MATTER AND MATTER AND PROPERTIES PROPERTIES Unit 3 Unit 3 Chemistry Chemistry Langley Langley
Dec 25, 2015
MATTER AND MATTER AND PROPERTIESPROPERTIESUnit 3Unit 3
ChemistryChemistry
LangleyLangley
WHAT IS MATTERWHAT IS MATTER
MatterMatter Anything that has mass and occupies spaceAnything that has mass and occupies space Anything that has mass and volumeAnything that has mass and volume
6 Phases of Matter6 Phases of Matter Bose-Einstein CondensatesBose-Einstein Condensates SolidSolid Amorphous SolidAmorphous Solid LiquidLiquid GasGas PlasmaPlasma
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SOLIDSOLID A form of matter that has definite shape A form of matter that has definite shape
and volumeand volume Particles are packed tightly together, in Particles are packed tightly together, in
an orderly/rigid arrangement (crystalline)an orderly/rigid arrangement (crystalline) Shape of a solid does not depend on the Shape of a solid does not depend on the
shape of the container (difficult to squeeze shape of the container (difficult to squeeze solid into a smaller volume), not easily solid into a smaller volume), not easily compressedcompressed
Particles expand when heatedParticles expand when heated When shattered, fragments have same When shattered, fragments have same
surface angles as original solidsurface angles as original solid
AMORPHOUS SOLIDAMORPHOUS SOLID
Lacks an ordered internal structureLacks an ordered internal structure Random arrangement of atomsRandom arrangement of atoms Definite volumeDefinite volume Can be molded into different shapesCan be molded into different shapes Rubber, plastic, asphalt, glassRubber, plastic, asphalt, glass When shattered, fragments have When shattered, fragments have
irregular angles and jagged edgesirregular angles and jagged edges
LIQUIDLIQUID
Form of matter that has an indefinite shape Form of matter that has an indefinite shape (flows), but has a definite volume(flows), but has a definite volume
Takes the shape of its container (due to the Takes the shape of its container (due to the particles being free to flow from one location to particles being free to flow from one location to another)another)
Volume of a liquid does not change has its Volume of a liquid does not change has its shape changesshape changes
Particles expand slightly when heatedParticles expand slightly when heated Due to the lack of space between particles, not Due to the lack of space between particles, not
easily compressed into smaller volumeseasily compressed into smaller volumes
GASGAS
Indefinite shape, indefinite volumeIndefinite shape, indefinite volume Takes the shape and the volume of the Takes the shape and the volume of the
container it is incontainer it is in Can expand to fit any volumeCan expand to fit any volume Due to the space between the particles, Due to the space between the particles,
gases are easily compressed into a gases are easily compressed into a smaller volumesmaller volume
PLASMAPLASMA Just like a gasJust like a gas Exist only at extremely high temperaturesExist only at extremely high temperatures Does not occur naturally on EarthDoes not occur naturally on Earth Occurs naturally on the sun and stars, and in Occurs naturally on the sun and stars, and in
small quantities, surrounding a lightening boltsmall quantities, surrounding a lightening bolt Has enough energy for electrons to be Has enough energy for electrons to be
separated from the nucleusseparated from the nucleus It consists of independently moving electrons It consists of independently moving electrons
and nucleiand nuclei Very good magnetic shieldVery good magnetic shield Highest energy of all phases of matterHighest energy of all phases of matter
BOSE-EINSTEIN BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATESCONDENSATES
First predicted as a consequence of quantum First predicted as a consequence of quantum mechanics by Einstein in 1925mechanics by Einstein in 1925
Produced in a lab in 1995 by Cornell and Produced in a lab in 1995 by Cornell and WiemanWieman
Formed by a system of bosons confined in an Formed by a system of bosons confined in an external potential and cooled temperature (very external potential and cooled temperature (very near absolute zero)near absolute zero)
Exists at extremely low temperatures, currently Exists at extremely low temperatures, currently only created in a lab settingonly created in a lab setting
Slowing of atomic movementSlowing of atomic movement Lowest energy of all the forms of matterLowest energy of all the forms of matter
PHASES OF MATTERPHASES OF MATTER
SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
PLASMA
2 TYPES OF MATTER2 TYPES OF MATTER
Pure SubstancesPure Substances Matter that has a Matter that has a
uniform and definite uniform and definite compositioncomposition
A substance that A substance that cannot be broken cannot be broken down furtherdown further
ElementElement CompoundCompound
MixtureMixture Physical blend of two Physical blend of two
or more substances or more substances that are not that are not chemically combinedchemically combined
Blend of two or more Blend of two or more kinds of matterkinds of matter
Homogeneous Homogeneous HeterogeneousHeterogeneous
PROPERTIESPROPERTIES
Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties Any characteristic you can observe without Any characteristic you can observe without
changing the substance that make up the changing the substance that make up the materialmaterial Color, size, state of matter, measurements, odorColor, size, state of matter, measurements, odor Intensive or ExtensiveIntensive or Extensive
Chemical PropertiesChemical Properties Any characteristic of a substance that Any characteristic of a substance that
identifies how it reacts with other substancesidentifies how it reacts with other substances Sodium reacts with water to produce a flameSodium reacts with water to produce a flame
PROPERTIES (cont.)PROPERTIES (cont.)
