MBA -Production Operations Management

8/9/2019 MBA -Production Operations Management

1/69

]rdhycx`dgs ! D}irnx`dgs]rdhycx`dgs ! D}irnx`dgs

JngneijigxJngneijigx

Brìa DqirqìuBrìa Dqirqìu


2/69

Nll dreng`{nx`dgs }iradrj nx linsx xorii bns`caygcx`dgs

A`eyri; Xoi xorii bns`c aygcx`dgs da bys`giss dreng`{nx`dgs

]rdhycx`dg$

d}irnx`dgs

Jnrfix`ge A`gngci

Dreng`{nx`dg

Jnrfix`ge]rdhycx`dg$

d}irnx`dgsA`gngci


3/69

@gxrdhycx`dg da ]$D spsxijs

Jnrfix`ge; uo`co eigirnxis hijngh dr nx linsx xnfis xoi drhir

adr n }rdhycx dr sirq`ci

]rdhycx`dg$d}irnx`dgs; uo`co crinxis xoi }rdhycx

]rdhycx`dg `s xoi crinx`dg da eddhs ngh sirq`cis'

]rdhycx`dg$d}irnx`dg spsxij `s ngp spsxij uo`co

xrngsadrjs `g}yx `gxd dyx}yx

ngh `g xoi jing x`ji crinxis qnlyi

A`gngci$ Nccdygx`ge; uo`co xrncfs odu uill xoi dreng`{nx`dg `s

hd`ge, }nps b`lls, ngh cdllicx xoi jdgip


4/69

@gxrdhycx`dg da ]$D spsxijs /cdgxh')

@g sdji dreng`{nx`dgs xoi }rdhycx `s n }ops`cnl eddh/riarèirnxdrs, brinh, ixc') ngh xoi ncx`q`xìs crinx`ge sycoxnge`bli }rdhycx `s ysynllp riairrih xd ns ]rdhycx`dg'

@g dxoirs xoi }rdhycx s n sirq`ci /`gsyrngci, oinlxo cnri adr

ilhirlp, ixc')' Xoi }rdhycx`dg xonx xnfis }lnci xd }rdhyci nsirq`ci `s cnllih D}irnx`dgs'

]rdhycx`dg ngh d}irnx`dgs jngneijigx /]DJ) `s xoijngneijigx da ng dreng`{nx`dgs }rdhycx`dg spsxij'

N }rdhycx`dg spsxij xnfis `g}yxs ngh cdgqirxs xoij `gxddyx}yxs'

Xoi cdgqirs`dg }rdciss `s xoi }rihdj`gngx ncx`q`xp da n}rdhycx`dg spsxij'

Xoi }r`jnrp cdgcirg da ng d}irnx`dgs jngneir s xoi ncx`q`xìsda xoi cdgqirs`dg }rdciss'


5/69

]rdhycx`dg ns n Spsxij

@g}yxs@g}yxs Dyx}yxsDyx}yxsCdgqirs`dgCdgqirs`dg

SybspsxijSybspsxij

]rdhycx`dg Spsxij]rdhycx`dg Spsxij

CdgxrdlCdgxrdl

SybspsxijSybspsxij


6/69

Dbkicx`qis da ]rdhycx`dg Jngneijigx

Xoi dbkicx`qi da xoi }rdhycx`dg jngneijigx `s xd }rdhyci eddhs sirq`cis daXoi dbkicx`qi da xoi }rdhycx`dg jngneijigx `s xd }rdhyci eddhs sirq`cis da

rèox ~ynl`xp ngh ~yngx`xp nx xoi rèox x`ji ngh rèox jngyancxyr`ge cdsx'rèox ~ynl`xp ngh ~yngx`xp nx xoi rèox x`ji ngh rèox jngyancxyr`ge cdsx'>'>' R@EOX ^YNL@XPR@EOX ^YNL@XP

Xoi ~ynl`xp da }rdhycx `s isxnbl`soih bnsih y}dg xoi cysxdjirs giihs' XoiXoi ~ynl`xp da }rdhycx `s isxnbl`soih bnsih y}dg xoi cysxdjirs giihs' Xoi

rèox ~ynl`xp `s gdx gicissnr`lp bisx ~ynl`xp' @x `s hixirj`gih bp xoi cdsx da xoirèox ~ynl`xp `s gdx gicissnr`lp bisx ~ynl`xp' @x `s hixirj`gih bp xoi cdsx da xoi

}rdhycx ngh xoi xicog`cnl conrncxir`sx`cs ns sy`xih xd xoi s}icà`c}rdhycx ngh xoi xicog`cnl conrncxir`sx`cs ns sy`xih xd xoi s}icà`c

ri~y`rijigxs'ri~y`rijigxs'

2'2' R@EOX ^YNGX@XPR@EOX ^YNGX@XPXoi jngyancxyr`ge dreng`{nx`dg sodylh }rdhyci xoi }rdhycxs `g rèox gyjbir'Xoi jngyancxyr`ge dreng`{nx`dg sodylh }rdhyci xoi }rdhycxs `g rèox gyjbir'

@a xoip nri }rdhycih `g iciss da hijngh xoi cn}`xnl u`ll bldcf y} `g xoi adrj@a xoip nri }rdhycih `g iciss da hijngh xoi cn}`xnl u`ll bldcf y} `g xoi adrj

da `gqigxdrp ngh à xoi ~yngx`xp `s }rdhycih `g sodrx da hijngh, linhs xdda `gqigxdrp ngh à xoi ~yngx`xp `s }rdhycih `g sodrx da hijngh, linhs xd

sodrxnei da }rdhycxs'sodrxnei da }rdhycxs'

3'3' R@EOX X@JIR@EOX X@JI

X`jil`giss da hil`qirp `s dgi da xoi `j}drxngx }nrnjixir xd kyhei xoiX`jil`giss da hil`qirp `s dgi da xoi `j}drxngx }nrnjixir xd kyhei xoiiaaicx`qigiss da }rdhycx`dg hi}nrxjigx' Sd, xoi }rdhycx`dg hi}nrxjigx ons xdiaaicx`qigiss da }rdhycx`dg hi}nrxjigx' Sd, xoi }rdhycx`dg hi}nrxjigx ons xd

jnfi xoi d}x`jnl yx`l`{nx`dg da `g}yx risdyrcis xd ncoìqi `xs dbkicx`qi'jnfi xoi d}x`jnl yx`l`{nx`dg da `g}yx risdyrcis xd ncoìqi `xs dbkicx`qi'

8'8' R@EOX JNGYANCXYR@GE CDSXR@EOX JNGYANCXYR@GE CDSX

Jngyancxyr`ge cdsxs nri isxnbl`soih biadri xoi }rdhycx `s ncxynllpJngyancxyr`ge cdsxs nri isxnbl`soih biadri xoi }rdhycx `s ncxynllp

jngyancxyrih' Oigci, nll nxxij}xs sodylh bi jnhi xd }rdhyci xoi }rdhycxs nxjngyancxyrih' Oigci, nll nxxij}xs sodylh bi jnhi xd }rdhyci xoi }rdhycxs nx

}ri}ri**isxnbl`soih cdsx, sd ns xd rihyci xoi qnr`nx`dg bixuiig ncxynl ngh xoiisxnbl`soih cdsx, sd ns xd rihyci xoi qnr`nx`dg bixuiig ncxynl ngh xoi

sxnghnrh /}risxnghnrh /}ri**isxnbl`soih) cdsx'isxnbl`soih) cdsx'


7/69

Bns`c cdj}dgigxs da ]rdhycx`dg$

D}irnx`dg Spsxijs

@g}yxs; Nll }ops`cnl ngh gdg}ops`cnl risdyrcis cdj`ge `gxd xoi spsxij

Ixirgnl

Lienl, Icdgdj`c, Sdc`nl, Xicogdlde`cnl

Jnrfix

Cdj}ix`x`dg, Cysxdjir His`ris, ]rdhycx @gad' ]r`jnrp Risdyrcis

Jnxir`nls, ]irsdggil, Cn}`xnl, Yx`l`xìs

Dyx}yxs cng bi clnssàìh ns;

H`ricx

Eddhs

Sirq`cis

@gh`ricx

Unsxi

]dllyx`dg

Xicogdlde`cnl Nhqngcis


8/69


D}irnx`dg Spsxijs /cdgxh')

d N }yri eddh `s n xnge`bli }rdhycx xonx cng bi sxdrih, xrngs}drxih, ngh

}yrconsih adr lnxir ysi

d N }yri sirq`ci `s ng `gxnge`bli }rdhycx uo`co cnggdx bi sxdrih s`gci `x

`s cdgsyjih ns `x `s }rdhycih'

Xrngsadrjnx`dg$Cdgqirs`dg sybspsxij; uo`co cdgqirxs `g}yxs `gxd

eddhs dr sirq`cis' @x cdgs`sxs da

Cdgci}xs

]rdcihyris

Gdg*i~y`}jigx xicogdlde`is

Rylis, Ey`hil`gi, Sxi}s, ixc'


9/69


D}irnx`dg Spsxijs /cdgxh')

Inj}lis da xrngsadrjnx`dgs

Cyxx`ge, hr`ll`ge

Xrngs}drx`ge

Xinco`ge

]ncf`ge J``ge

Cdgsylx`ge

Cd}p`ge, an`ge

Cdgxrdl Sybspsxij;

Xd igsyri xonx xoi his`rih dyx}yxs nri dbxn`gih /i'e' `x `s ncci}xnbli `g

xirjs da ~yngx`xp, cdsx ngh ~ynl`xp), jinsyrijigxs nri xnfig nx qnr`dys}d`gxs `g xoi xrngsadrjnx`dg }rdciss /aiihbncf) ngh xoig cdj}nrih xd}riq`dyslp isxnbl`soih sxnghnrhs xd hixirj`gi a cdrricx`qi ncx`dg `sgiihih /cdgxrdl)


