[email protected](0333-4461420) Software Prepared By: Sir Mazhar Chapter No 5.

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Software Software Prepared By: Sir Prepared By: Sir

MazharMazhar

Chapter No 5 Chapter No 5

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SoftwareSoftware

►Logical Component of a ComputerLogical Component of a Computer►We can not touch We can not touch ►These are in form of instructions that These are in form of instructions that

tell the computer that what to dotell the computer that what to do► It can not executed without hardware.It can not executed without hardware.► If any problem in software then it will If any problem in software then it will

reinstall.reinstall.


Software KindsSoftware Kinds

►Software may be in the form of Software may be in the form of ►System Software System Software ►Application Software Application Software


System SoftwareSystem Software► It controls a computer’s internal functionIt controls a computer’s internal function► System software manages the fundamental System software manages the fundamental

operations of your computeroperations of your computer Operating systemOperating system UtilitiesUtilities Library Library Programming LanguagesProgramming Languages

► It also control mouse ,printer, MonitorsIt also control mouse ,printer, Monitors► Examples Examples ► Operating SystemOperating System► Language SoftwareLanguage Software


Operating System (OS)Operating System (OS)► Is collection of System softwareIs collection of System software► An interface between applications and hardwareAn interface between applications and hardware► Hardware needs a manager to tell it Hardware needs a manager to tell it

what to dowhat to do when to do itwhen to do it how to do ithow to do it

► The (OS) controls all The (OS) controls all inputinput outputoutput ProcessingProcessingUsesUses

► It manages the data and the memory and It manages the data and the memory and appearanceappearance

► Make the computer system convenient to useMake the computer system convenient to use► Execute user programs and make solving user Execute user programs and make solving user

problems easier.problems easier.


Goals or TaskGoals or Task

► EfficiencyEfficiency Allows computer system resources to be used in an Allows computer system resources to be used in an

efficient mannerefficient manner► Ability to evolveAbility to evolve

Permit effective development, testing, and introduction of Permit effective development, testing, and introduction of new system functions without interfering with servicenew system functions without interfering with service

► Communication with hardwareCommunication with hardware They provide the way for application software to They provide the way for application software to

communicate with hardware communicate with hardware ► Transfer data Transfer data

They manage the transfer of data to and from the various They manage the transfer of data to and from the various peripherals peripherals

► System Security System Security They manage system security. Many operating systems They manage system security. Many operating systems

allocate certain rights to user allocate certain rights to user


User Interaction with OSUser Interaction with OS

Hardware

Operating System

Software

ComputerUser


ExamplesExamples

►Window 98 Window 98 ►Window 2000Window 2000►Window XPWindow XP►Window Vista Window Vista ►Linux Linux ►Unix Unix


User interfacesUser interfaces

► User interface is what you see when you turn on the User interface is what you see when you turn on the computer computer

► It consists of the cursors, prompts, icons and menus It consists of the cursors, prompts, icons and menus etc etc

► Which allow you to get something done using your Which allow you to get something done using your computercomputer

► Ideally the user interface should be as easy to use Ideally the user interface should be as easy to use as possibleas possible

User interface may be User interface may be ► Command driven interface Command driven interface ► Menu driven interface Menu driven interface ► Graphical user interface Graphical user interface


Command driven interfaceCommand driven interface

►With a command driven interface, you type With a command driven interface, you type in an instruction, which is usually in an instruction, which is usually abbreviated, in order to get something abbreviated, in order to get something done.done.

► Are not easy to use Are not easy to use ► A set of commands used to interact with A set of commands used to interact with

computer is called command languagecomputer is called command language► It requires exact spelling and punctuation It requires exact spelling and punctuation ► Advantage:Advantage:► Commands for different software application Commands for different software application

are rarely the same so user can be faster to are rarely the same so user can be faster to use and have learnt all the commands use and have learnt all the commands


Menu driven interfaceMenu driven interface► The user enter data and The user enter data and

instruction by using menusinstruction by using menus► Easy to use because the Easy to use because the

user has not remember the user has not remember the syntax of commands syntax of commands

► User can make a selection User can make a selection by using either a mouse or a by using either a mouse or a keyboardkeyboard

► Drop down listDrop down list

► Present optionsPresent options

► Both Microsoft Windows Both Microsoft Windows

and Apple Macintosh and Apple Macintosh

programs are menu driven programs are menu driven


Graphical User Interface Graphical User Interface (GUI)(GUI)

► Is a visual environment that Is a visual environment that is used by the user to is used by the user to communicate with computer communicate with computer

► It uses windows ,icons, It uses windows ,icons, menus and other graphical menus and other graphical objects to issue commands.objects to issue commands.

