TABLE OF CONTENTS TOPIC PAGE NO. 1. Introduction of Industry 2-12 2. Introduction of Company 13-31 3. Research Methodology 32-42 A. Title Justification B. Objectives C. Scope of study D. Significance of the study E. Research Design F. Sampling Methodology 1) Sampling Unit 2) Sampling Technique 3) Sampling Area 4) Sample Size G. Limitations 4. Facts & Findings 43-48 5. Data Analysis & Interpretation 49-59 1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TOPIC PAGE NO.
1. Introduction of Industry 2-12
2. Introduction of Company 13-31
3. Research Methodology 32-42
A. Title Justification
B. Objectives
C. Scope of study
D. Significance of the study
E. Research Design
F. Sampling Methodology
1) Sampling Unit
2) Sampling Technique
3) Sampling Area
4) Sample Size
G. Limitations
4. Facts & Findings 43-48
5. Data Analysis & Interpretation 49-59
6. Recommendations 60-61
7. Conclusion 62-63
8. Bibliography 64-65 a) Books b) Journal c) Magazines d) Internet
9. Annexure a) Questionnaire 66-68
1
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
TO
INDUSTRY
2
INTRODUCTION OF THE INDUSTRY
History of computers
The first computers were people! That is, electronic computers (and the earlier mechanical
computers) were given this name because they performed the work that had previously been
assigned to people. "Computer" was originally a job title: it was used to describe those human
beings (predominantly women) whose job it was to perform the repetitive calculations required
to compute such things as navigational tables, tide charts, and planetary positions for
astronomical almanacs. Imagine you had a job where hour after hour, day after day, you were
to do nothing but compute multiplications. Boredom would quickly set in, leading to
carelessness, leading to mistakes. And even on your best days you wouldn't be producing
answers very fast. Therefore, inventors have been searching for hundreds of years for a way to
mechanize (that is, find a mechanism that can perform) this task.
This picture shows what were known as "counting tables"
3
A typical computer operation back when computers were people.
The abacus was an early aid for mathematical computations. Its only value is that it aids the
memory of the human performing the calculation. A skilled abacus operator can work on
addition and subtraction problems at the speed of a person equipped with a hand calculator
(multiplication and division are slower). The abacus is often wrongly attributed to China. In
fact, the oldest surviving abacus was used in 300 B.C. by the Babylonians. The abacus is still
in use today, principally in the Far East. A modern abacus consists of rings that slide over rods,
but the older one pictured below dates from the time when pebbles were used for counting (the
word "calculus" comes from the Latin word for pebble).
A very old abacus
4
A more modern abacus. Note how the abacus is really just a representation of the human
fingers: the 5 lower rings on each rod represent the 5 fingers and the 2 upper rings represent the
2 hands.
In 1617 an eccentric (some say mad) Scotsman named John Napier invented logarithms, which
are a technology that allows multiplication to be performed via addition. The magic ingredient
is the logarithm of each operand, which was originally obtained from a
printed table. But Napier also invented an alternative to tables, where the logarithm values
were carved on ivory sticks which are now called Napier's Bones.
An original set of Napier's Bones
5
A more modern set of Napier's bones
Napier's invention led directly to the slide rule, first built in England in 1632 and still in use in
the 1960's by the NASA engineers of the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs which landed
men on the moon.
A slide rule
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) made drawings of gear-driven calculating machines but
apparently never built any.
6
A Leonardo da Vinci drawing showing
gears arranged for computing
The first gear-driven calculating machine to actually be built was probably the calculating
clock, so named by its inventor, the German professor Wilhelm Schickard in 1623. This device
got little publicity because Schickard died soon afterward in the bubonic plague.
Schickard's Calculating Clock
In 1642 Blaise Pascal, at age 19, invented the Pascaline as an aid for his father who was a tax
collector. Pascal built 50 of this gear-driven one-function calculator (it could only add) but
couldn't sell many because of their exorbitant cost and because they really weren't that accurate
(at that time it was not possible to fabricate gears with the required precisioSn). Up until the
present age when car dashboards went digital, the odometer portion of a car's speedometer
used the very same mechanism as the Pascaline to increment the next wheel after each full
revolution of the prior wheel. Pascal was a child prodigy. At the age of 12, he was discovered
doing his version of Euclid's thirty-second proposition on the kitchen floor. Pascal went on to
invent probability theory, the hydraulic press, and the syringe. Shown below is an 8 digit
version of the Pascaline, and two views of a 6 digit version:
7
Pascal's Pascaline
A 6 digit model for those who couldn't afford the 8 digit model
8
A Pascaline opened up so you can observe the gears and cylinders which rotated to display the
numerical result
Computer
History
Year/Enter
Computer History
Inventors/Inventions
Computer History
Description of
Event
1936 Konrad Zuse - Z1 ComputerFirst freely
programmable computer.
