Matthew Cockerill Technical Director, BioMed Central BioMed Central, Open Access Publishing, and Digital Archiving.

Matthew CockerillTechnical Director, BioMed Central

BioMed Central,Open Access Publishing, and

Digital Archiving

November 23rd 2003 DASER Summit

Summary of talkSummary of talk

What is Open Access publishing What is Open Access publishing and why is it necessary?and why is it necessary?

The growth of BioMed Central as The growth of BioMed Central as an Open Access publisheran Open Access publisher

The benefits of Open Access for The benefits of Open Access for Digital ArchivingDigital Archiving



What is Open Access Publishing What is Open Access Publishing and why is it necessary?and why is it necessary?




The current model of publishing The current model of publishing scientific researchscientific research Scientists carry out researchScientists carry out research They write up their resultsThey write up their results They submit them to a journalThey submit them to a journal Other scientists act as peer Other scientists act as peer

reviewers and editorial advisersreviewers and editorial advisers Finally, the publisher Finally, the publisher sellssells access access

to that research back to the to that research back to the scientific communityscientific community


What’s wrong with this What’s wrong with this status quo?status quo?

Restricted redistribution of Restricted redistribution of scientific research is contrary to scientific research is contrary to the interests ofthe interests of– the scientists who do the researchthe scientists who do the research– the funders who pay for itthe funders who pay for it– society as a wholesociety as a whole

It is an historical artefact of the It is an historical artefact of the economics of print publishingeconomics of print publishing


BioMed Central – the first Open BioMed Central – the first Open Access publisherAccess publisher

Part of Current Science GroupPart of Current Science Group Published first article in mid-2000Published first article in mid-2000 Strict policy of immediate open Strict policy of immediate open

access to access to allall research articles research articles


Scientific benefits of Open AccessScientific benefits of Open Access

Quicker, more direct access to research Quicker, more direct access to research resultsresults

Research is equally accessible to all Research is equally accessible to all scientists, not just those at the richest scientists, not just those at the richest institutionsinstitutions

Even for the fortunate few, Open Access Even for the fortunate few, Open Access gets rid of the frustration with gets rid of the frustration with passwords, logins and subscriptionspasswords, logins and subscriptions

Ability to manipulate, analyze, and mine Ability to manipulate, analyze, and mine the literature for knowledgethe literature for knowledge


Economic benefits of Open Economic benefits of Open AccessAccess

Cost per article access for Elsevier journals Cost per article access for Elsevier journals estimated at approx US $11estimated at approx US $11(Washington State University estimate)(Washington State University estimate)

A typical BioMed Central open-access research A typical BioMed Central open-access research article receives 2000+ full text accesses in the article receives 2000+ full text accesses in the 2 years following publication, and a similar 2 years following publication, and a similar number of accesses again via PubMed Central.number of accesses again via PubMed Central.

Cost to the scientific community = $500. Cost to the scientific community = $500. So cost per access: $500/(2000*2) = $0.125So cost per access: $500/(2000*2) = $0.125

Cost-per access reduced almost 100-fold!Cost-per access reduced almost 100-fold!


Momentum for Open Access Momentum for Open Access

PubMed CentralPubMed Central Public Library of SciencePublic Library of Science Open Access declarations:Open Access declarations:

Budapest/Bethesda/Berlin Budapest/Bethesda/Berlin Software open-source movementSoftware open-source movement Mass cancellation of titles from Mass cancellation of titles from

traditional publisherstraditional publishers


BioMed Central’s business model BioMed Central’s business model for open access publishingfor open access publishing Keep costs down viaKeep costs down via

– Online submission and peer reviewOnline submission and peer review– Automated tools to streamline article processing, conversion Automated tools to streamline article processing, conversion

and layout and layout Processing charge (currently $500) for accepted articlesProcessing charge (currently $500) for accepted articles No processing charge for authors at member institutionsNo processing charge for authors at member institutions


