Ekonomi dan Keuangan Indonesia, Vol 39, No. 1, 1991 MATRIK PENGGANDA (MULTIPUER MATRDQDALAM KERANGKASISTEM NERACA SOSIAL EKONOMI Siamet Sutomo ABSTRACTS Like in an Input-Output table, a multiplier matrix can be generated from a SAM (Social Accounting Matrix) framework. This article is aimed to describe how the fi-amework genet-ate two specific multiplier, namely accounting and fixed-price multipliers. These multiplier can be used to see the impact of an injection to an exogenous account on the endogenous ones. The composition of the two multiplier is also described in this article. This is to see the partial components of the multipliers. 19
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Ekonomi dan Keuangan Indonesia, Vol 39, No. 1, 1991
Like in an Input-Output table, a multiplier matrix can be generated from a SAM (Social Accounting Matrix) framework. This article is aimed to describe how the fi-amework genet-ate two specific multiplier, namely accounting and fixed-price multipliers. These multiplier can be used to see the impact of an injection to an exogenous account on the endogenous ones. The composition of the two multiplier is also described in this article. This is to see the partial components of the multipliers.
1 9
Sutomo
I . PENDAHULUAN
S i s t e m N e r a c a S o s i a l E k o n o m i ( S N S E ) a t a u y a n g b i a s a j u g a d i s e b u t s e b a g a i S o c i a l A c c o u n t i n g M a t r i x ( S A M ) m e r u p a k a n s a l a h s a t u a l t e m a t i f k e r a n g k a d a t a y a n g d a p a t d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e n g a n a l i s a m e n g e n a i k e a d a a n s o s i a l d a n e k o n o m i s u a t u n e g a r a a t a u m a s y a r a k a t . S N S E , y a n g m e r u p a k a n p e r l u a s a n d a r i s u a t u t a b e l I n p u t - O u t p u t ( t a b e l I - O ) , d i m a k s u d k a n u n t u k m e n g i s i k e k u r a n g s e n s i t i f a n t a b e l t e r s e b u t d a l a m m e n g a n a l i s a k e a d a a n s o s i a l m a s y a r a k a t , m i s a l n y a m a s a l a h d i s t r i b u s i p e n d a p a t a n d a n k e t e n a g a k e i j a a n ( e m p l o y m e n t ) . W a l a u p u n t a b e l 1 - 0 m e n y a j i k a n i n f o r m a s i m e n g e n a i d i s t r i b u s i p e n d a p a t a n , k o n s u m s i r u m a h t a n g g a , d a n j u m l a h t e n a g a k e t j a , t e t a p i i n f o r m a s i t e r s e b u t h a n y a d i b e r i k a n s e c a r a a g r e g a t s e h i n g g a p e r i n c i a n y a n g l e b i h m e n d a l a m t i d a k d a p a t d i l a k u k a n . D i s t r i b u s i p e n d a p a t a n d a l a m t a b e l 1 - 0 h a n y a d i s a j i k a n m e n u r u t s e k t o r e k o n o m i , t i d a k m e n u r u t g o l o n g a n t e n a g a k e r j a a t a u r u m a h t a n g g a . D e m i k i a n j u g a , k o n s u m s i r u m a h t a n g g a h a n y a d i s a j i k a n m e n u r u t k o m o d i t i ; t i d a k d i r i n c i l e b i h l a n j u t m e n u r u t g o l o n g a n r u m a h t a n g g a . J u m l a h t e n a g a k e r j a h a n y a d i r i n c i m e n u r u t s e k t o r e k o n o m i t a n p a m e r i n c i a p a k a h t e n a g a k e r j a t e r s e b u t b e k e r j a s e b a g a i m a n a g e r , s t a f d a n s e b a g a i n y a .
T u l i s a n i n i t i d a k b e r m a k s u d u n t u k m e n j e l a s k a n l a t a r b e l a k a n g p e n y u s u n a n S N S E a t a u p u n m e m b a h a s k e t e r b a t a s a n y a n g t e r d a p a t p a d a t a b e l 1 - 0 [ u n t u k m a s a l a h i n i d a p a t d i l i h a t m i s a l n y a p a d a P y a t t d a n T h o r b e c k e ( 1 9 6 7 ) ] ; t e t a p i b e r m a k s u d u n t u k m e n j e l a s k a n b a g a i m a n a s u a t u m a t r i k p e n g g a n d a ( m u l t i p l i e r m a t r i x ) d a p a t d i t u r u n k a n d a r i k e r a n g k a S N S E . M a t r i k p e n g g a n d a d a p a t d i g u n a k a n , m i s a l n y a , u n t u k m e n j e l a s k a n d a m p a k k e n a i k a n n e r a c a e k s o g e n ( s e p e r t i k e n a i k a n k a p i t a l / i n v e s t a s i s u a t u s e k t o r ) t e r h a d a p d i s t r i b u s i p e n d a p a t a n t e n a g a k e r j a d a n r u m a h t a n g g a . D a l a m t u l i s a n i n i a k a n d i j e l a s k a n a p a y a n g d i s e b u t s e b a g a i p e n g g a n d a n e r a c a ( a c c o u n t i n g m u l t i p l i e r ) d a n p e n g g a n d a h a r g a t e t a p ( f i x e d p r i c e m u l t i p l i e r ) d a n b a g a i m a n a k e d u a m a t r i k p e n g g a n d a t e r s e b u t d a p a t d i d e k o m p o s i s i . K e d u a p e n g g a n d a t e r s e b u t , d a l a m t u l i s a n i n i , d i t u r u n k a n d a r i t a b e l S N S E I n d o n e s i a 1 9 8 0 .
I I . B E N T U K K E R A N G K A DASAR SNSE
U n t u k d a p a t m e m a h a m i c a r a m e n u r u n k a n m a t r i k p e n g g a n d a d a r i k e r a n g k a S N S E , p e r l u u n t u k m e n j e l a s k a n b e n t u k k e r a n g k a d a s a r S N S E . T a b e l 1 m e n u n j u k k a n k e r a n g k a d a s a r S N S E t e r s e b u t . K e r a n g k a d a s a r S N S E b e r b e n t u k m a t r i k d e n g a n u k u r a n 4 x 4 . L a n j u t k e s a m p i n g ( m e n u r u t b a r i s ) m e n u n j u k k a n p e n e r i m a a n ; s e d a n g k a n l a j u r k e b a w a h ( m e n u r u t k o l o m ) m e n u n j u k k a n p e n g e l u a r a n . D a l a m S N S E b e r l a k u k e t e n t u a n b a h w a t o t a l p e n e r i m a a n ( t o t a l b a r i s ) h a r u s s a m a d e n g a n t o t a l p e n g e l u a r a n ( t o t a l k o l o m ) . P a d a S N S E t e r d a p a t 4 n e r a c a u t a m a , y a i t u : 1 . n e r a c a f a k t o r p r o d u k s i ; 2 . n e r a c a i n s t i t u s i ; 3 . n e r a c a s e k t o r p r o d u k s i ; d a n 4 . n e r a c a l a i n n y a ( r e s t o f t h e w o r l d ) . K e e m p a t n e r a c a t e r s e b u t m e n e m p a t i b a r i s d a n j u g a j a l u r k o l o m . P e r p o t o n g a n a n t a r a s u a t u n e r a c a
2 0
Matriks Pengganda dalam Kerangka SNSE
d e n g a n n e r a c a y a n g l a i n m e m p u n y a i a r t i t e r s e n d i r i . A r t i d a r i p e r p o t o n g a n a n t a r a n e r a c a d i b e r i k a n o l e h T a b e l 2 . P e r p o t o n g a n a n t a r a n e r a c a y a n g t i d a k m e m p u n y a i a r t i d i n y a t a k a n d e n g a n n e r a c a 0 .
P a d a T a b e l 1, n o t a s i T j . j d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e n u n j u k k a n m a t r i k t r a n s a k s i y a n g d i t e r i m a o l e h n e r a c a b a r i s k e - i d a r i n e r a c a k o l o m k e - j ; s e d a n g k a n n o t a s i t j m e n u n j u k k a n t o t a l p e n e r i m a a n n e r a c a b a r i s k e - i ; s e d a n g k a n s e b a l i k n y a , t ' j m e n u n j u k k a n t o t a l p e n g e l u a r a n n e r a c a k o l o m k e - j . S e s u a i d e n g a n k e t e n t u a n p a d a S N S E , t ; s a m a d e n g a n t ' j u n t u k s e t i a p i = j . M i s a l n y a , n e r a c a T 1 . 3 p a d a Tabel 1 m e n u n j u k k a n a l o k a s i n i l a i t a m b a h d a r i s e k t o r p r o d u k s i k e b e r b a g a i f a k t o r p r o d u k s i ; s e d a n g k a n n e r a c a T1.4 m e n u n j u k k a n p e n d a p a t a n ( n e t o ) f a k t o r p r o d u k s i y a n g d i t e r i m a d a r i l u a r n e g e r i . T o t a l k e d u a n e r a c a i n i m e n u n j u k k a n d i s t r i b u s i p e n d a p a t a n y a n g d i t e r i m a o l e h f a k t o r p r o d u k s i ( f a c t o r i a l i n c o m e d i s t r i b u t i o n ) . N e r a c a T 2 . 1 m e n u n j u k k a n a l o k a s i p e n d a p a t a n f a k t o r p r o d u k s i y a n g d i t e r i m a o l e h r u m a h t a n g g a d a n i n s t i t u s i l a i n n y a . S e d a n g k a n n e r a c a T 2 . 2 m e n u n j u k k a n t r a n s f e r p a y m e n t s a n t a r i n s t i t u s i ; d a n n e r a c a T2 .4 m e n u n j u k k a n t r a n s f e r p a y m e n t s y a n g d i t e r i m a o l e h r u m a h t a n g g a d a n i n s t i t u s i l a i n n y a d a r i l u a r n e g e r i . J u m l a h k e t i g a n e r a c a i n i m e n u n j u k k a n d i s t r i b u s i p e n d a p a t a n r u m a h t a n g g a ( h o u s e h o l d i n c o m e d i s t r i b u t i o n ) d a n i n s t i t u s i l a i n n y a . A r t i n e r a c a - n e r a c a y a n g l a i n y a n g t e r d a p a t p a d a k e r a n g k a S N S E d i j e l a s k a n o l e h Tabel 2.
T a b e l 1. K e r a n g k a D a s a r S i s t e m N e r a c a S o s i a l E k o n o m i ( S N S E ) *
P e n g e l u a r a n P e n e r i m a a n
F a k t o r I n s t i t u s i S e k t o r R e s t o f T o t a l P r o d u k s i P r o d u k s i T h e W o r l d
F a k t o r P r o d u k s i 0 0 T1.3 T1.4 t l
I n s t i t u s i T2.3 T2.3 0 T2.4 t2
S e k t o r P r o d u k s i 0 T3.2 T3.3 T3.4 t3
R e s t o f t h e W o r l d 0 T4.2 T3.4 T4.4 U
T o t a l t ' l f 2 t '3 t '4
* S N S E I n d o n e s i a m e n g i k u t i k e r a n g k a dasar i n i .