10/69

Jnkdr @ssyis `g ]$D Jngneijigx

Hisèg;

]rdhycx ngh sirq`ci hisèg

]rdciss hisèg

Anc`l`xp ldcnx`dg ngh lnpdyx

]lngg`ge$Scoihyl`ge

Adricnsx`ge

]lngg`ge

Scoihyl`ge


11/69

Jnkdr @ssyis `g ]$D Jngneijigx /cdgxh')

Jnxir`nls jngneijigx

@gqigxdrp cdgxrdl ngh jngneijigx

Jnxir`nl ri~y`rijigx }lngg`ge /JR])

Kysx*@g*X`ji /K@X)

^ynl`xp

^ynl`xp nssyrngci * Sxnghnrhs ! Nunrhs

Sxnx`sx`cnl ^ynl`xp Cdgxrdl

Xdxnl ^ynl`xp Jngneijigx /X^J)

]rdhycx`q`xp

]rdhycx`q`xp Jinsyrijigx Udrf Jinsyrijigx ngh Ngnlps`s


12/69

Xoi }rdhycx`dg spsxij qnr`is ardj ancxdrp xd ancxdrp ngh ardj }rdhycx xd }rdhycx

Oduiqir, dgi da xoi jdsx `j}drxngx `ssyis `s }rdhycx`dg qdlyji'

Xoiri nri xud jn`g xp}is da }rdhycx`dg spsxijs

/>)Aldu dr Cdgx`gydys spsxij

/2)@gxirj`xxigx spsxij

XP]IS DA ]RDHYCX@DG SPSXIJ


13/69

ALDU DR CDGX@GYDYS SPSXIJ

Nccdrh`ge xd Byaan;

Cdgx`gydys aldu }rdhycx`dg s`xynx`dgs nri xodsi uoiri xoi

anc`l`xìs nri sxnghnrh`sih ns xd rdyx`ge ngh aldu s`gci `g}yxs nri

sxnghnrh`sih' Xoiriadri n sxnghnrh six da }rdcissis ngh

si~yigcis da }rdciss cng bi nhd}xih'

Xoys cdgx`gydys dr aldu }rdhycx`dg riairs xd xoi jngyancxyr`ge da lnrei

~yngx`xìs da n s`geli dr nx jdsx n qirp aiu qnrìxìs da }rdhycxs u`xo n

sxnghnrh da }rdcissis ngh si~yigcis' Xoi jnss }rdhycx`dg `s cnrrìh

cdgx`gydyslp adr sxdcf `g ngx`c`}nx`dg da hijngh'


14/69

Conrncxir`sx`cs da Cdgx`gydys Spsxij

>' Xoi qdlyji da dyx}yx s eigirnllp lnrei /jnss }rdhycx`dg) ngh eddhs

nri }rdhycih `g ngx`c`}nx`dg da hijngh'

2' Xoi }rdhycx hisèg ngh xoi d}irnx`dgs si~yigci nri sxnghnrh`sih

`'i' `higx`cnl }rdhycxs nri }rdhycih'

3' S}ic`nl }yr}dsi nyxdjnx`c jnco`gis nri ysih xd }iradrjsxnghnrh`{ih d}irnx`dgs'

8' Jnco`gi cn}nc`xìs nri bnlngcih sd xonx jnxir`nls nri aih nx dgi

igh da xoi }rdciss ngh a`g`soih }rdhycx `s rici`qih nx xoi dxoir igh'

9' Aìh }nxo jnxir`nls onghl`ge i~y`}jigx `s ysih hyi xd xoi

}rihixirj`gih si~yigci da d}irnx`dgs'

1' ]rdhycx lnpdyx hisègih nccdrh`ge xd n si}nrnxi l`gi adr inco

}rdhycx `s cdgs`hirih'


15/69

JIR@XSJIR@XS;

>' Xoi jn`g nhqngxnei da cdgx`gydys spsxij `s xonx udrf `g }rderiss `gqigxdrp `s

j`g`jyj'

2' Xoi ~ynl`xp da dyx}yx s fi}x ygàdrj bicnysi inco sxnei hiqild}s sf`ll xordyeo

ri}ix`x`dg da udrf'

3' Ngp hilnp nx ngp sxnei `s nyxdjnx cnllp hixicxih'

8' Onghl`ge da jnxir`nls s rihycih hyi xd xoi six }nxxirg da }rdhycx dg l`gi' Jdsxlp xoi

jnxir`nls nri onghlih xordyeo cdgqipir bilxs, rdllir cdgqipirs, }`}i l`gis, dqiroinhcrngis ixc'

9' Cdgxrdl dqir jnxir`nls, cdsx ngh dyx}yx `s s`j}làìh'

1' Xoi udrf cng bi hdgi bp sij`* sf`llih udrfirs bicnysi da xoi`r s}ic`nl snx dg'

HIJIR@XSHIJIR@XS;

Cdgx`gydys spsxij, oduiqir, `s qirp rè`h ngh à xoiri `s n anylx `g dgi d}irnx`dg xoiigx`ri }rdciss `s h`sxyrbih' Hyi xd cdgx`gydys aldu, `x bicdjis gicissnrp xd nqd`h

}`ll`ge y} da udrf dr ngp bldcfnei dg xoi l`gi' Ygliss xoi anylx `s clinrih

`jjih`nxilp, `x u`ll adrci xoi }ricih`ge ns uill ns xoi sybsi~yigx sxneis xd bi

sxd}}ih' Jdridqir `x `s issigx`nl xd jn`gxn`g sxngh*bp i~y`}jigxs xd jiix ngp

brinfhdugs risylx`ge `g }rdhycx`dg sxd}}neis' Xoys `gqisxjigxs `g jnco`gis nri

an`rlp oèo'

Jir`xs$Hijir`xs da Cdgx`gydys Spsxij


16/69

Xp}is da Cdgx`gydys ]rdhycx`dg

JNSS ]RDHYCX@DG ; Jnss }rdhycx`dg riair xd xoi jngyancxyr`ge da

sxnghnrh`{ih }nrxs dr cdj}dgigxs dg n lnrei scnli' Jnss }rdhycx`dg spsxijdaairs icdgdjìs da scnli ns xoi qdlyji da dyx}yx `s lnrei' ^ynl`xp da }rdhycxsxigh bi ygàdrj ngh oèo hyi xd sxnghnrh`{ih ngh jicong`{nx`dg' @g n }rd}irlphisègih ngh i~y`}}ih }rdciss, `gh`q`hynl i}irx`si }lnps liss }rdj`gigx rdli'

]RDCISS ]RDHYCX@DG ; ]rdhycx`dg `s cnrrìh dg cdgx`gydyslp xordyeo nygàdrj ngh sxnghnrh`{ih si~yigci da d}irnx`dgs oèolp sd}o`sx`cnxih ngh

nyxdjnx`c jnco`gis nri ysih' ]rdciss }rdhycx`dg `s ij}ldpih `g bylf}rdciss`ge da cirxn`g jnxir`nls' Xoi xp}`cnl }rdciss`ge `ghysxrìs nri airx`l`{irs}lngxs, }ixrdcoij`cnl }lngxs ngh j`lf h`nrìs uo`co onqi oèolp nyxdjnxihspsxijs ngh sd}o`sx`cnxih cdgxrdls' Xoip nri gdx lnbdyr`gxigs`qi ngh xoiudrfir `s kysx ng d}irnxdr xd jdg`xdr xoi spsxij ngh xnfi cdrricx`qi sxi}s àcnllih adr'

Nssijblp l`gis ;Nssijblp l`gis n xp}i da aldu }rdhycx`dg uo`co `s hiqild}ih

`g xoi nyxdjdb`lis `ghysxrp `g xoi Y'S'N' N jngyancxyr`ge yg`x }riairs xd hiqild}ngh ij}ldp nssijblp l`gi bicnysi `x oil}s xd xoi iaa`cìgcp da }rdhycx`dg' @g ngnssijblp l`gi, inco jnco`gi jysx h`ricxlp rici`qi jnxir`nls ardj xoi }riq`dysjnco`gi ngh }nss `x h`ricxlp xd xoi gix jnco`gi' Jnco`gi ngh i~y`}jigxsodylh bi nrrngeih `g syco n jnggir xonx iqirp d}irnxdr ons n arii ngh snaincciss xd inco jnco`gi' S}nci sodylh bi }rdq`hih adr arii jdqijigx da adrflàxs, xrycfs ixc' uo`co hil`qir jnxir`nls ngh cdllicx a`g`soih }rdhycxs


17/69

@gxirj`xxigx ]rdhycx`dg Spsxij

Nccdrh`ge xd Byaan;

@gxirj`xxigx s`xynx`dgs nri xodsi uoiri xoi anc`l`xìs jysx bi@gxirj`xxigx s`xynx`dgs nri xodsi uoiri xoi anc`l`xìs jysx bi

ali`bli igdyeo xd igdyeo xd onghli n qnrìxp da }rdhycxs ngh s`{isali`bli igdyeo xd igdyeo xd onghli n qnrìxp da }rdhycxs ngh s`{is

dr uoiri xoi bns`c gnxyri da xoi ncx`q`xp `j}dsis congei dadr uoiri xoi bns`c gnxyri da xoi ncx`q`xp `j}dsis congei da

