - 27,720 lari

krediti _ 1615 ,,mozardi da gasasuqebeli pirutyvi” - 27,720

lari.

,,ZiriTad merZeuli jogSi” gadayvanili 10 suli mozar-

deuli unda Sefasdes 1 kg cocxali wonis gayidvis Sefasebu-

li xarjebiT Semcirebuli realuri RirebulebiT, rac Sead-

gens 32,340 (4620*7) lars. mozardis gadayvana ,,ZiriTad merZeul

jogSi~ gayidvis Sefasebuli xarjebiT Semcirebuli realur

RirebulebiT 32,340 lari aisaxeba gatarebiT:

1 finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebi (fass), buRal-

truli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standarti 41 „soflis meurneoba,”

2009 wlis 1 ianvari, gv. 904.


194

debeti _ 2155 ,,ZiriTad merZeuli jogi” - 32,340 lari.

krediti _ 2125 ,,ZiriTadi jogis formireba” - 32,340 lari.

sxvaoba gayidvis Sefasebuli xarjebiT Semcirebuli

realur Rirebulebasa (32,340 lari) da gamozrdis TviTRire-

buleba (27,720 lari) Soris 4,620 (32,340 –27,720) lari,

aisaxeba mimdinare peridois wminda mogebis saxiT.

mogeba ,,ZiriTad merZeuli jogSi~ gadayvanili mozar-

dis Rirebulebis cvlilebidan 4,620 lari gatardeba:

debeti _ 2125 ,,ZiriTadi jogis formireba”- 4,620 lari.

krediti _ 8130 ,,arasaoperacio mogeba” - 4,620 lari.

realuri Rirebulebis modeliT sargeblobis pirobeb-

Si, biologiuri aqtivebis warmoebasa da nayofis miRebaze

gaweuli xarjebi unda aRiardes misi gawevis momentSi. xar-

jebi, romelic zrdis sawarmos mflobelobaSi an kontrolze

myofi biologiuri aqtivebis raodenobas, unda daematos bi-

ologiuri aqtivis mimdinare Rirebulebas.

aseTiaBbiologiuri aqtivebis Sefasebis specifika da

aRricxvis zogierTi Tavisebureba.

Peculiarities of Assessment and Accounting of Biological Assets

N. Sreseli

Because of specifications of agricultural activities, difficult and almostconflict situation occurs regarding applying traditional accounting models, whichis primarily because of the fact, that it’s impossible to use initial cost and real-ization principle-based accounting models for accounting the processes associ-ated with biological transformations.

Despite the diversity of agricultural activities, the principles have beendeveloped by the International Accounting Standards 41 “Agriculture”, whichregulates the activities of short and long-term production cycle of agriculturalenterprises.

Among the characteristics of the enterprises producing agricultural prod-ucts, it’s important to note that while initial recognition, biological assets andagricultural products are estimated by the real cost decreased by estimated sell-ing expenses and the financial results caused by changes in real costs are re-flected in the net income and net loss of the reporting period.

nana sreseli

195

nadeJda kvataSiZe

iv.javaxiSvilis Tsu asocirebuli profesori

ZiriTadi saSualebebis eqspluataciisa da cveTis xar-

jebis aRricxvas gansazRvravs ZiriTadi saSualebebis saaR-

ricxvo erTeulebad aRiareba. sazom erTeulad aRiareba niS-

navs imis dadgenas, Tu ras moicavs ZiriTadi saSualebebis

erTeuli. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, Znelia obieqtis identifika-

cia ZiriTad saSualebad, radgan mas damoukideblad ar moaqvs

sawarmosTvis ekonomikuri sargebeli. buRaltruli aRricx-

vis saerTaSoriso standarti (bass) 16 _ ̀ ZiriTadi saSualebe-

bi~ iZleva rekomendacias, rom aqtivis identificirebisa da

misi sazomi erTeulis dasadgenad saWiroa gansja aRiarebis

kriteriumis gamosayeneblad _ ama Tu im sawarmos konkretu-

li viTarebis mimarT obieqtis Sesabamisobis Semowmeba aq-

tivis ganmartebasTan. zogierT SemTxvevaSi mizanSewonilia

individualurad umniSvnelo erTeulebis gaerTianeba da kri-

teriumis gamoyeneba agregirebuli RirebulebisaTvis. anu um-

niSvnelo obieqtebis Sejameba da kriteriumebis gamoyeneba

Sejamebuli obieqtebisaTvis.