111. KENCENDERUNGAN PENGELUARAN RATA-RATA
D a r i k e r a n g k a S N S E d a p a t d i c a r i b e s a r a n y a n g d i s e b u t s e b a g a i k e c e n d e r u n g a n p e n g e l u a r a n r a t a - r a t a ( a v e r a g e e x p e n d i t u r e p r o p e n s i t y ) . B e s a r a n i n i d a p a t d i c a r i d e n g a n c a r a m e m b a g i m a s i n g - m a s i n g i s i a n ( e n t r y ) d a r i s e t i a p n e r a c a t e r h a d a p n i l a i t o t a l k e s e l u r u h a n . D e n g a n p e r k a t a a n l a i n :
2]
Sutomo
T a b e l 1 . K e r a n g k a D a s a r S i s t e m N e r a c a S o s i a l E k o n o m i ( S N S E ) *
P e n g e l u a r a n P e n e r i m a a n
F a k t o r I n s t i t u s i S e k t o r R e s t o f T o t a l P r o d u k s i P r o d u k s i T h e W o r l d
F a k t o r P r o d u k s i
0 0 A l o k a s i n i l a i t a m b a h k e f a k t o r p r o d u k s i
P e n d a p a t a n f a k t o r p r o d u k s i d a r l L N
D i s t r i b u s i P e n d a p a t a n f a k t o r i a l
I n s t i t u s i A l o k a s i pendapa t a n f a k t o r p r o d u k s i k e i n s t i t u s i
T r a n s f e r a n t a r i n s t i t u s i
0 T r a n s f e r d a r l L N
D i s t r i b u s i p e n d a p a t a n i n s t i t u s i
S e k t o r P r o d u k s i
0 P e r m i n t a a n d o m e s t i k
P e r m i n t a a n an t a r a
E k s p o r + i n v e s t a s i
T o t a l o u t p u t s e k t o r p r o d u k s i
R e s t o f t h e W o r l d
P e n d a p a t a n f a k t o r p r o d u k s i k e L N
T a b u n g a n I m p o r d a n pa j ak t a k l a n g s u n g
T r a n s f e r l a i n n y a
T o t a l p e n e r i m a a n n e raca l a i n n y a
D e n g a n d e m i k i a n t a b e l 1 d a p a t d i t u l i s k a n d a l a m b e n t u k m a t r i k s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :
2 2
Matriks Pengganda dalam Kerangka SNSE
t2 t3 U
0 A2.1
0 0
0 A 1 . 3 A2.2 0 A3.2 A 3 . 3 A4.2 A 4 . 3
h t2 t3
X2
X3
X,
(2)
d e n g a n X i m e r u p a k a n v e k t o r d a r i m a t r i k T1.4 u n t u k m a s i n g - m a s i n g i = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 .
K a r e n a A j j m e r u p a k a n s u a t u m a t r i k d e n g a n u n s u r - u n s u r n y a y a n g k o n s t a n , m a k a p e r s a m a a n ( 2 ) d a p a t d i t u l i s k a n s e b a g a i :
h ' 0 0 A 1 . 3 h • Xy • r2 A2.1 A2.2 0 + X2
t3 0 A 3 . 3 A 3 3 t3 X2
d a n
tA - A42t2 + A4.3f3 + X4
(3)
(4)
D a r i p e r s a m a a n ( 4 ) d a p a t t e r l i h a t b a h w a n i l a i 14 d a p a t d i c a r i b i l a t2 d a n t3 d i k e t a h u i . N e r a c a t4 d a n n e r a c a Z i ( i = l , 2 , 3 , 4 ) m e r u p a k a n n e r a c a e k s o g e n d a l a m k e r a n g k a S N S E .
IV. PENGGANDA N E R A C A
P e r s a m a a n ( 3 ) d a p a t d i t u l i s da l aom mAssi m a t r i k s e b a g a i :
t = At + X
S e h i n g g a :
N -1 i = (L- A)'" X
a t a u
t = Ma X
d e n g a n
Ma = (TA)'' yang disebut sebagai pengganda neraca (accounting multiplier).
( 5 )
( 6 )
(7)
23
Sutomo
P e r s a m a a n ( 7 ) m e n j e l a s k a n b a h w a p e n d a p a t a n n e r a c a e n d o g e n ( y a i t u n e r a c a f a k t o r p r o d u k s i , n e r a c a i n s t i t u s i d a n n e r a c a s e k t o r p r o d u k s i ) a k a n b e r u b a h s e b e s a r M a a k i b a t p e r u b a h a n n e r a c a e k s o g e n 1 u n i t .
V. PENGGANDA HARGA T E T A P
K e t e r b a t a s a n m a t r i k M a d a l a m m e n u r u n k a n p e r u b a h a n n e r a c a e n d o g e n a k i b a t p e r u b a h a n e k s o g e n a d a l a h d a l a m h a l a s u m s i b a h w a e l a s t i s i t a s p e n g e l u a r a n ( p e n d a p a t a n ) y a n g d i a n g g a p s a m a d e n g a n s a t u . A s u m s i i n i d i a n g g a p k u r a n g r e a l i s t i k . A g a r l e b i h r e a l i s t i k , m a k a p e r l u u n t u k m e n d u g a k e c e n d e r u n g a n p e n g e l u a r a n m a r g i n a l ( m a r g i n a l e x p e n d i t u r e p r o p e n s i t y ) a g a r r e s p o n m a s i n g - m a s i n g n e r a c a t e r h a d a p k o n s u m s i a k i b a t k e n a i k a n p e n d a p a t a n d a p a t t e r c e r m i n .
B i l a h u b u n g a n a n t a r a e l a s t i s i t a s p e n g e l u a r a n ( ) , k e c e n d e r u n g a n p e n g e l u a r a n m a r g i n a l ( A E P ) u n t u k s u a t u k o m o d i t i k e i a d a l a h s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :
_ MEP, ( 8 ) ' AEPi
M a k a , d e n g a n m e n g e t a h u i e, d a n A E P j , M E P j d a p a t d i c a r i .
MEPi = e; X EAPi ( 9 )
M a t r i k A E P j d i t u n j u k k a n o l e h m a t r i k A j . j a t a u m a t r i k k e c e n d e r u n g a n p e n g e l u a r a n r a t a - r a t a , s e p e r t i y a n g d i s e b u t k a n o l e h p e r s a m a a n ( 1 ) . U n t u k m e n c a r i M E P i , d i a s u m s i k a n b a h w a k e c e n d e r u n g a n p e n g e l u a r a n m a r g i n a l p a d a n e r a c a - n e r a c a y a n g l a i n [ s e l a i n n e r a c a k o n s u m s i r u m a h t a n g g a (T3 .2]) a d a l a h s a m a d e n g a n k e c e n d e r u n g a n p e n g e l u a r a n r a t a - r a t a . A s u m s i i n i m e n j e l a s k a n b a h w a p o l a k e p e m i l i k a n f a k t o r p r o d u k s i ( m a t r i k T1.3) d a n p o l a t r a n s f e r a n t a r i n s t i t u s i ( m a t r i k T2.2) d i a n g g a p t e t a p . A r t i n y a , a d a n y a p e r u b a h a n n e r a c a e k s o g e n h a n y a a k a n b e r p e n g a r u h t e r h a d a p p e n d a p a t a n t e t a p i t i d a k t e r h a d a p p o l a k e p e m i l i k a n f a k t o r p r o d u k s i d a n p o l a t r a n s f e r a n t a r i n s t i t u s i . D e m i k i a n j u g a , p e r u b a h a n n e r a c a e k s o g e n t i d a k m e n y e b a b k a n p e r u b a h a n t e r h a d a p k o e f i s i e n i n p u t - o u t p u t ( k o e f i s i e n t e k n o l o g i ) s e k t o r p r o d u k s i ( m a t r i k T 3 . 3 ) . D a l a m k a s u s i n i , n e r a c a y a n g m e n u n j u k k a n r e s p o n t e r h a d a p p e r u b a h a n p e n d a p a t a n , a t a u n e r a c a y a n g a k a n b e r u b a h , a d a l a h n e r a c a p e n g e l u a r a n r u m a h t a n g g a ( m a t r i k T3 .2). D e n g a n d e m i k i a n , m a t r i k M E P ( y a n g d i n o t a s i k a n s e b a g a i C n ) m e m p u n y a i k o m p o n e n - k o m p o n e n s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :
Cn 0 0 C 1 . 3 = A i . 3
C2.1 = A2.1 C2.2 = A2.2 0 0 C 2 . 3 C 3 . 3 = A 3 . 3
( 1 0 )
2 4
Matriks Pengganda dalam Kerangka SNSE
d i m a n a m a t r i k C3.2 d i c a r i d e n g a n c a r a m e n g a l i k a n m a t r i k A3.2 d e n g a n e l a s t i s i t a s p e n g e l u a r a n ( e ) u n t u k m a s i n g - m a s i n g g o l o n g a n r u m a h t a n g g a d a n m a s i n g - m a s i n g k o m o d i t i . D u g a a n e d a p a t d i p e r o l e h , m i s a l n y a , d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n m e t o d e E n g e l . |
D e n g a n d e m i k i a n , p e r u b a h a n n e r a c a e n d o g e n a k i b a t p e r u b a h a n n e r a c a e k s o g e n d a p a t d i c e r m i n k a n o l e h :
dt = Cndt + dX
= (I-Cn)dX
dt = M dX. ( 1 1 )
d e n g a n : C n = matrik kecenderungan pengeluaran marginal (marginal expenditure propensity)
M = (I - Cn)'' = pengganda harga tetap (fixedprice multiplier)
J a d i p e r u b a h a n n e r a c a e n d o g e n a k i b a t p e r u b a h a n n e r a c a e k s o g e n d i c e r m i n k a n o l e h p e n g g a n d a h a r g a t e t a p ( M c ) .
V I . D E K O M P O S I S I P E N G G A N D A N E R A C A D A N P E N G G A N D A H A R G A T E T A P
B a g i a n i n i a k a n m e n j e l a s k a n m e n g e n a i d e k o m p o s i s i p e n g g a n d a n e r a c a ( a c c o u n t i n g m u l t i p l i e r ) M a d a n p e n g g a n d a h a r g a t e t a p ( f i x e d p r i c e m u l t i p l i e r ) M c . D e k o m p o s i s i i n i d i l a k u k a n d e n g a n m a k s u d a g a r p r o s e s p e n g g a n d a ( m u l t i p l i e r ) d a l a m k e r a n g k a S N S E t e r l i h a t s e c a r a j e l a s . P a d a b a g i a n i n i p e r t a m a s e k a l i a k a n d i j e l a s k a n m e n g e n a i d e k o m p o s i s i m a t r i k M a . K e m u d i a n d i i k u t i o l e h p e n j e l a s a n m e n g e n a i d e k o m p o s i s i m a t r i k M c -
V I . 1 . Dekomposisi Pengganda Neraca M a
D e k o m p o s i s i m a t r i k M a d a p a t d i l a k u k a n d a l a m b e n t u k p e r k a l i a n ( m u l t i p l i c a t i v e ) a t a u d a l a m b e n t u k p e r t a m b a h a n ( a d d i t i v e ) .
