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I P Address:There are two versions: 1) IP V4 and 2) IP V6. Of which IPV4 is normally used andis 32 bit and IPV6 is rarely used and is 128 bit.

Internet Protocol

IP V4 8bits. 8bits. 8bits. 8bitsbits --- 2^7, 2^6, 2^5, 2^4, 2^3, 2^2, 2^1, 2^0

Note: Win2003 is designed to handle IPV6. However normally used IP addressing is IPV4.8 bits:2^7 = 2x2x2x2x2x2x2 = 1282^6 = 2x2x2x2x2x2 = 642^5 = 2x2x2x2x2 = 32

2^4 = 2x2x2x2 = 162^3 = 2x2x2 = 82^2 = 2x2 = 42^1 = 2 = 22^0 = = 1 --------------- Total = 255

IP Addressing:Internet Protocols are in two versions viz., IPV4 and IPV6. IPV4 is 32 Bit and IPV6 is128 bit. The notation is called Dotted Decimal Notation (DDN). Any computer to contactanother computer need IP Addressing.

Decimal to Binary & Binary to Decimal conversion:

IP address is divided into four octets which is as follows.

8 . 8 . 8 . 800000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 ----- 32 bits

0 . 0 . 0 . 0

The following is the table showing the conversion of binary to decimal.

BINARY 2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0

DecimalEquivalents 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

28/08/2009 Compilation by K.V.Sudhakara Reddy, M.Sc.Ag, CVA 1

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2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

6 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

7 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

8 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

10 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0

20 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0

30 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0

40 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

100 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0

150 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

200 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

255 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

128+ 64+ 32+ 16+ 8+ 4+ 2+ 1

IP Addressing is classified into 5 classes. This is done using parity bit at the MSB ( MostSignificant Bit) of the First Octet. That is ..

8 . 8 . 8 . 8MSB

0 000000 0MSB LSB

DecimalEquivalents

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

0-127

00

01

01

01

01

01

01

01 -------------Class A

128-191

11

00

01

01

01

01

01

01 -------------Class B

192-223

11

11

00

01

01

01

01

01 -------------Class C

224-239

11

11

11

00

01

01

01

01 -------------Class D

240-255

11

11

11

11

01

01

01

01 -------------Class E

WORKGROUPS AND DOMAINS:


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|

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WORKGROUP AND DOMAIN MODEL:

S.No WORKGROUPS DOMAINS

1. Logical grouping of computerssharing single workgroup name. Logical grouping of systems sharingsingle domain name2. No Server, No Client. At least one Server and others

clients.3. Systems are independent of each

other.All the clients are dependent onServer.

4. One account per system i.e,multiple user a/cs for no.of systems

Only one a/c per user irrespective ofno. of systems.

5. Profile is different from system tosystem.

Common profile all over the domain.

6. No profile backup. Profile backup available.

7. Network sharing & access need tohave multiple accounts.

No need to have multiple accounts.

8. Not centralized. Centralized data store.

9. No centralized administration. Centralized administration.

10. No need to have server/client O/S. Server/client O/S required.

11. Recommended for smaller N/Ws. Recommended for BIG N/Ws.

There are Three versions of Server Operating Systems released by Microsoft.

1. WIN NT 4.0


HUB/SWITCH

SYS 1SYS 2 SYS 3 SYS4 SYS 5

HUB/SWITCH

SYS 1 SYS 2 SYS 3 SYS 4 SYS 5

SERVER

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2. WIN NT 5.0 -- WIN 20003. WIN NT 5.2 -- WIN 2003

Differences between WIN NT 4.0 and WIN 2000/2003:

WIN NT 4.0: (Net Bios) Eg: sunmarss

NO A D SUPTO 40,000 USER A/Cs |

WINS

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

WIN 2000 / 2003:Eg: sunmarss.com

ADS ONLY D N S or F Q D N

1,60,00,000 USER A/Cs AND MORE

D N S

S.NO WIN NT 4.0 WIN 2000 / 2003

1. NT 4.0 Server is used. 2000/2003 Server is used

2. Server is called PDC (Primary DomainController.

Server is called DC (DomainController).

3. Backup Server is called BDC (BackupDomain Controller)

Backup Server is called ADC(Additional Domain Controller).

4. WINS is used for identifying clients. DNS is used to identify clients.5. Supports maximum of 40,000 user

accounts.Supports up to 1,60,00,000 + moreuser accounts (Flexible)

6. No Active Directory. Only Active Directory Service.7. Low Security. High Security.8. Flat Structure. Hierarchial Structure

DOMAIN STRUCTURE OF WINDOWS - 2003:


SERVER

P D C

HUB/

SWITCH


B D C

SERVER

D C A D C

HUB/

SWITCH


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1. Domain Controller: Domain Controller is the first system to have ActiveDirectory Service (ADS). This is the first system to start a Domain Tree in a newForest.

2. C D C: Child Domain Controller, is a sub-domain controller under a DC or a sub-

domain controller which shares same domain name space. ( Follows namespace Hierarchy).

3. N D E F: New Domain Tree in the Existing Forest, is a new domain tree of orunder an existing Forest DC which follows different name space.

4. A D C:Additional Domain Controller, acts as a Backup server for DCs, like DC,CDC and NDEF.

5. Tree: It is an Hierarchial structure of a domain which follows same name space.

6.Forest: Combination of multiple domain trees.

Note: All the computers in the domain structure of WIN 2000 and WIN 2003 maintainFQDN ( Fully Qualified Domain Name).

Note: Only one DC can exist in a complete Forest and any no. of CDCs, NDEFs, ADCscan exist.

DOMAIN STRUCTURE OF WINDOWS - 2003:

7. Domain Controller: Domain Controller is the first system to have ActiveDirectory Service (ADS). This is the first system to start a Domain Tree in a new

Forest.

8. C D C: Child Domain Controller, is a sub-domain controller under a DC or a sub-domain controller which shares same domain name space. ( Follows namespace Hierarchy).

