Matter, Measurement, and Problem Solving - Denton … Measurement, and Problem Solving. Matter, Atoms, and Molecules The properties of matter are determined by the properties of atoms

Matter, Measurement,

and Problem Solving

Matter, Atoms, and Molecules

The properties of matter are determined by the properties of atoms and

molecules

Matter: Any substance that has mass and takes up space (volume)

Atoms: Submicroscopic particles that are the fundamental building blocks of

ordinary matter

Molecules: Covalently bonded atoms that form geometrical shapes

Composition of Molecules can be the

Difference Between Life and Death

Composition of Molecules can be the

Difference Between Life and Death

Chirality (mirror) image in a molecular

structure, can have devastating effects:

One change in the molecular geometry can

change a physical property of the molecule

Chemistry is the understanding the

behavior of matter through the

observation and study of atoms and

molecules

Understanding the History of Chemistry to

Enhance our Understanding Today

The Goal of Alchemists

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6KDf4LaQfcU

The Development of Gun Powder

Fireworks of Yesterday and Today

Scientific Approach to Knowledge

(Scientific Method)

Make a question or identify a problem

Empirical observation and research

Form a hypotheses: If….then….

Test hypothesis through experimentation

Quantitative materials needed

Sequential procedure

Conclusion

Communicate

Beyond Testing the Hypothesis

Scientific Law (sometimes referred to as a principle) is a brief statement that

summarizes a series past observations and predicts future observations. Laws

are a generalization about how nature behaves. Law of Conservation of Mass:

matter is neither created nor destroyed.

Scientific Theory is a well established hypotheses and a model for the way

nature is and tries to explain not merely what nature does, but also why it

behaves the way it does. Atomic Theory explained the law of conservation of

mass as well as other laws and observations of the time, by proposing that

matter is composed of small, indestructible particles called atoms.

Chemistry: Microscopic to Macroscopic

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Eh5BpSnBBw

Matter Matters!

All matter has mass – a measure of

the amount of matter

All matter has volume – the

amount of space that a three

dimensional object occupies

Therefore; Matter is anything that

has mass and takes up space

Density formula ρ (rho)

Units of Matter

Atoms are the building blocks of matter. They are the smallest unit of an

element that maintains the chemical identity of that element.

Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler,

stable substances and is made of one type of atom

Compounds are pure substances that can be broken down into simple stable

substances. Each compound is made from the atoms of two or more elements

that are chemically bonded

States of Matter

Solid Matter

Solid matter consists of atoms or molecules packed closely to each other in

fixed locations vibrating in their position and an overall fixed volume and

rigid shape.

Solid matter may be crystalline with repeating patterns of order like the NaCl

crystal lattice structure, or it may be amorphous where the atoms and

molecules do not have any long-range order as in glass or plastic.

Liquid Matter

Atoms or molecules are close like in a solid, but they are free to move

relative to each other. Liquids have a fixed volume and take the shape of the

container they are in. Water, gasoline, and alcohol are all liquid at room

temperature. Mercury (Hg) the only metal that is liquid at room temperature.

Gaseous Matter

In gaseous matter, atoms and molecules have a lot of space in between them,

and they are able to move relative to one another. Gas is compressible and

assumes the shape of the container it is in. Examples of gases at room

temperature include helium, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide.

Plasma

Plasma is a state of matter where the gas phase is heated until atomic

electrons are no longer associated with any particular atomic nucleus.

Plasmas are made up of positively charged ions and unbound electrons.

Classifying Matter

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEoQ6TN

LJl8

Dr. Bozeman, Bozeman Science

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEoQ6TNLJl8

Physical Properties and Physical Changes of

Matter

Physical Properties

A characteristic that can be

observed or measured without

changing the identity of the

substance

Physical Changes

A change in a substance that does

not involve a change in the identity

of a substance

Chemical Properties and Changes of Matter

Chemical Properties

A substance’s ability to undergo

changes that transform it into a

different substance

Chemical Changes

A change in which one or more

substances are converted into

different substances

Reactants – the substances that

react in a chemical change

Products – the substances that are

formed from the chemical change

Chemical Properties: The Ability to React -

Hazard Diamond

7 SI Base Units

SI Metric Prefixes

Accuracy vs Precision

You know the melting point of water is

zero degrees Celsius, and you run an

experiment testing the melting point of

your water sample. You run the

experiment five times, and your results

range from 1 to 2 degrees Celsius. Are

your results accurate or precise? Why?

Significant Figures Flow Chart

Dimensional Analysis