P e r s a m a a n ( 3 ) s e p e r t i y a n g t e l a h d i j e l a s k a n s e b e l u m n y a d a p a t d i t u l i s k a n s e b a g a i :
tl 0 0 0 t l ' t2 0 A 2 . 2 0 t2 + t3 0 0 A 3 . 3 t3
0 A2.1
0
0 0
A 3 . 2
A 1 . 3 0 0
tl ^ ^ 1 ( 1 2 ) t2 + X2
t3 X3
2 5
Sutomo
P e n u l i s a n p e r s a m a a n ( 3 ) m e n j a d i p e r s a m a a n ( 1 2 ) d i m a k s u d k a n u n t u k d a p a t m e m i s a h l a n e l e m e n - e l e m e n d i a g o n a l m a t r i k A , y a i t u A2.2 d a n A 3 . 3 d a r i e l e m e n - e l e m e n l a i n n y a , y a i t u A2.1, A 3 . 2 d a n A1.3.
K a l a u m a t r i k M a . i a d a l a h :
M , a.I
I 0
0 ( / - A 2 . 2 ) " ^
0 0
- 1
( 1 3 )
0 0 ( / - A 3 . 3 )
M a k a , p e r s a m a a n ( 1 2 ) d a p a t d i t u l i s k a n s e b a g a i :
t = M. 0 . 1
0 0 A 1 . 3 A 2 . 1 0 0
0 A3.2 0 t + Ma.i X
( 1 4 )
P e r s a m a a n ( 1 4 ) d a p a t d i t u l i s k a n s e b a g a i :
r = A * x + Ma.i X
d i m a n a
a.I
0 0 A 1 . 3 A2.1 0 0
0 A3.1 0
( 1 5 )
( 1 6 )
D e n g a n a s u m s i k e b a l i k a n m a t r i k ( I-A2.2)^ d a n ( I - A 3 . 3 ) " ^ a d a (exist). m a k a k e d u a m a t r i k t e r s e b u t d a p a t d i t u l i s k a n s e b a g a i :
(I-Au) ' = I + Au'^ + Au^ + ( 1 7 )
B e r a r t i ( I - A j . i ) " ^ m e m p u n y a i n i l a i y a n g s e l a l u l e b i h b e s a r d a r i I k a r e n a s e m u a e l e m e n A j . i a d a l a h p o s i t i f . O l e h k a r e n a i t u M a . i a d a (exist).
P e r s a m a a n ( 1 5 ) d a p a t d i t u l i s k a n s e b a g a i :
i = (I-A*)~' Ma.lX ( 1 8 )
d e n g a n a s u m s i b a h w a m a t r i k k e b a l i k a n ( I - A ) " ^ a d a .
M a t r i k k e b a l i k a n ( I - A ) " ^ d a p a t d i t u l i s k a n s e b a g a i :
2 6
Matriks Pengganda dalam Kerangka SNSE
(I-A*) = 7 + A * + A * ^ + A * ^ +
= ( / + A % A * 2 ) ( / + A * 3 + A * ^ ) + . . . . )
= / + A * + A * 2 ) ( / + A * ^ M
S e h i n g g a :
£ = Ma.3 Ma.2 Ma.l X
d e n g a n
M a . 3 = ( / + A * + A * - >
( 1 9 )
M a . 2 = ( / - A * V
0 0 A i . 3 A 2 . 1 0 0
0 A 3 . 2 . 0
0 0 A 1 . 3 * A 2 . 1 * 0 0
0 A 3 . 2 0
* 3
0 0 A 1 . 3 A 1 . 3 M 3 . 2 * 0 0 0 0 A 2 . i * A i . 3 *
A 3 . 2 * A 2 . 1 * 0 0
A l . 3 * A 3 . 2 * A 2 . 1 * 0 0 0 A 2 . 1 * A l . 3 * A 3 . 2 * 0 0 0 A 3 . 2 * A 2 . 1 * A i . 3 *
( 2 0 )
( 2 1 )
( 2 2 )
( 2 3 )
( 2 4 )
( 2 5 )
S e h i n g g a t e r l i h a t b a h w a m a t r i k M a d a p a t d i d e k o m p o s i s i m e n j a d i :
A a = M a . 3 M a . 2 M a . i ( 2 6 )
M a t r i k M a d a p a t j u g a d i d e k o m p o s i s i d a l a m b e n t u k p e r t a m b a h a n s e b a g a b e r i k u t :
21
Sutomo
M a = / + ( M a . l - / ) + ( M a . 2 - / ) M a . i + (Mn3-I)Mn.2Ma.l
= I + Ta + Oa + Ca ( 2 7 )
S e b a g a i m a n a t e r l i h a t p a d a p e r s a m a a n ( 2 7 ) b a h w a h a s i l p e n j u m l a h a n p e r s a m a a n t e r s e b u t m e n g h a s i l k a n d e k o m p o s i s i b e n t u k p e r k a l i a n M a . 3 M a . 2 M a . i s e p e r t i y a n g d i b e r i k a n o l e h p e r s a m a a n ( 2 6 ) . B e n t u k p e r t a m a p a d a p e r s a m a a n ( 2 7 ) m e n u n j u k k a n m a t r i k I ( m a r i k i d e n t i t a s ) . M a t r i k i n i m e n g g a m b a r k a n d a m p a k a w a l i n j e k s i t e r h a d a p n e r a c a e n d o g e n . M i s a l n y a , t e r d a p a t k e n a i k a n p e r m i n t a a n t e r h a d a p s e k t o r p a d i d a r i p e r d a g a n g a n l u a r n e g e r i ( e k s p o r ) . K e n a i k a n p e r m i n t a a n i n i d i s e b u t s e b a g a i i n j e k s i a w a l . S e m e n t a r a i t u , b e n t u k k e d u a , k e t i g a d a n k e e m p a t p a d a p e r s a m a a n ( 2 7 ) m a s i n g - m a s i n g m e n u n j u k k a n t r a n s f e r ( T a ) , o p e n l o o p ( O a ) , d a n c l o s e d l o o p m u l t i p l i e r s ( C a ) . T r a n s f e r m u l t i p l i e r s m e n u n j u k k a n d a m p a k y a n g t e r j a d i d i d a l a m s e t n e r a c a i t u s e n d i r i . M i s a l n y a , k e n a i k a n p e r m i n t a a n t e r h a d a p s e k t o r p a d i y a n g d i c o n t o h k a n d i a t a s a k a n m e n y e b a b k a n k e n a i k a n o u t p u t s e k t o r p a d i i t u s e n d i r i d a n s e k t o r - s e k t o r p r o d u k s i y a n g l a i n . P a d a c o n t o h i n i p r o s e s p e n g g a n d a b e k e r j a d i d a l a m s e t n e r a c a s e k t o r p r o d u k s i . C o n t o h y a n g l a i n , m i s a l n y a , a d a l a h k e n a i k a n p e n d a p a t a n p e r u s a h a a n y a n g m e n y e b a b k a n k e n a i k a n p e n d a p a t a n p e m e r i n t a h , y a i t u m e l a l u i p e n e r i m a a n p a j a k . P a d a c o n t o h i n i p r o s e s p e n g g a n d a b e k e r j a d i d a l a m se t n e r a c a i n s t i t u s i . O p e n l o o p m u l t i p l i e r s m e n u n j u k k a n d a m p a k y a n g t e r j a d i p a d a s u a t u n e r a c a y a n g d i a k i b a t k a n o l e h s e t n e r a c a y a n g l a i n . M i s a l n y a , k e n a i k a n p e r m i n t a a n t e r h a d a p s e k t o r p a d i s e p e r t i y a n g d i c o n t o h k a n d i a t a s a k a n m e n y e b a b k a n p e n i n g k a t a n p e r m i n t a a n t e r h a d a p j u m l a h t e n a g a k e r j a . P a d a c o n t o h i n i t e r l i h a t b a h w a p e r u b a h a n p a d a n e r a c a s e k t o r p e n y e b a b k a n p e r u b a h a n t e r h a d a p n e r a c a f a k t o r . C l o s e d l o o p m u l t i p l i e r s m e n u n j u k k a n d a m p a k y a n g t e r j a d i p a d a s u a t u s e t n e r a c a y a n g d i a k i b a t k a n o l e h s e t n e r a c a y a n g l a i n d a n k e m b a l i l a g i k e s e t n e r a c a p e r t a m a ; d a n d e m i k i a n s e t e r u s n y a s a m p a i d a m p a k n y a m e n j a d i k e c i l s e k a l i d a n d a p a t d i a b a i k a n . M i s a l n y a , a k i b a t k e n a i k a n p e r m i n t a a n t e r h a d a p s e k t o r p a d i s e p e r t i y a n g d i c o n t o h k a n d i a t a s , m a k a o u t p u t s e k t o r p a d i t e r s e b u t a k a n m e n i n g k a t . U n t u k m e m e n u h i k e n a i k a n o u t p u t t e r s e b u t , m a k a d i p e r l u k a n t a m b a h a n s e j u m l a h t e n a g a k e r j a . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n , p e n d a p a t a n t e n a g a k e r j a a k a n b e r t a m b a h y a n g b e r a r t i p e n d a p a t a n r u m a h t a n g g a j u g a m e n j a d i m e n i n g k a t . D e n g a n k e n a i k a n p e n d a p a t a n r u m a h t a n g g a , m a k a k o n s u m s i r u m a h t a n g g a a k a n m e n i n g k a t y a n g a k a n m e n y e b a b k a n o u t p u t s e k t o r p a d i ( d a n s e k t o r - s e k t o r l a i n n y a ) i k u t m e n i n g k a t . P r o s e s p e n g g a n d a d a l a m k a s u s i n i b e k e r j a s e c a r a t i d a k l a n g s u n g , y a i t u d a r i s e t n e r a c a s e k t o r p r o d u k s i k e s e t n e r a c a f a k t o r , k e m u d i a n b e r a l i h k e s e t n e r a c a i n s t i t u s i d a n l a l u k e m b a l i k e s e t n e r a c a s e k t o r p r o d u k s i .
VI.2. Dekomposisi Pengganda Harga Tetap
M a t r i k p e n g g a n d a h a r g a t e t a p ( f i x e d p r i c e m u l t i p l i e r ) , s e r u p a s e p e r t i p a d a p e n g g a n d a n e r a c a ( a c c o u n t i n g m u l t i p l i e r ) M a , d a p a t d i d e k o m p o s i s i m e n j a d i :
2 8
Matriks Pengganda dalam Kerangka SNSE
M c = M c . 3 M c . 2 M c . i ( 2 8 )
a t a u , d a p a t d i d e k o m p o s i s i d a l a m b e n t u k p e r t a m b a h a n :
M c = / + ( M c . i - / ) + ( M c . 2 - / ) M c . 2 + (Mc3-I)Mc.2-I)Mc.2Mc.l
I + Tc + Oc + Cc ( 2 9 )
M a s i n g - m a s i n g p e n g g a n d a d a p a t d i i n t e r p r e t a s i k a n s e r u p a d e n g a n y a n g d i j e l a s k a n p a d a p e n g g a n d a n e r a c a M a .