9. N D E F: New Domain Tree in the Existing Forest, is a new domain tree of orunder an existing Forest DC which follows different name space.

10.A D C: Additional Domain Controller, acts as a Backup server for DCs, like DC,CDC and NDEF.

11.Tree: It is an Hierarchial structure of a domain which follows same name space.

12.Forest: Combination of multiple domain trees.

Note: All the computers in the domain structure of WIN 2000 and WIN 2003 maintainFQDN ( Fully Qualified Domain Name).


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Note: Only one DC can exist in a complete Forest and any no. of CDCs, NDEFs, ADCscan exist.

ACTIVE DIRECTORY ROLES:

1. Global Catalog

2. Schema Master

3. Domain Naming Operations Master

4. Relative Identity Master

5. Infrastructure Master

6. PDC Emulator

Minimum Requirements before installing Active Directory:

1. Server Operating System Windows 2003 Server (Enterprise)

2. Workgroup for a standalone system

3. Static I P Address ---- Eg: 192.168.1.1

4. Preferred DNS ---- Eg: 192.168.1.1

5. DNS suffix is enabled

6. Minimum memory of 200 MB in NTFS File system

7. Administrative Login

8. Network Connectivity

9. Windows Server (Enterprise) 2003 CD.

(Active Directory installation process is in Snap_ser_2003, snapshots file)Note:

After installing Active Directory with DNS, 6 new options can be seen in theAdministrative Tools.

1. AD domains and trusts

2. AD sites and services

3. AD users and computers

4. D N S

5. Domain Controller Security Policy

6. Domain Security Policy


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For loading Schema Master run : regsvr32 schmmgmt.dll

Active Directory: AD is a centralized data store through which centralizedadministration can be achieved. It contains users information, computers information,share folders information, Departments information, printers etc. Computer having AD

service is called Domain Controller.Roles of Active Directory:

F W R: FOREST WIDE ROLES D W R: DOMAIN WIDE ROLESThese six roles can be classified into Forest Wide Roles (1,2,3) and Domain WideRoles (4,5,6).

F S M O: ( Flexible or Fixed Single Master Operation )Except Global Catalog server all the other five roles are called FSMO roles. Definesonly one computer can act as a Master Operations at a time.

Global Catalog: This is a FWR. Maintains complete information about the local domainand partial information about other domains. At a time more than one GC servers canexist. This is generally used for authentication purpose.

Schema Master: Defines infrastructure of AD. It contains classes like computers, users,folders, printers etc and their attributes like first name, last name, email Id,Computer name, O/S, IP Address, Role, Profiles, Security etc. Any modifications of ADcan be done using Schema Master. It is a FWR. Only one Schema Master can exist inthe entire Forest.

D N O M : It ensures that there is no duplicate domain name exists in the entire Forest.This is a FWR. Only one DNOM exists in the complete Forest.

R I D Master: It ensures that no duplicate object exists and ensures uniqueness ofdomain objects like computers, users etc. It is a combination of SID & DID.a) SID: Security identity. This is a unique sequence generated to each and every object

in a domainb) DID: Domain Identity. This provides unique sequence of particular domain. DID andSID together maintain uniqueness of objects in a forest. This is a DWR. Only one RIDMaster can exist in the Domain.

Infrastructure Master: It always updates any change that takes place in a domain.Only one IM can exist in a Domain. This is a DWR.


ACTIVEDIRECTORY

1GLOBAL

CATALOGF W R

2SCHEMAMASTER

F W R

3DOM.NAM.

OPER. MAST.F W R

4R I D

MASTERD W R

5INFRASTRUCT

MASTERD W R

6P D C

EMULATORD W R

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P D C Emulator: Role of AD acts a PDC (NT Server) for NT Clients. It is a DWR.

Steps to check Active Directory Roles:

Global Catalog:Start----Programs----Admn.Tools----ADS&S----expand sites----default first site-----expand servers----expand computer 1(Sun1)----NTDS settings----right click on NTDSsetting----OK.

Schema Master:Go to Run----enter regsvr32 schmmgmt.dll----press OKRun---- mmc----OKGo to file menu----add/remove snap in----add snap in----select AD Schema Directory----add----OK.Right click on AD schema----select operations master----current schema master

DNOM:Start----programs----Admn.Tools----ADD&T----Right click on ADDT----select Operationsmaster

RID, INFRASTRUCTURE AND PDC EMULATOR:Start----programs----Admn.Tools----AD users and computers----Right click on DomainName----select OM

Steps to change the Roles:For RID, PDC emulator and Infrastructure Master steps are common.

----Right click on ADUC----select connect to DC----select the domain----select the othercomputer and give OK*Right click on Domain name and select OM----select RID and select change----giveyes*PDC----select change----give yes

*Infrastructure Master----select change----give yes

Go to ADS&S----Right click on NTDS settings of AD----select properties----check theGlobal Catalog server ----give OK

MMC----AD schema master---- right click on AD Schema----select change DC----selectDC(ADS) ----give OK

Right click on AD Schema----select Oper. Master----click change----give yes

----ADDT----click change (since new DC already got connected)-----give yes


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Commands to check DC and ADC in command prompt mode:

Go to run----type cmd----type net accounts at command prompt.

For DC--------------------------- Primary

For ADC------------------------- BackupFor Server----------------------- ServerFor Client------------------------ Workstation

Creating and Managing user accounts, organizational units, computers andgroups:

1. Creation of users:Go to ADUC----expand domain----select users----right click on users----new user----giveOK

Adding computers to a Domain: ( Minimum Requirements):

a) Server side: Go to start----programs----Admn. Tools----DNS----expand forwardlook up zone----select DC ( on the right side pane 10 records must be seen).

b) Client side: Go to TCP/IP ----right click on my network places ----go toproperties----right click on Local Area Connection----go to properties----scrolldown to TCP/IP----select properties----give IP address within DNS range ofDC----and Primary DNS is IP address of DC ----OK

Right click on my computer----properties select computer name----select change----select more----give the domain name and put tick mark----then select member of

Domain Name----give the Administrator user name and Password----OK

Restart the system.