Institutional membershipInstitutional membership

CalTechCalTech Cancer Research UKCancer Research UK Columbia UniversityColumbia University Cornell UniversityCornell University University of CaliforniaUniversity of California Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteDana-Farber Cancer Institute Harvard UniversityHarvard University INSERMINSERM Imperial College Imperial College Institut PasteurInstitut Pasteur John Innes CentreJohn Innes Centre Johns Hopkins UniversityJohns Hopkins University Kyoto UniversityKyoto University Max Planck InstitutesMax Planck Institutes Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer

CenterCenter

More than 350 major institutions are members of BioMed Central, More than 350 major institutions are members of BioMed Central, including, to name just a few:including, to name just a few:

MRC Laboratory of Molecular MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyBiology

National Institutes of HealthNational Institutes of Health National Institute for Medical National Institute for Medical

ResearchResearch NHS EnglandNHS England Princeton UniversityPrinceton University Rockefeller UniversityRockefeller University TIGRTIGR TSRITSRI Tufts UniversityTufts University Wellcome Trust Sanger InstituteWellcome Trust Sanger Institute University of WisconsinUniversity of Wisconsin World Health OrganizationWorld Health Organization Yale UniversityYale University







3 categories of journals 3 categories of journals published by BioMed Centralpublished by BioMed Central BMC series of online journalsBMC series of online journals

– Policy to accept all sound research, Policy to accept all sound research, and to editorially highlight the bestand to editorially highlight the best

Scientist-run online journalsScientist-run online journals– Editorial board determines Editorial board determines

acceptance policyacceptance policy Print/online journalsPrint/online journals

– Highly selectiveHighly selective


BMC series of online journalsBMC series of online journals BMC BiochemistryBMC Biochemistry BMC BioinformaticsBMC Bioinformatics BMC BiotechnologyBMC Biotechnology BMC Cell BiologyBMC Cell Biology BMC Chemical BiologyBMC Chemical Biology BMC Developmental BiologyBMC Developmental Biology BMC EcologyBMC Ecology BMC Evolutionary BiologyBMC Evolutionary Biology BMC GeneticsBMC Genetics BMC GenomicsBMC Genomics BMC ImmunologyBMC Immunology BMC MicrobiologyBMC Microbiology BMC Molecular BiologyBMC Molecular Biology BMC NeuroscienceBMC Neuroscience BMC PharmacologyBMC Pharmacology BMC PhysiologyBMC Physiology BMC Plant BiologyBMC Plant Biology BMC Structural BiologyBMC Structural Biology

BMC AnesthesiologyBMC Anesthesiology BMC Blood DisordersBMC Blood Disorders BMC CancerBMC Cancer BMC Cardiovascular DisordersBMC Cardiovascular Disorders BMC Clinical PathologyBMC Clinical Pathology BMC Clinical PharmacologyBMC Clinical Pharmacology BMC Complementary and BMC Complementary and

Alternative MedicineAlternative Medicine BMC DermatologyBMC Dermatology BMC Ear, Nose and Throat BMC Ear, Nose and Throat

DisordersDisorders BMC Emergency MedicineBMC Emergency Medicine BMC Endocrine DisordersBMC Endocrine Disorders BMC Family PracticeBMC Family Practice BMC GastroenterologyBMC Gastroenterology BMC GeriatricsBMC Geriatrics BMC Health Services ResearchBMC Health Services Research BMC Infectious DiseasesBMC Infectious Diseases BMC International Health and BMC International Health and

Human RightsHuman Rights BMC Medical EducationBMC Medical Education BMC Medical EthicsBMC Medical Ethics BMC Medical GeneticsBMC Medical Genetics

BMC Medical ImagingBMC Medical Imaging BMC Medical Informatics and BMC Medical Informatics and

Decision MakingDecision Making BMC Medical Research BMC Medical Research

MethodologyMethodology BMC Musculoskeletal BMC Musculoskeletal

DisordersDisorders BMC NephrologyBMC Nephrology BMC NeurologyBMC Neurology BMC Nuclear MedicineBMC Nuclear Medicine BMC NursingBMC Nursing BMC OphthalmologyBMC Ophthalmology BMC Oral HealthBMC Oral Health BMC Palliative CareBMC Palliative Care BMC PediatricsBMC Pediatrics BMC Pregnancy and ChildbirthBMC Pregnancy and Childbirth BMC PsychiatryBMC Psychiatry BMC Public HealthBMC Public Health BMC Pulmonary MedicineBMC Pulmonary Medicine BMC SurgeryBMC Surgery BMC UrologyBMC Urology BMC Women's HealthBMC Women's Health