VI.3. Dampak Pendapatan (Income Effects)
D a r i p e n j e l a s a n s e b e l u m n y a d a p a t d i k e t a h u i b a h w a p e r b e d a a n a n t a r a M a d a n M c d i s e b a b k a n k a r e n a d a m p a k p e n d a p a t a n ( i n c o m e e f f e c t s ) . H a l i n i d a p a t d i j e l a s k a n s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :
dt Codt + dx
(Cn-ArOdt-Atylt + dt
(Cn-An)dt+dx
(I-An)''[(Cn-ArOdt + dxJ
Mn[(Cn-An)dt + dx]
Ma(Cn-An)dt + Madx
Madx
fI-Ma(Cn-An}J''Madx
MtMadx
(I-An>dt
dt
[I-Ma(Ca-An)]dt
dt
(30}
d i m a n a
M , = ( / - M a ( C n - A n ) / ,-1
d a n
M t M a = M c
2<
Sutomo
O l e h k a r e n a i t u , d a m p a k p e n d a p a t a n d a p a t d i t a n g k a p d a l a m m a t r i k M t y a n g m e n t r a n s f o r m a s i k a n m a t r i k M a m e n j a d i m a t r i k M c - M a t r i k M t s e n d i r i b u k a n m e r u p a k a n m e r u p a k a n p e n g g a n d a k a r e n a e l e m e n m a t r i k M t d a p a t m e r u p a k a n b i l a n g a n n e g a t i f . H a l i n i d i s e b a b k a n k a r e n a m a t r i k C n d a p a t m e m p u n y a i n i l a i y a n g l e b i h k e c i l d a r i p a d a A n ( e l a s t i s i t a s p e n d a p a t a n d a p a t m e m p u n y a i n i l a i k u r a n g d a r i s a t u ) .
V I I . CONTOH A P L I K A S I
• VII.l.Pengganda Neraca dan Pengganda Harga Tetap
S e b e l u m c o n t o h m e n g e n a i p e n g g a n d a n e r a c a d a n p e n g g a n d a h a r g a t e t a p d i b e r i k a n , a d a b e b e r a p a h a l y a n g p e r l u d i j e l a s k a n . P e r t a m a a d a l a h m e n g e n a i n e r a c a r u m a h t a n g g a . N e r a c a r u m a h t a n g g a , u n t u k m a k s u d c o n t o h i n i , d i r i n c i a t a s 7 g o l o n g a n r u m a h t a n g g a , y a i t u : 1 . r u m a h t a n g g a b u r u h t a n i ; 2 . r u m a h t a n g g a p e t a n i p e n g u s a h a y a n g m e m p u n y a i t a n a h ,5 h a ( a t a u d i s e b u t j u g a s e b a g a i r u m a h t a n g g a p e t a n i g u r e m ) ; 3 . r u m a h t a n g g a p e t a n i l a i n n y a ( m e r e k a y a n g m e m i l i k i t a n a h 0 , 5 h a ) ; 4 . r u m a h t a n g g a b u k a n p e r t a n i a n g o l o n g a n r e n d a h d i d e s a ; 5 . r u m a h t a n g g a b u k a n p e r t a n i a n g o l o n g a n a t a s d i d e s a ; 6 . r u m a h t a n g g a b u k a n p e r t a n i a n g o l o n g a n r e n d a h d i k o t a ; d a n 7 . r u m a h t a n g g a b u k a n p e r t a n i a n g o l o n g a n a t a s d i k o t a . M e r e k a y a n g t e r g o l o n g s e b a g a i r u m a h t a n g g a b u k a n p e r t a n i a n g o l o n g a n r e n d a h , m i s a l n y a , a d a l a h r u m a h t a n g g a d e n g a n k e p a l a k e l u a r g a y a n g m e m p u n y a i p r o f e s i s e b a g a i p e d a g a n g e c e r a n , p e g a w a i g o l o n g a n r e n d a h , p e d a g a n g k a k i l i m a , s u p i r k e n d a r a a n u m u m , p e k e r j a j a s a p e r s e o r a n g a n d a n s e j e n i s n y a . S e d a n g k a n m e r e k a y a n g t e r g o l o n g s e b a g a i r u m a h t a n g g a b u k a n p e r t a n i a n g o l o n g a n a t a s , m i s a l n y a , a d a l a h r u m a h t a n g g a d e n g a n k e p a l a k e l u a r g a y a n g m e m p u n y a i p r o f e s i s e b a g a i p e n g u s a h a , m a n a j e r , p r o f e s i o n a l ( d o k t e r d s b ) d a n y a n g s e j e n i s n y a . P e n j e l a s a n k e d u a a d a l a h m e n g e n a i n e r a c a p e m e r i n t a h . S e p e r t i t e l a h d i s e b u t k a n s e b e l u m n y a b a h w a n e r a c a p e m e r i n t a h d a l a m k e r a n g k a S N S E t e r l e t a k p a d a n e r a c a i n s t i t u s i . K a r e n a n e r a c a p e m e r i n t a h d i a n g g a p s e b a g a i n e r a c a e k s o g e n , m a k a n e r a c a t e r s e b u t d i p i n d a h k a n k e b a g i a n b a w a h k e r a n g k a S N S E u n t u k d i g a b u n g k a n d e n g a n n e r a c a e k s o g e n l a i n n y a ( s e p e r t i n e r a c a k a p i t a l , s u b s i d i , d a n n e r a c a l u a r n e g e r i ) .
U n t u k c o n t o h a p l i k a s i p e n g h i t u n g a n p e n g g a n d a n e r a c a d a n p e n g g a n d a h a r g a t e t a p d i g u n a k a n t a b e l S N S E I n d o n e s i a 1 9 8 0 y a n g d i p e r o l e h d a r i p u b l i k a s i B i r o P u s a t S t a t i s t i k ( B P S , 1 9 8 6 ) . U n t u k k e p e r l u a n i n i t a b e l t e r s e b u t d i a g r e g a s i k e m b a l i s e h i n g g a m e m p u n y a i u k u r a n 2 7 x 2 7 . T a b e l S N S E I n d o n e s i a 1 9 8 0 y a n g s u d a h d i a g r e g a s i p a d a l a m p i r a n t a b e l 1 . T a b e l i n i m e n j e l a s k a n t r a n s a k s i e k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a ( d a l a m n i l a i R p m i l y a r ) y a n g t e r j a d i s e l a m a 1 9 8 0 . T r a n s a k s i - t r a n s a k s i t e r s e b u t d i g a m b a r k a n o l e h n e r a c a - n e r a c a f a k t o r p r o d u k s i , i n s t i t u s i , s e k t o r p r o d u k s i d a n n e r a c a l u a r n e r e g i . M i s a l n y a , d a r i t a b e l i n i d a p a t
3 0
Matriks Pengganda dalam Kerangka SNSE
d i k e t a h u i b a h w a t o t a l p e n d a p a t a n t e n a g a k e r j a I n d o n e s i a p a d a 1 9 8 0 b e r j u m l a h R p . 1 8 . 5 3 4 , 8 1 m i l y a r y a n g d a p a t d i p e r i n c i a t a s : 1 . p e n d a p a t a n t e n a g a k e r j a p e r t a n i a n b e r j u m l a h R p . 5 . 3 5 6 , 0 7 m i l y a r ; d a n 2 . p e n d a p a t a n t e n a g a k e r j a b u k a n p e r t a n i a n R p . 1 3 . 1 7 8 , 7 4 m i l y a r ( l i h a t k o l o m j u m l a h p a d a b a r i s 1 d a n 2 l a m p i r a n t a b e l 1 ) . I n f o r m a s i i n i m e m b e r i k a n g a m b a r a n m e n g e n a i d i s t r i b u s i p e n d a p a t a n t e n a g a k e r j a . D i s t r i b u s i p e n d a p a t a n t e n a g a k e r j a d a p a t d i r i n c i l e b i h l a n j u t d e n g a n m e r i n c i k l a s i f i k a s i t e n a g a k e t j a d a n s e k t o r p r o d u k s i . G a m b a r a n t e r s e b u t t i d a k d i b e r i k a n d i s i n i . L i h a t S u t o m o ( 1 9 8 8 ) m e n g a i h a l i n i .
D e m i k i a n j u g a , d a r i l a m p i r a n t a b e l 1 d a p a t d i k e t a h u i t o t a l p e n d a p a t a n r u m a h t a n g g a I n d o n e s i a ( s e b e l u m d i p o t o n g p a j a k l a n g s u n g ) p a d a 1 9 8 0 y a n g d i r i n g k a s o l e h Tabel 3 ( t a b e l 3 d i p e r o l e h d a r i t o b a l j u m l a h p a d a b a r i s k e 4 s a m p a i d e n g a n 1 0 p a d a l a m p i r a n t a b e l 1 ) . S e d a n g k a n p e n d a p a t a n r u m a h t a n g g a s e t e l a h d i p o t o n g p a j a k l a n g s u n g ( y a n g d i s e b u t s e b a g a i d i s p o s a b l e i n c o m e ) d i p e r l i h a t k a n o l e h Tabel 4. K e d u a t a b e l i n i m e n u n j u k k a n d i s t r i b u s i p e n d a p a t a n r u m a h t a n g g a I n d o n e s i a p a d a 1 9 8 0 . P e r i n c i a n l e b i h l a n j u t m e n g e n a i d i s t r i b u s i p e n d a p a t a n r u m a h t a n g g a d a p a t d i l i h a t p a d a S u t o m o ( 1 9 8 7 ) a t a u S u t o m o ( 1 9 8 9 ) .
T a b e l 3 . D i s t r i b u s i T o t a l P e n d a p a t a n R u m a h t a n g g a
G o l o n g a n ' T o t a l P e n d a p a t a n S e b e l u m R u m a h t a n g g a D i p o t o n g P a j a k L a n g s u n g
( R p M i l y a r )
1 . B u r u h T a n i 1 6 2 2 . 9 8 2 . P e t a n i G u r m 4 2 8 2 . 4 6 3 . P e t a n i L a i n n y a 6 9 9 4 . 7 4 4 . B u k a n P e r t a n i a n G o t . R e n d a h d i D e s a 5 3 7 0 . 0 6 5 . B u k a n P e r t a n i a n G o l . A t a s d i D e s a 1 9 7 0 . 9 1 6 . B u k a n P e r t a n i a n G o l . R a n d a h d i K o t a 6 3 3 7 . 4 1 7 . B u k a n P e r t a n i a n G o l . A t a s d i K o t a 4 5 9 3 . 7 3
T a b e l 4 . D i s t r i b u s i Disposable Income R u m a h t a n g g a j
G o l o n g a n Disposable R u m a h t a n g g a Income
( R p M i l y a r )
3
Sutomo
L a m p i r a n t a b e l 2 m e n u n j u k k a n m a t r i k k e c e n d e r u n g a n p e n g e l u a r a n . D a r i l a m p i r a n t a b e l 2 d a p a t d i l i h a t , m i s a l n y a , s t r u k t u r i n p u t b a g i s e k t o r p a d i ( s e k t o r 1 2 ) t e r n y a t a 1 2 p e r s e n d a r i t o t a l o u t p u t s e k t o r p a d i m e r u p a k a n u p a h d a n g a j i y a n g d i t e r i m a o l e h t e n a g a k e r j a p e r t a n i a n d a n 1 p e r s e n o l e h t e n a g a k e r j a b u k a n p e r t a n i a n . S e k i t a r 1 0 p e r s e n d i t e r i m a o l e h f a k t o r m o d a l , m i s a l n y a d a l a m b e n t u k s u r p l u s u s a h a a t a u b u n g a . S e l i s i s h n y a , y a i t u s e b e s a r 7 6 p e r s e n d a r i t o t a l o u t p u t s e k t o r p a d i , m e r u p a k a n i n p u t a n t a r a ( i n t e r m e d i a t e i n p u t s ) . D a r i h a s i l i n i d a p a t d i k e t a h u i b a h w a n i l a i t a m b a h ( v a l u e a d d e d ) y a n g d a p a t d i c i p t a k a n o l e h s e k t o r p a d i a d a l a h s e k i t a r 2 4 p e r s e n ( l i h a t p e r i n c i a n k o l o m 1 2 p a d a l a m p i r a n t a b e l 2 ) .