User Accounts;

There are two types of user accounts a) system users and b) domain users. Systemusers are specific to the client system and Domain user can access DC from any clientmachine.S.No System Local Account Domain Local Account

1 A/c is created using local users and

groups option.

A/c is created using AD U&C

2 A/c can not be created using AD U&C Can not be created using workgroupcomputer/system

3 User A/c limited to one system i.e.,specific to client machine

User A/c limited to all the systems inthe domain

4 Very low security High security

5 Only one profile can be maintained Domain local, mandatory and


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roaming profiles can be maintained.

6 Permissions to access N/W resourcesare limited

Enough permissions are available

Computers: In a domain computers can be classified into three types.

1. Domain Controllers2. Member servers3. Clients

1. DC: Computer having Active Directory Service known as DC2. Mem. Server: Computer having server operating system connected to the

domain3. Client: Computer having client O/S connected to the domain is called client.

Organizational units:

An OU is a container also known as Department which contains users, computers,groups, printers and organizational units. Here group policies can be applied.Steps for creation of OUs:In ADUC----right click on Domain name----New----OU(organizational unit)

Creating user in a OU:Right click on OU created----New user----

Groups: Group is a logical collection of users, computers, printers and groups it self.

User accounts creating, managing, implementing user accounts:

a) System user accounts or system local accounts: A/cs created using system localusers and groups or using control panel user settings.

Steps:Procedure 1: Right click on My Computer----Mange----go to local users and groups----users right click----new user---- user name, and password to be given----createManaging system user: system user accounts---- for disabling right click on user---- a/cis disabled option to be selected----apply

b) Domain user accounts or Domain local accounts: User accounts created usingADUC.Procedure 1: using GUI i.e., windows modeStart----Programs----Admn. Tools----ADUC----right click on users----New user----user fullname and log on name----give next----give password----next----next finish.

Procedure 2: command prompt methodC:\.>net user password /add


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User object has so many attributes some are listed below;First name, last name, address, A/c, profile, telephones, organization, remote control,terminal services profile, member of, dial in, environment and sessions etc.

Note: Removing password policy----Start----Programs----Admn. Tools----Domain security policy----expand a/c policies----select PWD policy----disable or make zeroes.

Go to run----cmd----gpupdate.exe----

Moving a user from one container to another:Right click on the user----select move----select the Organizational Unit or container orDepartment----give OK.* another method is drag and drop method.

Changing Logon name for a user:Start----Programs----Admin.Tools----Active Directory Users & Computers----RC on anyuser----properties----go to accounts----give new user logon name----OK

Disabling account: Right click on user select disable.

Profiles:The user account information which is loaded as a user logs in is called Profile. Profilecontains user information like desktop, my documents, start menu, application data,cookies, favorites etc.


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Types of Profiles:There are two types of profiles. System local profile (SLP) and Domain local Profile.

S.NO SYSTEM LOCAL PROFILE(SLP) DOMAIN LOCAL PROFILE(DLP)

1. This is a user profile created using

local users & groups option in clientsystem.

This is a profile created using Active

Directory Users and Computers.

2. SLP is limited to a single system Limited to all systems in a domain

3. No roaming or Mandatory profiles Domain local, Roaming and Mandatory

4. SLP provides very less security forthe profiles (No fault tolerance).

DLP provides high security for theprofile (high fault tolerance).

5. SLP can not make use of efficient NWresources

DLP can make use of NW resources

6. SLP administration can not be doneremotely

DLP administration can be doneremotely

System Local Profile configuration:

1. Client Operating System:Start----settings----control panel user accounts----Manage user accounts---- create newuser----set privileges. (Either Administrator or User)----next----Finish.

2. Server Operating System:Go to My computer----RC----Manage----Local users and groups----RC on users----New

user----give details----create user.

Note: The steps for server o/s are also applicable for client o/s.


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Domain Local Profile configuration:DLP can be created using two methods, GUI method(windows) & C:\> prompt method(dos).

GUI method: Start----Programs----Admin. Tools----ADUC----RC on users----New----user----specify user name and password with logon name----next----finish

C:\> prompt method: c:\> net user username password /add

There are three types of DLPs: Default, Roaming and Mandatory.

1. Default: This is a default profile applied to all the users in a domain. User having

this profile can login into all the computers in a domain except DC by default andhis account information is saved in whatever computer he logs in. Here profileinformation is different from system to system.

2. Roaming Profile: A user should have default domain local profile to go for aroaming profile. Roaming profile of any account provides or enables a user toaccess his own profile information as it is (same) in any system. To go forRoaming profile NTFS system is recommended.Steps:My computer----C: drive----New Folder----Rename the folder----RC on thefolder----Properties----sharing----enable sharing of this folder----go topermissions----give full control----give OK.

Start----Programs----Admin. Tools-----ADUC----RC on user name(to whom

roaming profile need to be given)----RC properties----in profile path give: \\Servername\shared folder name\user name----give OK. ( Where ever you go your Roaming Profile Follows )

3. Mandatory Profile: Mandatory profile is a profile that will not allow a user tosave the changes made to his profile.

http://server/http://server/

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Steps: For Mandatory profile we should have a Roaming profile and user mustlogin at least once with a roaming profile.

RC on shared folder where roaming profile is saved---- Go to properties----Security----advanced----Owner----Administrators group----Replace permissions.

Check the box and apply----Yes----Ok

Open the shared folder----open the profile----Rename NTuser.dat to NTuser.man

RC on shared folder----properties----security----advanced----Check the boxreplace the entries/permissions on entire child objects----apply----yes----OK.

Note: To check the profile type RC on mycomputer----Properties----Advanced----UserProfile settings.

Home Folder:It is a facility for a user to access a shared resource over a network as a home drive inwhatever system he logs in.

Steps: First create a share folder in NT File System (NTFS). Give appropriatepermissions to the specified user.