► Easy to use Easy to use ► Easy to learn Easy to learn ► Attractive Attractive ► WIMP:WIMP: stands for windows, stands for windows,

and pointing devices which and pointing devices which describes the features of describes the features of GUIGUI


DisadvantagesDisadvantages

► More immediate access store and More immediate access store and secondary storesecondary store

► More powerful processor and More powerful processor and graphical card graphical card

► Slower then executing Slower then executing ► Greater no of operations is required Greater no of operations is required


Designing a user interfaceDesigning a user interface

►Consistency Consistency ►Positioning of items on the screen Positioning of items on the screen ►Use of colour Use of colour ►Use of soundUse of sound►Availability of help Availability of help


Utility programsUtility programs

► A type of system software that is used to solve A type of system software that is used to solve particular problem.particular problem.

► Designed to make life easier for computer users.Designed to make life easier for computer users.

Utility programs perform thousands of Utility programs perform thousands of tasktask► Renaming files Renaming files ► Listing file on a disk Listing file on a disk ► Deleting files Deleting files ► Copying files Copying files ► Sending files to a printer Sending files to a printer ► Storing data Storing data ► Backing up files Backing up files


ExamplesExamplesFile ViewerFile Viewer ► Is used to view and manage files in computer system. Is used to view and manage files in computer system. ► Window ExplorerWindow Explorer File Compressor:File Compressor:► Is used to shrink the size of filesIs used to shrink the size of files► Winzip and WinRARWinzip and WinRARDiagnostic Utilities:Diagnostic Utilities:► is used to detect problem in hardware and softwareis used to detect problem in hardware and software► AntiVirusAntiVirus► Disk DefragmenterDisk Defragmenter► Backup utility Backup utility ► Data Recovery Utility Data Recovery Utility ► Task Manager utility Task Manager utility ► Disk CleanupDisk Cleanup► Personal FirewallPersonal Firewall► Spyware RemoverSpyware Remover


Application SoftwareApplication Software

► Application software Application software enables you to perform enables you to perform specific computer tasks, such as document specific computer tasks, such as document production, spreadsheet calculations, and database production, spreadsheet calculations, and database managementmanagement

► Any program that processes data for a userAny program that processes data for a userUsers prepare theseUsers prepare these

► Packaged softwarePackaged software► Custom SoftwareCustom Software► Integrated softwareIntegrated software► Bespoke SoftwareBespoke Software► SharewareShareware► Free WareFree Ware► Public Domain SoftwarePublic Domain Software


Integrated SoftwareIntegrated Software► Single programSingle program► Kind of a Jack-of-all-tradesKind of a Jack-of-all-trades► Shares a common set of commandsShares a common set of commands► Commands are common throughout Commands are common throughout ► Moving data from one program to another is easyMoving data from one program to another is easy► Which combine features from all below productsWhich combine features from all below products► Multiple functionalityMultiple functionality

Word processor, spreadsheet, DBMS, Presentation graphics Word processor, spreadsheet, DBMS, Presentation graphics and communication softwareand communication software

► AdvantagesAdvantages Lower costLower cost SimplerSimpler Capabilities not as extensiveCapabilities not as extensive

► Disadvantages:Disadvantages:► Tend to be strong in one area and weak in othersTend to be strong in one area and weak in others


Application PackagesApplication Packages

► It is particular user or organization.It is particular user or organization.► The program are well testedThe program are well tested► Is available for different types of users Is available for different types of users ►Documentation are very goodDocumentation are very good► Examples:Examples:►Word processing software such as word and Word processing software such as word and

word perfectword perfect► Spread sheet software such as Lotus 1-2-3 Spread sheet software such as Lotus 1-2-3

and Excel and Excel ►Data base software such as AccessData base software such as Access


Tailor Made Software or Custom Tailor Made Software or Custom SoftwareSoftware

► Is developed to meet the requirement Is developed to meet the requirement of particular company or industry.of particular company or industry.

