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D.P. BhanotShailja Sangar

EnglishLanguage &Literature

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19. Poor Standard of Sports in India 11520. Health Hazards Caused by Junk Foods 11621. About Improvement in

Teaching of English 11622. Growing Consumption of Tobacco 11723. The Disuse of Subways 11824. Need of Environmental Awareness 11925. Need of Counselling after Class X 12026. Having Knowledge of First Aid 12027. Having Life with a Goal 12128. Consequences of Sedentary Life 12229. Cruelty to Animals 12330. Outbreak of Cholera in the City 12431. The Evil of Child Abuse 12532. True Homage to Gandhiji 12633. Teenage Problems 12734. Problems of Slum Dwellers 12835. Problem of Global Warming 12936. How to Boost Tourism Industry 12937. Importance of National Integration 13038. Celebrating Teachers’ Day 131

Letters for Practice 132

3.2 Article Writing 133–1601. Licence to Drive is not a Licence to Kill 1352. Conserve Every Drop of Water 1353. The Poor Tiger Becoming Extinct 1364. Tourists to Kashmir — Safe or Not ! 1365. Consequences of Sedentary Lifestyle 1376. Effect of Pollution on Migratory Birds 1377. Children and TV Advertising 1388. Importance of Music in Life 1389. The Green Gardens Resort 139

SECTION—A(Reading Comprehension)

1. Factual Passages with V.S.A.Type Questions 3–42Answer Key 43–48

2. Discursive Passages with S.A. TypeQuestions & MCQs 49–93Answer Key 94–100

SECTION—B(Writing and Grammar)

* Composition Writing3.1 Letters to the Editor 102–132

1. About Environmental Pollution 1042. About the Nuisance of Loudspeakers 1043. For Repair of a Road 1054. About Bad Condition of Water Supply 1055. About the Evil of Drinking 1066. About Increase in Road Accidents 1077. About Increase in Antisocial Activities 1078. About the Problem of Begging 1089. Describing a ‘Gherao’ of Buses 108

10. Communal Harmony 10911. Modern Fashions 11012. Diseases During Summers 11013. The Evil of Child Labour 11114. Need to be Law-abiding Citizens 11215. Importance of Education 11316. Physical and Mental Stress on Children 11317. About a Blood Donation Camp 11418. About the Evil of Dowry System 115

ENGLISH LANGUAGE & LITERATURE – CLASS X

VOLUME I

(COMMON FOR SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENTS I & II)

(FOR FIRST & SECOND TERM)

10. Teenagers Hooked on to New Gadgets 13911. The Horribly Changed Face of the City 14012. Scarcity of Clean Drinking Water

in the Country 14013. Stop Crowding Hamirpur 14114. Cancer — a Silent Killer 14115. Promotion of Tourism 14216. Role of School in a Child’s Life 14217. Atithi Devo Bhava 14318. Cruelty to Animals 14319. Girls Still at Risk 14420. Importance of Trees for Man’s Survival 14521. Growing Junk Food Menace 14522. Road Safety for Schoolchildren 14623. Effect of Examinations on Teaching

and Learning in Schools 14624. The Evil of Drug Addiction 14725. Craze for New Fashions 14726. Violence Among the Youth 14827. Why Every School Must

Have a School Uniform 14928. Importance of Games and Yoga 14929. Television — a Blessing 15030. Thefts — Prevention is Better Than Cure 15031. Smoking — a Silent Killer 15132. Patriotism and the Youth 15133. Overpopulation 15234. Stepmotherly Treatment to Hockey

Players 15335. Tree Plantation 15436. The Generation Gap 15537. Modern Gadgets Have Made

Us Slaves to Machines 15538. Save the Planet Earth 15639. The Present-day Unruly

and Uncivil Behaviour 15740. Mobile Phones — a Boon or a Bane 15741. Preserving the Environment 15842. Youth & National Integration 15843. Unity in Diversity 159