L a m p i r a n t a b e l 3 m e n u n j u k k a n m a t r i k p e n g g a n d a n e r a c a a t a u m a t r i k M g . M a t r i k M a d i s e b u t s e b a g a i p e n g g a n d a n e r a c a k a r e n a m a t r i k i n i h a n y a m e n j e l a s k a n d a m p a k n e r a c a ( a c c o u n t i n g ) y a n g d i t e r i m a o l e h n e r a c a e n d o g e n a k i b a t p e r u b a h a n n e r a c a e k s o g e n .
D a r i l a m p i r a n t a b e l 3 d a p a t d i l i h a t , m i s a l n y a , a k i b a t i n j e k s i ( r h i s a l n y a p e n a m b a h a n i n v e s t a s i ) s e b e s a r 1 0 0 u n i t k e p a d a s e k t o r p a d i a k a n m e n g a k i b a t k a n p e n d a p a t a n r u m a h t a n g g a b u r u h t a n i m e n i n g k a t s e b e s a r 1 3 u n i t , r u m a h t a n g g a p e t a n i g u r e m 3 4 u n i t , r u m a h t a n g g a p e t a n i l a i n n y a 3 2 u n i t , r u m a h t a n g g a b u k a n p e r t a n i a n g o l o n g a n r e n d a h d i d e s a 1 4 u n i t , r u m a h t a n g g a b u k a n p e r t a n i a n g o l o n g a n a t a s d i d e s a 4 u n i t , r u m a h t a n g g a b u k a n p e r t a n i a n g o l o n g a n r e n d a h d i k o t a 1 3 u n i t , d a n r u m a h t a n g g a b u k a n p e r t a n i a n g o l o n g a n a t a s d i k o t a 1 0 u n i t ( l i h a t p e r i n c i a n k o l o m 1 2 b a r i s 4 s a m p a i d e n g a n 1 0 p a d a l a m p i r a n t a b e l 3 ) . D a r i h a s i l i n i d a p a t d i l i h a t , b a h w a , s e c a r a t o t a l , d a m p a k y a n g p a l i n g b e s a r a k i b a t p e n a m b a h a n i n v e s t a s i s e b e s a r 1 0 0 u n i t k e p a d a s e k t o r p a d i d i t e r i m a o l e h r u m a h t a n g g a p e t a n i g u r e m . ( C a t a t a n : n a m u n p e r l u d i j e l a s k a n b a h w a h a s i l y a n g d i b e r i k a n d i s i n i a d a l a h s e c a r a t o t a l ; a r t i n y a : p e n a m b a h a n i n v e s t a s i k e p a d a s e k t o r p a d i s e b e s a r 1 0 0 u n i t a k a n m e n g a k i b a t k a n " t o t a l p e n d a p a t a n " r u m a h t a n g g a p e t a n i g u r e m m e n i n g k a t s e b e s a r 3 4 u n t i . B i l a k e n a i k a n t e r s e b u t d i u k u r s e c a r a r a t a - r a t a p e r k a p h a , m a k a k e s i m p u l a n y a n g d i b e r i k a n o l e h h a s i l i n i a k a n b e r b e d a . H a l i n i d i s e b a b k a n k a r e n a p e r b e d a a n j u m l a h a n g g o t a r u m a h t a n g g a p a d a m a s i n g - m a s i n g g o l o n g a n r u m a h t a n g g a ) .
L a m p i r a n t a b e l 4 m e m b e r i k a n p e n g g a n d a h a r g a t e t a p M c - I n t e r p r e t a s i h a s i l p e n g g a n d a h a r g a t e t a p M c d a p a t d i l a k u k a n s e r u p a d e n g a n m a t r i k M a . P e r b e d a a n n y a a d a l a h b a h w a n i l a i y a n g d i b e r i k a n m a t r i k M c i n i s u d a h m e m p e r h i t u n g k a n r e s p o n r u m a h t a n g g a a k i b a t k e n a i k a n p e n d a p a t a n m e r e k a . D a r i l a m p i r a n t a b e l 4 t e r s e b u t d a p a t d i l i h a t , m i s a l n y a , a k i b a t i n j e k s i s e b e s a r 1 0 0 u n i t k e p a d a s e k t o r p a d i a k a n m e n g a k i b a t k a n p e n d a p a t a n r u m a h t a n g g a b u r u h t a n i m e n i n g k a t s e b e s a r 1 3 u n i t , r u m a h t a n g g a p e t a n i g u r e m 3 3 u n i t , r u m a h t a n g g a p e t a n i l a i n n y a 3 2 u n i t , r u m a h t a n g g a b u k a n p e r t a n i a n g o l o n g a n r e n d a h d i d e s a 1 3 u n i t , r u m a h t a n g g a b u k a n p e r t a n i a n g o l o n g a n a t a s d i d e s a 4 u n i t , r u m a h t a n g g a b u k a n p e r t a n i a n g o l o n g a n b a w a h d i k o t a 1 3 u n i t , d a n r u m a h t a n g g a b u k a n p e r t a n i a n g o l o n g a n a t a s d i k o t a 1 0 u n i t ( l i h a t p e r i n c i a n k o l o m 1 2
3 2
Matriks Pengganda dalam Kerangka SNSE
b a r i s 4 s a m p a i d e n g a n 1 0 p a d a l a m p i r a n t a b e l 4 ) .
VII.2.Dekomposisi Pengganda Neraca dan Pengganda Harga Tetap
B a g i a n i n i a k a n m e n j e l a s k a n d a m p a k s u a t u k e b i j a k a n ( i n j e k s i ) t e r h a d a p s u a t u n e r a c a t e r t e n t u k e p a d a n e r a c a - n e r a c a y a n g l a i n . M a k s u d d a r i p e n j e l a s a n i n i a d a l a h u n t u k d a p a t m e l i h a t s e c a r a l e b i h t e r i n c i " j a l a n n y a " d a m p a k t e r s e b u t . D e k o m p o s i s i d i j e l a s k a n b e r d a s a r k a n b e n t u k p e r t a m b a h a n .
P a d a b a g i a n s e b e l u m n y a t e l a h d i s e b u t k a n b a h w a p e n g g a n d a n e r a c a d a n p e n g g a n d a h a r g a t e t a p d a p a t d i d e k o m p o s i s i m e n j a d i t r a n s f e r e f f e c t s , o p e n l o o p e f f e c t s d a n c l o s e d l o o p e f f e c t s . L a m p i r a n t a b e l 5 m e m b e r i k a n m a t r i k T a . M a t r i k i n i , s e p e r t i t e l a h d i t u n j u k k a n p a d a p e m b a h a s a n s e b e l u m n y a , m e r u p a k a n m a t r i k t r a n s f e r e f f e c t s . M a t r i k i n i s a m a d e n g a n m a t r i k ( M a . i - 1 ) . L a m p i r a n t a b e l t e r s e b u t m e n j e l a s k a n , m i s a l n y a , i n j e k s i s e b e s a r 1 0 0 0 0 u n i t k e p a d a s e k t o r p a d i a k a n m e n y e b a b k a n k e n a i k a n p e n d a p a t a n b a g i s e k t o r p a d i i t u s e n d i r i s e b e s a r 2 2 2 5 3 u n i t , s e k t o r j a g u n g s e b e s a r 2 u n i t , s e k t o r u b i k a y u 1 u n i t , s e k t o r u m b i - u m b i a n l a i n n y a 1 u n i t , s e k t o r k e d e l e 7 u n i t , s e k t o r k a c a n g - k a c a n g a n l a i n n y a 1 u n i t , s e k t o r p e r t a n i a n l a i n n y a 1 5 2 u n i t , s e k t o r p u p u k 6 9 0 u n i t , s e k t o r i r i g a s i 5 u n i t d a n s e k t o r l a i n n y a 2 6 1 7 u n i t ( l i h a t p e r i n c i a n k o l o m 1 2 s a m p a i d e n g a n 2 1 p a d a l a m p i r a n t a b e l 5 ) . D a m p a k i n i m e r u p a k a n p e n g a r u h a n t a r i n d u s t r i ( i n t e r i n d u s t r y ) , y a i t u d a m p a k t a m b a h a n p e r m i n t a a n b a h a n b a k u ( i n p u t ) t e r h a d a p s e k t o r - s e k t o r l a i n n y a a k i b a t k e n a i k a n p e r m i n t a a n t e r h a d a p s e k t o r p a d i , y a n g t i d a k l a i n a d a l a h k o e f i s i e n L e o n t i e f a t a u k o e f i s i e n i n p u t - o u t p u t . J a d i , m a t r i k i n i m e n j e l a s k a n d a m p a k p e r u b a h a n n e r a c a e k s o g e n s u a t u s e k t o r t e r h a d a p s e k t o r i t u s e n d i r i d a n s e k t o r - s e k t o r y a n g l a i n d i d a l a m s e t n e r a c a y a n g s a m a ( y a i t u s e t n e r a c a p r o d u k s i ) . D a r i l a m p i r a n t a b e l 5 j u g a d a p a t d i k e t a h u i b a h w a d e n g a n m e m b e r i k a n i n j e k s i s e b e s a r 1 0 0 0 0 u n i t k e p a d a p e r u s a h a a n a k a n m e n y e b a b k a n k e n a i k a n p e n d a p a t a n r u m a h t a n g g a b u r u h t a n i s e b e s a r 1 u n i t , r u m a h t a n g g a p e t a n i g u r e m s e b e s a r 2 u n i t , r u m a h t a n g g a p e t a n i l a i n n y a 2 u n i t , r u m a h t a n g g a b u k a n p e r t a n i a n g o l o n g a n r e n d a h d i d e s a 5 4 u n i t , r u m a h t a n g g a b u k a n p e r t a n i n a g o l o n g a n a t a s d i d e s a 7 4 u n i t , r u m a h t a n g g a b u k a n p e r t a n i a n g o l o n g a n r e n d a h d i k o t a 1 1 5 u n i t , r u m a h t a n g g a b u k a n p e r t a n i a n g o l o n g a n a t a s d i k o t a 5 3 2 u n i t ; d a n k e n a i k a n p e n d a p a t a n p e r u s a h a a n s e n d i r i s e b e s a r 1 5 2 u n i t ( l i h a t p e r i n c i a n 1 1 b a r i s 4 s a m p a i d e n g a n 1 0 p a d a l a m p i r a n t a b e l 5 ) . D a r i h a s i l i n i t e r l i h a t b a h w a p e m b e r i a n i n j e k s i k e p a d a p e r u s a h a a n a k a n s a n g a t m e n g u n t u n g k a n r u m a h t a n g g a b u k a n p e r t a n i a n g o l o n g a n a t a s d i k o t a . T o t a l k e n a i k a n p e n d a p a t a n s e l u r u h n e r a c a i n s t i t u s i b e r j u m l a h 9 3 2 u n i t .