► If packaged software does not fulfill If packaged software does not fulfill the requirement of an organization, it the requirement of an organization, it has to develop a custom software by has to develop a custom software by hiring a programmer.hiring a programmer.

►The cost of custom software is higher.The cost of custom software is higher.


ProgramProgram

►The instructions that tell the computer The instructions that tell the computer what to do is called program what to do is called program

►Programmer:Programmer:►Who writes or design the program in Who writes or design the program in

any language.any language.►Computer can understand only the Computer can understand only the

binary code binary code


Programming LanguagesProgramming Languages

►Humans can use different languages to Humans can use different languages to communicate communicate

►The instructions are written in a The instructions are written in a languages which are easy to understandlanguages which are easy to understand

►Programming languages may be in the Programming languages may be in the form of form of

►High level Languages High level Languages ►Low Level Languages Low Level Languages


Low level languagesLow level languages

►Are languages that are easy for the Are languages that are easy for the computer to understand but more computer to understand but more difficult for the programmer difficult for the programmer

►Each instruction usually translates into Each instruction usually translates into one machine code instructionone machine code instruction


Kinds of Low Level Kinds of Low Level

►Machine Language Machine Language ►Assembly LanguageAssembly Language


Machine LanguageMachine Language

► Is the language that directly understood by Is the language that directly understood by the machinethe machine

► It consists of series of a 0s and 1sIt consists of series of a 0s and 1s► It is a machine specific it mean that one It is a machine specific it mean that one

computer’s machine code will not be computer’s machine code will not be understand by other computer typeunderstand by other computer type

► It needs no translation so that way it is very It needs no translation so that way it is very fast fast

► A lot of games or simulation programs are A lot of games or simulation programs are written in machine code for this reason written in machine code for this reason


Assembly languageAssembly language► It is easier for the programmer to use and to debug It is easier for the programmer to use and to debug ► Once a program has been written in assembly language it Once a program has been written in assembly language it

needs translating into machine code by software called needs translating into machine code by software called assembler assembler

► Is a low level language which allows the programmer to use Is a low level language which allows the programmer to use Mnemonics and symbolic addressMnemonics and symbolic address

► Mnemonics:Mnemonics: ► Is a word or set of letters which can be used to represent a Is a word or set of letters which can be used to represent a

function code and which is easy to rememberfunction code and which is easy to remember► Example: Example: ► LDA use for Load AccumulationLDA use for Load Accumulation► JMP for jump instruction and ADD are mnemonicsJMP for jump instruction and ADD are mnemonics► Symbolic Address:Symbolic Address:► Is a name inverted by the programmer to identify a locationIs a name inverted by the programmer to identify a location► Loop ,value and prnt are symbolic addressesLoop ,value and prnt are symbolic addresses


High level language High level language

► Is developed with the programmer in mind Is developed with the programmer in mind rather than the computerrather than the computer

►High level language instructions are similar High level language instructions are similar to English which mean programming is more to English which mean programming is more easier.easier.

►Once a program has been written it can be Once a program has been written it can be used on different computers with little used on different computers with little alterationalteration

► It can be translated into machine code by a It can be translated into machine code by a compiler and then runcompiler and then run


Advantages Advantages

►Simple instruction similar to English Simple instruction similar to English make high level language easy to make high level language easy to understandunderstand

► It is easy to correct errors and test It is easy to correct errors and test programsprograms

►Programs written in high level Programs written in high level language can be used on different language can be used on different makes of computermakes of computer


Different High Level Different High Level LanguagesLanguages

COBOL:COBOL: ►common business oriented languagecommon business oriented languagePurpose:Purpose: ►easily understand language for easily understand language for

commercial data processing commercial data processing applicationapplication

Features:Features: ► look like English Statementlook like English Statement►Good facilities for file handling Good facilities for file handling


BASICBASIC

►Beginners all purpose symbolic Beginners all purpose symbolic instruction codeinstruction code

Purpose:Purpose:►Teaching language for interactive work Teaching language for interactive work Features:Features:►Every line has to be numbered Every line has to be numbered ►Easy for beginners to learn Easy for beginners to learn ►Many different versions Many different versions


FORTONFORTON

►Formula translation Formula translation

Purpose :Purpose :►For scientific use. Usually batch work For scientific use. Usually batch work