Articles for Practice 160

4. Story Writing 161–1801. An Accident on a Dark Wintry Night 1632. Having a Cat as a Pet 1633. Stick No Bills 1634. Broken Arm and Leg from Kite Flying 164

5. A Sleepless Summer Night 1646. A Coolie’s Daring Act 1657. Travelling on the Roof of a Crowded Bus 1658. A Dog Rescued from Drowning 1659. A Carpenter’s House on Fire 166

10. The Foolish King 16611. A Horrible Storm 16712. The Case of a Dog Bite 16713. A Friendly Cricket Match 16814. Priya Watches a House on Fire 16815. How My Brother Broke His Arm 16816. Travelling Without Ticket 16917. Spending a Night in a Village 16918. A Scooterist Knocks Down a Boy 17019. A Snatcher in School 17020. How the Genie Fulfilled Ramesh’s Desire 17121. Ticket Examiner in the Railway

Compartment 17122. A Case of Snakebite 17123. Swami Catches a Burglar 17224. A Robbery in Raju’s House 17225. A Little Ball of Fur 17326. Meeting an Old Friend 17327. The Sin of Neglecting Our Elders 17428. On Forgetfulness 17429. Say ‘No’ to Crackers 17530. A Ghastly Murder 17531. On Taking Part in Sports 17632. On Losing the Way 17633. A House on Fire 17734. Seeking Parents’ Permission for a Movie 17735. A Daylight Robbery 17836. An Act of Nobility 17937. A Narrow Escape from Being Drowned 17938. A Horrible Dream 18039. Dishonesty Always Shows Itself 180

*Grammar5. Gap Filling 181–1906. Editing / Omission 191–220

Type-I 191Type-II 210

7.1 Sentence Reordering 221–2367.2 Sentence Transformation 237–260

Type-I 237Type-II 249Type-III 253Type-IV 257

1

Questions 1–2

READING COMPREHENSION(Factual and Discursive Passages)

Examination Specifications :

This section will have two unseen passages of a total length of 700-750 words.

The arrangement within the reading section is as follows :

Q.1. A Factual passage of 300-350 words with eight very-short-answer type

questions.

Q.2. A Discursive passage of 350-400 words with four short-answer type questions

to test inference, evaluation and analysis and four MCQs to test vocabulary.

SECTIONA

(8 marks)

(12 marks)

UNSEEN READING COMPREHENSION

WHAT TO DOThe aim of ‘Reading Comprehension’ is to measure your ability to read and understand.

In order to be able to comprehend a given passage and to answer the related questions in a clear

and precise manner, students are advised to keep in mind the following suggestions :

1. Read the given passage slowly and carefully.

2. Try to understand the gist of the passage or what it is about.

3. Read the passage once again if you have not grasped its meaning fully at the first reading.

4. Don’t get unduly upset if the meanings of some difficult words in the passage are not known

to you. If you apply a little thought, you can guess the meanings of such words in relation to

the sense in which they have been used in a particular sentence or context.

5. After you have grasped the passage, read the questions given below it, one by one.

6. Underline those parts of the passage which give the key or clue to your answers.

7. When the answers to all the given questions are clear to you, pen them down in your

answer-book.

8. As far as possible, use your own words. Don’t copy the language of the passage.

9. Your answers should be brief, clear and to the point. Often it is possible to give a good answer,

using only a single word or phrase, and it is not necessary to write in complete sentences.

10. Your language should be simple but correct.

11. Revise your answers and examine them carefully to see that they are clear and complete. If an

answer is too long, you must further compress it by omitting unnecessary details.

12. Correct all mistakes in spelling, grammar, punctuation, etc.

13. In case of multiple-choice questions, study all the given alternatives carefully and only then

make your choice. It never pays to make a guess.

Students are advised to develop a habit of using dictionary. Often it happens that we skip off a

word we don’t understand in a piece of writing, and feel content by merely making a guess of its

meaning or sense. We don’t take the trouble of looking up its contextual meaning in some good

dictionary. Such laziness never pays, and should be given up at once. Students who make the use of

dictionary a habit with them, can surely enrich their vocabulary and gain a good command of the

language. Look upon your dictionary as your Bible, your friend and guide !