L a m p i r a n t a b e l 6 m e m b e r i k a n p e r k i r a a n o p e n l o o p m u l t i p l i e r e f f e c s . P a n g g a n d a i n i m e n j e l a s k a n p e n g a r u h y a n g t e r j a d i k e p a d a s u a t u n e r a c a b i l a s u a t u i n j e k s i d i b e r i k a n k e p a d a n e r a c a y a n g l a i n . M i s a l n y a , d e n g a n m e m b e r i k a n i n j e k s i s e b e s a r 1 0 0 0 0 u n i t k e p a d a p e r u s a h a a n ( s e p e r t i p a d a c o n t o h s e b e l u m n y a ) , m a k a d a m p a k n y a t e r h a d a p n e r a c a s e k t o r p r o d u k s i a d a l a h s e b a g a i
Sutomo
b e r i k u t : s e k t o r p a d i m e n i n g k a t s e b e s a r 1 9 3 u n i t , s e k t o r j a g u n g s e b e s a r 4 u n i t , s e k t o r u b i k a y u 1 0 u n i t , s e k t o r u m b i - u m b i a n l a i n n y a 6 u n i t , s e k t o r k e d e l e 4 u n i t , s e k t o r k a c a n g - k a c a n g a n l a i n n y a 9 u n i t , s e k t o r p e r t a n i a n l a i n n y a 2 2 7 u n i t , s e k t o r p u p u k 9 u n i t , s e k t o r i r i g a s i 0 u n i t d a n s e k t o r l a i n n y a 1 2 9 2 u n i t . S e h i n g g a t o t a l k e n a i k a n p e n d a p a t a n s e k t o r p r o d u k s i a d a l a h s e b e s a r 1 7 5 4 u n i t . T e r n y a t a t o t a l k e n a i k a n p e n d a p a t a n s e k t o r m e l e b i h i t o t a l k e n a i k a n p e n d a p a t a n n e r a c a i n s t i t u s i . H a l i n i d i s e b a b k a n k a r e n a a d a n y a p r o s e s p e n g g a n d a d i d a l a m s e k t o r p r o d u k s i i t u s e n d i r i . A r t i n y a , k e n a i k a n p e n d a p a t a n s e k t o r p r o d u k s i y a n g d i t u n j u k k a n o l e h o p e n l o o p i n i , s e l a i n b e r a s a l d a r i n e r a c a i n s t i t u s i j u g a k a r e n a a d a n y a t a m b a h a n p e r m i n t a a n d a r i s e k t o r p r o d u k s i i t u s e n d i r i .
D a m p a k y a n g b e l u m t e r l i h a t s e k a r a n g a d a l a h d a m p a k a r u s b a l i k ( f e e d b a c k ) d a r i s e k t o r p r o d u k s i k e n e r a c a i n s t i t u s i ( d a l a m c o n t o h i n i a d a l a h a r u s b a l i k k e n e r a c a p e r u s a h a a n ) . D a m p a k t e r s e b u t d i j e l a s k a n o l e h c l o s e d l o o p m u l t i p l i e r e f f e c t s . L a m p i r a n t a b e l 7 m e m b e r i k a n p e r k i r a a n p e n g g a n d a t e r s e b u t .
D a r i p e n j e l a s a n t e r d a h u l u d a p a t d i k e t a h u i b a h w a a k i b a t i n j e k s i y a n g d i b e r i k a n k e p a d a n e r a c a p e r u s a h a a n m e n y e b a b k a n k e n a i k a n p e n d a p a t a n n e r a c a p e r u s a h a a n i t u s e n d i r i d a n n e r a c a i n s t i t u s i l a i n n y a . H a l i n i d i t a n g k a p o l e h t r a n s f e r m u l t i p l i e r s . K e n a i k a n p e n d a p a t a n n e r a c a i n s t i t u s i i n i k e m u d i a n m e n y e b a b k a n k e n a i k a n p e r m i n t a a n t e r h a d a p n e r a c a s e k t o r p r o d u k s i . H a l i n i d i t a n g k a p o l e h o p e n l o o p m u l t i p l i e r s . S e m e t a r a i t u , k e r e n a o u t p u t s e k t o r p r o d u k s i m e n i n g k a t , m a k a p e n d a p a t a n t e n a g a k e r j a j u g a i k u t m e n i n g k a t y a n g b e r a r t i m e n i n g k a t k a n p e n d a p a t a n n e r a c a i n s t i t u s i ( t e r m a s u k r u m a h t a n g g a ) . K e n a i k a n p e n d a p a t a n n e r a c a i n s t i t u s i m e n y e b a b k a n k e n a i k a n p e r m i n t a a n t e r h a d a p n e r a c a s e k t o r p r o d u k s i . D e m i k i a n s e t e r u s n y a s a m p a i d a m p a k y a n g d i t i m b u l k a n m e n j a d i s a n g a t k e c i l d a n d a p a t d i a b a i k a n . D a m p a k t e r s e b u t d i t a n g k a p o l e h s l o s e d l o o p m u l t i p l i e r s . C l o s e d l o o p m u l t i p l i e r s y a n g d i t i m b u l k a n t e r h a d a p p e n d a p a t a n r u m a h t a n g g a b u r u h t a n i a d a l a h k e n a i k a n s e b e s a r 3 5 u n i t , r u m a h t a n g g a p e t a n i g u r e m s e b e s a r 9 2 u n i t , r u m a h t a n g g a p e t a n i l a i n n y a 1 3 2 u n i t , r u m a h t a n g g a b u k a n j j c r t a n i a n g o l o n g a n r e n d a h d i d e s a 9 0 u n i t , r u m a h t a n g g a b u k a n p e r t a n i a n g o l o n g a n a t a s d i d e s a 3 3 u n i t , r u m a h t a n g g a b u k a n p e r t a n i a n g o l o n g a n r e n d a h d i k o t a 1 0 1 u n i t , r u m a h t a n g g a b u k a n p e r t a n i a n g o l o n g a n a t a s d i k o t a 7 4 u n i t ; d a n k e n a i k a n p e n d a p a t a n p e r u s a h a a n s e b e s a r 3 1 6 u n i t ( l i h a t k o l o m 1 1 b a r i s 4 s a m p a i d e n g a n 1 0 p a d a l a m p i r a n t a b e l 7 ) . D a m p a k s e l a n j u t n y a t e r h a d a p s e k t o r p r o d u k s i a d a l a h s e b a g a i b e r i k u t : s e k t o r p a d i m e n i n g k a t s e b e s a r 2 8 4 u n i t , s e k t o r j a g u n g s e b e s a r 1 5 u n i t , s e k t o r u b i k a y u 1 8 u n i t , s e k t o r u m b i - u m b i a n l a i n n y a 1 0 u n i t , s e k t o r k e d e l e 3 u n i t , s e k t o r k a c a n g - k a c a n g a n l a i n n y a 1 1 u n i t , s e k t o r p e r t a n i a n l a i n n y a 2 3 1 u n i t , s e k t o r p u p u k 1 1 u n i t , s e k t o r i r i g a s i 0 u n i t d a n s e k t o r l a i n n y a 8 0 8 u n i t ( l i h a t k o l o m 1 1 b a r i s 1 2 s a m p a i d e n g a n 2 1 p a d a l a m p i r a n t a b e l 7 ) . D a r i h a s i l i n i t e r l i h a t b a h w a d a m p a k k e n a i k a n p e n d a p a t a n n e r a c a i n s t i t u s i ( y a i t u p e r u s a h a a n ) t e l a h k e m b a l i l a g i k e n e r a c a i n s t i t u s i . S e h i n g g a l o o p p e n g a r u h s u a t u i n j e k s i t e l a h l e n g k a p t e r l i h a t .