1942 John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry
ABC Computer
Who was first in the
computing biz is not
always as easy as ABC.
1944 Howard Aiken & Grace Hopper
Harvard Mark I Computer
The Harvard Mark 1
computer.
1946 John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly
ENIAC 1 Computer
20,000 vacuum tubes
later...
9
1948
Frederic Williams & Tom Kilburn
Manchester Baby Computer & The Williams
Tube
Baby and the Williams
Tube turn on the
memories.
1947/48
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain & William
Shockley
The Transistor
No, a transistor is not a
computer, but this
invention greatly
affected the history of
computers.
1951 John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly
UNIVAC Computer
First commercial
computer & able to pick
presidential winners.
1953 International Business Machines
IBM 701 EDPM Computer
IBM enters into 'The
History of Computers'.
1953 International Business Machines
IBM 701 EDPM Computer
IBM enters into 'The
History of Computers'.
1954
John Backus & IBM
FORTRAN Computer Programming
Language
The first successful high
level programming
language.
1955
(In Use 1959)
Stanford Research Institute, Bank of America,
and General Electric
ERMA and MICR
The first bank industry
computer - also MICR
(magnetic ink character
recognition) for reading
checks.
1958 Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce
The Integrated Circuit
Otherwise known as 'The
Chip'
1962 Steve Russell & MIT
Spacewar Computer Game
The first computer game
invented.
1964 Douglas Engelbart
Computer Mouse & Windows
Nicknamed the mouse
because the tail came out
10
the end.
1969 ARPAnet The original Internet.
1970 Intel 1103 Computer Memory
The world's first
available dynamic RAM
chip.
1971 Faggin, Hoff & Mazor
Intel 4004 Computer MicroprocessorThe first microprocessor.
1971 Alan Shugart &IBM
The "Floppy" Disk
Nicknamed the "Floppy"
for its flexibility.
1973 Robert Metcalfe & Xerox
The Ethernet Computer NetworkingNetworking.
1974/75 Scelbi & Mark-8 Altair & IBM 5100
Computers
The first consumer
computers.
1976/77 Apple I, II & TRS-80 & Commodore Pet
Computers
More first consumer
computers.
1978 Dan Bricklin & Bob Frankston
VisiCalc Spreadsheet Software
Any product that pays
for itself in two weeks is
a surefire winner.
1979 Seymour Rubenstein & Rob Barnaby
WordStar SoftwareWord Processors.
1981 IBM
The IBM PC – Home Computer
From an "Acorn" grows
a personal computer
revolution
1981 Microsoft
MS-DOS Computer Operating System
From "Quick And Dirty"
comes the operating
system of the century.
1983 Apple Lisa Computer The first home computer
with a GUI, graphical
11
user interface.
1984 Apple Macintosh Computer
The more affordable
home computer with a
GUI.
1985 Microsoft WindowsMicrosoft begins the
friendly war with Apple.
12
CHAPTER-2
INTRODUCTION
TO
COMPANY
13
INTRODUCTION OF COMPANY
Born in 1976, HCL has a 3 decade rich history of inventions and innovations. In 1978, HCL
developed the first indigenous micro-computer at the same time as Apple and 3 years before
IBM's PC. During this period, India was a black box to the world and the world was a black
box to India. This micro-computer virtually gave birth to the Indian computer industry. The
80's saw HCL developing know-how in many other technologies. HCL's in-depth knowledge
of Unix led to the development of a fine grained multi-processor Unix in 1988, three years
ahead of Sun and HP.
HCL's R&D was spun off as HCL Technologies in 1997 to mark their advent into the software
services arena. During the last eight years, HCL has strengthened its processes and applied its
know-how, developed over 28 years into multiple practices - semi-conductor, operating
systems, automobile, avionics, bio-medical engineering, wireless, telecom technologies, and
many more.