2

UNSEEN COMPREHENSION(Type-I)

FACTUAL PASSAGES (300-350 words)(Passages followed by eight V.S.A. Questions)

Note : Answers to all the passages have been given at the end of this Set. Students are advisedto attempt each passage themselves and then compare their answers with the givenanswers, or have them checked by their teachers.

PASSAGE 1

1 There are several reasons for a headache. Physical, emotional and mental factors, anxiety and tensionare a few. Sometimes, headache can be a signal of an underlying disease. More than medicines, yogatherapy1 eminently2 suits any need. Yoga is a comprehensive3 mode of culturing the body and mind.Using the ‘Integrated Approach of Yoga’, the yoga research centres have been able to cure sometough headaches. The integrated approach includes breathing, asanas, pranayama, meditation anddevotional sessions.

2 Yoga asanas, especially the ones imitating the natural postures of animals, have a tremendoustranquillising effect, without having to depend on common drugs. Pranayama inhibits4 randomagitations in Pranic (energy) flows in Pranamayakosa, stabilising the autonomic nervous system.Dhyana and Samadhi culture the mind to relax. This approach alters the reaction of an individualto headache. By interrupting the vicious circle of pain-agony-pain, it prevents headache frombecoming a crippling problem.

3 Through asanas that calm you, the pranayama exercises that inhibit random energy flows and themeditation that cultivates and relaxes your mind, yoga offers a holistic5 form of pain relief. It stopsyou from becoming locked in the vicious circle of pain-anxiety-pain.

4 Chronic6 pain essentially is imbalance in Prana (energy). This imbalance initially manifests7 only asa functional abnormality like insomnia8, lack of enthusiasm, fatigue, increased irritability and lackof concentration. Over the years, the imbalance settles in an organ. Chronic pain may sometimes bejust a long-standing muscle spasm, which later on may give rise to organic changes in the form ofchronic inflammation. (260 words)

Answer each question briefly :

1. How can yoga be useful as a therapy ?

2. What can be the various causes of headache ?

1. therapy—a treatment to cure an illness, ÁøÁ∑§à‚Ê; 2. eminently—outstandingly, obviously, ©Uà∑Î§c≈ M§¬ ◊¥;3. comprehensive—that includes everything, √ÿÊ¬∑§; 4. inhibits—prevents, ⁄UÊ∑§ÃÊ „ÒU; 5. holistic—emphasizing theorganic relation between parts and whole, •Êœ •ÊÒ⁄U ¬Í⁄U ∑§ ’Ëø ¡ÒÁfl∑§ ‚ê’ãœ ¬⁄U ¡Ê⁄U ŒŸ flÊ‹Ê; 6. chronic—lastingfor a long time, continually recurring, ¬È⁄UÊŸÊ, Áø⁄U∑§ÊÁ‹∑§; 7. manifests—clearly shows, S¬c≈ M§¬ ◊¥ ÁŒπ‹ÊÃÊ „ÒU;8. insomnia—inability to sleep, •ÁŸº˝Ê ⁄Êª–

3

MBD SUPER REFRESHER ENGLISH LANG. & LIT. (X CBSE)4 FOR FIRST & SECOND TERM

3. Why has the programme ‘Integrated Approach of Yoga’ been so called ?

4. Why are yoga asanas considered superior to common drugs ?

5. How do the Dhyana and Samadhi asanas help us ?

6. What two things does the disturbance in the energy level lead to ?

7. What gives us a holistic form of pain relief ?

8. How does yoga prevent pain from becoming a crippling problem ?

PASSAGE 2

WOMEN LIBERATION IN BPOS :

1 BPOs1 have often been faulted2 for the lack of women in their senior managerial positions.“Communication and self-expression are the key challenges that the women working in the BPOsector face today. These problems arise from the lack of confidence,” says the CEO3 of sitagita.com,a blog4 for women who work in BPOs.

