Dec 21, 2015
Matter- anything that takes up space and has mass
Energy- the ability to do work• Kinetic (energy in motion)• Potential (stored)
• Chemical- ATPADP + Pi (glycolysis)
• Mechanical- muscles moving, producing heat, digestion
• Electrical- charges particles Na+/K+, Ca++, nerve and muscle
• Radiant (electromagnetic)- energy that travels in waves (visible, UV, IR) Retina, lightskinvitamin D
• Maintaining Homeostasis
• Reproduction, Development & Growth
• Movement
....
Periodic Table 112 known elements
Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler chemical entities by ordinary chemical reactions
An element is composed of atoms (0.1-1 nm in diameter)
Atom cluster of small particles (proton, neutron, electron)
Protons (p +)
Electrons (e -)
Neutrons (n o)
proton
neutron
electron
hydrogenatom
heliumatom
carbonatom
1p, 0n, 1e- 2p, 2n, 2e- 6p, 6n, 6e-
atomic number: number of p; #p = #e-
2He2e- and 2p
He
atomic mass (atomic wt.): sum of masses of p+nHe 2p + 2n, atomic mass = 4
4
2He
He
p + n e-
p = n = e- = Atomic number = Atomic mass =
C
Carbon Atom
O16 O17 O18
stable isotopes
Atoms that differ in the number of neutrons
16
8 O
18
8 O17
8 O#p
#p+n
O
• Cause cancer• Destroy cancerous cells• Medical imaging
Half-life:C-14= 5600 yrsI-131= 8 days
SPECT
Kidney function heart function
Two or more atoms held together by chemical bondsOxygenOxygen OO2 2
NitrogenNitrogen NN22
AmmoniaAmmonia NHNH33
Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide COCO22
WaterWater HH22OO
MethaneMethane CHCH44
GlucoseGlucose CC66HH1212OO66
• Carbohydrates: C6H12O6 (glucose)
• Lipids: C3H8O3 (glycerol) + 3C16H32O2 (fatty acids)
• Proteins: COOH-NH2
• Nucleic Acids: sugar, PO4, N2 containing base
CHON, PS
Binding two or more different kinds of elements together
NaClNaCl
CHCH44
CC66HH1212OO66
An atom that has either gained or lost electrons such that it exhibits a net charge
Na+ (cation)Cl- (anion)
Sodium (Na) Atom
11 P+
12 No
Sodium (Na+) Ion
11 P+
12 No
Chlorine (Cl) Atom
17 P+
18 No
Chloride (Cl-) Ion
17 P+
18 No
• Hydrogen H+
• Potassium K+
• Fluoride F-
• Calcium Ca+2
• Magnesium Mg+2
• HydroxideHydroxide OHOH--
• BicarbonateBicarbonate HCOHCO33--
• NitrateNitrate NONO33--
• PhosphatePhosphate POPO44-3-3
• Ionic• Covalent• Hydrogen
Transfer of electron
17 P+
18 No
11 P+
12 No
electron sharing
O
HH
Between Water Molecules
Covalent bond
Hydrogen bond
A BA B
reactant reactant product product
AA + + BB AABB
AABB AA + + BB
AABB + + CCDD AACC + + BBDD
HH22OO HH++ + + OOHH--
Exergonic- a spontaneous chemical reaction where there is a net release of free energy
Endergonic- A nonspontaneous chemical reaction where energy is absorbed from the surroundings
CC66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O2 2 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O + energyO + energy
ATP ATP ADP + ADP + PPii + energy + energy
6CO6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O + energy O + energy C C66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22
ADP + ADP + PPii + energy + energy ATP ATP
ATP ATP ADP + P ADP + Pii + energy + energy
ADP + PADP + Pii ATP ATP
HH22OO
Boiling Point: 100oCFreezing Point: 0oCDensity: 1g/cm3
gas liquid solid
1. High heat capacity-very resistant to temp change; the ocean helps control the temp of the Earth (water heats slower than land)
2. High heat of vaporization- amount of heat needed to make water boil; a lot of energy is needed to break H2 bonds
3. High Surface tension- cohesion of water molecules (ex. water striders)
4. Polarity solvent properties - universal solvent; H2O + NaCl Na+ + Cl-
HCl H+ + Cl-
Proton donor, i.e., they donate H+ ions
HCl is a strong acid with a pH 1-2
Na+ + OH- NaOHNH3 + H+ NH4
OH - + H+ H2O
HCO3- +H+ H2CO3
Proton acceptor, i.e., they take up H+ ions
NaOH is a strong base ~pH 12
Neutralization- HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl
Buffer- resists dramatic changes in pH; ex. tums, rolaids…buffers stomach acid
Acidic 0-6Neutral 7Basic (alkaline) 8-14
Type of Solution pH Value
0-14
Logarithmic scale
blood
CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ HCO3- + H + ↔ CO3
2- + 2H+
By-product of respiration
carbonic acidbicarbonate
carbonate
The addition of CO2 makes blood acidic
Blood too basic:
H2CO3 HCO3- + H + pH drops
Blood too acidic:
HCO3- + H + H2CO3 pH rises
Blood ave. pH = 7.4
Inquiry
1. How many neutrons in 7 N?2. Of the following pH’s which is most
acidic? 3 7 6 23. The symbols K, Na, C, and S are:4. Which of the following are elements?water; sugar; table salt; the atmosphere
5. Which of the following are pure substances?
wine; seawater; blood; iron
14