amdenad, ZiriTadi saSualebebis aRiarebisas unda gan-

isazRvros am erTeulebis Semadgeneli nawilebi da erTeu-

lis mTlian RirebulebaSi moculobis Sesabamisad daiyos is

mniSvnelovan da umniSvnelo nawilebad. ZiriTadi saSuale-

bebis yoveli erTeulis nawili, romelsac gaaCnia mniSvnelo-

vani Rirebuleba erTeulis mTlian RirebulebasTan mimarTe-

biT, unda aRiardes calke _ mniSvnelovan nawilad da calke

darCenil nawilad. darCenili nawili Sedgeba aRniSnuli

erTeulis im nawilebisagan, romlebic individualurad mniS-

vnelovani ar aris.

ZiriTadi saSualebebis

eqspluataciisa da cveTis xarjebis

aRricxvis sakiTxebi


196

aqtivebis ZiriTad saSualebad aRiarebisas Semadgeneli

nawilebis mniSvnelobasTan erTad, gasaTvaliswinebelia maTi

sasargeblo momsaxurebis vadac. periods, romelSic ZiriTad

saSualebas SeuZlia moitanos ekonomikuri sargebeli, ewode-

ba sasargeblo momsaxurebis vada.

gansxvavebuli sasargeblo momsaxurebis vadis mqone

nawilebi calke erTeulad unda aRiardnen. saTadarigo da

damxmare nawilebTan dakavSirebiT bass-i iZleva Semdeg

rekomendaciebs:

• saTadarigo da damxmare nawilebi ZiriTad saSualebe-

bad kvalificirdeba, Tu sawarmo maT gamoyenebas apirebs erTze

meti saaRricxvo periodis ganmavlobaSi;

• Tu saTadarigo nawili da damxmare mowyobiloba Sei-

Zleba gamoyenebul iqnes mxolod ZiriTadi saSualebebis

romelime konkretul erTeulTan erTad, is unda aRiricxos

ZiriTadi saSualebis saxiT.

saTadarigo da damxmare nawilebis sakiTxis gansjis

dros sawarmos SeuZlia gamoiyenos arsebiTobis principi

da misTvis mcire Rirebulebis saTadarigo da damxmare naw-

ilebi miakuTvnos sasaqonlo-materialur faseulobebs.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, sawarmom ZiriTadi saSualebebis

Tavdapirveli aRiarebisas unda gansazRvros am erTeulebis

Semadgeneli nawilebi da erTeulis mTlian RirebulebaSi

moculobis Sesabamisad daiyos is mniSvnelovan da umniSvne-

lo nawilebad. ZiriTadi saSualebis yoveli erTeulis naw-

ils, romelsac gaaCnia mniSvnelovani Rirebuleba erTeulis

mTlian RirebulebasTan mimarTebiT, cveTa cal-calke unda

daericxos1.

ZiriTadi saSualebebis arsebiT nawils SeiZleba sxva

analogiuri ZiriTadi saSualebebis msgavsi sasargeblo mom-

saxurebis vada da cveTis daricxvis meTodebi hqondes. cve-

Tis daricxvis miznebisaTvis SesaZlebelia aseTi ZiriTadi

saSualebebis erTeulebis gaerTianeba.

aseve, calke unda daericxos cveTa am erTeulis darCe-

nil nawils. darCenili nawili Sedgeba aRniSnuli erTeulis

im nawilebisagan, rac individualurad mniSvnelovani ar aris.