2 Not all BPO women are considered to be confident and on a par with their male colleagues. Womenat the senior levels may be very confident but lower-rung employees have a long way to go.

3 Another interesting angle to the debate on female self-expression is the number of women fromsmall towns and conservative backgrounds who are new to the BPO culture. What awaits them atthe industry is a complete cross-cultural dilemma — a new work culture, pressure of deadlines5 andnever-experienced-before graveyard shifts6. Such dilemmas tend to worsen when self-expression iscurtailed7 or not encouraged.

4 Employers do not present the complete picture of the industry to prospective8 candidates. All is notrosy at the hiring stage. No employer comes forward to tell the flip9 side of the story.

5 “Life has taken a turn since I started blogging. I hardly get time to talk to friends or family membersbecause of work pressure. But my blog helps me express my thoughts and feelings to so manypeople who are facing problems similar to mine,” says a BPO employee.

6 The sector wants more women to join. The companies, especially, are looking at women for thestability factor. The current man-woman ratio in the BPO sector is 69 : 31. And the number ofwomen is set to rise. So sitagita.com is a platform that women can use to express their concerns.

(292 words)

1. BPOS—Business Process Organisations; 2. faulted—criticised, •Ê‹ÊøŸÊ ∑§Ë; 3. CEO—Chief Executive Officer;4. blog—a personal record that somebody puts on their website giving an account of their activities and opinions;5. deadline—a point in time by which something must be done, ‚◊ÿ-‚Ë◊Ê; 6. graveyard shift—the time ofworking at night or very early in the morning, Œ⁄U ⁄UÊÃ Ã∑§ ÿÊ ¬˝ÊÃ— ’„ÈUÃ ‚fl⁄‘U ∑§Ê◊ ∑§⁄UŸÊ; 7. curtailed—limited, ‚ËÁ◊ÃÁ∑§ÿÊ; 8. prospective—expected to become, ’ŸŸ ∑§Ë •Ê‡ÊÊ; 9. flip—lacking in seriousness, ªê÷Ë⁄U Ÿ „UÊŸÊ–

UNSEEN COMPREHENSION 5FOR FIRST & SECOND TERM


1. What are BPOs often criticised for ?

2. What does lack of confidence in women result in ?

3. Do all BPO women lack confidence ?

4. What are the two problems faced by small-town women ?

5. What are the candidates kept in the dark about at the time of employment ?

6. What is one of the advantages of ‘blogging’ ?

7. What does the phrase ‘graveyard shift’ refer to ?

8. How does sitagita.com help women ?

PASSAGE 3DAY AND NIGHT :

1 We know that day and night are caused by the rotation of the Earth on its axis, so that for part of thetime, a place on the globe faces the sun and for the rest of the time, it is turned away from it.

2 To early people, a ‘day’ meant the span of time between sunrise and sunset. We still use the wordin this way to distinguish it from the period of darkness that we call night. But as civilizationdeveloped, it became necessary to identify days more accurately and to work out when they beganand ended.

3 The ancient Greeks measured their day from sunset to sunset. The Romans, unlike the Greeks,measured their day from midnight to midnight. Most modern countries use this Roman method.

4 Before mechanical clocks were invented, people divided the day and night into 12 hours each, butthis method proved impractical because the length of the day differed with the seasons. The inventionof the clock helped in developing a system of measuring time that is now used almost everywhere.Under this system, the day lasts for 24 hours from midnight to midnight. Although we no longerdivide the day and night into 12 hours each, we still use two periods of 12 hours each. These equalhalves are distinguished by the abbreviations a.m. (ante meridiem, a Latin phrase meaning ‘beforemidday’) for the period from 12 midnight to 12 noon, and p.m. (post meridiem, meaning ‘aftermidday’) for the period from 12 noon to 12 midnight. Other ways of splitting up the day includethe division into morning (from midnight to noon), afternoon (from noon to dusk1), and night(from dusk to midnight). A variable2 period, called the evening, falls between about 5 p.m. and theend of twilight3. It is the period after sunset when the sun is only just below the horizon4. In summer,the evenings are longer than in winter. (298 words)

