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Management Information Systems, 10/eRaymond McLeod Jr. and
George P. Schell
Management Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George
Schell
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Part I: Essential Concepts Chapter 1Introduction to Information
Systems
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Learning ObjectivesUnderstand how computer hardware has evolved
to its present level of sophistication.Know the basics of computer
and communications architectures.Understand the distinction between
physical and virtual systems.Describe how business applications
have evolved from an initial emphasis on accounting data to the
current emphasis on information for problem solving.
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Learning Objectives (Contd)Understand what enterprise resource
planning systems are and the reasons for their popularity.Know how
to tailor information systems to managers based on where they are
located in the organizational structure and what they do.Understand
the relationship between problem solving and decision making and
know the basic problem-solving steps.Know what innovations to
expect in information technology.
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History of Information SystemsEvolution in Computer
HardwareMainframeMultitaskingSmaller
ComputersMinicomputersMicrocomputersPersonal computers (PC)
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Introduction to Computer ArchitectureHardware-processor,
keyboard, monitor, mouse, printer, etc.Software-application,
operating, etc. Used to support managerial decision making.
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Introduction to Computer Architecture (Contd)Modem-hardware
device that modulates the digital signals from a computer into
analog signals (telephone system), and vice versa.Direct
communication standardsBetween computers is much faster.Wireless
networks
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Figure 1.5 Communications Architecture
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The Evolution in Computer ApplicationsInformation systems are
virtual systems that enable management to control the operations of
the physical system of the firm.Physical system-tangible resources
such as materials, personnel, machines, and money.Virtual
system-information resources that are used to represent the
physical system.
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Figure 1.6 The Physical System of the Firm
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The Evolution of Computer Applications (Contd)Open system is a
firms physical system that interacts with its environment by means
of physical resource flows.Closed system is one that does not
communicate with its environment.
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Transaction Processing SystemsData-facts and figures that are
generally unusable due to their large volume and unrefined
nature.Information-processed data that is meaningful; tells users
something.Transaction Processing System (TPS) processes data that
reflects the activities of the firm.
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Figure 1.7 A Model of a Transaction Processing System
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Management Information SystemsManagement Information System
(MIS) is a computer-based system that makes information available
to users with similar needs.Report-writing software produces both
periodic and special reports.Mathematical models produces
information as a simulation of the firms operations.
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Figure 1.8 A MIS Model
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Management Information Systems (Contd)Information provided by
MIS describes the firm or one of its major systems.What has
happened in the past.What is happening now.What is likely to happen
in the future.Interorganizational information system (IOS)is formed
when a firm interacts with others, such as suppliers.
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Virtual Office SystemsOffice automation-use of electronics to
facilitate communication.Personal productivity systems-use
technology to self-manage clerical tasks such as calendars, address
books, etc.Virtual office-performing office activities independent
of a particular physical location.
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Decision Support SystemsDecision Support System (DSS)assists
management in solving a problem.Groupwaregroup-oriented
software.Group decision support system (GDSS) combines groupware
and the DSS.Artificial intelligence (AI)the science of providing
computers with human intelligence.
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Figure 1.9 A DSS Model
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Enterprise Resource Planning SystemsEnterprise Resource Planning
System (ERP) is a computer-based system that enables the management
of all of the firms resources on an organization-wide basis.Y2K
complaintSAPERP Provider
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Information System UsersFirst users were clerical users on
TPSs.MISs added problem-solvers as users.Managerial LevelsStrategic
planning levelManagement control levelOperational control level
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Figure 1.10 Management Levels Can Influence Both the Source and
Presentation Form of Information
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Figure 1.11 ManagersCan Be Found on All Business Areas of the
Firm
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Figure 1.12 Management Level May Influence the Relative Emphasis
on the Management Function
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Table 1.2 Mintzbergs Managerial Roles
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Problem Solving and Decision MakingProblem condition or event
that is harmful or potentially harmful to a firm or that is
beneficial or potentially beneficial.Solutionoutcome of the
problem-solving activity.Decisiona particular selected course of
action.
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Problem-Solving PhasesThe four phases are:Intelligence activity.
Search the environment for conditions calling for a solution.Design
activity. Invent, develop, and analyze possible courses of
action.Choice activity. Select a particular course of action from
those available.Review activity. Assess past choices.
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Figure 1.13 Information Supports Each Problem-Solving Phase
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The Future of Information TechnologyReduced cost and increased
power of both computers and communications.Computers and
communications are converging, i.e., cell phones with
browsers.Future computing will be low cost, small in size, mobile,
and connected.
Management Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George
Schell