MBAA-Rocky Mountain District Meeting Beth McCann Application Engineer August 15, 2007 www.norit- americas.com
Jan 11, 2016
MBAA-Rocky Mountain DistrictMeeting
Beth McCannApplication Engineer
August 15, 2007
www.norit-americas.com
Contents
What is Activated Carbon
Activated Carbon in the Brewing Process
• Granular Activated Carbon for Water Purification
• Powdered Activated Carbon to Decolorize Beer
• Extruded or Granular Activated Carbon for CO2 Purification
Sterilization Process
Introduction To Norit
Worldwide Leader in Activated
Carbon
5 Activation Plants
4 Reactivation Plants
Broadest Product Line
7 Different Raw Materials
Turnkey Approach
Systems Capability
Turnkey Capability
Technical Service
• Laboratory Design
Systems
• PAC Dosing and Silo Systems• GAC Adsorbers
Change-out Service
Reactivation
What is Activated CarbonWhat is Activated Carbon ? ?
What is Activated Carbon?
A Microcrystalline and / or Amorphous Form of Carbon
A Rigid “Sponge” of Carbon
The Active Agent in a Separation Process
Network of Pores Surrounded by Carbon
An Adsorbent
It Is NOT a Chemical Compound
Activation Methods
Steam Activation: “Burn out” the internal pore structure by reaction with steam in a controlled environment at 900°C to 1000°C
Chemical Activation: Mixing of milled wood and phosphoric acid then activate
Raw Materials
Lignite Coal GAC & PAC
Bituminous Coal GAC & PAC
Wood GAC & PAC
Peat GAC & PAC, EXT
Olive Pits EXT
Coconut GAC & PAC
Activated Carbon Pore Structure
Pore Diameter
Micropores:<2 nm
Mesopores:2-50 nm
Macropores:>50 nm
Pore Size Comparison
<2 nm 2-50 nm >50 nm0
0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
1
Po
re V
olu
me,
ml/
g
<2 nm 2-50 nm >50 nm
Pore Diameter
Bituminous
Lignite
Wood
Peat
Forms of Activated Carbon
Powdered (PAC)
100% Less Than 180 Microns
Granular (GAC)
US Std. Mesh Sizes
Extruded Pellets (EXT)
Diameter in mm
Choosing the Right Carbon
AdsorptionAdsorption
Adsorption
* Surface Phenomenon
* Accumulation of Substance at a Surface
* Two Types - Physical (Van Der Waals Forces) - Chemisorption (Chemical Bond)
* Capacity vs. Rate
Adsorption process
Step 1 : Mass Transport of an impurity (solute or adsorbate) from the fluid to the carbon particle surface film;
Step 2 : Diffusion of adsorbate into the pore;
Step 3 : Adsorption on interior surface or pore wall.
What Controls Adsorption?
1. Fluid Contacted (Solution or Gas)pH, viscosity, temperature, chemical composition
2. Type of Impurityconcentration, solubility, molecular size, polarity, competitive adsorption
3. Carbon Typepore volume, dosage, particle size, activation method
4. Process Designliquid or gas phase, PAC or GAC, contact time, temperature
Activated Carbon in the Activated Carbon in the Brewing ProcessBrewing Process
Water Purification
Decolorization of Beer
CO2 Purification
Water PurificationWater Purification
Water Purification
Topics
Organic contaminants
Disinfection by-products
Residual disinfectants
Backwashing
Sterilization of bed
Water Purification
Removal of organic contaminants
Organics (taste and odor components)
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Synthetic Organic Compounds (SOCs)
Natural Organic Compounds (NOCs)
Water Purification
Removal of disinfection by-products
Disinfection by-products (DBPs)
Trihalomethanes (THMs)
Haloacetic Acids (HAAs)
Cl
ClCl
Cl Cl
ClCC
CC
BrBr
Br
Br
BrBr
H
H H
H
Chloroform Dichlorobromomethane
Dibromochloromethane Bromoform
Water Purification
Removal of disinfectants
Dechlorination
1. Oxidation of carbon surface
C* + HOCl + H2O C* O + H3O+ + Cl-
C* H + OCl- + H2O C* O + H3O+ + Cl-
2. Surface oxide formation
HOCl + C* C* HOCl
3. Reduction of hypochlorite
2HOCl + 2H2O 2H3O+ + 2Cl- + O2
C* represents activated carbon
Water Purification
Removal of Disinfectants
Chloramine removal
pH < 5 = MonoMonochloramine (NH2Cl) formation
C* + NH2Cl + H2O NH3 + C*O + H+ + Cl-
C* + 2NH2Cl + H2O N2 + 2HCl + C* + H2O
pH > 5 = DiDichloramine formation
NHCl2 + H2O + C* NH3 + H+ + Cl- + C*O
C* represents activated carbon
Water Purification
Initial
Removes dust and fines
Stratifies the GAC bed
In-service
Removes trapped suspended solids
Removes inactive biomass following steaming
Maintains good hydraulics
Backwashing of GAC Bed
Water Purification
Steam Sterilization of GAC Bed
• Backwash to remove solids
• Sterilize with steam
• Maintained for 15 minutes after reaching 140°F
• Backwash with ambient water
Water Purification
Caustic Sterilization of GAC Bed
• Backwash to remove solids
• Sterilize with 2% by wt NaOH or Na2CO3
• Same solution can clean lines downstream
• Rinse filter, carbon and lines downstream
Beer DecolorizationBeer Decolorization
Beer Decolorization
Production of Malternatives
Removal of Color and Taste from Beer
• Decolorization - chemically activated carbon
• Flavor removal - steam activated carbon
Powdered Activated Carbon Used
Batch Operation
COCO22 Purification Purification
CO2 Purification
In breweries, CO2 is recovered as a by-product of fermentation. It can then
be purified, compressed and liquefied for further use in packaging, tank counter-pressure, carbonation, or the preparation of dry ice block or pellets. Its many uses include:
The carbonation of beer, wine, soft drinks and mineral water;
The bottling beverages for preservation during transportation and shelf storage;
Tank pressurization
CO2 Purification
Carbon dioxide gas is passed through a CO2 water wash scrubber to
remove water soluble fermentation impurities.
The gas then passes through an activated carbon bed to remove non-water soluble fermentation impurities - aldehydes, hydrogen sulfide, ketones, mercaptans, etc.
After purification, the carbon dioxide is then compressed and dried to remove the water vapor.
In the liquefying condenser, the CO2 gas is liquefied to remove any
remaining non-condensables (O2, N2).
Courtesy of The Wittemann Company, Inc.
Are there any questions