Start----Programs----Admin. Tools----ADUC----RC on the user----go to properties----profile----Home Folder connect to Drive----give\\servername\share folder name\username (Eg:\\sun2\new1\user1)

Note:Home folder can be used for Mandatory or Roaming or Local Profile users i.e.,users of Domain Local Profile.

GROUPS:Group is a logical collection of users, computers, printers and groups itself. Groupsdepend on Domain Functional Levels.

Functional levels: define that level or the mode in which Windows 2003 operatingsystem working in coordination or compatibility with previous versions of o/s viz., WinNT 4.0, Windows 2000.

Here we have three functional levels.1. Mixed mode ( WIN NT, Windows 2000 and Windows server 2003)2. Native Mode (Windows 2000 and Windows server 2003)3. Windows Server 2003 mode.

User A/cs:

http://server/http://server/

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Users out side Users Inside All sides

Using Resources:Inside Resources Outside Resources All Resources

GROUPS:Group is a logical collection of users, computers, printers and groups itself. Groupsdepend on Domain Functional Levels.

Groups are dependent upon Domain Functional Levels (DFLs).DFL is a status of Win2003 o/s which determines whether Win2003 Server works incompatibility with previous versions of servers. There are three DFLs.

1. Mixed Mode2. Native Mode3. 2003 Mode

4. Intrum Mode (additional information)

1. Mixed Mode: Here Win2003 o/s as domain works or runs in compatibility withWIN NT 4.0 Server and WIN 2000 Server. Here very few features of 2003 canbe utilized.

2. Native Mode: Here Win 2003 domain works in compatibility with WIN 2000Server only. Here few features of 2000 and 2003 can be utilized.

3. 2003 Mode: 2003 Domain need not run in compatibility with Win 2000 or Win NT4.0 Servers. Hence maximum features of 2003 can be utilized.

Note: Mixed mode does not support Universal group. Native and 2003 modes

support Universal group.

4. Intrum Mode: 2003 in compatibility with WIN NT 4.0 only.

Group Types:Can be classified into two varieties--- a) Group Scope & b) Group Type.


DL Global Univer

DL Global Univer sal

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a) Group Scope: determines the logical extent to which that group can contain userand can access the resources. There are 3 types of Group Scopes.

1. Domain Local2. Global3. Universal

Domain Local Scope: Group contain users from other domain but are only allowed toaccess domain local resources (within the domain only).

User accounts from Resources in side the domainOutside domain

Global Group Scope: can have members/users within the domain but can access theresources outside the domain.

User A/cs within the Domain Access Resources outside the Domain

Universal Group Scope: Members can be both from local domain as well as from outside the domain and access the resources both from local domain as well as fromoutside the domain.

User Accounts Access to Resources

Note: Universal group is only supported by Native and 2003 Modes.

b) Group Type: Defines level of security or level of permissions the group has. Thereare two types of groups.1. Distribution group


DL DL

Global Global

Univer

sal

Univer

sal

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2. Security group

Distribution Group: has less privileges i.e., they can not modify a group but access agroup.

Security Group: Has high privileges i.e., they can do modification of groups.

Note: Distribution group is also called Mailing Group.

Note: No group can be created just using group scope only or group type only i.e.,group scope and group type always exist in combination.

Note: Mixed mode does not support changing of group. Native mode does not supportchanging Domain Local to Global or Global to Domain Local. It only supports change toUniversal.Changing DFLs:

Note: By default Win 2003 works in Mixed Mode.

Steps:Start----Programs----ADUC----RC on Domain Name----click on Raise DFL----select thefunctional level (selecting Native -2000 or 2003 Mode)----give Raise.

Steps to create Groups:( First create Organizational Unit)Group1: RC on OU----New----Group----specify name (Ex. G1)----give OK.

Group2: RC on OU----New----Group----specify name (Ex. G2)----give OK. Likewise forother groups G3 to G6. Since the Group scopes are three and the Security are two

types, totally we get 6 groups depending upon the scope and the security privileges.

Add a Member to a group:Method 1:RC on user ----add to group----specify group name----give OK. The users/members arelogically placed in the group without physically moving the users.

Method 2:RC on a group----properties----in that select members----add----select user.

Method 3:RC on a user----go to properties----select member of----add to group name.

Method 4:

Adding a group to group- RC on a group----properties----select member of----giveadd.

Method 5:RC on a group----properties----members----add----give group name----give OK.


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Steps for changing the groups:RC on any group----select the wanted type of group combination.

Moving Groups:

Select the user----drag and drop to required container or use option of Moving.

PERMISSIONS:Permissions can be of different types and different levels. There are three levels ofpermissions:

1. Server Level Permissions: Server Level Permissions deal with differentcomponents like

a) Site level permissionsb) Domain level permissionsc) OU level permissions

a) Site Level: can be given to a user in order to let him manage entire site i.e., allthe domain trees in the site (Forest). Here only limited permissions can also begiven calledDelegation of Control.

b) Domain Level: User having domain level permissions can manage entiredomain as well as the OUs in the domain.

c) OU Level: These permissions will let the user to manage a particular OU as wellas OUs within that OU.

2. System Level Permissions:These are basically of three types:

a) Admin Levelb) Power User Levelc) Ordinary User Level

a) Admin Level: this level of user has sole rights to manage, monitor or change

permissions to any user of the system.

b) Power User Level: the user has little less privileges compared to anAdministrator and little more permissions than ordinary user.

c) Ordinary User Level: this user got privileges in the system i.e., he can not installor modify the existing content.


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3. Folder Level Permissions:These are two types:

a) Security Permissions or NTFS Permissionsb) Sharing Permissions or Network Permissions

Note: Security permissions are only available on NTFS file system and sharingpermissions will only take effect in a Network.Delegation of Control:DOC is assigning only particular permissions or rights to an object.

DOC can be done over Site level, Domain level, OU level, and also on servers likeDNS, IIS, DHCP etc. DOC can be done on or for users, computers, printers andorganizational units.