Features:Features:►Lacks of statements which makes Lacks of statements which makes

program structure clearprogram structure clear►Designed to be used with cards as Designed to be used with cards as

input and a line printer as a output input and a line printer as a output


Logo Logo

Purpose :Purpose :►An educational language that An educational language that

encourage logical thinking encourage logical thinking

Features :Features :►New instructions can be added and New instructions can be added and

can be defined can be defined ►Facilities to process lists Facilities to process lists


PascalPascal

Purpose :Purpose :► To allow clear structuring of data and To allow clear structuring of data and

program program

Features:Features:► All variables are declared before they can be All variables are declared before they can be

used.used.► Encourages clear structure and stepwise Encourages clear structure and stepwise

refinement refinement ► New procedures ,functions and data types can New procedures ,functions and data types can

be defined and added in be defined and added in


JAVAJAVA

►A language especially suited for A language especially suited for writing software used to search for writing software used to search for things on the internet.things on the internet.

HTMLHTML►Hypertext markup languageHypertext markup language►A language used for the development A language used for the development

of websitesof websites


Types of codesTypes of codes

► Source codeSource code► Is written in high Is written in high

language or language or assembly language assembly language

► Easy to understandEasy to understand► Easy to modify Easy to modify ► Contain fewer Contain fewer

statements statements ► It contain .exe It contain .exe

extensionextension

► Object codeObject code► Is written in machine Is written in machine

language through language through compilercompiler

► difficult to difficult to understandunderstand

► Difficult to modify Difficult to modify ► More statement than More statement than

source codesource code► It contain .obj It contain .obj

extensionextension


Translation programsTranslation programs

►Are part of the system software and Are part of the system software and are used to convert the programs are used to convert the programs commands into machine codecommands into machine code

►There are three types of translation There are three types of translation program program

►Compiler Compiler ► Interpreters Interpreters ►AssemblersAssemblers


Compiler Compiler

► Is software that converts the whole of Is software that converts the whole of a program written in a high level a program written in a high level language into machine code in one go.language into machine code in one go.

►There are no mistakes in the program There are no mistakes in the program the complete program is converted to the complete program is converted to machine codemachine code

► If a program needs to be altered at a If a program needs to be altered at a later date the original source code is later date the original source code is altered and program recompiledaltered and program recompiled


Interpreter Interpreter

►Each instructions in turn, converts it to Each instructions in turn, converts it to machine code and then caries it outmachine code and then caries it out

► It run one line at a time It run one line at a time ►The computer recognizes each The computer recognizes each

instruction instruction


DifferencesDifferences

► Compiler Compiler ► Converts a program into Converts a program into

a machine code as a a machine code as a wholewhole

► Creates object code fileCreates object code file► Converts high level Converts high level

programs that can be programs that can be executed in many timesexecuted in many times

► Execution is fastExecution is fast► Displays syntax errors Displays syntax errors

after compiling the after compiling the whole program whole program

► Interpreter Interpreter ► Converts a program into Converts a program into

machine code statement machine code statement by statement by statement

► Object file is not createdObject file is not created► Converts high level Converts high level

programs each time it is programs each time it is executed executed

► Program execution is Program execution is slowslow

► Displays the syntax Displays the syntax error on each statement error on each statement of program of program


Assembler Assembler

► Is a program which translates a program written in Is a program which translates a program written in as assembly language into are in machine codeas assembly language into are in machine code

► The main functions of an assembler are to :The main functions of an assembler are to :► Translate an assembly language source program Translate an assembly language source program

into a machine code object program into a machine code object program ► Work out where to store the object program and its Work out where to store the object program and its

datadata► Detects errors in the source program and say what Detects errors in the source program and say what

they are they are ► Link the program to any other programs or routines Link the program to any other programs or routines

it usesit uses► Print a listing of the source and object programs Print a listing of the source and object programs


Relationship Relationship

Assembly Language

Code

High Level

LanguageCode

High Level

LanguageCode

InterpreterCompiler Assembler

Machine Code

[email protected](0333-4461420) Software Prepared By: Sir Mazhar Chapter No 5.

Documents

user interfacesuser

user interaction

graphical user interface

syntax of commands user

menu driven interfacethe

useexecute user programs

possibleuser interface

solving user problems