1 bass 16. ZiriTadi saSualebebi. Tb., 2009. gv.43-50.

nadeJda kvataSiZe

197

aqtivze cveTis daricxva maSin iwyeba, rodesac SesaZle-

belia misi gamoyeneba. aqtivis cveTadi Rirebuleba unda ga-

nawildes sistematur safuZvelze, misi sasargeblo momsax-

urebis vadis ganmavlobaSi. cveTis daricxva ar wydeba maSi-

nac ki, rodesac aqtivi xdeba gamouyenebeli an aqtiuri mox-

marebidan gamosulia, sanam aqtivs srulad ar daericxeba cve-

Ta. mokled, aqtivs cveTa daericxeba maSinac, roca is ar fun-

qcionirebs1. aqtivis umoqmedobis periodebs, rogorc wesi,

adgili aqvs uSualod aqtivis SeZenis Semdeg da uSualod

misi sawarmodan sxva formiT gasvlis win. bass-s miaCnia, rom

marTebulia SezRuduli sasargeblo momsaxurebis vadis mqone

aqtivze, misi funqcionirebis Tu umoqmedobis miuxedavad, cve-

Tis ise daricxva, rom finansur angariSgebaSi aisaxos aq-

tivis sasargeblo momsaxurebis potenciali, romelic gaixar-

ja aqtivis flobis periodSi.

rogorc cnobilia, miwas cveTa ar ericxeba, magram unda

aRiniSnos, rom bass-iT Tu miwis Rirebuleba moicavs moednis

demontaJis, likvidaciisa da aRdgenis danaxarjebs, miwis Rire-

bulebis am nawils cveTa daericxeba danaxarjebis gawevidan

ekonomikuri sargeblis miRebis periodSi. zog SemTxvevaSi,

miwas TviTon SeiZleba gaaCndes SezRuduli momsaxurebis

vada, am SemTxvevaSi mas daericxeba cveTa misgan misaRebi

sargeblianobis xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT.

aqtivis cveTis daricxva wydeba im dRidan, rac igi klas-

ificirdeba gasayidad gamiznulad (an CarTulia gasayidad

gamiznulad klasificirebul gamsvlel jgufSi) da mas Sem-

deg, rac wydeba am aqtivis aRiareba.

ZiriTdi saSualebebis SeZenis Semdeg iwyeba misi eqs-

pluatacia (gamoyeneba), rac moiTxovs mis teqnikur uzrunve-

lyofas _ aqtivebis muSa mdgomareobis SenarCunebas. amis-

aTvis saWiroa aqtivis movla, Senaxva, dazianebuli funqciis

aRdgena da sxva msgavsi samuSaoebis Catareba.

bass-i, ZiriTadi saSualebebis eqspluataciisaTvis gaweul

danaxarjebisadmi, iyenebs ZiriTadi saSualebebis aRiarebis

principebs. kerZod, ZiriTadi saSualebebis eqspluataciis

danaxarjebs, romelic akmayofilebs aqtivad aRiarebis krite-

riumebs, CairTveba ZiriTadi saSualebebis erTeulis sabalan-


1 bass 16. ZiriTadi saSualebebi. Tb., 2009. ds 31-31.

198

so RirebulebaSi; xolo romelic ar akmayofilebs aqtivad

aRiarebis kriteriumebs, ar CairTveba ZiriTadi saSualebebis

erTeulis sabalanso RirebulebaSi da gawevisTanave aRiardeba

xarjad.

bass-iT, ZiriTadi saSualebebis yoveldRiuri momsax-

urebis danaxarjebi ar akmayofilebs aqtivad aRiarebis kri-

teriumebs. es danaxarjebi aRiardeba mogebasa an zaralSi.

yoveldRiuri momsaxurebis danaxarjebi, ZiriTadad, moicavs

SromiTi da sxva resursebis danaxarjebs, aseve masSi SeiZle-

ba Sediodes mcirefasiani nawilebis Rirebuleba. es danaxar-

jebi xSirad aisaxeba rogorc ZiriTadi saSualebebis `remon-

ti da momsaxureba~.

ZiriTadi saSualebebis zogierTi erTeulis mTavari

detalebi SesaZloa moiTxovdes regularul Secvlas. aRi-

arebis principis Sesabamisad, Tu Semcvleli nawilebi akmay-

ofilebs aRiarebis kriteriumebs, is aRiardeba aqtivad da

misi Rirebuleba CairTveba ZiriTadi saSualebebis erTeu-

lis sabalanso RirebulebaSi, xolo Secvlili nawilebis

sabalanso Rirebulebis aRiareba wydeba. sabalanso Rire-

buleba is Tanxaa, romliTac aqtivi aRiarebulia dagrovili

cveTisa da dagrovili gaufasurebis zaralis1 Tanxebis gamok-

lebis Semdeg2.

aseTi midgoma gamoiyeneba maSinac ki, roca wina peri-

odebSi ar xdeboda Secvlili nawilis calke aqtivad aRiare-

ba da Sesamabisad masze cveTis daricxva. Secvlili nawilis

sabalanso Rirebulebis dasadgen indikatorad gamoiyeneba

Secvlili nawilis TviTRirebuleba.