Steps: For DOC at OU level

RC on OU----select DOC----Add user----OK---next----select----the tasks ( to create, toreset etc.)----next----Finish.

Steps to modify or delete Delegated Controls:In ADUC----view----Advanced features----RC on the OU----properties----go toSecurity----select required user----Advanced----select the user----give edit----childobject----modify the settings----OK----Apply----Yes.

PERMISSIONS:

SERVER LEVEL SYSTEM LEVEL FOLDER LVEL

1. Site Level Permissions 1. Admin Level Permissions 1. Security Level Permiss.

2. Domain Level Permiss. 2. Power User Level Permi. 2. Sharing Perimissions

3. O U Level Permissions 3. Ordinary User Level Per.

Folder Level Permissions: (Users)Privilege Escalation

Sharing/ NetworkSecurity/ NTFS

Read Change Full Control


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Read & Execute 1 5 9

Write 2 6 10

Modify 3 7 11

Full Control 4 8 12

GROUP POLICIES:Group Policy: is a set of controls over a container allowing or denying a user or Groupfor accessing the resources with in the system or within the Network.

Group policies can be applied over sites, domains and on OU. Group Policies follow

inheritance.

GP inheritance can be block level under sub-levels. Using group policies we canachieve two levels. 1) Normal Level and 2) Advanced Level of group policies.

1. Normal Level:Normal level is allowing or denying access to resources already existing.

Ex: Hiding desktop icons, hiding shut down event tracks, hiding network drives, localdrives, hiding or allowing or allowing log off, control panel are some of the profileinformation comes under normal level of using group policy.

2. Advanced Level:Providing access to new resources or providing extra features to existing resources.

Ex: Scripts, software deployment, Folder redirection etc. come under advanced level ofgroup policies.

Note: There are more than thousand group policies in Windows 2003 Server. Grouppolicies over Site level, Domain level and Organizational Unit level are same.

Site Level Policy: Group policy applied over the Site level will take effect on all

Domains in the Site:Steps: Start----Programs----AD Tools & AD sites----RC on default first site name----go toproperties----select Group Policy.

Domain Level Policy: Policy applied over domain level will take effect all over theDomain but not to other domains. The policy will be applied to all the OUs within thedomain also.Steps: RC on Domain name----go to properties----select Group Policy----over.


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OU Level: Policy applied at OU level will take effect within the OU including OUs in theOU.Steps: RC on the OU----go to properties----GP----New----specify the GP (ex: hide searchmenu from the start menu) ----edit----under user configuration----expand Admin.

Templates----select start-menu----select search in start-menu----select enable.

2. Advanced Features in Group Policy:

There are few advanced features using group policy like software deployment, Scripts,Folder Re-Direction and Resultant Set Of Policies (RSOP) etc.,

a) Software Deployment:is used in order to install or deploy one or more applications on to client machinesremotely using group policies.

Note: S/W deployment is achieved using only MSI or Zap Files. If an .exe has to bedeployed that can be converted to an MSI using Wininstalle.

Steps to convert .exe to .msi using Wininstalle:

Start----Programs----Wininstalle----RC on windows installer package and give----selectrun to discover----give OK----give next----specify the name of the application (Winzip forex.)----specify the name and the path(share folder path)----give next----next----all orparticular O/S drive----next----next----finish.

Before snapshot is completed----Ok.After installation of required package (Ex: Winzip)----RC on Wininstalle----select Rundiscover----give OK----select after snapshot----give next----give close.

After snapshot is completed -----Ok.

Steps to deploy the MSI S/W:ADUC----go to OU (on which GP to be deployed)----properties----group policy----new----edit----software deployment----Ex: Winzip.Go to user----RC on s/w installation----select new package----select the MSI file throughN/W path----give open----Publish or Assign----give OK----Close.

Then go to run and run gpupdate.

b) Scripts:Steps: create new folder ----share the folder----rename----RC new text.doc----in that wscript.echo Hi!! Welcome to Sunmars!!----rename the file----new vbs.


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Go to ADUC----on the domain RC----properties----Group Policy----new---- edit---- userconfiguration----windows scripts----log on or log off----give location of script----apply----OK

Run gpupdate

c) i. Folder Re-direction:Using Group Policy one particular part of a user profile like my documents, desktop,start menu, and application data can be re-directed to a different location forconvenience.

Steps: My computer ----system drive (c:\>)----new folder----rename----sharing in NTFS

Go to ADUC----select a particular user----of a OU----RC on OU----go to properties----Group Policies----new----edit----user configuration----expand----Folder re-direction----ex:

RC on my documents---- go to properties select basic----select re-direct to the followinglocation----select browse----give path (through n/w path ie., \\ \shared folder\user)apply----close----close.

Run gpupdate.

c) ii. RSOP: (Resultant Set Of Policies)RSOP is used to identify group policies applied to any containers like domains, OUs,computers, users etc.

Steps: Ex: to know RSOP on any user----RC on a user----all tasks----RSOP----

planning----in container select Domain----next----select default first site----give next----next----select everyone or leave as it is----next..next.. finish.


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D N S Domain Naming System:

DNS is used to resolve Host Names to IP addresses and IP addresses to Host Names.DNS is used in 2 cases:

1. For accessing website

2. For directory service

For Website:

Server DNS . (Root) Root2 3

Server DNS CACHE 4 Server

1 8 7 6 5 Server

Client Server

Server I IS / DNS ( www.mail.yahoo.com)(202.40.75.36) public IP

FQDN (FULLY QUALIFIED DOMAIN NAME)

Host Domain

www. Mail . yahoo . com. --- Root

1) Client computer puts a simple query to the DNS server for a website(www.mail.yahoo.com)

2) DNS server will check for any information of the query. If it is not resolved thequery is forwarded to the root.

3) Root contains that information about Top Level Domains (.gov; .com; .org; .net;.mil) and it refers to one of the top level domains.


Top Level Domain.