1. dusk—time after twilight and before night, ¤ÊÈ≈U¬È≈UÊ, ‡ÊÊ◊ •ÊÒ⁄U ⁄UÊÃ ∑§ ’Ëø ∑§Ê ‚◊ÿ;U 2. variable—varying, changeable,¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ‡ÊË‹; 3. twilight—faint light after sunset or before sunrise, ¤ÊÈ≈U¬È≈UÊ, ‚ÍÿÊ¸SÃ ∑§ ’ÊŒ ÿÊ ‚ÍÿÊ¸Œÿ ∑§ ¬„U‹ œË◊Ê ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê;4. horizon—the line at which the earth and the sky appear to meet, ÁˇÊÁÃ¡–



1. How are day and night caused ?

2. The ancient Greeks measured the day from sunset to sunset; the Romansmeasured it ...........................

3. How many hours make a day in the modern system ?

4. What does the abbreviation a.m. stand for ?

5. What is meant by p.m. ?

6. Why can’t we divide the day and the night into twelve hours each ?

7. Which part of the day is usually referred to as the evening ?

8. ‘........................... when they began and ended’ (Para 2).

What does the word ‘they’ here refer to ?

PASSAGE 4

1 It is almost impossible to escape from advertisements1. Hoardings2 stare down at us from the sides ofthe roads : crude3 neon signs wink above shops : jingles and slogans assault our ears. In magazines,pictures of washing machines and custard powders take up more room than the letter press.All these are modern developments which have grown side by side with the spread of education andtechnical advances in radio and TV.

2 Advertising assaults4 not only our eyes and ears, but also our pockets. Its critics point out that in thiscountry, 1.6% of the national income is spent on advertising and this advertising actually raises thecost of products. When a housewife buys a pound of flour, 5% of what she pays goes to someadvertiser or the other, even if she has not bothered to ask the shopkeeper for a particular brand. Ifshe buys a named brand of aspirin, up to 29% of what she pays may represent the cost of advertisingthe name.

3 These amounts seem a great deal to pay for the questionable5 benefits of advertising, but there area few things to be said in its favour — some things cost less. Newspapers, magazines, commercialradio and television — all carry advertisements. The money they receive from the advertisers helpsthem to lower the cost of production. In this way, we get information and entertainment at lowerprices than would otherwise have to be charged. Therefore, what we lose on the swings, we gain onthe roundabouts. Apart from this very important consideration, advertising to some extent ensuresthat a product will maintain its quality. It also gives rise to competition among manufacturers,which gives the customers a wider choice. Competition may even succeed, in some cases, in reversingthe influence of advertising and causing a reduction in price. (300 words)

1. advertisements—public notices offering goods, etc., ÁflôÊÊ¬Ÿ; 2. hoardings—large boards used for displayingadvertisements, ÁflôÊÊ¬Ÿ Œ‡ÊÊ¸Ÿ ∑§ Á‹∞ ¬˝ÿÊª Á∑§∞ ª∞ Áfl‡ÊÊ‹ ’Ê«¸U ÿÊ ÃÅÃ; 3. crude—simply made, not showing muchskill, ÷Œ˜ÔŒÊ, •Ÿª…∏U; 4. assaults—attacks, •Ê∑˝§◊áÊ ∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU; 5. questionable—that can be doubted, ‚¢ÁŒÇœ–



1. In what different forms do we come across advertisements ?

2. What do you think the author feels about advertisements ?

3. How do advertisements harm us as individuals ?

4. How much do we spend in our country on advertising ?

5. What is the relation between advertising and the cost of goods ?

6. How does advertising favour a consumer ? Explain.

7. What inference can be drawn from the words : ‘even if she has not bothered to ask theshopkeeper for a particular brand’ ?

8. ‘What we lose on the swings, we gain on the roundabouts.’ Explain.

