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McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
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Page 1: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Chapter 12

Transmission Control Protocol

(TCP)

Page 2: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

CONTENTSCONTENTS

• PROCESS-TO-PROCESS COMMUNICATION• TCP SERVICES• NUMBERING BYTES• FLOW CONTROL• SILLY WINDOW SYNDROME• ERROR CONTROL• TCP TIMERS

Page 3: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

CONTENTS CONTENTS (continued)(continued)

• CONGESTION CONTROL• SEGMENT• OPTIONS• CHECKSUM• CONNECTION• STATE TRANSITION DIAGRAM• TCP OERATION• TCP PACKAGE

Page 4: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-1

Position of TCP in TCP/IP protocol suite

Page 5: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

PROCESS TO

PROCESSCOMMUNICATION

12.112.1

Page 6: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-2

TCP versus IP

Page 7: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-3

Port numbers

Page 8: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

TCPSERVICES

12.212.2

Page 9: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-4

Stream delivery

Page 10: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-5

Sending and receiving buffers

Page 11: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-6

TCP segments

Page 12: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

NUMBERINGBYTES

12.312.3

Page 13: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

The bytes of data being transferred The bytes of data being transferred in each connection are numbered by TCP. in each connection are numbered by TCP.

The numbering starts with The numbering starts with a randomly generated number.a randomly generated number.

Page 14: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Example 1Example 1

Imagine a TCP connection is transferring a file of 6000 bytes. The first byte is numbered 10010. What are the sequencenumbers for each segment if data is sent in five segments with the first four segments carrying 1,000 bytes and the last segment carrying 2,000 bytes?

Page 15: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

SolutionSolution

The following shows the sequence number for each segment:

Segment 1 10,010 (10,010 to 11,009)

Segment 2 11,010 (11,010 to 12,009)

Segment 3 12,010 (12,010 to 13,009)

Segment 4 13,010 (13,010 to 14,009)

Segment 5 14,010 (14,010 to 16,009)

Page 16: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

The value of the sequence number field in a segment defines the number

of the first data byte contained in that segment.

Page 17: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

The value of the acknowledgment field in a The value of the acknowledgment field in a segment defines the number of the segment defines the number of the

next byte a party expects to receives. next byte a party expects to receives. The acknowledgment number is cumulative.The acknowledgment number is cumulative.

Page 18: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

FLOWCONTROL

12.412.4

Page 19: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

A sliding window is used to make A sliding window is used to make transmission more transmission more

efficient as well as to control the flow of efficient as well as to control the flow of data so that the destination data so that the destination

does not become overwhelmed with data. does not become overwhelmed with data. TCP’s sliding windows are byte oriented.TCP’s sliding windows are byte oriented.

Page 20: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-7

Sender buffer

Page 21: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-8

Receiver window

Page 22: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-9

Sender buffer and sender window

Page 23: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-10

Sliding the sender window

Page 24: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-11

Expanding the sender window

Page 25: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-12

Shrinking the sender window

Page 26: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

In TCP, the sender window In TCP, the sender window size is totally controlled size is totally controlled

by the receiver window value.by the receiver window value.However, the actual window size However, the actual window size

can be smaller if there is can be smaller if there is congestion in the network.congestion in the network.

Page 27: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Some Points about TCP’s Sliding Windows:Some Points about TCP’s Sliding Windows:

1. The source does not have to send a 1. The source does not have to send a full window’s worth of data. full window’s worth of data.

2. The size of the window can be increased2. The size of the window can be increased or decreased by the destination. or decreased by the destination.

3. The destination can send an 3. The destination can send an acknowledgment at any time. acknowledgment at any time.

Page 28: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

SILLYWINDOW

SYNDROME

12.512.5

Page 29: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

ERRORCONTROL

12.612.6

Page 30: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-13Corrupted segment

Page 31: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-14Lost segment

Page 32: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-15

Lost acknowledgment

Page 33: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

TCPTIMERS

12.712.7

Page 34: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-16

TCP timers

Page 35: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

CONGESTIONCONTROL

12.812.8

Page 36: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

TCP assumes that the cause of TCP assumes that the cause of a lost segment is due to a lost segment is due to

congestion in the network.congestion in the network.

Page 37: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

If the cause of the lost segment If the cause of the lost segment is congestion, is congestion,

retransmission of the segment retransmission of the segment not only does not remove the cause, not only does not remove the cause,

it aggravates it.it aggravates it.

Page 38: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-17

Multiplicative decrease

Page 39: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-18

Congestion avoidance strategies

Page 40: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

SEGMENT

12.912.9

Page 41: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-19

TCP segment format

Page 42: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-20

Control field

Page 43: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

OPTIONS

12.1012.10

Page 44: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-21

Options

Page 45: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-22

End of option option

Page 46: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-23

No operation option

Page 47: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-24

Maximum segment size option

Page 48: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-25

Window scale factor option

Page 49: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-26

Timestamp option

Page 50: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

CHECKSUM

12.1112.11

Page 51: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-12

Pseudoheader added to the TCP datagram

Page 52: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

CONNECTION

12.1212.12

Page 53: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-28

Three-way handshaking

Page 54: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-29

Four-way handshaking

Page 55: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

STATETRANSITION

DIAGRAM

12.1312.13

Page 56: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-30

State transition diagram

Page 57: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-31

Client states

Page 58: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-32

Server states

Page 59: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

TCPOPERATION

12.1412.14

Page 60: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Chapter 12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

Figure 12-33

Encapsulation and decapsulation


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