3 4
Matriks Pengganda dalam Kerangka SNSE
T a b e l 5 . I l u s t r a s i D e k o m p o s i s i P e n g g a n d a N e r a c a M a *
D a m p a k P e n g g a n d a N e r a c a
T r a n s f e r O p e n C l o s e S u b
E f f e c t L o o p T o t a l
E f f e c t s E f f e c t s M a
( M a . l - I ) ( M a . 2 - I ) ( M a . 3 - I ) M a . l Ma.2Ma.l
P e r u s a h a a n 1 0 0 0 0 1 5 2 3 1 6 1 0 4 6 8
R T B u r u h 1 3 5 3 6
R T P e t a n i G u r e m 2 9 2 9 4
R T P e t a n i L a i n n y a 2 1 3 2 1 3 4
R T . B k n P e r t R e n d a h D e s a 5 4 9 0 1 4 4
R T . B k n P e r t A t a s D e s a 74 3 3 1 0 7
R T . B k n P e r t ' R e n d a h K o t a 1 1 5 1 0 1 2 1 6
R T . B k n P e r t A t a s D e s a 5 3 2 7 4 6 0 7
P a d i 1 9 3 2 8 4 4 7 7
J a g u n g 4 1 5 1 9
U b i K a y u 1 0 1 8 2 8
U m b i - u m b i a n L a i n n y a 6 1 0 1 6
K e d e l e 4 3 | 7
K a c a n g - K a c a n g a n L a i n n y a 9 1 1 2 0
P e r t a n i a n L a i n n y a 2 2 7 2 3 1 4 5 8
P u p u k 9 1 1 2 0
I r i g a s i 0 0
S e k t o r L a i n n y a 1 2 9 2 8 0 8 2 1 0 0
D i p e r o l e h d a r i L a m p i r a n T a b e l 5 , 6 , d a n 7
N e r a c a N e r a c a y a n g d i p e n g a r u h i i n j e k s i
y a n g o l e h i n j e k s i a w a l
d i i n j e k s i I
35
Sutomo
T a b e l 6 . I l u s t r a s i D e k o m p o s i s i P e n g g a n d a H a r g a T e t a p M c *
D a m p a k P e n g g a n d a H a r g a T e t a p
N e r a c a N e r a c a y a n g d i p e n g a r u h i i n j e k s i T r a n s f e r O p e n C l o s e S u b
y a n g o l e h i n j e k s i a w a l E f f e c t L o o p T o t a l
d i i n j e k s i I E f f e c t s E f f e c t s M c
( M a . l - I ) ( M , . 2 - I ) ( M a . 3 - I ) M a . l M a . 2 M a . l
P e r u s a h a a n 1 0 0 0 0 1 5 2 3 1 6 1 0 4 6 8
R T B u r u h 1 3 0 3 1
R T P e t a n i G u r e m 2 8 0 8 2
R T P e t a n i L a i n n y a 2 1 2 5 1 2 7
R T . B k n P e r t R e n d a h D e s a •
5 4 9 0 1 4 4
R T . B k n P e r t A t a s D e s a 7 4 3 3 1 0 7
R T . B k n P e r t R e n d a h K o t a 1 1 5 1 0 2 2 1 7
R T . B k n P e r t A t a s D e s a 5 3 2 7 5 6 0 7
P a d i 8 2 2 2 5 3 0 7
J a g u n g 1 3 4
U b i K a y u 3 5 8
U m b i - u m b i a n L a i n n y a 3 5 8
K e d e l e 4 3 7
K a c a n g - K a c a n g a n L a i n n y a 8 8 1 6
P e r t a n i a n L a i n n y a 2 7 6 2 6 3 5 3 9
P u p u k 7 9 1 6
I r i g a s i 0 0 0
S e k t o r L a i n n y a 1 3 4 8 8 0 7 2 1 5 5
D i p e r o l e h d a r i L a m p i r a n T a b e l 8 , 9 , d a n 1 0
3 6
Matriks Pengganda dalam Kerangka SNSE
T a b e l 7 . D a m p a k P e n d a p a t a n ( M t - I ) M a N e r a c a y a n g d i i n j e k s i N e r a c a y a n g d i p e n g a r u h i o l e h D a m p a k P e n d a p a t a n
I n j e k s i f M t - I ) M a P e r u s a h a a n P e r u s a h a a n 0
R T B u r n t T a n i - 5 K 1 r c t a n i Lrurem - 1 2 RTPptani T iiinnvn 1 \ i. Jr&lalll LZaiimya
- 7 "RT Rlrn Pprt Rpniiah D P Q P
J\ 1 O K U 1 CLL iXdiUcl i l OCod 0
K 1 oKn rcn AlaS Ucsa 0 I \ 1 O K U F d l iNClJUaU XVUla 1 R T B k n P e r t A t a s K o t a 0
- 1 7 0 JdgUUg - 1 5 TThi Kavu - 2 0 u m o i - u m o i a n - 8 K e d e l e 0 K a c a n g - k a c a n g a n l a i n n y a -4 P e r t a n i a n l a i n n y a 8 1 P u p u k -4 I r i g a s i 0 S e k t o r l a i n n y a 5 5
I l u s t r a s i p r o s e s t r a n s f e r , o p e n l o o p d a n c l o s e d l o o p m u l t i p l i e r p a d a p e n g g a n d a n e r a c a t e t a p d a p a t d i l a k u k a n s e r u p a d e n g a n p e n g g a n d a n e r a c a . H a s i l y a n g d i p e r o l e h d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n p e n g g a n d a h a r g a t e t a p a k a n b e r b e d a d a r i y a n g d i p e r o l e h d e n g a n p e n g g a n d a n e r a c a k a r e n a p a d a p e n g g a n d a h a r g a t e t a p d i g u n a k a n k e c e n d e r u n g a n p e n g e l u a r a n m a r g i n a l ( m a r g i n a l e x p e n d i t u r e p r o p e n s i t i e s ) . Tabel 5 m e m b e r i k a n s u a t u r i n g k a s a n m e n g e n a i p r o s e s t r a n s f e r , o p e n l o o p d a n c l o s e d l o o p m u l t i p l i e r s d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n m a t r i k p i e n g g a n d a n e r a c a , s e d a n g k a n Tabel 6 b e r d a s a r k a n p e n g g a n d a h a r g a t e t a p . P e r b e d a a n h a s i l a n t a r a T a b e l 5 d a n T a b e l 6 m e n g g a m b a r k a n d a m p a k p e n d a p a t a n y a n g d i b e r i k a n o l e h Tabel 7.
8, KESIMPULAN
D a r i p e n j e l a s a n - p e n j e l a s a n d i a t a s d a p a t d i l i h a t b a g a i m a n a p e n g g a n d a n e r a c a d a n p e n g g a n d a h a r g a t e t a p d a p a t d i p e r o l e h d a r i k e r a n g k a S N S E . D e m i k i a n j u g a d a p a t d i k e t a h u i b a g a i m a n a k e d u a p e n g g a n d a t e r s e b u t d a p a t d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e m p e r k i r a k a n d a m p a k y a n g t e r j a d i t e r h a d a p n e r a c a e n d o g e n .
3 7
Sutomo ^
B e b e r a p a h a l y a n g p e r l u d i i n g a t a d a l a h m e n g e n a i a s u m s i y a n g t e r d a p a t d a l a m k e r a n g k a S N S E . P e r t a m a a d a l a h m e n g e n a i a s u m s i l i n i e r i t a s . A s u m s i i n i m e n g a n g g a p b a h w a n e r a c a - n e r a c a y a n g t e r d a p a t d i d a l a m k e r a n g k a S N S E d i a s u m s i k a n b e r h u b u n g a n l i n i e r . K e d u a , m e n g e n a i a s u m s i h a r g a t e t a p d a l a m fixed p r i c e m u l t i p l i e r . P e n g g a n d a i n i m e n g a s u m s i k a n b a h w a h a r g a a k t o r - a k t o r e k o n o m i ( t e n a g a k e r j a a t a u k o m o d i t i ) d i a n g g a p t e t a p ( t i d a k b e r u b a h ) p a d a s a a t t e r j a d i p e r u b a h a n n e r a c a e n d o g e n a k i b a t p e r u b a h a n n e r a c a e k s o g e n .
W a l a u p u n d e m i k i a n , a n a l i s i s S N S E , d e n g a n k e t e r b a t a s a n n y a t e r s e b u t , m e m b e r i k a n s u a t u m e t o d e a n a l i s a y a n g t e l a h m e m p e r t i m b a n g k a n k e s e i m b a n g a n u m u m ( g e n e r a l e q u i l i b r i u m ) b a g i b e r b a g a i a k t o r p e r e k o n o m i a n s u a t u n e g a r a . H a l i n i d i c e r m i n k a n o l e h s a l a h s a t u p e r s y a r a t a n y a n g h a r u s d i p e n u h i o l e h k e r a n g k a S N S E , y a i t u t o t a l b a r i s h a r u s s a m a d e n g a n t o t a l k o l o m .
3 8
Lampiran Tabel 1: Sistem Neraca Sosial Ekonomi (SNSE) Indonesia 1980
U R A I A N FAKTOR PRODUKSI 1 Tenagakerja pertanian 2 Tenagakerja bukan pertanian 3 Modal RUMAH TANGGA 4 Buruh tani 5 Petani psh yang memiliki tanah 0,5 ha 6 Petani psh yang memiliki tanah 0,5 ha 7 Bukan pertanian golongan rendah di desa 8 Bukan pertanian golongan atas di desa 9 Bukan pertanian golongan nendah di kola 10 Bukan pertanian golongan atas di kota INSTITUSI LAINNYA 11 Peiusahaan SEKTOR PRODUKSI 12 Padi 13 Jagung 14 Ubi kayu 15 Umbi-umbian lainnya 16 Kedele 17 Kacang-kacangan lainnya 18 Pettapian lainnya 19 Industri pupuk 20 Irigasi 21 Komoditi lainnya 22 Margin perdagangan dan pengangkutan 23 Pajak tidak langsung 24 Neraca kapital 25 Subsidi 26 Pemerintah 27 Luar Negeri 28 Total
U R A I A N 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2d z*» 2^ z a
2/1 ZQ 27 Z/ j u m i a n
F A K T R R PROnillC*!! 1 T A n i n i l f ^ r i ! ) r ^ r t n n i n n 1 1 C i u l K c t K . c n i l L i c n < l l l l f l i i 1 0 6 . 2 1 9 8 . 3 3 1 5 0 . 1 8 2 3 5 5 . 1 3 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 u . u u 0 00 u . u u c a c c 07 a a a o . u /
0 7 8 1 1 6 1 14 10 3 6 7 4 5 6 2 9 1 2 7 9 4 6 6 0 0 0 0 00 u . u u 0 00 u . u u 0 o o u . u u 0 00 u . u u
0 00 u . u u
1X17R 7d Mnflal
J I V l U L k l l 6 1 . 7 7 5 6 . 7 2 8 7 . 4 3 4 5 6 1 . 0 0 4 5 1 . 0 9 4 1 . 4 1 92663 8 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 90R71 09
z y o / i . y z RI7MAH T A N G R A 4 Riinih tnn'i t O U I U I l UIIJI
0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 5 8 . 9 0 8 8 7 1 6 2 Z 9 8 $ P*»t"Yni n c h vnncr m»»miliH tnnnh Cl S hn ,» r C L i i i J i Lo iJ y i i i J K i i j c i i i J i i K i u i i i c i u yjfO iitx 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 9 2 8 4 2 7 8 6 d9R9 dA
o r c i a n i p s n y a n g r n e m i i i K i l a n a n u,-> n a 0 00 0 00 u . u u 0 00 u . u u
0 00 u . u u 0 00 u . u u
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0 o o u . u u 0 o o u . u u 0 o o u . u u R2 dO ^ 1 AOOd 7d / l-tiiLin rv*rri"'Vnion ciri 1 /-vnmn rTArvHiri i\\ /"w*ci / E X i K x i n p c n ^ i n i c t n g u i u n g i t i j r c n u t i n u i ucitci
0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 5 5 8 2 4 4 7 370 r v i a a / u . i K >
<* t3UKan p c n a n i a n g o i o n g a n a t a s o i ocsa 0 n o 0 0 0 0 00 u . u u 0 00 u . u u 0 0 0 0 00 u . u u 0 00 u . u u 0 0 0 0 00 u . u u 0 00 u . u u 0 o o u . u u , 27 37 a . o i 1 070 o t t y / u . y i O I 3 i i b i r t AArH^-iOTi 1 n Adlj-vrsn/vn rwrv1> J iHi l^z-it*/^