.gov .org .com .mil

Second Level Domain.Yahoo.com: google.com

Sub Level Domain.Mail.yahoo.comGreeting.yahoo.comGames.yahoo.com
http://www.mail.yahoo.com/http://www.mail.yahoo.com/http://www.mail.yahoo.com/http://www.mail.yahoo.com/http://www.mail.yahoo.com/http://www.mail.yahoo.com/http://www.mail.yahoo.com/http://www.mail.yahoo.com/http://www.mail.yahoo.com/

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4) The DNS server again put the query (Recursive) to the Top level domain andgets the information of Second Level Domain and the request is forwarded to thesecond level domain.

5) Second Level Domain gives the information about sub level domains and thequery is forwarded to sub level domain.

6) &7) Sublevel domain gives the information about the website and DNS server storesthe information in the temporary cache.

8) DNS server response to the client with the information about the query (recursivequery).

9) Client contacts the website using the IP address resolved by the DNS server.

For Directory Service:DNS is used for directory service in Windows 2000 and 2003.

Here when any computer in the domain wants to contact any computer it has to contact

DNS server to resolve the destination computer name to IP address.The preferred DNS of any computer in a domain having single DNS server will be sameas the DNS server IP address.

DNS contains four components.1. Forward lookup zone2. Reverse lookup zone3. DNS event log4. DNS cache

Zone is a DNS record that contains Host Names (A), IP addresses, Pointers(PTR), and

resource records and service records. There are two types of zones:a) Forward lookup zoneb) Reverse lookup zone

Forward Lookup Zone: contains host names and IP addresses. This is used to resolvehost names to IP addresses.Reverse Lookup Zone: It contains IP addresses and host names. It is used to resolveIP addresses to host names.DNS Event Log: this is a log which maintains any events of the DNS server (warning,errors, information etc.,).DNS Cache: DNS cache maintains any recent query resolved by it.

There are two types queries used by DNS. Simple and Recursive queriesSimple Query: This is from the client to the DNS server.Recursive Query: this is a query from one DNS server to another DNS server.

FOREST OF INDIA.COM


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India.com USA.com

DC/PDNS DC/PDNS

Domain Server 1.1(1.20) Server 1.10 (1.9)

SDNS SDNS

1.2 1.11

STUB STUB

1.9 1.20

1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 Clients Clients

DNS S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

PDNS 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10

SDNS 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11

There are four types of DNS :

1. Primary2. Secondary3. Stub

4. Cache and 5. ADI ( Active Directory Integrated)1. Primary DNS : is the first zone having Master Read / Write copy of the zone .

2. Secondary DNS : is the zone having a duplicate Read only copy of the PDNS zone.Any information updated in the primary will be copied to the SDNS.


Ab

.U

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3. Stub-zone : Stub zone contains only three record, they are SOA(Start of Authority) ;NS(Name Server) ; A ( Host record or Glue record). Stub zone only maintains theinformation about the available DNS servers and will not resolve any query.

4. Cache : maintains information about recently accessed queries stored temporarily.

5. Active Directory Integrated : DNS in a domain controller will be integrated with theactive directory in order to maintain any updates that take place in AD can be updated.

Installation of DNS : There are 3 situations where installation of DNS can be done.With reference to AD :

1. Before installation of AD : This is a situation where no AD is present but webserver has to configured.

2. While installing AD (DC) : This is a situation while configuring DC.3. After installing AD : This is a situation DNS has to be moved from one

computer to another or from DC to another computer.

Steps : Minimum requirements :1. Server operating system2. Static IP address3. Operating System CD

Start----settings----control panel----add remove programs----add remove windowscomponents----details of networking services----in that put tick mark against DNS----insert the O/S CD----next----finish.

Configuration of DNS : Start----programs----Administrative Tools----DNS----RC on

Forward Look up Zone----new zone----wizard----next specify the zone name (Ex :microsoft.com) next---- finish.RC on the zone name----new host record----Ex :sun1.microsoft.com----add host (hostname & IP 192.168.1.1)To check : go to run---- ping sun1.microsoft.comRC the zone----select new alias----www. And browse host record----give OK.Ex : sun1.microsoft.com

Configuring Reverse Lookup Zone:Start----Programs----Admn. Tools----DNS----RC on reverse lookup zone----new zone----next----next----next----specify the n/w id (ex:192.168.1.1)----next----next----finish

RC on the subnet----new pointer----specify the original IP address(Ex:10) and theassociate the host record using browse----give OK.

RC----new alias----give some other number (Ex:200)----associate the host record oralias record.Go to command prompt----type nslookup and particular IP Address full.


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Active Directory Records in DNS:There are two types of records:

1. Service Records : SOA, NS & Host (A)2. Resource Records: msdcs, sites, tcp, udp, domain dns zones, forest dns zones.

a) msdcs: Microsoft domain controller service- this contains active directory domaincontrollers information.b) Sites: will identify the location of the zone gcc) Tcp & d)udp: used for accessing DNSe) domain dns & f) forest dns: these two are called AD partitions.

Note: Forest DNS zone can only be seen in the DNS integrated with DC. Domain DNSzone can be seen in DNS of both DC as well as NDEF.

SOA: contains serial no: primary DNS server, refresh interval and zone expiry time.Serial no. specifies the updation of the zone. It will regularly increment until it is

refreshed.Primary Server: defines the first DNS server of the zone.

Expiry time: If the zone is not refreshed for a particular amount of time, then the zonewill be expired i.e, it is not accessible.

Refresh Interval: DNS refreshes all the zones at every 15 minutes by default. If the zoneis not getting refreshed it will try every 10 minutes.

Name Server (NS): NS record specifies the host name and the IP address of the DNSserver. We can have multiple NS. NS record is also useful in case of zone transfer.

Host Record (A): is also known as Glue Record which maintains name of the host andIP address of the host.

Other Records:Cname: alias record-(c=canomycal)- this is a duplicate name used on behalf of hostname for security reasons.

MX: mail exchange: this record maintains mail server address.

PTR: Pointer: is a record in reverse look-up zone that maintains IP address associatedto that host.