`j}drxngx conrncxir`sx`cs da xoi `g}yx /i'e' congei `g xoi }rdhycx`j}drxngx conrncxir`sx`cs da xoi `g}yx /i'e' congei `g xoi }rdhycx

hisèg)' @g `gsxngcis syco ns xoisi, gd s`geli si~yigci }nxxirg dahisèg)' @g `gsxngcis syco ns xoisi, gd s`geli si~yigci }nxxirg da

d}irnx`dg `s n}}rd}r`nxi, sd xoi rilnx`qi ldcnx`dg da xoi d}irnx`dgd}irnx`dg `s n}}rd}r`nxi, sd xoi rilnx`qi ldcnx`dg da xoi d}irnx`dg

jysx bi n cdj}rdj`si xonx `s bisx adr nll `g}yxs cdgs`hirihjysx bi n cdj}rdj`si xonx `s bisx adr nll `g}yxs cdgs`hirih

xdeixoirxdeixoir'

@g xoi `ghysxrìs adlldu`ge xoi `gxirj`xxigx }rdhycx`dg spsxij, sdji

cdj}dgigxs jnp bi jnhi adr `gqigxdrp byx xoip nri cdjb`gih hàairigxlp

adr hàairigx cysxdjirs' Xoi a`g`soih }rdhycx `s oixirdeigidys byx u`xo`g

n rngei da sxnghnrh`{ih d}x`dgs nssijblih bp xoi }rdhycirs' S`gci

}rdhycx`dg `s }nrxlp adr sxdcf ngh }nrxlp adr cdgsyjir hijngh, xoiri nri

}rdblijs xd bi jix `g scoihyl`ge, adricnsx`ge cdgxrdl ngh cddrh`gnx`dg'


18/69

Conrncxir`sx`cs da @gxirj`xxigx Spsxij

Xoi aldu da }rdhycx`dg `s `gxirj`xxigx, gdx cdgx`gydys' Xoi qdlyji da }rdhycx`dg `s eigirnllp sjnll'

N u`hi qnrìxp da }rdhycxs nri }rdhycih'

Eigirnl }yr}dsi, jnco`gis ngh i~y`}jigxs nri ysih sd ns xd bi

nhn}xnbli xd n u`hi

qnrìxp da d}irnx`dgs' Gd s`geli si~yigci da d}irnx`dgs `s ysih ngh }ir`dh`cnl nhkysxjigxs

nri jnhi xd sy`x

hàairigx kdbs dr bnxcois'

]rdciss lnpdyx `s jdsx sy`xih'

GdxiGdxi

@gxirj`xxigx spsxij `s jyco jdri cdj}li xong cdgx`gydys }rdhycx`dg bicnysi iqirp}rdhycx ons xd bi xrinxih hàairigxlp yghir xoi cdgsxrn`gx da l`j`xih risdyrcis' @gxirj`xxigxspsxij cng bi iaaicx`qi `g s`xynx`dg uo`co snx`sap xoi adlldu`ge cdgh`x`dgs;

Xoi }rdhycx`dg cigxirs sodylh bi ldcnxih g syco n jnggir sd xonx xoip cng bi onghli nu`hi rngei da `g}yxs'

Xrngs}drxnx`dg anc`l`xìs bixuiig }rdhycx`dg cigxirs sodylh bi ali`bli igdyeo xdnccdjjdhnxi qnrìxp da rdyxi hàairigx g}yxs'

@x sodylh bi }rdq`hih u`xo gicissnrp sxdrnei anc`l`xp'


19/69

Xp}is da@gxirj`xxigx Spsxij

@gxirj`xxigx }rdhycx`dg jnp bi da xud xp}is'

/N)/N) KDB ]RDHYCX@DGKDB ]RDHYCX@DG ; kdb }rdhycx`dg `gqdlqis xoi jngyancxyr`ge da s`geli cdj}lixi

yg`x u`xo xoi ysi da n erdy} da d}irnxdr ngh }rdciss ns }ir xoi cysxdjirs xo`s `s n

s}ic`nl drhir xp}i da }rdhycx`dg' Inco kdb }rdhycx`dg dr }rdhycx `s hàairigx ardj

xoi dxoir ngh gd ri}ix`x`dg `s `gqdlqih' Xoi }rdhycx `s ysynllp cdsxlp ngh gdg*

sxnghnrh`{ih' Cysxdjirs hd gdx jnfi hijngh adr incxlp xoi snji }rdhycx dg n

cdgx`gy`ge bns`s ngh xoiriadri }rdhycx`dg bicdji `gxirj`xxigx' Inco }rdhycx `s nclnss bp `xsila ngh cdgsx`xyxi n si}nrnxi kdb adr }rdhycx`dg }rdciss' So`}by`lh`ge,

ilicxr`c }duir }lngx hnj cdgsxrycx`dg ixc' nri cdjjdg inj}lis da kdb }rdhycx`dg'

/B)/B) BNXCO ]RDHYCX@DGBNXCO ]RDHYCX@DG ; `x `s hia`gih ns, Xoi jngyancxyri da n }rdhycx `g sjnll dr

lnrei bnxois dr ldxs nx `gxirqnls bp n sirìs da d}irnx`dgs, inco d}irnx`dg bi`ge

cnrrìh dyx dg xoi uodli bnxco biadri ngp sybsi~yigx d}irnx`dg `s }iradrjih xoi

bnxco }rdhycx`dg `s j`xyri da jnss }rdhycx`dg ngh kdb }rdhycx`dg ngh kdb}rdhycx`dg yghir `x jnco`gis xyrg dyx hàairigx }rdhycx nx `gxirqnls, inco }rdhycx

bi`ge }rdhycih adr cdj}nrnx`qilp sodrx xdji ys`ge jnss }rdhycx`dg jixodhs'

Bdxo kdb }rdhycx`dg ngh bnxco }rdhycx`dg nri s`j`lnr `g gnxyri, ici}x xonx `g bnxco

}rdhycx`dg xoi ~yngx`xp da }rdhycx jngyancxyri `s cdj}nrnx`qilp lnrei'


20/69

]rdhycx`dg ]lngg`ge ngh Cdgxrdl

@gxrdhycx`dg

Cddrh`gnx`dg da jnxir`nls u`xo sy}}lìrs

Iaa`cìgx yx`l`{nx`dg da }id}li ngh jnco`gis

Iaa`cìgx aldu da jnxir`nls

Cdjjyg`cnx`dg u`xo cysxdjirs

Ncx`q`xìs Sy}}drxih bp ]]CNcx`q`xìs Sy}}drxih bp ]]C

Jnxir`nls ]lngg`ge

]yrcons`ge

Rnu Jnxir`nl @gqigxdrp Cdgxrdl

Cn}nc`xp ]lngg`ge

Scoihyl`ge Jnco`gi ngh ]id}li

U@] @gqigxdrp Cdgxrdl

Cddrh`gnxi Cysxdjir Drhirs

A`g`soih Eddhs @gqigxdrp Cdgxrdl


21/69

]rdhycx`dg ]lngg`ge ngh Cdgxrdl]rdhycx`dg ]lngg`ge ngh Cdgxrdl ** Eigirnl ArnjiudrfEigirnl Arnjiudrf

]rdhycx`dg

]lngg`ge

Jnsxir ]rdhycx`dg

Scoihyl`ge

Hixn`lih Jnxir`nl

]lngg`ge

Jnxir`nl ngh

Cn}nc`xp ]lngs

]yrcons`ge

Hijngh

Jngneijigx

Risdyrcis

]lngg`ge

Rdyeo*cyx

Cn}nc`xp

]lngg`ge

Hixn`lih

Cn}nc`xp

]lngg`g

Sod} Alddr

Spsxijs


22/69

Xoi ]]C ]rdciss


23/69

]rdhycx`dg ]lngg`ge

]rdhycx`dg }lngg`ge jnp bi hia`gih ns

xoi xicog`~yi da adrisii`ge iqirp sxi}

`g n ldge sirìs da si}nrnxi d}irnx`dgs,

inco sxi} xd bi xnfig nx xoi rèox x`ji

ngh `g xoi rèox }lnci ngh incod}irnx`dg xd bi }iradrjih `g jn`jyj

iaa`cìgcp'@x oil}s igxri}rigiyr xd udrf

dyx xoi ~yngx`xp da jnxir`nl jng}duir,

jnco`gi ngh jdgip ri~y`ris adr

}rdhyc`ge }rihixirj`gih liqil da

dyx}yx `g e`qig }ir`dh da x`ji'


24/69

Rdyx`ge

Yghir xo`s, xoi d}irnx`dgs, xoi`r }nxo ngh si~yigci nriYghir xo`s, xoi d}irnx`dgs, xoi`r }nxo ngh si~yigci nriisxnbl`soih' Xd }iradrj xoisi d}irnx`dgs xoi }rd}ir clnss daisxnbl`soih' Xd }iradrj xoisi d}irnx`dgs xoi }rd}ir clnss da

jnco`gis ngh }irsdggil ri~y`rih nri nlsd udrfih dyx' Xoi jn`gjnco`gis ngh }irsdggil ri~y`rih nri nlsd udrfih dyx' Xoi jn`g

n`j da rdyx`ge `s xd hixirj`gi xoi bisx ngh coin}isx si~yigci dan`j da rdyx`ge `s xd hixirj`gi xoi bisx ngh coin}isx si~yigci da

d}irnx`dgs ngh xd igsyri xonx xo`s si~yigci `sd}irnx`dgs ngh xd igsyri xonx xo`s si~yigci s sxr`cxlp adllduih'@gsxr`cxlp adllduih'@g

sjnll igxir}r`sis, xo`s kdb `s ysynllp hdgi bp igxri}rigiyr o`jsilasjnll igxir}r`sis, xo`s kdb `s ysynllp hdgi bp igxri}rigiyr o`jsila

`g n rnxoir nhodc jnggir'`g n rnxoir nhodc jnggir'

Rdyx`ge }rdcihyri `gqdlqis adlldu`ge h`aairigx ncx`q`x`is;

>' Ng ngnlps`s da xoi nrx`cli xd hixirj`gi uonx xd jnfi ngh uonx xd byp'