Today, HCL sells more PCs in India than any other brand, runs Northern Ireland's largest BPO
operation, and manages the network for Asia's largest stock exchange network apart from
designing zero visibility landing systems to land the world's most popular airplane.
HCL is one of the pioneers in the Indian IT market, with its origins in 1976. For over quarter of
a century, we have developed and implemented solutions for multiple market segments, across
a range of technologies in India. We have been in the forefront in introducing new technologies
and solutions.
In the early 70’s a group of young and enthusiastic and ambitious technocrats embarked upon a
venture that would make their vision of IT revolution in India a reality. Shiv nadir and five of
his colleagues got together and 1975 set up a new company MICROCOMP to start with; they
started to capitalize on their marketing skills. Micro comp marketed calculators and with in a
few month of starting operation, the company was out selling its major competitors.
14
On 11th August, 1976 HINDUSTAN COMPUTERS LIMITED was incorporated as joint
venture between the entrepreneurs and UPSCE, wit an initial equity of Rs.1.83 Lacs.
TIMELINE
1976
- Hindustan Computers Limited (HCL) born.
1977
- Distribution alliance formed with Toshiba for copiers.
1978
- HCL successfully ships in-house designed micro-computer at the same time as Apple. The
Indian computer industry is born.
1980
- HCL introduces bit sliced, 16-bit processor based micro-computer.
1983
- Indigenously develops architecture, at the same time as global IT peers.
1986
- HCL becomes the largest IT Company in India.
1988
- HCL introduces fine grained multi-processor Unix-3 years ahead of “Sun” and “HP”.
1990
- Data Quest marks HCL No.1 amongst top ten computer giants.
1991
- HCL Ltd. and Hewlett Packard, USA, partner to form HCL-Hewlett Packard Ltd.
- JV develops multi-processor Unix for HP-heralds HCL’s entry into contract R&D.
1994
- Distribution alliances formed with Ericsson Switches and Nokia Cell phones.
1997
- HCL Info systems is formed.
- HCL's R&D spun-off as HCL Technologies- marks advent into software services.
- JV with Perot Systems, stake divested in 2003.
15
1999
- Initial Public Offering made by HCL Technologies Ltd.
- Formation of Global Board of Directors.
2000
- Large contracts won from Bankers Trust, KLA Tencor, Cisco, GTECH, and NEC among
others.
2001
- JV with Deutsche Bank- DSL software formed.
- HCL BPO Incorporated.
- Acquired British Telecom’s Apollo’s contact center in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
- HCL Info systems becomes largest hardware company.
2002
- Strong pursuit of nonlinear strategy to widen services portfolio; several JVs and alliances
formed.
- Strategic alliance forged with Jones Apparel Group, Inc. a fortune 500 company.
- Infrastructure services division launched to address emerging global needs.
- Software businesses of HCL Info systems and HCL Technologies merged.
2003
- Largest BPO order ever outsourced to an Indian BPO firm, won from British Telecom.
- Landmark deals signed with Airbus and AMD.
- HCL manpower crosses the 20,000 mark.
2004
- Accorded leader status by Meta Group in Offshore Outsourcing.
- HCL is India’s No.1 PC 4th year in a row.
2005
- HCL signs Software Development Agreement with Boeing for the 787 Dreamliner program.
- JV with NEC, Japan.
- HCL sets up first Power PC architecture design centre outside of IBM.
- Completes buy-out of JVs with Deutsche Bank and British Telecom's Apollo Contact Centre.
- HCL integrates all group employees under hcl.in domain.
- Sets up a dedicated Offshore Design Center for leading Tier-1 Aerospace supplier, Hamilton
16
Sundstrand.
- HCL Info systems launches sub Rs.10, 000 PC. Joins hands with AMD, Microsoft to bridge
the digital divide.
2006
- 75,000+ machines produced in a single month.
- HCL Info systems in partnership with Toshiba expand its retail presence in India by unveiling
'shop Toshiba'.
- HCL Info systems & Nokia announce a long term distribution strategy.
- HCL the leader in Desktops PCs unveils India's first segment specific range of notebooks
brand - 'HCL Laptops'.
- HCL Info systems showcase Computer Solutions for the Rural Markets in India.
- HCL Support wins the DQ Channels-2006 GOLD Award for Best After Sales Service on a
nationwide customer satisfaction survey conducted by IDC.
