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From MDGs to SDGs: All Change or No Change for the Global Governance of ‘Development’? David Hulme Global Development Institute University of Manchester Nagoya University 29 July 2016 www.gdi.manchester.ac.uk 1 January 2016 – MDGs retired UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) What does this tell us about global governance the way the world is run? Transformation – From ‘projects’ to global justice? Introduction Evolution Belated response to Rising Powers? Bulls**t World’s biggest lie? The MDGs MDGs – A brief history 1 UN, a history of global goal setting. Successes (smallpox) and not so good (education for all) Structural Adjustment (1980s) – no ‘silly talk’ End of Cold War 1990 – return of UN summits, rise of civil society, declarations galore OECDDAC 1996 –Accidently create IDGs UN – needs a good Millennium General Assembly
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MDGs –A brief history 1 Hulme1.pdf · David Hulme Global Development Institute University of Manchester Nagoya University 29 July 2016 •1 January 2016–MDGs retired •UN Millennium

Jun 14, 2020

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Page 1: MDGs –A brief history 1 Hulme1.pdf · David Hulme Global Development Institute University of Manchester Nagoya University 29 July 2016 •1 January 2016–MDGs retired •UN Millennium

From MDGs to SDGs: All Change or No Change for the Global 

Governance of ‘Development’?David Hulme

Global Development InstituteUniversity of Manchester

Nagoya University 29 July 2016

www.gdi.manchester.ac.uk

•1 January 2016 – MDGs retired•UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to         UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)•What does this tell us about global governance ‐the way the world is run?• Transformation – From                                                    ‘projects’ to global justice?

Introduction

• Evolution ‐ Belated response to Rising Powers? •Bulls**t ‐World’s biggest lie?

The MDGsMDGs – A brief history 1

•UN, a history of global goal setting. Successes (smallpox) and not so good (education for all)

• Structural Adjustment (1980s) – no ‘silly talk’

• End of Cold War 1990 – return of UN summits, rise of civil society, declarations galore

• OECD‐DAC 1996 –Accidently create IDGs

•UN – needs a good Millennium General Assembly

Page 2: MDGs –A brief history 1 Hulme1.pdf · David Hulme Global Development Institute University of Manchester Nagoya University 29 July 2016 •1 January 2016–MDGs retired •UN Millennium

MDGs to SDGs: a brief history 2

•Millennium Declaration – a classic UN diplomatic compromise: long, complex document•Negotiated to MDGs – an IMF, OECD, UN and World Bank interpretation of the Declaration •Gradual adoption of MDGs by agencies (DFID fast, IMF slow) and national governments•UN Secretariat moratorium on ‘what comes after MDGs’ until 2012

MDGs to SDGs: a brief history 3

MDGs to SDGs: a brief history 4• OWG the powerhouse – UNGA G77 membership takes ‘Rio+20’ as its base…global deliberations 

• MDG performance – Half full/empty…causality? 

The SDGs...or Global Goals?

Page 3: MDGs –A brief history 1 Hulme1.pdf · David Hulme Global Development Institute University of Manchester Nagoya University 29 July 2016 •1 January 2016–MDGs retired •UN Millennium

So what has changed? Content 1

•Many additions• energy• growth and jobs • reducing inequality • peace and justice (governance) • many more environmental goals

So what has changed? Content 2

So what has changed? Content 2

•Holistic –from MDGs to national development• Leave nobody behind – from $1.25‐a‐day poverty reduction to multi‐dimensional poverty eradication

•Universal – for allcountries 

•National ownership 

So what has changed? Processes

• The processes – big changes• From informal to formal global governance

• From goals set by rich countries and aid agencies to goals set by all UN member states

•MDGs were driven by needs and preferences of OECDmembers – especially aid agencies

• By 2015 ‘development’ is a global agenda…not just a foreign aid agenda

Page 4: MDGs –A brief history 1 Hulme1.pdf · David Hulme Global Development Institute University of Manchester Nagoya University 29 July 2016 •1 January 2016–MDGs retired •UN Millennium

So what has not changed?

•Non‐binding agreement ‐ as 2000 not a treaty –countries keen to avoid any possibility of imposition of SDGs• Results‐based management format – primary focus on delivery, not on social norms or negotiating structural change•Global partnership – the key mechanism is an unspecified, multi‐stakeholder ‘partnership(s)’

Robert Cox’s IPE Framework

MaterialCapabilities

Institutions

Ideas

Understanding Change:Material Capabilities

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•Global shift of productive capacity from West to East and South underpins MDG to SDG shift

• Rise of the BRICs – especially rise of China and ambition of Brazil as an international leader

• Emerging middle powers – countries such as Colombia, Indonesia and Turkey more engaged

• Africa – empowered by economic growth and access to finance from China and BRICS

Understanding Change:Material Capabilities

Page 5: MDGs –A brief history 1 Hulme1.pdf · David Hulme Global Development Institute University of Manchester Nagoya University 29 July 2016 •1 January 2016–MDGs retired •UN Millennium

Understanding Changes – Ideas

• Continuity – poverty, human development, RBM, partnership…stronger sustainability

• But also, lots of “new” ideas• Growth and jobs (inclusive and sustainable)

• <Figure 1>

• Peace and reduced violence

• Governance…justice…institutions

• Inequality reduction within and across countries

Understanding Changes – Ideas

<Figure 1>

Understanding Changes:Institutions

World Bank/IMF = reduced influence

Understanding Changes:Institutions

•UN = arena for super‐goal setting•World Bank, IMF, WTO…G7, OECD continue

•New financial institutions – AIIB, NDB, CRA

• Actors empowered by new material capabilities –G 20, AU, Brazilian mission at UN, SA government

•NGOs – from mobilising civil society to professional advocates?

Page 6: MDGs –A brief history 1 Hulme1.pdf · David Hulme Global Development Institute University of Manchester Nagoya University 29 July 2016 •1 January 2016–MDGs retired •UN Millennium

Transformation or Evolution?

•Depends on the framework you select and criteria it prioritises 

• In content terms can argue transformation –inequality reduction, peace/conflict, governance/institutions…sustainability

• In process terms then evolution, but an accelerated evolution – BRICs, “Rio” and OWG

•And “it’s all about Paris” (climate change talks)

Transformation or Evolution…or a Mix of Both?

•Since 1 January 2016 “development” is no longer defined by donor nations•The SDGs era expands opportunities for progressive change – seize them•But material capabilities explain changemore than ideas…global capitalism and consumerism over inclusivity/sustainability•The players are changing…game has not?