y ouKan p e n a n i a n g o i o n g a n r e n u a n ui Koia 0 00 0 00 u . u u 0 00 u . u u 0 00 u . u u 0 00 u . u u 0 00 u . u u 0 00 u . u u 0 00 u . u u 0 00 u . u u 0 00
u . u u 0 o o u . u u dJoo.oc 77 stzx o a a / . 4 l
1 0 B u k a n p e r t a n i a n g o l o n g a n a t a s d i k o t a 0 o n n n o u . u u 0 o o u . u u 0.00 UlUU 0 o o u . u u n o o u . u u 0 o n u . u u 0 00 u . u u
0 o o u . u u 0 00 u . u u
0 o o u . u u 1 C 1 C I 99 AO ZZ.OU d *\Otl d a y a . Id IIMSTITTKI I AINNVA
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0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 u . u u 7 5 0 9 17R00 90 1 / o y u . z y <;PivTOR PRnniiK<ii
i^LLxv 1 v / iv I IXV-T r v o 1 i z raul 0 00 0 00 u . u u 0 00 u . u u 91 04 0 00 u . u u 0 00 u . u u 949 «\ 0 00 u . u u 0 n o u . u u 1 3S 32 0 o o u . u u 0 00 u . u u
1 . ' u i T i D 1-urno 1 an l a i n n y a XC\A 09 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 ' 0 0 0 2 0 8 9 0 0 0 0 00 u . u u 0 00 u . u u 0 n o u . u u 0 o o u . u u o * ; i u . a i S73 Af. D lj.**0 1 6 K e d e l e 0 . 0 0 1 8 4 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 1 . 3 8 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 9 3 . 7 4 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 8 7 . 1 5 1 7 K a c a n g - k a c a n g a n l a i n n y a 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 9 3 . 5 9 0 . 4 3 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 4 . 9 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 . 2 8 6 0 9 . 4 7 1 8 P e r t a n i a n l a i n n y a 1 . 1 6 0 . 5 3 1 . 6 6 1 0 8 5 6 . 4 5 1 . 2 7 8 . 0 5 3 0 3 5 . 2 6 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 6 6 . 4 5 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 1 2 Z < i 6 4 . 2 0 2 1 9 2 3 . 8 2 1 9 I n d u s t r i p u p u k 2 . 2 3 5 . 7 7 4 . 8 1 1 4 9 . 5 6 6 9 1 . 5 5 0 . 0 0 9 . 6 9 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 8 4 . 4 0 0 . 0 0 1 7 , 1 0 1 4 9 5 . 6 4 2 0 I r i g a s i 0 . 1 0 0 . 0 6 0 . 5 8 1 1 . 9 6 0 . 0 0 2 3 4 . 5 9 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 4 0 . 1 6 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 4 8 9 . 1 1 2 1 K o m o d i t i l a i n n y a 4 . 4 9 1 . 8 2 3 . 3 1 5 9 1 . 0 8 2 0 2 . 0 3 1 2 8 . 8 4 7 4 5 6 4 . 1 2 8 6 0 8 . 0 9 0 . 0 0 1 1 6 6 2 . 1 1 1 0 0 7 . 7 6 4 4 2 4 . 2 1 1 3 4 8 4 . 8 9 2 9 9 0 Z 6 1 2 2 M a r g i n p e r d a g a n g a n d a n p e n g a n g k u t a n 1 7 . 3 6 1 2 . 2 0 5 8 . 6 8 2 8 5 0 . 5 9 1 5 . 8 9 6 . 2 8 5 1 5 9 . 1 6 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 8 6 0 8 . 0 9 2 3 P a j a k t i d a k l a n g s u n g 0 . 5 6 2 . Z i 1 . 6 2 8 4 . 0 7 9 . 4 1 1 3 . 5 5 1 5 9 6 . 4 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 7 9 4 . 4 0 2 4 N e r a c a k a p i t a l 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 1 1 3 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 1 S 1 7 Z 4 5
S u b s i d i 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 3 9 2 . 1 6 0 . 0 0 1 3 9 Z 1 6 2 6 P e m e r i n t a h 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 7 9 4 . 4 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 1 7 4 . 1 3 2 2 . 3 2 1 1 6 3 Z 4 9 2 7 L u a r N e g e r i 1 . 4 6 2 4 . 5 8 6 . 4 5 2 9 1 . 8 8 8 7 . 6 6 0 . 0 0 9 4 1 8 . 9 9 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 2 9 6 8 . 4 1 0 . 0 0 7 2 4 . 2 8 0 . 0 0 1 6 3 4 6 . 1 4 2 8 T o t a l 5 7 3 . 4 6 3 8 7 . 0 5 6 0 9 . 4 7 2 1 8 9 3 . 7 8 1 4 9 5 . 6 4 8 9 . 0 1 1 2 9 8 0 2 . 7 3 8 6 0 8 . 0 9 1 7 9 4 . 4 0 1 5 1 7 2 . 4 5 1 3 9 2 . 1 6 1 1 6 3 2 . 3 9 1 6 3 4 6 . 2 4 3 Z i 9 6 . 3 . 4 3
Lampiran Tabel 2. Kecenderungan Pengeluaran Rata-Rata SNSE Indonesia 19(S0
URAIAN FAKTOR PRODUKSI 1 Tenagakerja pertanian 2 Tenagakerja bukan pertanian 3 Modal 4 Buruh tani 5 Petani psh yang memiliki tanah 0,5 ha 6 Petani psh yang memiliki tanah 0,5 ha 7 Bukan pertanian golongan rendah di desa 8 Bukan pertanian golongan atas di desa 9 Bukan pertanian golongan rendah di kota 10 Bukan pertanian golongan atas di kota 11 Perusahaan 12 Padi 13 Jagung 14 Ubi kayu 15 Umbi-umbian lainnya 16 Kedele 17 Kacang-kacangan lainnya 18 Pertanian lainnya 19 Industri pupuk 20 Irigasi 21 Komoditi lainnya 22 Margin perdagangan dan pengangkutan 23 Pajak tidak langsung
5 Petani psb yang memiliki tanah 0,5 ha, 0.6882 0.2172 0.0867 0.2305 1.2144 0.1642 0.1724 0.1504 0.1386 0.1094 0.0094 0.3409 0.3716 0.4132 0.4146 0.3688 0.3473
6 Pelani psh yang memiliki unah 0.5 ha 0.4971 0.3961 0.2475 0.2601 0.2487 1.2025 0.2166 0.1966 0.1919 0.1616 0.0133 0.3244 0.3459 0.3726 0.3728 0.3301 0.1423
7 Bukan pertanian golongan rendah di desa 0.1736 0.1572 0.0928 0.1341 0.1369 0.1182 1.1310 0.1227 0.1287 0.1151 0.0144 0.1354 0,1418 0,1454 0.1444 0.1256 0.0464
8 Bukan pertanian golongan atas di desa 0.0538 0.4571 0.0297 0.0456 0.0469 0.0414 0.0456 1.0437 0.0465 0.0417 0.0106 0.0444 0.0493 0.0468 0.0463 0.0401 0.0468
9 Bukan pertanian golongan rendah di knu 0.1479 0.3111 0.1090 0.1449 0.1501 0.1307 0.1439 0.1372 1.1476 0.1321 0.0216 0.1346 0.1396 0.1401 0.1388 0.1201 0.1398
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OOOO O OOOOO OOOOO OOOO O !B7i*MI02 OOOO'O OOOO'O OOOO'O OOOO O u n d n d u i B n p n i 61 OOOO O OOOO'O OOOO'O OOOO O BdiuiBi U B i o B U B J 81 OOOOO OOOO'O OOOOO OOOO'O B<uu!B|liB8uB7BH-«UBMy|ii
OOOO'O OOOO'O OOOO'O OOOO'O 'I'P'XOI OOOO'O OOOO'O OOOO'O OOOO O B A U U I B I U B i n i u n - i q u i n SI OOOOO OOOO'O OOOOO OOOOO n<«1Mn7I OOOO'O OOOOO OOOO'O OOOO'O «iiii8Bffl OOOO'O OOOO'O OOOOO OOOO'O !P'<I2I OOOO O OOOO'O OOOO'O OOOO'O U B B q B s l u j j u SOOOO OOOO'O OOOO'O OOOO'O Bloq!pB»lBUB8iio|o«OBiiiBiJ3diiBqiiaoi 2700 0 OOOO O OOOO'O OOOO O B i o q ip qBpoBj I I B « U O | O S U B U B U B d u B q n g o
2000 0 OOOO'O 0000 0 0000 0 BB»p!proBliB«uo|0«iiB!UBU»duBi|iia8 2200 0 OOOO'O OOOO'O 0000 0 "»»P !P I I B « U O | O « u B i U B U a d U B q n g (
22000 OOOO'O OOOO'O OOOO O B q fo q B i i B i iq!|]iii»iii 8iiB< i p d j U B i a j 9
7200 0 OOOO O 0000 0 OOOO O '1 S'O 8«m H!!!"""! !"n»<I 2 9200 0 OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO !UBiqiijiia7 OOOOO OOOO'O OOOO'O OOOOO 1«P0W2 OOOO'O OOOO'O OOOO'O OOOO'O U B i a B u a d u B q n q B t i j q B g B a j i i
OOOO'O OOOO O OOOO'O OOOO O i i B i u B u s d BpaqBgBUBi I
i s x n a o B J s o i x v i
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Lampiran Tabel 9. Open LoopMulriplier dari Matrik Ma
B i r o P u s a t S t a t i s t i k ( 1 9 8 6 ) . S i s t e m N e r a c a S o s i a l E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a 1 9 8 0 . J i l i d I d a n I I . J a k a r t a .
I n s t i t u t P e r t a n i a n B o g o r ( 1 9 9 0 ) , K e b i j a k s a n a a n H a r g a - h a r g a P a n g a n T e r u t a m a B e r a s d i I n d o n e s i a , L a p o r a n P e n e l i t i a n .
K e u n i n g , S t e v e n d a n E r i k T h o r b e c k e ( 1 9 8 9 ) , T h e I m p a c t o f B u d g e t R e t r e n c h m e n t o n I n c o m e D i s t r i b u t i o n i n I n d o n e s i a : A S o c i a l A c c o u n t i n g M a t r i x A p p l i c a t i o n , M a k a l a h u n i t t h e O E C D D e v e l o p m e n t C e n t e r , P a r i s .
P y a t t , G r a h a m d a n E r i k T h o r b e c k e ( 1 9 7 6 ) , P l a n n i n g T e c h n i q u e s f o r a B e t t e r F u t u r e , I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o r O f f i c e , G e n e v a .
P y a t t , G r a h a m , A . R . R o e d a n A s s o c i a t e s ( 1 9 7 7 ) , S o c i a l A c c o u n t i n g f o r D e v e l o p m e n t P l a n n i n g W i t h S p e c i a l R e f e r e n c e s t o S r i L a n k a , C a m b r i d g e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , C a m b r i d g e .
P y a t t , G r a h a m d a n J e f f e r y I . R o u n d ( P e n y u n t i n g , 1 9 8 5 ) , S o c i a l A c c o u n t i n g M a t r i c e s : A B a s i s f o r P l a n n i n g , W o r l d B a n k S y m p o s i u m , T h e W o r l d B a n k , W a s h i n g t o n , D . C .
S u t o m o , S l a m e t d a n N i n a S . S u l i s t i n i ( 1 9 8 7 ) , D i s t r i b u s i P e n d a p a t a n d a n P o l a P e n g e l u a r a n R u m a h T a n g g a : P e n g a m a t a n B e r d a s a r k a n S N S E I n d o n e s i a 1 9 7 5 d a n 1 9 8 0 , E k o n o m i d a n K e u a n g a n I n d o n e s i a .
S u t o m o , S l a m e t ( 1 9 8 8 ) , D i s t r i b u s i P e n d a p a t a n T e n a g a K e r j a d a n E k i v a l e n - T e n a g a K e r j a I n d o n e s i a 1 9 7 5 d a n 1 9 8 0 , F o r u m S t a t i s t i k , N o . 2 , J u n i .
S u t o m o , S l a m e t ( 1 9 8 9 ) , I n c o m e , F o o d C o n s u m p t i o n a n d E s t i m a t i o n o f E n e r g y a n d P r o t e i n I n t a k e o f H o u s e h o l d s : A S t u d y B a s e d o n t h e 1 9 7 5 a n d 1 9 8 0 I n d o n e s i a n S o c i a l A c c o u n t i n g M a t r i c e s , B u l l e t i n o f I n d o n e s i a n E c o n o m i c S t u d i e s , 2 5 ( 3 ) .