PASSAGE 5

MOHWA :

1 The Mohwa is one of the most important of Indian forest trees, not only for its timber, but alsobecause of its delicious and nutritive1 flowers. To the people of central India, it provides the mostimportant article of food as the flowers can be stored almost indefinitely.

2 The Mohwa tree has a thick, grey bark. Most of the leaves fall from February to April and duringthat time, the scented flowers appear hanging in close bunches of a dozen or so. It is at night thatthe tree blooms and at dawn each short-lived flower falls to the ground. A couple of months afterthe flowering period, the fruit opens2. They are fleshy green berries, quite large and contain fromone to four shiny, brown seeds.

3 The gathering of the edible Mohwa flowers is an important business to the country people. Belowthe tree, the ground is cleared and swept and dawn blooms3 are collected and allowed to dry out onthe flattened earth. The flowers taste something like pressed figs4. Sugar, puddings and othersweetmeats are made from them. All parts of the fruits, both ripe and unripe, are used. A thick oilis extracted from the kernels, which being yellowish, gives it the name of Butter Tree. The oil is usedfor cooking and making soap and candles.

4 Animals, particularly deer and bears, love the flowers and don’t mind risking the vigilant5 nightguards. Peafowls6 can be seen around the trees at sunset and dawn.

1. nutritive—serving as food, •Ê„UÊ⁄U ∑§Ê ∑§Ê◊ ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ê; 2. opens—unfolds, comes out, πÈ‹ÃÊ „ÒU, ÁŸ∑§‹ÃÊ „ÒU; 3. dawnblooms—flowers that have fallen during the hours of dawn, »Í§‹ ¡Ê ¬ÊÒ »§≈UŸ ∑§ ‚◊ÿ ◊¥ Áª⁄U „Ò¥U; 4. fig—soft sweet fruit,full of small seeds and often eaten dried, Ÿ⁄U◊, ◊ËΔUÊ »§‹, ’Ë¡Ê¥ ‚ ÷⁄UÊ „ÈU•Ê •ÊÒ⁄U ¬˝Êÿ— ‚ÈπÊ ∑§⁄U πÊÿÊ ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹Ê;5. vigilant—watchful, øÊÒ∑§ãŸÊ, ‚Ã∑¸§; 6. peafowls—peacocks and peahens, ◊Ê⁄U •ÊÒ⁄U ◊Ê⁄UÁŸÿÊ°–


7. cut flowers—flowers cut from the plant for use in decoration, ‚¡Êfl≈U ∑§ Á‹∞ ¬ÊÒœ ‚ ∑§Ê≈U „ÈU∞ »Í§‹; 8. exude—giveout, Á⁄U‚ŸÊ, ≈U¬∑§ŸÊ; 9. rheumatism—a disease causing pain, stiffness and inflammation of the muscles and joints,ªÁΔUÿÊ ŸÊ◊∑§ ⁄UÊª ¡Ê ◊Ê°‚¬Á‡ÊÿÊ¥ •ÊÒ⁄U ¡Ê«∏UÊ¥ ◊¥ ŒŒ¸, ∞¥ΔUŸ •ÊÒ⁄U ‚Í¡Ÿ ¬ÒŒÊ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „ÒU; 10. biliousness—headache due to the improperfunctioning of the liver, Á¡ª⁄U ∑§ ΔUË∑§ ∑§Ê◊ Ÿ ∑§⁄UŸ ‚ ¬ÒŒÊ „ÈU•Ê Á‚⁄UŒŒ¸–

1. environmentalists—persons who are concerned about environment and want to improve or protect it, ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ‚ê’ãœË Áfl‡ÊcÊôÊ; 2. picturesque—charming, forming a pretty scene, ‚ÈãŒ⁄U; 3. canola—a type of plant, ∞∑§ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ê¬ÊÒœÊ–

