Maths Project Work for FA-4

7/27/2019 Maths Project Work for FA-4

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Name: B. P. D. P. Asoka

Class: IX-B

Roll No.:37

Subject Teacher: Mrs. Renu Sharma


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I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to myteacher Mrs. Renu Sharma as well as our principal Mr. D. D.Sharma who gave me the golden opportunity to do this

wonderful project on the topic Statistics, which also helpedme in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so

many new thingsI am really thankful to them.Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends

who helped me a lot in finishing this project within thelimited time.

I am making this project not only for marks but to alsoincrease my knowledge .THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME.


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It is to certify that B. P. D. P. Asoka has completedproject over the topic Statistics.

_____________

SignatureDate:

School:


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Topic Page No.

Important definition 5-7

Important concepts 8-10

Important diagrams 11-13


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Facts or figures collected with a definite purpose are called data. Statistics deals with collection, presentation, analysis and

interpretation of numerical data. Arranging data in a order to study their salient features is called

presentation of data. Data arranged in ascending or descending order is called arrayed data

or an array. When an investigator with a definite plan or design in mind collects

data first handedly, it is called primary data. Data when collected by someone else, say an agency or an investigator,

comes to you, is known as the secondary data. Variable is a quantity that assumes different values. Range of the data is the difference between the maximum and the

minimum values of the observations.


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A frequency distribution in which the upper limit of one class coincides from

the lower limit of the succeeding class is called an exclusive or continuousFrequency Distribution.

A bar graph is a pictorial representation of data in which rectangular bars ofuniform width are drawn with equal spacing between them on one axis, usually

the x axis. The value of the variable is shown on the other axis that is the y axis. A histogram is a set of adjacent rectangles whose areas are proportional to the

frequencies of a given continuous frequency distribution.

The Cumulative Frequency of a class-interval is the sum of frequencies of thatclass and the classes which precede (come before) it.

The mean value of a variable is defined as the sum of all the values of thevariable divided by the number of values.

Median is the value of middle most observation(s).

Mode of a statistical data is the value of that variate which has the maximumfrequency.


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In case of continuous frequency distribution, the upper limit of a class is not tobe included in that class while in discontinuous both the limits are included.

The height of rectangles corresponds to the numerical value of the data.

Frequency polygons are a graphical device for understanding the shapes ofdistributions.

Bar charts are used for comparing two or more values. A histogram differs from a bar chart, as in the former it is the area of the bar

that denotes the value, not the height.

The height of the rectangle as the ratio of the frequency of the class to thewidth or size of the class.

Last cumulative frequency is always the sum total of all the frequencies.

If both a histogram and a frequency polygon are to be drawn on the samegraph, then we should first draw the histogram and then join the mid-points ofthe tops of the adjacent rectangles in the histogram with line-segments to getthe frequency polygon.


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If classes are not of equal width, then the height of the rectangle is

calculated by the ratio of the frequency of that class, to the width ofthat class.

A measure of central tendency tries to estimate the central value whichrepresents the entire data.

The three measures of central tendency for ungrouped data are mean,mode and median.

The disadvantage of arithmetic mean is that it is affected by extremevalues.

The median is to be calculated only after arranging the data in

ascending order or descending order. Average height is the modal value. Disadvantage of the mode is that it is not uniquely defined in many

cases.


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The data is symmetric about the mean position whenthe three averages mean median and mode are allequal.

The data is asymmetric when the three measures areunequal.

The variate corresponding to the highest frequency is

to be taken as the mode and not the frequency.


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Symmetric Distribution Asymmetrical orskeweddistribution


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Bar Graph Mean < Mode


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Mode < Mean

Frequency Polygons


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A histogram

Maths Project Work for FA-4

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