2' Xd hixirj`gi xoi ~ynl xp ngh xp}i da jnxir`nl

3' Hixirj`g`ge xoi jngyancxyr`ge d}irnx dgs ngh xoi`r si~yigci'

8' N hixirj`gnx`dg da ldx s`{is

9' Hixirj`gnx`dg da scrn} ancxdrs

1' Ng ngnlps`s da cdsx da xoi nrx`cli

5' Dreng`{nx`dg da }rdhycx dg cdgxrdl adrjs'


25/69

Scoihyl`ge

@x jings udrf`ge dyx da x`ji xonx sodylh bi ri~y`rih xd }iradrj incod}irnx`dg ngh nlsd xoi x`ji gicissnrp xd }iradrj xoi igx`ri sirìs ns rdyxih,

jnf`ge nlldungcis adr nll ancxdrs cdgcirgih' @x jn`glp cdgcirgs u`xo x`ji

ilijigx ngh }r`dr`xìs da n kdb' Xoi }nxxirg da scoihyl`ge hàairs ardj dgi kdb

xd ngdxoir'

]rdhycx`dg scoihyli]rdhycx`dg scoihyli;

Xoi jn`g n`j `s xd scoihyli xonx njdygx da udrf uo`co cng ins`lp bi

onghlih bp }lngx ngh i~y`}jigx u`xodyx `gxirairigci' @xs gdx `ghi}ighigx

hic`s`dg ns `x xnfis `gxd nccdygx adlldu`ge ancxdrs'

/>) ]ops`cnl }lngx anc`l`xìs da xoi xp}i ri~y`rih xd }rdciss xoi jnxir`nl bi`gescoihylih'

/2) ]irsdggil uod }dssiss xoi his`rih sf`lls ngh i}irìgci xd d}irnxi xoi

i~y`}jigx ngh }iradrj xoi xp}i da udrf `gqdlqih'

/3) Gicissnrp jnxir`nls ngh }yrconsih }nrxs'


26/69

Scoihyl`ge /cdgxh)

Jnsxir ScoihyliJnsxir Scoihyli;

Scoihyl`ge ysynllp sxnrxs u`xo }ri}nrnx`dg da jnsxir scoihyli uo`co `s uiiflp

dr jdgxolp brinf*hdug da xoi }rdhycx`dg ri~y`rijigx adr inco }rdhycx adr n

hia`g`xi x`ji }ir`dh, bp onq`ge xo`s ns n rygg`ge ricdrh da xdxnl }rdhycx`dg

ri~y`rijigxs xoi igxri}rigiyr `s `g bixxir }ds`x`dg xd soàx xoi }rdhycx`dg ardjdgi }rdhycx xd ngdxoir ns }ir xoi congeih }rdhycx`dg ri~y`rijigxs' Xo`s

adrjs n bnsi adr nll sybsi~yigx scoihyl`ge nccl`q`xìs' N jnsxir scoihyli `s

adllduih bp d}irnxdr scoihyli uo`co aìs xdxnl x`ji ri~y`rih xd hd n }ìci da

udrf u`xo n e`qig jnco`gi dr uo`co sodus xoi x`ji ri~y`rih xd hd inco

hixn`lih d}irnx`dg da n e`qig kdb u`xo n e`qig jnco`gi dr }rdciss'

Jngyancxyr`ge scoihyliJngyancxyr`ge scoihyli;

@x `s }ri}nrih dg xoi bns`s da xp}i da jngyancxyr`ge }rdciss `gqdlqih' @x `s qirp

ysiayl uoiri s`geli dr aiu }rdhycxs nri jngyancxyrih ri}inxihlp nx rieylnr

`gxirqnls' Xoys `x udylh sodu xoi ri~y`rih ~ynl`xp da inco }rdhycx ngh

si~yigci `g uo`co xoi snji xd bi d}irnxih


27/69

Inj}li daEngxx conrx adr n }rdcyrijigx scoihyli


28/69

ACAS,S]X ngh IHH Scoihyl`ge Rylis


29/69

ACAS Ryli

ACAS /A`rsx Cdji, A`rsx Sirqih)'ACAS si~yigc`ge ryli `s xonx kdbs nri}rdcissih `g xoi drhir `g uo`co xoip nrr`qi nx n jnco`gi dr udrf cigxir'

Xnbli 2' A`rsx Cdji, A`rsx Sirqih /ACAS)

Nqirnei Aldu X`ji; 5='?$9 : >8'>1 hnps

Nqirnei Lnxigiss; *9'2$9 : *>'=8 hnps

Gdx`ci xonx kdb NBC ngh RB] sodus n gienx`qi lnxigiss gyjbir, `x jings xonx

bdxo kdbs uiri cdj}lixih biadri xoi hyi hnxi yghir ACAS bns`s' Xoi nqirnei

aldu x`ji `s >8'>1 hnps ngh xoi nqirnei lnxigiss `s *>'=8 hnps'


30/69

S]X Ryli

S]X /Sodrxisx ]rdciss`ge X`ji)' S]X si~yigc`ge ryli `s xonx xoi kdb xnfis

xoi sodrxisx x`ji xd }rdciss `s a`rsx xd cdj}lixi'

Xnbli 3 bildu sodus xonx kdb NBC, _C, ngh RB] uiri gdx cdj}lixih biadri

xoi hyi hnxi yghir xoi S]X bns`s' Xoi nqirnei aldu x`ji `s >>'8 hnps ngh xoi

nqirnei lnxigiss `s *3'? hnps'

Nqirnei Aldu X`ji; 95$9 : >>'8 hnps

Nqirnei Lnxigiss; *>0$9 : *3'? hnps


31/69

IHH Ryli

IHH /Inrl`isx Hyi Hnxi)' IHH si~yigc`ge ryli `s xonx kdbs nri }rdcissih

nccdrh`ge xd xoi hyi hnxi, inrl`isx hyi hnxi a`rsx' Xnbli 8 sodus xonx bdxo SHS

ngh IAA uiri gdx cdj}lixih biadri xoi hyi hnxi yghirIHH ryli'

Xoi nqirnei aldu x`ji `s >3'0? hnps ngh xoi nqirnei lnxigiss `s *>'22 hnps'


32/69

Cdj}nr`sdg njdge ACAS,S]X ngh

IHH@g xnbli 9, ui cng ins`lp xill xonx S]X si~yigc`ge ryli ons xoi lduisx

nqirnei aldu x`ji ngh nqirnei lnxigiss cdj}nrih xd xoi nqirnei gyjbirs

ACAS ngh IHH onqi' Xoiriadri, xoi S]X ryli `s xoi bisx bns`s adr

scoihyl`ge cysxdjir drhirs'

Uop xoi lduir xoi nqirnei gyjbirs nri, xoi jyco iaaicx`qi xoi ryli `s4

Bicnysi xoi lduir nqirnei aldu x`ji cng risylx `g lduir `g*}rdciss

`gqigxdr`is' Ngh xoi lduir nqirnei lnxigiss cng risylx `g bixxir cysxdjirsirq`ci liqils' @g xo`s cnsi, ACAS ryli ngh IHH ryli xyrg dyx xd bi xoi linsx

iaaicx qi da xoi rylis'

Xnbli 9' Cdj}nr`sdg da xoi xorii rylis


33/69

Nssyj}x`dgs;

>' Gd jnco`gi cng }rdciss jdri xong dgi kdb nx n x`ji

2' X`ji giihih g jdq`ge n kdb ardj dgi jnco`gi xd ngdxoir `s

giel`e`blp sjnll

3' Inco kdb dgci sxnrxih dg n jnco`gi, `s xd bi cdgx`gyih x`ll `xs

cdj}lix`dg dg `x

8' Nll jnco`gis nri da h aairigx xp}is

9' Nll kdbs nri cdj}lixilp fgdug ngh nri rinhp adr }rdciss`ge biadri

xoi }ir`dh yghir cdgs`hirnx`dg bie`gs'

Si~yigc`ge Kdbs xordyeo udrf cigxirs

Kdogsdgs Ryli


34/69

Lix xoiri bi gkdbs xd bi }rdcissih dg xud jnco`gis N ngh B `g xoi drhir

NB' Xoi }rdciss`ge x`ji adr inco kdb dg inco jnco`gi `s fgdug ngh

`s e`qig bp

N` : ]rdciss`ge x`ji adr xoi `xokdb dg jnco`gi N

B` : ]rdciss`ge x`ji adr xoi `xokdb dg jnco`gi B

Sxi} > ; Inj`gi xoi N`s ngh B`s adr @ : >,2,3g ngh silicx xoi j`g`jyj

da xoisi, `'i' J`g'vN`,B`z, à xoiri nri xud dr jdri j`g`jyj }rdciss`ge

x`jis, silicx ngp dgi nrb`xrnr`lp'

Sxi} 2 ;

/`) @a xoi j`g`jyj }rdciss`ge x`ji s adr jnco`gi N, hd xonx kdb a`rsx ngh

}lnci `x nx xoi bie`gg`ge da xoi si~yigci'

/``) @a xoi j`g`jyj }rdciss`ge x`ji s adr jnco`gi B, hd xonx kdb lnsx ngh

}lnci `x nx xoi igh da xoi si~yigci'

Sxi} 3 ; Crdss daa xoi kdbs nlrinhp nssègih ngh ri}inx sxi}s > ngh 2,

}lnc`ge xoi rijn`g`ge kdbs gix xd a`rsx dr gix xd lnsx, ygx`l nll xoi kdbs

onqi biig nssègih'

Sxi} 8 ; Cnlcylnxi xoi x`ji


35/69

Inj}li;

A`qi kdbs nri }iradrjih a`rsx dg jnco`gi _ ngh xoig dg jnco`gi P' Xoi x`ji

xnfig `g odyrs bp inco kdb dg inco jnco`gi `s e`qig bildu;