5 Cut flowers7 and branches exude8 a thick milky sap good for curing rheumatism9. The wood is hardand heavy, works easily and makes good furniture. The bark is used to cure leprosy and to healwounds. The flowers relieve cough, biliousness10 and heart trouble and the fruits cure consumptionand blood diseases. (300 words)


1. Can you say the Mohwa is of no use as timber ?

2. What do the people of central India value the Mohwa for ?

3. When does flowering take place in the Mohwa trees ?

4. What kind of fruits do these trees bear ?

5. How long do the Mohwa flowers live ?

6. How are the Mohwa flowers and fruit kernels used ?

7. For what medical purpose can the bark of this tree be used ?

8. Why has the Mohwa been called the Butter Tree ?

PASSAGE 6ALTERNATIVE FUEL :

1 At a time when the use of fossil fuels to power vehicles is making environmentalists1 angry, analternative source of fuel — the bio-diesel — has emerged as a useful solution. Additionally, its usesolves a disposal problem.

2 The fuel is nothing but used vegetable oil which has been tested satisfactorily. It has made a vehiclecalled the Veggie Van (a motor home) run more than 16,000 km across the United States. Also, it hasvisited 20 major cities, causing absolutely no harm to the environment. Vegetable oil from variousrestaurants in America was all that was used along the entire journey. The novel experiment was startedas a college project by two students, Joshna and Kaia. It eventually ended in a massive public awarenessprogramme.

3 The idea of using vegetable oil as fuel for a diesel engine first occurred to them when they visited atraditional farm in the picturesque2 southern Germany where vehicles fuelled by vegetable oil werein use. While studying agriculture and living on these farms, they noticed that farmers were alwaysfilling tanks with a yellow liquid. “This fuel comes from the canola3 plants which grow on our farmsand nearby areas. We put it in the diesel and it smells good,” farmers said.


4. methanol—a flammable poisonous liquid alcohol, Öfl‹Ÿ‡ÊË‹ Ê„U⁄UË‹Ê ◊l ¬ŒÊÕ¸; 5. petroleum diesel—diesel obtainedfrom mineral oil, πÁŸ¡ Ã‹ ‚ ¬˝ÊåÃ «UË Ê‹–

1. radiation—the sending out of rays, ÁflÁ∑§⁄UáÊ; 2. greenhouse—a building of glass, ¬ÊÒœÊ ÉÊ⁄; 3. friction— rubbing,⁄Uª«∏U, ÉÊ·¸áÊ; 4. meteor—a small piece of matter that enters the earth’s atmosphere from outer space, ©UÀ∑§ÊÁ¬á«–

4 The process of converting vegetable oil into bio-diesel fuel is cheap and easy. Any vegetable oil, suchas used cooking oil, methanol4 or clear alcohol can be used as fuel.

5 The diesel engine which is being used, however, can run on altered vegetable oil or bio-dieselwithout any modification. Not only does bio-diesel require zero modifications to the engine, thisfuel works either by itself or blended with petroleum diesel5.

6 Bio-diesel has since been recognised as an official alternative fuel in the US. Its use by the bus andtruck fleet has soared by more than 1000 per cent. (308 words)


1. What alternative fuel has been suggested in the passage ?

2. Name the vehicle that first used this alternative fuel.

3. Who were the inventors of this vehicle ?

4. Name the country where the idea of the alternative fuel originated.5. How is alternative fuel made ?6. What changes have to be made to the old diesel engine to make it run on bio-diesel ?7. How can you say that bio-diesel has been very successfully used in the US ?8. Name any three of the advantages that the alternative fuel has over the petroleum diesel.

PASSAGE 7THE AIR WE LIVE IN :

1 Living on the earth is rather like being at the bottom of a sea hundreds of miles deep. Without theatmosphere, there would be no people or animals, birds or fishes, trees or plants. There would beno weather, winds or rain. And there would be no blue sky, no rosy sunsets or dawns. Fire would beimpossible without air, for burning is the union of oxygen with whatever is burned. Nor wouldthere be any noise, which is the vibration of air-waves against our eardrums.