Extensive PropertiesExtensive Properties Property that depends on the amount of matter Property that depends on the amount of matter
present, property changes with different amounts present, property changes with different amounts Mass, volume, areaMass, volume, area
Intensive PropertiesIntensive Properties Properties that do not depend on the amount of Properties that do not depend on the amount of
matter present, depends on the type of matter matter present, depends on the type of matter present present
Every sample of a given substance has identical Every sample of a given substance has identical intensive properties because every sample has the intensive properties because every sample has the same compositionsame composition Density, Color, HardnessDensity, Color, Hardness
CHANGESCHANGES
Physical ChangePhysical Change Changes the outward appearance of a substance Changes the outward appearance of a substance
but does not change the actual substance/chemicalbut does not change the actual substance/chemical Classified as reversible or irreversibleClassified as reversible or irreversible All phase changes are physical changesAll phase changes are physical changes
Chemical ChangeChemical Change Changes that produce matter with a different Changes that produce matter with a different
composition that the original mattercomposition that the original matter Mixing of two or more chemicals together to create Mixing of two or more chemicals together to create
a new onea new one 4 signs of a chemical change: gives off a gas, gives 4 signs of a chemical change: gives off a gas, gives
off a precipitate, absorbs or releases heat, color off a precipitate, absorbs or releases heat, color changechange
ENERGY CHANGESENERGY CHANGES
EndothermicEndothermic Reactants absorb Reactants absorb
energy to create a new energy to create a new productproduct
ExothermicExothermic Reactants release Reactants release
energy to make a energy to make a new productnew product
2 TYPES OF SUBSTANCES2 TYPES OF SUBSTANCES
ElementElement Simplest form of matter Simplest form of matter
that has a unique set of that has a unique set of propertiesproperties
Cannot be broken down Cannot be broken down into simpler substances by into simpler substances by chemical meanschemical means
Composed of only one Composed of only one kind of atom (hydrogen is kind of atom (hydrogen is only made of hydrogen only made of hydrogen atoms)atoms)
Simplest form of matter Simplest form of matter than can exist at normal than can exist at normal conditionsconditions
CompoundCompound Substance that contains Substance that contains
two or more elements two or more elements chemically combined in a chemically combined in a fixed proportionfixed proportion Salt = sodium atoms and Salt = sodium atoms and
chlorine atoms chlorine atoms chemically combinedchemically combined
HH22 = hydrogen atoms = hydrogen atoms chemically combinedchemically combined
Can be broken down by Can be broken down by chemical reactionschemical reactions Salt can be broken down Salt can be broken down
into sodium and chlorine into sodium and chlorine atoms when exposed to atoms when exposed to an electric shockan electric shock
2 TYPES OF MIXTURES2 TYPES OF MIXTURES
HomogeneousHomogeneous Mixture that is uniform Mixture that is uniform
in compositionin composition Components are Components are
evenly distributed and evenly distributed and not easily not easily distinguisheddistinguished
Individual parts Individual parts cannot be seen cannot be seen (coffee)(coffee)
All solutions and All solutions and alloysalloys
HeterogeneousHeterogeneous Mixture that is not Mixture that is not
uniform in uniform in compositioncomposition
Components are not Components are not evenly distributed evenly distributed throughout the throughout the mixturemixture
Individual parts can Individual parts can be seen (pizza)be seen (pizza)
Suspensions and Suspensions and colloidscolloids
HOMOGENEOUS HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURESMIXTURES
SolutionSolution Has 2 parts: solute Has 2 parts: solute
(what you want to (what you want to dissolve) and solvent dissolve) and solvent (what does the (what does the dissolving)dissolving) Kool-Aid: powder and Kool-Aid: powder and
sugar = solute and the sugar = solute and the water = the solventwater = the solvent
3 types: saturated, 3 types: saturated, unsaturated, and unsaturated, and supersaturatedsupersaturated
AlloyAlloy Combining one or Combining one or
more metals to more metals to maximize the benefits maximize the benefits of eachof each
14 Karat gold: gold + 14 Karat gold: gold + silver = shine of gold silver = shine of gold and the strength of and the strength of silversilver
HETEROGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURESMIXTURES
SuspensionSuspension Mixture where the Mixture where the
particles are so large they particles are so large they settle to the bottom unless settle to the bottom unless constantly stirredconstantly stirred
Example: When you add Example: When you add sugar to cold teasugar to cold tea
ColloidColloid Mixture where the Mixture where the
particles are average size particles are average size and do not dissolve and and do not dissolve and do not settle to the bottom do not settle to the bottom as they remain “stuck” in as they remain “stuck” in the middle of the liquidthe middle of the liquid
Tyndall Effect is used to Tyndall Effect is used to tell the difference between tell the difference between a solution and a colloida solution and a colloid Scattering of light by Scattering of light by
particles which causes a particles which causes a beam of light to become beam of light to become visiblevisible
Example: glue, milk, Example: glue, milk, smoke, whipped cream, smoke, whipped cream, mayo, fog, egg, paintmayo, fog, egg, paint
PROPERTIES OF PROPERTIES OF MIXTURESMIXTURES
SolutionsSolutions 2 parts: solute and solvent2 parts: solute and solvent Solute dissolves completely in solventSolute dissolves completely in solvent Cannot separate solute from solventCannot separate solute from solvent Saturated, unsaturated, supersaturatedSaturated, unsaturated, supersaturated
ColloidsColloids Cloudy appearanceCloudy appearance Particles are intermediate in size so they will not Particles are intermediate in size so they will not
settle out and will not dissolvesettle out and will not dissolve Filter will not separate particlesFilter will not separate particles Emulsion is a specific type of colloid, where a liquid Emulsion is a specific type of colloid, where a liquid
gets stuck in a solidgets stuck in a solid
PROPERTIES OF PROPERTIES OF MIXTURES (cont.)MIXTURES (cont.)
SuspensionSuspension Cloudy appearanceCloudy appearance Large particlesLarge particles Particles “suspended” in the liquidParticles “suspended” in the liquid Particles eventually settle to the bottom Particles eventually settle to the bottom
unless there is constant stirringunless there is constant stirring Particles can be separated by a filterParticles can be separated by a filter
CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF MIXTURESMIXTURES
ElectrolytesElectrolytes When a mixture is able to conduct an When a mixture is able to conduct an
electric currentelectric current
NonelectrolytesNonelectrolytes When a mixture is not able to conduct an When a mixture is not able to conduct an
electric currentelectric current
WAYS TO SEPARATE A WAYS TO SEPARATE A MIXTUREMIXTURE
FiltrationFiltration Mixture passes through filter paper and only Mixture passes through filter paper and only
traps large particlestraps large particles
DecantingDecanting Solid and liquid are mixed together and parts Solid and liquid are mixed together and parts
of the solid dissolves, but most go to the of the solid dissolves, but most go to the bottom; liquid off the top of the solid is bottom; liquid off the top of the solid is poured offpoured off
WAYS TO SEPARATE A WAYS TO SEPARATE A MIXTURE (cont.)MIXTURE (cont.)