- HCL AND ZEE - Dish TV team up to take DTH TV to its next level of growth in India
- HCL Info systems First in India to Launch the New Generation of High Performance Server
Platforms Powered by Intel Dual - Core Xeon 5000 Processor.
- HCL Forms a Strategic Partnership with APPLE to provide Sales & Service Support for
iPods in India.
17
PRODUCTS OF HCL
Home PCsEZEEBEE MAX P991
Ubuntu Linux 8.10
Intel Atom 230 Processor
1.6 Ghz, 512 KB L2 Cache, 533 Mhz FSB
Intel 945GC chipset based ITX MBD
1 GB DDR2 memory
160GB SATA Hard Disk Drive SATA
EZEEBEE TOP T321 PDC
Intel Pentium Dual Core processor E2220
2.4 Ghz, 1 MB L6 Cache, 800 Mhz FSB
Intel G31 chipset based Micro-ATX MBD
1 GB DDR2 memory
320GB SATA Hard Disk Drive SATA
18
EZEEBEE TOP XP T819 PDC
Genuine Windows Vista Starter Edition
Intel Pentium Dual Core processor E2220
2.4 Ghz, 1 MB L6 Cache, 800 Mhz FSB
G31 based Chipset
1 GB DDR2 memory
160 GB SATA Hard Disk Drive SATA
22X DVD Writer (Black)
EZEEBEE TOP T321 PDC
Ubuntu Linux 8.10
Intel Pentium Dual Core processor E2220
2.4 Ghz, 1 MB L6 Cache, 800 Mhz FSB
Intel G31 chipset based Micro-ATX MBD
2 GB DDR2 memory
320GB SATA Hard Disk Drive SATA
22X DVD Writer (Black)
19
EZEEBEE TOP T321 PDC
Ubuntu Linux 8.10
Intel Pentium Dual Core processor E5200
2.5 Ghz, 2 MB L6 Cache, 800 Mhz FSB
Intel G31 chipset based Micro-ATX MBD
2 GB DDR2 memory
320GB SATA Hard Disk Drive SATA
22X DVD Writer (Black)
EZEEBEE TOP Z321 C2D
Genuine Windows Vista Home Basic
Intel Core 2 Duo processor E7400
2.8 Ghz, 3 MB L6 Cache, 1066 Mhz FSB
Intel G31 chipset based Micro-ATX MBD
3 GB DDR2 memory
320GB SATA Hard Disk Drive SATA
22X DVD Writer (Black)
20
EZEEBEE TOP XP Z329 C2D
Genuine Windows Vista Home Basic
Intel Core 2 Duo processor E7400
2.8 Ghz, 3 MB L6 Cache, 1066 Mhz FSB
Intel G31 chipset based Micro-ATX MBD
3 GB DDR2 memory
320GB SATA Hard Disk Drive SATA
22X DVD Writer (Black)
EZEEBEE TOP XP T329 PDC
Genuine Windows Vista Home Basic
Intel Pentium Dual Core processor E2220
2.4 Ghz, 1 MB L6 Cache, 800 Mhz FSB
Intel G31 chipset based Micro-ATX MBD
2 GB DDR2 memory
320GB SATA Hard Disk Drive SATA
22X DVD Writer (Black)
21
HCL Laptop U-3918
Intel Core 2 Duo Processor T6400
Ubuntu Linux
8GB DDR2 RAM (2xslots)
500 GB SATA Hard Disk Drive SATA
HCL Laptop Z39 – Z3909 Centrino
Genuine Windows Vista Home Premium
Intel Centrino Processor Technology
Intel Core 2 Duo Processor T6400
o 2 MB L2 Cache, 2.0GHz, 800 MHz FSB
Intel Wireless lan 5100 AGN
4 GB DDR2 RAM
320 GB Hard Disk Drive
22
HCL Leaptop U39
Intel Core 2 Duo processors T5800
Ubuntu 8.10
14.1” Wide Screen TFT-LCD WXGA (1280X800)
4 GB DDR2 RAM
320 GB Hard Disk Drive
DVD Super Multi Drive
Integrated 2.0 M Video Camera with Dual Internal MIC
HCL Leaptop U39
Intel Core 2 Duo processor T5800
Ubuntu 8.10
14.1” Wide Screen TFT-LCD WXGA (1280X800)
3 GB DDR2 RAM
160 GB Hard Disk Drive
DVD Super Multi Drive
Integrated 2.0 M Video Camera with Dual Internal MIC