ZiriTadi saSualebis erTeulis uwyveti gamoyenebis piro-

ba moiTxovs periodul srulmasStabian Semowmebebs defeqte-

bis gamosaaSkaraveblad, imis miuxedavad, am erTeulis naw-

ilebi Seicvleba Tu ara. rodesac aseTi srulmasStabiani

Semowmebebi tardeba, bass-iT Semowmebis Rirebuleba aisaxeba

ZiriTadi saSualebis erTeulis sabalanso RirebulebaSi,

nadeJda kvataSiZe

1 gaufasurebis zarali aris Tanxa, romliTac aqtivis sabalanso Rire-

buleba aRemateba mis anazRaurebad Rirebulebas ( bass 16 `ZiriTadi

saSualebebi~, p.6).2 anazRaurebadi Rirebuleba aris aqtivis Rirebulebis maqsimaluri sidide

gayidvis danaxarjebiT Semcirebuli aqtivis realur Rirebulebasa da

misi gamoyenebis Rirebulebas Soris (bass 16 1`ZiriTadi saSualebebi~,

p.6; bass 36 àqtivebis gaufasureba~, p. 6).

199

rogorc Semcvleli, Tu akmayofilebs aRiarebis kriteriumebs.

Sesabamisad wydeba wina Semowmebis Rirebulebis sabalanso

Rirebulebis (rogorc fizikuri nawilebisagan gansxvavebu-

li) aRiareba. amas adgili aqvs imis miuxedavad, wina Semowme-

bis Rirebuleba aisaxa Tu ara erTeulis SeZenis an Seqmnis

operaciis RirebulebaSi.

zogierTi aqtivis Tavdapirveli aRiarebisas sawarmos

specialistebs ar miaCniaT saWirod misi dayofa damoukidebel

nawilebad da cal-calke ZiriTad saSualebad aRiareba. amis

mizezia aqtivis Semadgenloba, romelic moicavs mcire Rire-

bulebis saTadarigo nawilebs da gansjis safuZvelze mocemul

sawarmoSi ar aRiardeba ZiriTad saSualebad. aseTi nawilebi

aRiricxeba sasaqonlo-materialuri faseulobebis saxiT da

maTi Secvlaze gaweuli danaxarjebi gawevisTanave aRiardeba

xarjad.

sawarmoSi adgili aqvs ara mxolod ZiriTadi saSuale-

bebis aqtivis romelime nawilis Secvlas, aramed saeqspluat-

acio xasiaTis samuSaoebsac. es SeiZleba iyos zedamxedvelo-

ba, gawyoba, gamarTva, dazeTva, gawmenda da sxva msgavsi sam-

uSaoebi. am samuSaoebis Catareba zogierT sawarmoSi SeiZle-

ba saWiro iyos yoveldRiurad, xolo zogierTSi _ garkveuli

periodulobiT. amgvari eqspluataciis xarjebi ar akmayofilebs

aqtivad aRiarebis kriteriumebs da gawevisTanave aRiardeba

xarjad.

Issues of Accounting of Repair Expenses and Depreciationof Fixed Assets

N. Kvatashidze

The accounting of repair expenses and depreciation of fixed assets isdetermined by determination of fixed assets as unit of measurement at theirinitial recognition. IAS 16 - Property, Plant and Equipment recommends thatdetermination of unit of measurement must be done individually for each cer-tain case based on judgment. Each unit recognized as fixed assets must be de-preciated separately and its repair expenses must be capitalized.

Repair and maintenance expenses of fixed assets that are recognizedas inventories must be recognized as current year expenses.


200

daibeWda ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis bazaze

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa -

manana jixviSvili

ISSN 1987-5789

me-5 nomeri.pmd

Documents