BMC CancerBMC Cancer


Two new BMC-series journalsTwo new BMC-series journals

Will publish research of broad interest Will publish research of broad interest


Scientist-run online journalsScientist-run online journals

45 such journals started so far, including: 45 such journals started so far, including:


Malaria JournalMalaria Journal


Genome Biology Journal of Biology

La crème de la crèmeLa crème de la crème


La crème de la crèmeLa crème de la crème


Growth of BioMed CentralGrowth of BioMed Central

Open Access research article publications

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2000 2001 2002 2003

Fulltext accesses to Open Access articles

0m1m2m

3m4m5m

2000 2001 2002 2003


Facts and figuresFacts and figures

3700 Open Access research articles 3700 Open Access research articles publishedpublished– 2144 in BMC online journal series 2144 in BMC online journal series – 1158 in scientist-run online journals1158 in scientist-run online journals– 650 in print/online journals650 in print/online journals

Full text article accesses to dateFull text article accesses to date– 7,000,000+ (excluding mirrors)7,000,000+ (excluding mirrors)


Open access leads to high visibilityOpen access leads to high visibilityIndexing/LinkingIndexing/Linking PubMedPubMed MEDLINEMEDLINE ISIISI BIOSISBIOSIS CASCAS CrossRefCrossRef ScirusScirus Open Archive InitiativeOpen Archive Initiative CitebaseCitebase GoogleGoogle

ArchivingArchivingPubMed CentralPubMed CentralINISTINISTLOCKSSLOCKSSMax PlanckMax PlanckOhioLINKOhioLINK


Open Access and citation impactOpen Access and citation impact

BMC Bioinformatics

0

100

200

300

400

2001 2002 2003(projected)

Number ofarticlespublished

Times cited(ISI)







OAI interfaceOAI interface

BioMed Central has operated an OAI interface (Open BioMed Central has operated an OAI interface (Open Archives Initiative Metadata Harvesting Protocol) since Archives Initiative Metadata Harvesting Protocol) since June 2001June 2001

The following metadata formats are offered for all The following metadata formats are offered for all articles:articles:– oai_dcoai_dc (standard Dublin Core XML)(standard Dublin Core XML)– bmc_biblbmc_bibl (BioMed Central’s own XML)(BioMed Central’s own XML)– bmc_referencesbmc_references (article reference list XML) (article reference list XML)

In addition, for Open Access articles, full text XML is In addition, for Open Access articles, full text XML is available:available:– bmc_articlebmc_article

More info: More info: http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/libraries/oai/http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/libraries/oai/

http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/libraries/oai/


Data feeds to mirror sites and Data feeds to mirror sites and other archivesother archives

Automated nightly feed goes to:Automated nightly feed goes to: PubMed CentralPubMed Central OhioLINKOhioLINK INIST/CNRSINIST/CNRS Max Planck (UniversitMax Planck (Universitäät Potsdam)t Potsdam) [your name here…][your name here…]


Data miningData mining

Entire corpus of full text XML Entire corpus of full text XML downloadable by ftp as a single zip filedownloadable by ftp as a single zip file

Various groups working with the data Various groups working with the data – Pre-BIND (automatic extraction of protein Pre-BIND (automatic extraction of protein

binding information from full text)binding information from full text)– BioLINK text mining competitionBioLINK text mining competition

Standard NLM archiving/interchange Standard NLM archiving/interchange DTD will help data minersDTD will help data miners

http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/datamining

http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/datamining


ConclusionsConclusions

Open Access publishing is rapidly Open Access publishing is rapidly gaining momentumgaining momentum

It can make life much simpler for It can make life much simpler for digital archivesdigital archives

It facilitates the smooth flow of It facilitates the smooth flow of scientific research informationscientific research information

It encourages the development of It encourages the development of innovative tools for mining and innovative tools for mining and navigating that informationnavigating that information

Matthew Cockerill Technical Director, BioMed Central BioMed Central, Open Access Publishing, and Digital Archiving.

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