ChromatographyChromatography Used to separate dyes or pigmentsUsed to separate dyes or pigments Based off on the fact that different dyes Based off on the fact that different dyes
move at different speeds up chromatography move at different speeds up chromatography paperpaper
CentrifugeCentrifuge Place a test tube filled with a mixture into a Place a test tube filled with a mixture into a
machinemachine Machine spins rapidly and pushes solids to Machine spins rapidly and pushes solids to
the bottomsthe bottoms
WAYS TO SEPARATE A WAYS TO SEPARATE A MIXTURE (cont.)MIXTURE (cont.)
DistillationDistillation Based off the fact that each substance has Based off the fact that each substance has
its own characteristic boiling pointits own characteristic boiling point To distill water, heat mixture up to 100°C, To distill water, heat mixture up to 100°C,
trap the vapor that comes off at that trap the vapor that comes off at that temperature. Cool the vapor back to a temperature. Cool the vapor back to a liquid, you have pure waterliquid, you have pure water
SOLUBILITYSOLUBILITY
4 factors that affect the rate of dissolving4 factors that affect the rate of dissolving Surface areaSurface area
Increase surface area = longer time to dissolveIncrease surface area = longer time to dissolve AgitationAgitation
Stirring/Shaking up a solution speeds up the rate Stirring/Shaking up a solution speeds up the rate of dissolvingof dissolving
HeatHeat Higher the temperature, faster the particles move Higher the temperature, faster the particles move
and therefore faster they dissolveand therefore faster they dissolve PressurePressure
Increase in pressure increases solubility of gasesIncrease in pressure increases solubility of gases
SOLUBILITY (cont.)SOLUBILITY (cont.)
Like dissolves likeLike dissolves like Bases dissolve basesBases dissolve bases Acids dissolve acidsAcids dissolve acids Miscible liquids are liquids that freely Miscible liquids are liquids that freely
dissolve one anotherdissolve one another Immiscible are solutes and solvents that Immiscible are solutes and solvents that
will not dissolve one another (Oil and will not dissolve one another (Oil and water)water)
3 TYPES OF SOLUTIONS3 TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
Unsaturated SolutionUnsaturated Solution Solution contains less than the maximum Solution contains less than the maximum
amount of soluteamount of solute Can still add more solute that can be Can still add more solute that can be
dissolveddissolved Saturated SolutionSaturated Solution
Solution contains the maximum amount of Solution contains the maximum amount of solutesolute
If you add more solute, it will not dissolve, it If you add more solute, it will not dissolve, it will fall to the bottomwill fall to the bottom
3 TYPES OF SOLUTION 3 TYPES OF SOLUTION (cont.)(cont.)
Supersaturated SolutionSupersaturated Solution Solution contains more than the maximum Solution contains more than the maximum
amount of soluteamount of solute Large amounts of solute fall to the bottomLarge amounts of solute fall to the bottom
PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLEAND THE PERIODIC TABLE
Elements are pure substancesElements are pure substances Some symbols come from the Latin name, Some symbols come from the Latin name,
some are made up by scientist who discovers some are made up by scientist who discovers elementelement
Periodic table:Periodic table: All known elements are organized onto periodic All known elements are organized onto periodic
tabletable Vertical columns – groups/familiesVertical columns – groups/families Horizontal rows – periodsHorizontal rows – periods
PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE AND THE PERIODIC TABLE (cont.)(cont.)
Groups of Elements:Groups of Elements: MetalsMetals
Good conductors of heat and electricityGood conductors of heat and electricity Malleable – hammered into sheetsMalleable – hammered into sheets Ductile – drawn into wiresDuctile – drawn into wires High tensile strength – resist breakingHigh tensile strength – resist breaking Luster – high shineLuster – high shine Tend to be positiveTend to be positive
NonmetalsNonmetals Poor conductors of heat and electricityPoor conductors of heat and electricity Many are gasesMany are gases Form brittle solids – break easilyForm brittle solids – break easily Tend to be negativeTend to be negative
PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE AND THE PERIODIC TABLE (cont.)(cont.)
MetalloidsMetalloids On the zigzag lineOn the zigzag line B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, AtB, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At Semi conductorsSemi conductors
Noble gasesNoble gases Group 18Group 18 Un-reactiveUn-reactive