2 By day, the atmosphere serves as a great sun-shade. It protects the earth from the full force of thesun by absorbing most of its harmful radiation1. But for the atmosphere, the daytime temperaturewould rise to 230 degrees F — hotter than the boiling water. By night, the air acts like a giantgreenhouse2. It imprisons the heat collected during the day, and prevents it from spreading intospace. Otherwise, the temperature at night would plunge to –300 degrees F : far colder than wecould stand.

3 Finally, the atmosphere catches and burns up by friction3, practically all the million meteors4 thatfall each day from outer space into the earth’s field of gravity. If all these meteors actually landedhere, the earth’s surface would be pitted and dented like the face of the moon, which has noatmosphere to stop them.


5. stratosphere—the layer of the earth’s atmosphere between about 10 and 60 kilometres above the surfaceof the earth, ‚◊ÃÊ¬ ◊á«U‹–

1. fizzy—having a lot of bubbles of gas, Á¡‚◊¥ ªÒ‚ ∑§ ’„ÈUÃ-‚ ’È‹’È‹ „UÊ¥; 2. osteoporosis—a condition in which bonesbecome weak and are easily broken, e.g. because of a lack of calcium, ∞∑§ ∞‚Ë ’Ë◊Ê⁄UË Á¡‚◊¥ „ÁaUÿÊ¢ ∑§◊ ÊÊ⁄U „UÊ ¡ÊÃË„Ò¥U; 3. sedentary—done sitting down, ¡Ê ∑§Ê◊ ’ÒΔU-’ÒΔU Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê∞; 4. jeopardy—risk, ¡ÊÁπ◊; 5. brittle—easily broken,¡ÀŒË ≈ÍU≈U ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹Ê; 6. decades down the road—after some decades in their life, ©UŸ∑§ ¡ËflŸ ◊¥ ∑È§¿U Œ‡Ê∑§Ê¥ ∑§ ’ÊŒ;7. bone-crippling—harming or damaging the bones, „UÔÁaÔUUÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê ŸÈ∑§‚ÊŸ ¬„È°UøÊŸ flÊ‹Ê; 8. riddled with—full of, ‚ ÷⁄UÊ„ÈU•Ê–

4 It is not true that the air gets gradually colder the higher up you go. It does this up to a height ofabout 10 kilometres, for the lower layers of the atmosphere are warmed by heat radiated from theground. In the ‘stratosphere5’ — the next layer up — the temperature remains almost the same, butit drops to a chilly –40 degrees F at about 30 kilometres. There the temperature begins to risebecause of certain gases that absorb heat directly from the sun. When these gases disappear, atabout eighty kilometres, the temperature drops right to –117 degrees F. After that it rises steadily,reaching 4,118 degrees F at about 400 kilometres. (316 words)


1. What has the water in the sea been compared with ?2. What is it that helps the fire to burn ?3. How does air protect us from the full force of the sun ?4. How is the earth saved from becoming extremely cold at night ?5. How are we saved from millions of meteors that keep falling to the earth each day ?6. What is it that warms the lower layers of our atmosphere ?7. Why does the temperature begin to rise after 30 kilometres above the earth ?8. What would have happened if there were no air ?

PASSAGE 8

1 Every time a child takes a soft drink, he’s laying the groundwork for a dangerous bone disease. No,fizzy1 and sugary drinks don’t cause osteoporosis2. But, because they are often a substitute for a glassof milk, kids are not getting the calcium and vitamin D they need to build a strong skeleton. Manyof them also lead a sedentary3 lifestyle, so they aren’t getting the bone-building benefits from vigorousexercise either. These children aren’t just in jeopardy4 for brittle5 bones and fractures decades downthe road6; they could be at a risk of osteoporosis at a younger age than ever before.

2 The Indian Society for Bone and Mineral Research, a body of osteoporosis experts, is trying tospread awareness about this bone-crippling7 disease. Osteoporosis starts in childhood but hasconsequences later in life. The condition causes bones to become riddled with8 holes, like the

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