Cname in reverse look-up zone: this record creates a duplicate IP on behalf of theoriginal IP (original pointer) for security reasons.

Important Commands: 1. ipconfig ?USAGE:

ipconfig [/? | /all | /renew [adapter] | /release [adapter] |


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/flushdns | /displaydns | /registerdns |/showclassid adapter |/setclassid adapter [classid] ]

where

adapter Connection name(wildcard characters * and ? allowed, see examples)

Options:/? Display this help message/all Display full configuration information./release Release the IP address for the specified adapter./renew Renew the IP address for the specified adapter./flushdns Purges the DNS Resolver cache./registerdns Refreshes all DHCP leases and re-registers DNS names/displaydns Display the contents of the DNS Resolver Cache.

/showclassid Displays all the dhcp class IDs allowed for adapter./setclassid Modifies the dhcp class id.

The default is to display only the IP address, subnet mask anddefault gateway for each adapter bound to TCP/IP.

For Release and Renew, if no adapter name is specified, then the IP addressleases for all adapters bound to TCP/IP will be released or renewed.

For Setclassid, if no ClassId is specified, then the ClassId is removed.

Examples:> ipconfig ... Show information.> ipconfig /all ... Show detailed information> ipconfig /renew ... renew all adapters> ipconfig /renew EL* ... renew any connection that has its

name starting with EL> ipconfig /release *Con* ... release all matching connections,

eg. "Local Area Connection 1" or"Local Area Connection 2"

2. nslookup3. ping a 4. In Windows 98 --- winipcfg---- in run command

D H C P:


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There are two ways to assign IP addresses:1. Static IP addressing2. Dynamic IP addressing

Static IP addressing:Assigning IP address manually on a console machine is called Static IP addressing.Disadvantages:

1. It is time consuming2. Possibility of mishap3. Changing IP address or related information may be a tedious job4. Less secured5. No centralized database for computer like, names, ip addresses and their MAC

addresses can be maintained directly.

Dynamic IP addressing:

Assigning IP addressing to the machines from a remote system is called dynamic IPaddressing. Two types of Dynamic IP addressing:1) DHCP and 2) RAS (Remote Access Server)

DHCP: is used for dynamically allocating IP addresses within local area network andalso in WAN with the help of RAS.RAS: is used to assign IP addresses using dialup connection to set up connection.

DHCP Process: can be classified into four stages.

DHCP Server CLIENT

1. DHCP DISCOVER: client having no IP address (0.0.0.0) will broadcast (BC)requesting for an IP address (255.255.255.255 universal broadcast ID).

2. DHCP OFFER: DHCP server accepting the clients request offers a pool of IP

addresses to the client machine. This is a broadcast.3. DHCP REQUEST: client taking one IP address from the offered pool will

request the DHCP server for confirmation. This is also a broadcast.4. DHCP ACKNOWLEDGE: DHCP saves client name and MAC address, client

IP address and also leased duration and acknowledges the client. This is aunicast.


DHCP ACK. - UC

DHCP REQUEST- BC

DHCP OFFER - BC

DHCP DISCOVER- BC

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By default DHCP assigns IP address to any machine for Eight days (lease duration 8days).After getting the IP address on the client side:

a) By default a client will have 8 days of lease duration given by the DHCP.b) At 50 % of leased duration (after completion of four days) client will again request

the DHCP for renewal. If the DHCP server responds then 8 more days are addedto the clients present leased duration (4+8=12 days).c) If DHCP does not respond at 50 % of lease duration, then client will request the

server again at 87.5 % of leased duration i.e. after 7 days. If the DHCP serverresponds 8 more days are added to the present leased duration and the totalleased duration at this stage is 1+8 = 9 days.

d) If DHCP does not respond still then the IP address will expire after 100 % of theleased duration. And once again four stages will repeat or followed by client i.e, DO R A ( Discover, Offer, Request and Acknowledge).

D H C P:Installation of DHCP:Minimum requirements are:

1. Server O/S2. Member server3. Domain Administration Login4. Static IP address

Steps: Start----settings----control panel----Add Remove Programs----Add RemoveWindows Components----Networking services----go to details----put tick mark againstDHCP----give OK.

Configuring DHCP: DHCP contains five components minimum, of which major twocomponents are Scope and Server options. Scope in turn contains/maintains four basiccomponents. Hence the DHCP should contain a minimum of 5 components (Scope(4)and Server options).

1. Scope: is a container which contains four basic components; they are address pool,address lease; reservation and scope options.Steps to create a Scope:Start----Programs----Administrative tools----DHCP----RC on the computer name----select

Authorize and then Refresh. ( Initially the dhcp will be with downward arrow orangemark and after refreshing the arrow turns to green and will be upwards).

RC on computer name again and select New Scope----next----specify the scope name(Ex: Scope 1)----specify the range of IP addresses----next----next----next----give Yes----next----specify the domain name specify the server name----select resolve give add----next----next----next----finish.Components of Scope:

a) Address Pool : contains/maintains list of available IP addresses and excludedrange of IP addresses.


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b) Address Lease: contains client IP address, Name, lease expiration, type (DHCPor RAS), unique ID (MAC address/physical address)

c) Reservation: can be used to assign a particular IP address to a definite or knownmachine. This can be achieved using physical address or MAC address of themachine.

d) Scope Options: using scope options a DHCP server can give information of 76severs by default excluding DHCP itself. Scope options are limited to a scopeand change from scope to scope.

2. Server Options: Server options and scope options are same, but sever options arecommon for all the scopes in a DHCP.

After configuring DHCP scope on the client side IP address can be renewed or releasedfrom the DHCP using two commands:

a) ipconfig /releaseb) ipconfig /renew

Super Scope: is used in a DHCP server when single DHCP has to assign IPaddresses for multiple networks.

Note: One scope one network only. Another scope another network.Ex: Scope 1 ------ 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.254

Scope 2 ------ 192.168. 2.0 to 192.168.2.254 and so on

Multicast Scope: is used only in the range Class D.