Kdb N B C H I

X`ji dg jnco`gi _ 1 2 >= 8 >>

X`ji dg jnco`gi P 3 5 ? 0 9


36/69

Xoi sjnllisx }rdciss`ge x`ji da 2 odyrs dccyrs adr kdb B dg jnco`gi _' Xoys

kdb B `s }lncih `g xoi bie`gg`ge da xoi si~yigci' Naxir hilix`ge xo`s kdb xoi

sjnllisx }rdciss`ge x`ji `s 3 odyrs dg jnco`gi P uo`co `gh`cnxis xonx kdb N

u`ll bi hdgi `g xoi lnsx' Xoi }nrx`nl nlldcnx`dg adr xoi kdb u`ll n}}inr ns

adlldus;

Gdu, adr xoi rijn`g`ge xorii kdbs, s`gci xoi j`g`jyj }rdciss`ge x`ji `s 8

odyrs dg jnco`gi _, kdb H u`ll bi hdgi gix xd kdb B' Naxir hilix`ge xo`s H,

xoi sjnllisx }rdciss`ge x`ji `s 9 odyrs uo`co dccyrs adr jnco`gi P' Xoys kdb

I u`ll bi hdgi gix xd lnsx' Xoi d}x`jyj si~yigci u`ll xoys bi;

B N

B H C I N


37/69

Adr xoi j`g`jyj xdxnl x`ji xd cdj}lixi xoi }rdciss`ge da nll xoi kdbs, ui

onqi;

Kdbs Jnco`gi N Jnco`gi B

X`ji @g X`ji Dyx X`ji @g X`ji Dyx

B = 2 2 0

H 2 1 0 >?

C 1 >1 >? 21

I >1 25 25 32

N 25 33 33 31

Xoys, xoi xdxnl iln}sih x`ji adr xo`s si~yigci `s 31 odyrs' @hli x`ji adr jnco`gi

N `s 31*33 : 3 odyrs, ngh adr jnco`gi B `s 2&/25*21)&/33*32) :8 odyrs


38/69

Ldnh`ge

Xoi gix sxi} `s xoi iicyx`dg da xoi scoihyli }lng ns }ir xoi rdyxiconlfih dyx `x `gclyhis xoi nssègjigx da xoi udrf xd xoi d}irnxdrs nx xoi`r

jnco`gis dr udrf }lncis' Sd ldnh`ge hixirj`gis uod u`ll hd xoi udrf ns

rdyx`ge hixirj`gis uoiri ngh scoihyl`ge hixirj`gis uoig `x sonll bi

hdgi' Engxx Conrxs nri jdsx cdjjdglp ysih `g sjnll `ghysxrìs `g drhir xd

hixirj`gi xoi i`sx`ge ldnh ngh nlsd xd adrisii odu ansx n kdb cng bi

hdgi' Xoi ysiaylgiss da xoi`r xicog`~yi lìs `g xoi ancx xonx xoip cdj}nriuonx ons biig hdgi ngh uonx dyeox xd onqi biig hdgi'

Jdsx da n sjnll scnli igxir}r`si an`l hyi xd gdg*nhoirigci xd hil`qirp

scoihylis xoiriadri xoip cng bi syccissayl à xoip onqi nb`l`xp xd jiix

hil`qirp drhir `g x`ji uo`co gd hdybx hi}ighs y}dg }rdhycx`dg da ~ynl`xp

eddhs `g rèox x`ji' @x jnfis nll xoi jdri `j}drxngx adr igxri}rigiyr xd

kyhei noinh da x`ji uonx sodylh bi hdgi, uoiri ngh uoig xoys xd linqigdxo`ge xd congci dgci xoi udrf ons bieyg'


39/69

Ldnh`ge /cdgxh)Ldnh`ge `s xoi }rdciss da cdgqirx`ge d}irnx`dg scoihylis `gxd }rncx`ci'Ldnh`ge `s xoi }rdciss da cdgqirx`ge d}irnx`dg scoihylis `gxd }rncx`ci'

Scoihyl`ge e`qis xoi isx`jnxih hnxis uoirins ldnh`ge hixirj`gis xoiScoihyl`ge e`qis xoi isx`jnxih hnxis uoirins ldnh`ge hixirj`gis xoi

ains`b`l`xp da xoi hnxisains`b`l`xp da xoi hnxis''Inj}liInj}li

Xoiri nri ? kdbs xd bi hdgi dg 8 jnco`gis' Xoi x`ji xnfig adr inco kdb dg incoXoiri nri ? kdbs xd bi hdgi dg 8 jnco`gis' Xoi x`ji xnfig adr inco kdb dg inco

jnco`gi `s e`qig bildu' Xdxnl nqn`lnbli x`ji adr inco jnco`gi `s 9= odyrs' A`gh dyxjnco`gi `s e`qig bildu' Xdxnl nqn`lnbli x`ji adr inco jnco`gi `s 9= odyrs' A`gh dyx

odu xd h`sxr`byxi xoi kdbs njdge xoi jnco`gis'odu xd h`sxr`byxi xoi kdbs njdge xoi jnco`gis'

Jnco`gis

Kdbs N B C H

> 28 3= 8= 8=

2 9 * ? >=

3 3= 22 29 20

8 5 2= * >8

9 2= 1= 8= *

1 1 >2 >= >?

5 >2 28 >1 31

? 0 31 25 >?


40/69

Ldnh`ge Jixodh

>' H`q`hi inco rdu ilijigx bp xoi j`g`jyj qnlyi da xonx rdu xd

eix ng `ghi jnxr`

2' Ldnh nll kdbs dg bisx jnco`gi /Lduisx `ghi)

3' Ernhynllp so`ax kdbs xd gix bisx jnco`gi x`ll jnco`gi odyrs

snx`sap


41/69

2gh Ldnh

N B C H

> 3=

2 9

3 2=

8 5

9 2=

1 1

5 >2

? 0

90 9=

>sx Ldnh

N B C H

> 28

2 9

3 2=

8 5

9 2=

1 1

5 >2

? 0

?3 2=

@GHI_

N B C H

> > >'29 >'11 >'11

2 > * >'1= 2

3 >'31 > >'>8 >'32

8 > 2'?9 * 2

9 > 3 2 *

1 > 2 >'11 3

5 > 2 >'33 3

? > 8 3 2

3rh Ldnh

N B C H

> 3=

2 9

3 2=

8 5

9 2=

1 1

5 >1

? 0

85 9= >1Xdxnl

Ldnh`geLdnh`ge


42/69

]lngx Ldcnx`dgAncxdrs xd bi cdgs`hirih adr }lngx ldcnx`dg;

n)]r`jnrp ancxdrs

>' Sy}}lp da rnu jnxir`nl; @x `s gicissnrp xd cdgs`hir xoi nhi~ynxi sy}}lp da rnu

jnxir`nls ngh xoi gnxyri da rnu jnxir`nls' Xoi cdsx da rnu jnxir`nls `s ng `j}drxngx

ilijigx da xoi xdxnl cdsx da }rdhycx`dg'

2' Ginrgiss xd jnrfix; Ginrgiss xd jnrfix `s `j}drxngx ardj xoi }d`gx da qìu da

cdgxrdl dqir xoi jnrfix' @g xodsi `ghysxrìs uoiri xoi rnu jnxir`nls nri dbxn`gih

ardj hàairigx sdyrci, ginrgiss xd sdyrci da rnu jnxir`nls `s gdx ns `j}drxngx nsginrgiss xd xoi jnrfix'

3' Xrngs}drx Anc`l`xìs; S}iihp xrngs}drx anc`l`xìs nri giihih adr xoi rieylnr ngh x`jilp

sy}}lp da rnu jnxir`nls nx ldu '

8' Sy}}lp da lnbdyr;Xoi sy}}lp da lnbdyr nx ldu cdsx `s `j}drxngx '@x sodylh nlsd bi

rieylnr' Ginrgiss xd sdyrci da lnbdyr sy}}lp `s qirp `j}drxngx ' Xoiriadri ,

}rdhycirs sodylh onqi rieylnr lnbdyr sy}}lp bp rihyc`ge nbsigxii`sj ngh sxr`fishyi xd ygsnx`sancxdrp udrf`ge cdgh`x`dgs '

9' ]duir; }duir jnp bi ilicxr`cnl , hìsil ngh nxdj`c igirep ' Nll xp}is da }duir

ri~y`rih jysx bi `g nbyghngci `g drhir xd igsyri sjddxo aldu da }rdhycx`dg'

1' Sy}}lp da cn}`xnl ;@ghysxrìs ri~y`ri oyei cn}`xnl oigci cn}`xnl jnrfix jysx bi

hiqild}ih nx `ghysxr`nl cigxris ' Gdx dglp xo`s , `ghysxr`nl hiqild}jigx bngfs ngh

dxoir a`gngc`nl sirq`cis jysx nlsd bi igcdyrneih '


43/69

]lngx Ldcnx`dg /cdgxh)

b)Sicdghnrp Ancxdrs

>' Gnxyrnl ancxdrs**naaicx xoi ldcnx`dg da xodsi `ghysxrìs uo`co ri~y`ri n}nrx`cylnr cl`jnxi dr uinxoir cdgh`x`dgs

2' ]dl`x`cnl ancxdrs*Sxnxis u`xo sxnbli edqirgjigx nxxrncx jdri `ghysxrìs

3' Edqirgjigx Sybs`hìs ngh Anc`l`xìs* Edqirgjigx e`qis sybs`hìs ngh

eddh `ghysxr`nl hiqild}jigx anc`l`xìs `g bncfunrh nrins ' @ghysxrìs rinco

xoisi }lncis xd rin} xoi bigia`xs da syco anc`l`xìs'8' O`sxdr`cnl ngh Rilè`dys Ancxdrs* sdji }lncis onqi `ghysxr`nl `j}drxngci

ngh sdji onqi rilè`dys `j}drxngci i'e' Fdoln}yr, Bignrns ,Nern ,Gns`f

ixc' @ghysxrìs erdu bicnysi da xoisi `j}drxngx ainxyris'