There can be multiple DHCP servers in a single domain, but they should be authorized

to assign IP addresses.

Authorize: A domain Administrator giving permission to a DHCP server for assigning IPaddresses to the domain clients.

Note:1. There is no authorize concept in WIN NT.2. WIN 2000 has Authorize option, but it will take 15 minutes to authorize.3. WIN 2003 DHCP authorize is quick ( Refresh and it will authorize).

INTERNET INFORMATION SERVICE ( I I S ) 6.0:Is basically used for information interchange. This can be achieved using two ways. 1.Web sites and 2. FTP

IIS is available in almost all flavors of Windows. This is independent of domain. Theversion used in Windows 2003 is 6.0. This provides high efficiency and security.

Installation of IIS:


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Minimum Requirements:1. Server operating system2. IP address3. DNS service4. O/S CD

Steps:Start----Settings----Control Panel----Add Remove Programs----Add Remove Windowscomponents----Application server----details----select IIS----select details----put a tick forFTP----give OK----OK.

Configuration of IIS:Start----Programs----Admin. Tools----go to IIS----expand websites----RC on websites----New website----Next----description (Ex. Google or Yahoo)----next----assign IP addressor specify an IP address----Host header name (www.google.com or www.yahoo.com )----give next-----specify the path of the shared folder----next----select

browse----give next----finish.Copy the name of the page (.htm file). RC on website(the new website created)description----go to properties ---- go to documents----select the default/existingdocuments and remove----add and paste the name of the file copied----give OK----applyand OK.

Go to DNS----create new forward look up zone for the new website----give next----uncheck last option in the list of options leaving only primary zone----next----specifythe zone name (Ex: Google or Yahoo.com) ----next----next----next----finish.RC on new zone name----create new host record----specify Cname & IP ----OK.RC on new zone name----create new alias----www----browse the host record and

insert----give OK----close DNS.

Redirecting a website:Go to IIS-----RC on yahoo description----properties----home directory----select a re-direction to URL----http://www.google.com----apply----OK----close.

Virtual Directory: copy of the main.htm or the page to get included in Virtual Directory.

RC on website required----New----Virtual directory----next----give alias (ex:mail foryahoo.com)----next specify the website path----next----select browse----next finish.

RC on mail---go to properties----go to documents----remove yahoo.htm and add----yahoo.mail.htm----give OK----apply----OK----close.

Go to Internet Explorer and type : www.yahoo.com/mail.

http://www.google/http://www.yahoo.com/http://www.google/http://www.yahoo.com/

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F T P:

Configuration:

1. FTP site without Isolation of users:Go to my computer----any drive----new folder----rename----Share the folder----giveproper sharing permissions----add some files to the shared folder----close.Go to IIS----RC on FTP sites----new FTP site----next specify site description----next----specify the IP address----next----next----specify the share folder path----next----allowpermissions as required----next ---- finish.

Go to Internet Explorer----type----ftp://192.168.1.1 for example.

2. FTP site with isolation of users:In NTFS drive create a folder----give root as name----within the root create another

folder with domain name----within this create another folder administrator and user(as per requirement, to isolate users depending upon the access need to be given to theindividual folders as per the permissions given)----create some files/add some files tothe folders.

NOTE: for isolated users password must be there.Go to IIS----RC on FTP site----new FTP site----next----give any new name----specify theIP address----next----select isolate users (2nd option)----next----and browse the rootfolder path----next----give Read & Write permissions----finish----close.

BACKUP:Is maintaining or having a duplicate copy of the information and restore the informationwithout any loss of the data when required is referred to as Backup.

There are different levels of backups:1. Server level backups ---Ex: DC to ADC; PDNS to SDNS; etc2. System level backup ---Ex: Distributed File System3. Disk level backup ----Ex: RAID

Backups are two types depending on the data:1. user data files, programs, applications, data, games, movies, music etc.2. System level data O/S information like registry and other information.

There are five types of Backup strategies:1. Copy Backup2. Normal Backup3. Incremental Backup4. Differential Backup5. Daily Backup


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Note:Backup for live servers and shared folders can be taken using a service called volumeshadow copy. Volume shadow copy provides taking of Backup for the files which are inuse.

Attributes: every file will have three attributes a) Hidden, b) Read only & c)Archive.1. Hidden : to hide or display the folders or files2. Read only : will specify whether it has write protection or not3. Archive : specifies whether file is backed up or not.

Normal Backup: it backs up/copies all the data and remove the archive bit A.

Steps: for BackupTwo methods of accessing backup wizard:

1. Command prompt method: Start----run----type----ntbackup

2. Windows method: Start----Programs----Accessories----System Tools----backup----select advanced----select backup wizard----next----select Backup selected files----give next----select the file to be backed up----give next----specify the back upfile path and file name----next----go to advanced----select the back up type(Normal or Incremental or Differential or Daily backup)----next----disable VolumeShadow Copy (do not disable if the backup file is a shared folder)----next----next.. finish.

Steps to Restore:Go to backup wizard----advanced----select restore wizard----next----select the item to berestored----next----select advanced options----next----next.finish.

Incremental Backup:Takes the back up of all the files which are having archive bits and it removes thearchive bit once the backup is taken.

Differential Backup:This type of backup will take the backup of all the files having archive bit and will notremove Archive bit after backup.

Note: Incremental backup is used for high speed backup and slow restore.Differential backup is used for high speed restore and slow backup.


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S.No.No. of Filescreated

TotalFiles

Type ofBackup

A BitsBefore

A BitsAfter

No. ofFiles inBackupFolder

SpeedofBackup

SpeedOfRestore

CASE 1

1 3 3 Normal 3 0 3 Normal Normal

2 4 7 Incremental 4 0 7 Fast Slow

3 5 12 Incremental 5 0 12 Fast Slow

4 7 19 Incremental 7 0 19 Fast SlowCASE 2

1 4 23 Normal 4 0 23 Normal Slow

2 4 27 Differential 4 4 27 Slow Fast



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