9' @g`x`nl Sxnrx ngh Eddhu`ll* Dgci dgi `ghysxrp sxnrxs nx n cirxn`g }lnci dxoir

`ghysxrìs cdji xoi`r' I'e' Knjsoih}yr bicnji ng `ghysxr`nl xdug `g xo`s

jnggir '

1' ]irsdgnl Ancxdr; ]irsdgnl l`figiss adr n }lnci naaicxs xoi isxnbl`sojigx da

bys`giss nx n }lnci '

5' J`scillngidys ancxdrs; syaa`cìgx unxir sy}}lp, H`s}dsnl da unsxi, Hngeirs

da n`r*nxxncfs, Cdjjyg`xp nxx`xyhi, Icdlde`cnl ngh igq`rdgjigx

cdgs`hirnx`dgs ixc'


44/69

]lngx Lnpdyx

]lngx lnpdyx jings xoi h`s}ds`x`dg da xoi qnr`dys anc`l`xìs

/i~y`}jigxs, jnxir`nl, jng}duir ixc') u`xo`g xoi nrins da xoi

s`xi silicxih' ]lngx lnpdyx bie`gs u`xo xoi hisèg da xoi ancxdrp

by`lh`ge ngh edis y} xd xoi ldcnx`dg ngh jdqijigx da udrf' Nll

xoi anc`l`xìs l`fi i~y`}jigx, rnu jnxir`nl, jnco`girp, xddls,a`xyris, udrfirs ixc' nri e`qig n }rd}ir }lnci'

@g xoi udrhs da Knjis Lyghp, @x `higx`cnllp `gqdlqis xoi

nlldcnx`dg da s}nci ngh xoi nrrngeijigx da i~y`}jigx `g syco n

jnggir xonx dqirnll cdsx nri j`g`j`{ih'

Nccdrh`ge xd JdGnyeoxdg Unpgil, N eddh lnpdyx risylxs `gcdjadrxs, cdgqigìgci, n}}inrngci, snaixp ngh }rda`x' N }ddr

lnpdyx risylxs `g cdgeisx`dg, unsxi, arysxrnx`dg ngh `giaa`cìgcp'


45/69

Dbkicx`qis da n Eddh ]lngx Lnpdyx

Xoi }r`gc`}nl dbkicx`qi da n }rd}ir }lngx lnpdyx `s xd jn`j`{i xoi

}rdhycx`dg nx xoi j`g`jyj da xoi cdsxs'

@a n lnpdyx `s xd ayla`ll xo`s ednl, `x sodylh bi }lnggih u`xo xoi adlldu`ge clinr

dbkicx`qis `g j`gh;

Xoiri `s xoi }rd}ir yx`l`{nx`dg da cyb`c /`'i' ligexo, u`hxo ngh oièox)'

Jn`jyj ysi da qdlyji nqn`lnbli sodylh bi jnhi' Adr inj}li,

cdgqipdrs cng bi ryg nbdqi oinh oièox ngh ysih ns jdq`ge udrf `g}rderiss dr xddls ngh i~y`}jigxs cng bi sys}ighih ardj xoi ci`l`ge' Xoi

}r`gc`}li `s }nrx`cylnrlp xryi `g sxdris uoiri eddhs cng bi sxdrih nx

cdgs`hirnbli oièox u`xodyx `gcdgqigìgci'

Un`x`ge x`ji da xoi sij`*a`g`soih }rdhycxs s j`g`j`{ih'

Udrf`ge cdgh`x`dgs nri snair, bixxir /uill qigx`lnxih rddjs ixc') ngh`j}rdqih'

Jnxir`nl onghl ge ngh xrngs}drxnx`dg s j`g`j`{ih ngh iaa`cìgxlp

cdgxrdllih' Adr xo`s , dgi ons xd cdgs`hir xoi jdqijigx h`sxngcis

bixuiig hàairigx udrf nrins ns uill ns xoi gyjbir da x`jis syco

jdqijigxs dccyr }ir yg`x }ir`dh da x`ji'

Xoi jdqijigxs jnhi bp xoi udrfir nri j`g`j`{ih'


46/69

Dbkicx`qis da n Eddh ]lngx Lnpdyx /cdgxh')

Sy`xnbli s}ncis nri nlldcnxih xd }rdhycx`dg cigxirs'

]lngx jn`gxigngci s s`j}lir'

Xoiri `s `gcrinsih ali`b`l`xp adr congeis g }rdhycx his`eg ngh adr ayxyri

i}ngs`dg' @x jysx bi cn}nbli da `gcdr}drnx`ge, u`xodyx jnkdr congeis,

giu i~y`}jigx xd jiix xicogdlde`cnl ri~y`rijigx dr xd il`j`gnxi unsxi'

N eddh lnpdyx }irj`xs jnxir`nl xd jdqi xordyeo xoi }lngx nx xoi his`rihs}iih u`xo xoi lduisx cdsx'

Xoiri `s `gcrinsih }rdhycx`q`xp ngh bixxir }rdhycx ~ynl`xp u`xo rihycih

cn}`xnl cdsx'

Bddsx`ge y} ij}ldpii jdrnli bp }rdq`h`ge ij}ldpii cdjadrxs ngh

snx`sancx`dg'

Xoi udrf sodylh bi sd nrrngeih xoi xoiri `s gd h`aa`cylxp g sy}irq`s`dg,cddrh`gnx`dg ngh cdgxrdl' Xoiri sodylh bi gd o`h`ge*}lncis gxd uo`co

eddhs cng bi j`sln`h' Eddhs rnu jnxir`nls ngh rinhp sxdcfs jysx bi

rinh`lp dbsirqih nx nll x`jis' @x u`ll rihyci xoi }`lairnei da jnxir`nl ngh

lnbdyr'


47/69

]r`gc`}lis da Lnpdyx

>' ]r`gc`}li da dqirnll `gxiernx`dg da nll xoi }rdhycx`dg ngh sirq`ci ncx`q`x`is

2' ]r`gc`}li da j`g`jyj h`sxngci jdqih bp jig, jnco`gi ngh jnxir`nl

3' ]r`gc`}li da aldu insp aldu adr jnxir nls ngh d}irnx`dgs u`xodyx hilnps'

8' ]r`gc`}li da cyb`c s}nci icdgdjp `s dbxn`gih bp ys`ge iaaicx`qilp nll

nqn`lnbli s}nci, bdxo odr`{dgxnl ngh qirx`cnl

9' ]r`gc`}li da ali`b`l xp

1' ]r`gc`}li da snx`sancx`dg ngh snaixp


48/69

>'>' ]rdciss lnpdyx]rdciss lnpdyx

@x `s nlsd fgdug ns aygcx`dgnl lnpdyx ngh `s conrncxir`{ih bp fii}`ge s`j`lnr jnco`gis dr

s`j`lnr d}irnx`dg nx dgi ldcnx`dg /}lnci)' @g dxoir udrhs, si}nrnxi hi}nrxjigxs nri

isxnbl`soih adr inco s}ic`nl`{ih d}irnx`dg da }rdhycx`dg ngh jnco`gis rilnx`ge xd xonx

aygcx`dgs nri nssijblih xoiri' Adr inj}li, nll lnxoi jnco`gis u`ll bi nx dgi }lnci, nllhr`ll`ge jnco`gis nx ngdxoir ngh sd dg' Xo`s xp}i da lnpdyx `s eigirnllp ij}ldpih adr

`ghysxrìs igeneih g kdb*drhir }rdhycx`dg ngh gdg*sxnghnrh`{ih }rdhycxs'

Lnxois Hr`lls

2' ]rdhycx lnpdyx2' ]rdhycx lnpdyx `x `s nlsd fgdug ns l`gi /xp}i) lnpdyx' @x `j}lìs xonx qnr`dys d}irnx`dgsdg n }rdhycx nri }iradrjih `g n si~yigci ngh xoi jnco`gi nri }lncih nldge xoi }rdhycx aldu l`gi

`'i' jnco`gis nri nrrngeih `g xoi si~yigci `g uo`co n e`qig }rdhycx u`ll bi d}irnxih y}dg' Xo`s

xp}i da lnpdyx `s }riairrih adr cdgx`gydys }rdhycx`dg `'i' `gqdlq`ge n cdgx`gydys aldu `g}rdciss

jnxir`nl xdunrhs xoi a`g`soih }rdhycx sxnei'i~y`}jigx ngh udrf s}dxs nrrngeih `g si~yigci da xoi jngyancxyr`ge }rdciss, u`xo hy}l`cnx`dg à

giihih

3'Aìh }ds`x`dg lnpdyx3'Aìh }ds`x`dg lnpdyx Jig, jnco`gis ngh i~y`}jigx nri jdqih xd xoi jnxir`nl, adrinj}li `g so`} by`lh`ge

8'E

rdy} lnpdyx8'E

rdy} lnpdyx n cdjb`gnx`dg da }rdhycx ngh }rdciss lnpdyx

Xp}is da ]lngx lnpdyx


49/69

Jnxir`nls Onghl`ge

Nccdrh`ge xd Njir`cng Onghl`ge Sdc`ixp Jnxir`nls Onghl`ge `s xoi nrxngh sc`igci `gqdlq`ge xoi jdqijigx, }ncf`ge ngh sxdr`ge da

sybsxngcis `g ngp adrj'

Dbkicx`qis

>' Rihycx`dg da onghl ge cdsxsRihycx`dg da lnbdyr cdsx

Rihycx`dg da jnxir`nls cdsx

Rihycx`dg da dqiroinh cdsx

2' @gcrinsi da cn}nc`xp@gcrinsi da }rdhycx`dg

@gcrinsi da sxdrnei cn}nc`xp

@j}rdqih lnpdyx

3' @j}rdqijigx g udrf`ge cdgh`x`dgs


50/69

]r`gc`}lis da Jnxir`nl Onghl`ge

>' Xoi ]lngg`ge ]r`gc`}li

Lnrei*scnli jnxir`nl onghl`ge }rdkicxs ysynllp ri~y`ri n xinjn}}rdnco'

Jnxir`nl onghl`ge }lngg`ge cdgs`hirs iqirp jdqi, iqirp sxdrneigiih, ngh ngp hilnp `g drhir xd j`g`j`{i }rdhycx`dg cdsxs'

Xoi }lng sodylh rialicx xoi sxrnxie`c dbkicx`qis da xoi dreng`{nx`dg nsuill ns xoi jdri `jjih`nxi giihs'

2' Xoi spsxijs }r`gc`}li; JO ngh sxdrnei ncx`q`xìs sodylh bi ayllp`gxiernxih xd adrj n cddrh`gnxih, d}irnx`dgnl spsxij xonx s}ngsrici`q`ge, `gs}icx`dg, sxdrnei, }rdhycx`dg, nssijblp, , so`}}`ge, ngh

xoi onghl`ge da rixyrgs' @gadrjnx`dg aldu ngh }ops`cnl jnxir`nl aldu sodylh bi `gxiernxih ngh

xrinxih ns cdgcyrrigx ncx`q`xìs'

Jixodhs sodylh bi }rdq`hih adr ins`lp `higxàp`ge jnxir`nls ngh}rdhycxs, adr hixirj`g`ge xoi`r ldcnx`dg ngh sxnxys u`xo`g anc`l`xìs nghu`xo`g xoi sy}}lp con`g'


51/69

3' S`j}là`cnx`dg }r`gc`}li

s`j}làp onghl`ge bp rihyc`ge, il`j`gnx`ge, dr cdjb`g`ge

yggicissnrp jdqijigx ngh$dr i~y`}jigx'

Adyr ~yisx`dgs xd nsf xd s`j}làp ngp kdb;

d Cng xo`s kdb bi il`j`gnxih4

d @a ui cngx il`j`gnxi, cng ui cdjb`gi jdqijigxs xd rihycicdsx4 /yg`x ldnh cdgci}x)

d @a ui cngx il`j`gnxi dr cdjb`gi, cng ui rinrrngei xoi

d}irnx`dgs xd rihyci xoi xrnqil h`sxngci4

d @a ui cngx hd ngp da xoi nbdqi, cng ui s`j}làp4

8' Ernq`xp }r`gc`}li

Yx`l`{i ernq`xp xd jdqi jnxir`nl uoigiqir }rncx`cnl'

]r`gc`}lis da Jnxir`nl Onghl`ge /cdgxh)


52/69

9' S}nci yx`l`{nx`dg }r`gc`}li

Xoi bixxir ui ysi dyr by`lh`ge cybi, xoi liss s}nci ui giih xd

byp dr rigx'

Rncfs, ji{{ng`gis, ngh dqiroinh cdgqipdrs nri n aiu

inj}lis xonx }rdjdxi xo`s ednl'

1' Yg`x ldnh }r`gc`}li Yg`x ldnhs sodylh bi n}}rd}r`nxilp s`{ih ngh cdga`eyrih nx inco

sxnei da xoi sy}}lp con`g'

Xoi jdsx cdjjdg yg`x ldnh `s xoi }nllix

d cnrhbdnrh }nllixs

d }lnsx`c }nllixsd uddhig }nllixs

d sxiil sf`hs



53/69

?' Nyxdjnx`dg }r`gc`}li

JO d}irnx`dgs sodylh bi jicong`{ih ngh$dr nyxdjnxihuoiri ains`bli xd `j}rdqi d}irnx`dgnl iaa`cìgcp, `gcrinsiris}dgs`qigiss, `j}rdqi cdgs`sxigcp ngh }rih`cxnb`l`xp,hicrinsi d}irnx`ge cdsxs'

>='I~y`}jigx silicx`dg }r`gc`}li

Uop4 Uonx4 Uoiri4 Uoig4 Odu4 Uod4

@a ui ngsuir xoisi ~yisx`dgs nbdyx inco jdqi, xoi sdlyx`dgu`ll bicdji iq`higx'

>>'Xoi sxnghnrh`{nx`dg }r`gc`}li

sxnghnrh`{i onghl`ge jixodhs ns uill ns xp}is ngh s`{is daonghl`ge i~y`}jigx

xdd jngp s`{is ngh brnghs da i~y`}jigx risylxs `g oèoird}irnx`dgnl cdsx'

N aiuir s`{is da cnrxdg u`ll s`j}làp xoi sxdrnei'



54/69

>2' Xoi hinh uièox }r`gc`}li

Xrp xd rihyci xoi rnx`d da i~y`}jigx uièox xd }rdhycxuièox' Hdgx byp i~y`}jigx xonx `s bèeir xong gicissnrp'

Rihyci xnri uièox ngh snqi jdgip'

>3' Xoi jn`gxigngci }r`gc`}li

]lng adr }riqigx`qi jn`gxigngci ngh scoihylih ri}n`rs danll onghl`ge i~y`}jigx'

]nllixs ngh sxdrnei anc`l`xìs giih ri}n`r xdd'

>8' Xoi cn}nc`xp }r`gc`}li

ysi onghl`ge i~y`}jigx xd oil} ncoìqi his`rih }rdhycx`dgcn}nc`xp

`'i' jnxir`nl onghl`ge i~y`}jigx cng oil} xd jn`j`{i}rdhycx`dg i~y`}jigx yx`l`{nx`dg'



55/69

Jnxir`nl onghl`ge i~y`}jigx `gclyhis;

Xrngs}drx I~y`}jigx; `ghysxr`nl xrycfs, Nyxdjnxih Ey`hih qio`clis

/NEQs), jdgdrn`ls, cdgqipdrs, crngis ngh od`sxs'

Sxdrnei Spsxijs; bylf sxdrnei, rncf spsxijs, soilq`ge ngh b`gs, hrnuir

sxdrnei, nyxdjnxih sxdrnei spsxijs'

Yg`x`{`ge I~y`}jigx; }nllix`{irs

@higx`a`cnx`dg ngh Xrncf`ge spsxijs

Ainxyris da eddh jnxir`nl onghl`ge i~y`}jigx

>' J`g`j`{is jdqijigx da jnxir`nl

2' Nqd`hs yg}rdhycx`qi onghl`ge

3' Rihycis hli jnco`gi cn}nc xp

8' Rihycis ancxdrp on{nrhs9' Iaaicx`qi }rdhycx`dg cdgxrdl

1' Bixxir cysxdjir sirq`cis

`' Rihycih d}irnx`ge cdsx

``' Bixxir ~ynl`xp da }rdhycxs

```' X`jilp }rdhycx`dg

Dqirq`iu da Jnxir`nl Onghl`ge I~y`}jigx


56/69

Cdgs`hirnx`dgs `g Jnxir`nl Onghl`ge

Spsxij Hisèg

>' Jnxir`nl Conrncxir`sx`cs

Cnxiedrp Jinsyris]ops`cnl sxnxi

S`{i

Uièox

Son}i

Cdgh`x`dgSnaixp r`sf ngh r`sf da

hnjnei

Sdl`h, l`~y`h, dr ens

Qdlyji6 ligexo, u`hxo, oièox

Uièox }ir }ìci, uièox }ir yg`x qdlyji

Ldge ngh alnx, rdygh, s~ynri, ixc'

Odx, cdlh, uix, ixc'I}lds`qi, alnjjnbli, xd`c6 arne`li, ixc'


57/69

Cdgs`hirnx`dgs cdgx'

2' Aldu rnxi

Jngynl onghl`ge

Ongh xrycfs

]duirih xrycfs

Yg`x ldnh NEQ

Cdgqipdrs Cdgqipdrs

NEQ xrn`gO`eo

Ldu

LdgeSodrx Jdqi H`sxngci

^yngx`xp da

jnxir`nl

jdqih


58/69

Cdgs`hirnx`dgs cdgx'

3' ]lngx Lnpdyx

Lnpdyx Xp}i Conrncxir`sx`cs Xp}`cnl JO I~y`}jigx

Aìh }ds`x dg

]rdciss

]rdhycx

Lnrei }rdhycx s`{i, ldu

}rdhycx`dg rnxi

Qnr`nx`dg g }rdhycx ngh

}rdciss`ge, ldu ngh

jih`yj }rdhycx`dgrnxis

L`j`xih }rdhycx qnrìxp,

oèo }rdhycx`dg rnxi

Crngis, od`sxs,

`ghysxr`nl xrycfs

Ongh xrycfs, adrflàx

xrycfs, NEQs

Cdgqipdrs adr }rdhycx

aldu, xrycfs xd hil`qir

cdj}dgigxs xd

sxnx`dgs'


59/69

Iqnlynx`dg da Jnxir`nl Onghl`ge Spsxij

Xoi iaaicx`qigiss da xoi jnxir`nl onghl`ge spsxij cng bi jinsyrih `g

xirjs da xoi rnx`d da xoi x`ji s}igx `g xoi onghl`ge xd xoi xdxnl x`ji s}igx `g

}rdhycx`dg' Xo`s u`ll cdqir xoi x`ji ilijigx' Xoi cdsx iaaicx`qigiss cng bi

jinsyrih bp xoi i}igsis `gcyrrih }ir yg`x uièox onghlih' Sdji da xoi

dxoir `gh`cis uo`co cng bi ysih adr iqnlynx`ge xoi }iradrjngci da onghl`ge

spsxijs nri ns adlldus;

I~y`}jigx yx`l`snx`dg rnx`d `s ng `j}drxngx `gh`cnxdr adr kyhe`ge xoi

jnxir`nls onghl`ge spsxij' Xo`s rnx`d cng bi cdj}yxih ngh cdj}nrih u`xos`j`lnr a`rjs dr `g xoi snji dqir n }ir`dh da x`ji'

@g drhir xd fgdu xoi xdxnl iaadrx giihih adr jdq`ge jnxir`nls, `x jnp bi

gicissnrp xd cdj}yxi Jnxir`nls Onghl`ge Lnbdyr/JOL) rnx`d' Xo`s rnx`d

`s cnlcylnxih ns yghir;

JOL : /]irsdggil nssègih xd jnxir`nls onghl`ge) $ /Xdxnl d}irnx`ge udrfadrci)

@g drhir xd nscirxn`g uoixoir `s xoi onghl`ge spsxij hil`qirs jnxir`nls udrf

cigxris u`xo jn`jyj iaa`cìgcp, `x `s his`rnbli xd cdj}yxi h`ricx lnbdyr

onghl`ge ldss rnx`d' Xoi rnx`d `s;

HLOL : /Jnxir`nls onghl`ge x`ji ldsx da lnbdyr) $ /Xdxnl h`ricx lnbdyr x`ji)


60/69

Xp}is da Jn`gxigngci Spsxijs

>' Cn}`xnl Ri}lncijigx

2' ]rdq`s`dg adr Sxnghbp Cn}nc`xp

3' Brinfhdug Jn`gxigngci

8' Scoihylih Jn`gxigngci

9' ]lnggih Jn`gxigngci

1' ]riqigx`qi Jn`gxigngci

5' Cdrricx`qi Jn`gxigngci

?' Jn`gxigngci ]riqigx`dg


61/69

Ancxdrs Naaicx`ge Cod`ci da Jn`gxigngci

Spsxij

Cr`x`cnl`xp da xoi `xij

Gnxyri da xoi }lngx ngh ysi da xoi `xij

Cdsx da xoi i~y`}jigx ngh s}nris

Xdxnl cdsx da jn`gxigngci

Nqn`lnb`l`xp da ricdrhs

Nqn`lnb`l`xp da xrn`gih jng}duir


62/69

>' Cn}`xnl Ri}lncijigx

Xoi i~y`}jigx `s cdj}lixilp ri}lncih bp n giu dgi'Xoi i~y`}jigx `s cdj}lixilp ri}lncih bp n giu dgi'

S`xynx`dgs uoig Cn}`xnl ri}lncijigx `s hdgi;

>' Hyi xd ne`ge, xoi jn`gxigngci cdsx bicdjis sd o`eo xonx `x `s icdgdj`cnlxd }yrconsi n giu dgi'

2' Congeis `g ~yngx`xp$~ynl`xp da xoi }rdhycx ngh$dr ijireigci da n bixxirjnco`gi `g xoi jnrfix jnfis xoi dr`e`gnl jnco`gi dbsdlixi'

Xoi jn`gxigngci hi}nrxjigx ons xoi ris}dgs`b`l`xp da iqdlq`ge nXoi jn`gxigngci hi}nrxjigx ons xoi ris}dgs`b`l`xp da iqdlq`ge n ldgeldge

rngei ri}lncijigx }dl`cp'rngei ri}lncijigx }dl`cp'


63/69

2' Sxnghbp Cn}nc`xp

N sxnghbp `s }rdq`hih uoig `x `s adygh icdgdj`cnl xd ryg xoi }rdhycx`dgiqig nx xoi cdsx da `gqisx`ge `g n sxnghbp jnco`gi

N sxnghbp xìs y} cn}`xnl ngh oigci cnriayl cdsx bigia`x ngnlps`s jysx bi

hdgi

Inj}li; Cdsx bigia`x ngnlps`s xd a`gh dyx à sxnghbp cn}nc`xp `s giihih'Inj}li; Cdsx bigia`x ngnlps`s xd a`gh dyx à sxnghbp cn}nc`xp `s giihih'

N cdj}ngp ysis n jdxdr' Xoi cdj}ngp `s cdgs`hir`ge 3 }dss`bli jn`gxigngci

}dl`cìs;

>' Fii} n sxnghbp jdxdr

2' Fii} n s}nri nrjnxyri

3' Fii} s}nri six da cd`ls'

Xoi cdsx bigia`x ngnlps`s `s sodug `g xoi adlldu`ge xnbli;


64/69

Hiscr`}x`dg ]dl`cp > ]dl`cp 2 ]dl`cp 3

Hdugx`ji }ir

dccns`dg

3 or 3= j`gs 5 odyrs 1 hnps

Cdsx da }rdhycx`dg

ldsx /Hdugx`ji cdsx)

Rs'2,12> Rs' 9,058 Rs'>,=5,93=

Pinrlp cnrrp`ge cdsx

/`gxirisx ldsx `g

jdgip x`is y})

Rs' 92,3== Rs'20,=29 Rs' 9,>29

Pinrlp Jn`gxigngci

cdsx

/Lnbdyr, jnxir`nl,

dqiroinh)

Rs'1,15= Rs' 5,20= Rs'1,29=

Xdxnl pinrlp

cdsx

Rs'1>,90> Rs' 82,2?0 Rs'>,>?,0=9

]dl`cp 2 `s bisx]dl`cp 2 `s bisx


65/69

3' Brinfhdug Jn`gxigngci Ysiayl adr gdg cr`x`cnl `xijsYsiayl adr gdg cr`x`cnl `xijs

@x `s ygnqd`hnbli@x `s ygnqd`hnbli

Conrncxir`sx`csConrncxir`sx`cs

RnghdjRnghdj

Linhs xd syhhig ngh }rdldgeih h`sry}x`dgsLinhs xd syhhig ngh }rdldgeih h`sry}x`dgs

]lngg`ge da jn`gxigngci udrf s h`aa`cylx hyi xd alycxynx`dg da udrfldnh]lngg`ge da jn`gxigngci udrf `s h`aa`cylx hyi xd alycxynx`dg da udrfldnh

Daxig linhs xd `gcrinsih dqirx`ji'Daxig linhs xd `gcrinsih dqirx`ji'


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8' Scoihylih Jn`gxigngci

@gs}icx`dg, dqironyl, lybr`cnx`dg, ngh sirq`c`ge nx n }rihixirj`gih hnxi nghx`ji'

Hàairigci bixuiig SJ ngh ]J;

Xoi hnxis ngh jn`gxigngci scoihylis nri aìh u`xodyx fgdu`ge xoi giihs da

xoi kdb ngh u`xodyx xnf`ge cnri da xoi o`sxdrp da xoi jnco`gi `g SJ' @x `s hdgi

uoig syaa`cìgx hnxn rienrh`ge xoi jnco`gi `s gdx nqn`lnbli'@g ]J hixn`lih o`sxdrp da jnco`gi `s xnfig `gxd nccdygx' Cdgs`hirnbli

}n}irudrf `s hdgi xd hixirj`gi xoi incx ari~yigcp da jn`gxigngci'

Nhqngxneis;

Nlldus n }lnggih soyxhdug

]irj`xs l`j`xih }lngg`ge da risdyrcis

H`snhqngxneis;

Ncxynl udrf cdgxigx s gdx fgdug

@x jnp linh xd }rdldgeih hdugx`ji hyi xd gdg nqn`lnb`l`xp da ri~y`s`xi sf`lls

ngh jnxir`nls nx xoi x`ji da sirq`ci


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9' ]lnggih Jn`gxigngci

Xo`s `s ng `j}rdqijigx dqir scoihylih jn`gxigngci' @g xo`s

spsxij, xoi udrfldnh da xoi ayxyri kdbs nri q`synl`{ih ngh

ngx`c`}nxih ngh nccdrh`gelp, ri~y`s`xi sf`lls, jnxir`nls giihih,

isx`jnxih x`ji ri~y`rih, ixc' nri }lnggih'

Xoiri `s n spsxij da aiihbncf da `gadrjnx`dg adr gicissnrp congeis

`g xoi dr`e`gnl }lng'


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1' ]riqigx`qi Jn`gxigngci

Nll xoi ]J }rdernjs cdgxn`g xoi adlldu`ge bns`c ncx`q`x`is;

>' ]ir`dh`c gs}icx`dg da }lngx nssixs ngh i~y`}jigx xd ygcdqir cdgh`x`dgs

linh`ge xd }rdhycx`dg brinfhdugs dr onrjayl hi}ric`nx`dg

2' Y}fii} da }lngx xd nqd`h syco cdgh`x`dgs, dr xd nhkysx$ri}n`r syco cdgh x`dgs

uo`li xoip nri sx`ll `g n j`gdr sxnei'

Bns`c }rdblij da ]J

Bns`cnllp ]J `s j`g`j`{nx`dg da brinfhdugs xordyeo }ir`dh`c `gs}icx`dgs xd

h`scdqir ngh cdrricx yganqdyrnbli cdgh`x`dgs' Xoi igx`ri }rdernjji

hi}ighs dg @GS]ICX@DG ngh xoi sybsi~yigxNCX@DGS' Oduiqir,

`gs}icx`dgs nri cdsxlp `g lnbdyr ngh' Sdjix`jis, `g soyxhdug x`ji' Oigci

xoi aiuir xoi `gs}icx`dgs giihih, xoi lduir xoi cdsx'

Xoi bns`c }rdblij `s xoiriadri xd sxr`fi n bnlngci bixuiig `gs}icx`dg

cdsx ngh xoi cdsx da gdx yx`l`{`ge ]J'


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Jn`gxigngci ncx`q`xp

Hdugx`ji Cdsx

Xdxnl Cdsx

MBA -Production Operations Management

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