Matham Samooham Samskaram

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

kønZv apl-Ω-Zen inlm_v

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

kam-l-cWw

kn. ]n. sskX-ehn

hne 100 cq]

Malayalam (Indian)Matham Samooham Samskaram

Essays

Syed Mohammedali ShihabCompiler : C. P. Saidalavi

First Edition: 30, August 2007

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,

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Rupees : one hundred

]km-[-I-°p-dn∏v

_lp: ]mW-°mSv apl-Ω-Zen inlm_v Xß-fpsS

]Y-a-]p-kvX-I-amWv aXw kaqlw kwkvIm-cw. ]e

ka-b-ß-fn-embn B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-

®p-h∂ teJ-\-ß-fpsS kam-lm-cw. A\p-_-‘-ambn

At±lw Ad-_n-bn¬ \n∂pw ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Ønb

Jeo¬ Pn_ms‚ IY-bpw, tPmWn eqt°m-kns‚

kw`m-j-Whpw ]n.sI hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb-cpsS teJ-

\hpw tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p. B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fnepw kph-

\o-dp-I-fnepw At±-l-sa-gp-Xnb teJ-\-ßƒ C\nbpw

Is≠-Øm-\p≠v. Ah ASpØ ]Xn-∏p-I-fn¬ tN¿-

°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

teJ-\-ßƒ kam-l-cn®v ]pkvXIw Hcp-°nb kn.]n

sskX-e-hn, kw`m-jWw tN¿°m≥ A\p-aXn

\¬Inb tPmWn eqt°mkv F∂n-h-tcm-Sp≈ \µn

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

Cu ]pkvXIw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ km[n-®Xv hen-

sbmcp ku`m-Ky-ambn Henhv ImWp-∂p. kwhm-Z-]q¿-

Æ-amb hmb-\-bv°mbn aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.

tUm.Fw.sI ap\o¿

D≈-S°w

]pXnb \q‰m-≠nse aX-\yq-\-]-£-ßƒ 21

a\ v Xpd-°Ww am‰-ßƒ ImWWw 27

]n∂m-°-Øns‚ ]Sn-bn-d-ßpI 30

auen-Im-h-Im-i-amWv hnizmkw 34

BImiw t]mse AXn-cp-I-fn-√mØ `qanbpw 38

amdp∂ kml-N-cy-ßfpw ]pXnb sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw 45

ka-`m-h-\-bpsS C¥y 51

aXw _e-]-tbm-K-a√ 54

]Xn-Im-c-Nn-¥-b√ ]Xymi hf¿ØWw 57

dakm≥ hX-e£yw kz`m-h-kw-kvI-cWw 61

]Ir-Xnsb Icp-W-tbmsS kao-]n-°pI 64

Jp¿-Bs‚ ktµiw 77

temIt\XrXzw a\p-jyXzw am\n-°pI 83

Bfl-k-Ø-bpsS \ndhpw `mhhpw 89

Bfl-kw-kvI-c-W-Øns‚ ]pWy-Imew 93

kaq-l-Øns‚ im¥n 96

am\-hn-I-X-bpsS ]Nm-c-I-cm-hpI 99

\∑bpw kam-[m-\hpw Pohn-X-e-£y-am-°pI 102

aAvcn_v AW-s°´pw k_-Av kaq-lhpw 106

]X]h¿Ø\w CuPn-]vXn¬ 109

A¬ Akvl¿ k¿h-I-em-ime 114

Ad_n`mjm t_m[-\-Øn\v

Ce-IvtSm-WnIv Iw]yq-´¿ 120

B^n-°≥ \mSp-Ifpw Ckm-tbepw 123

A\p-_‘w : ivaim-\-`qan ˛ Jeo¬ Pn_m≥ 133

kw`m-jWw : Gsd-∏-d-bmsX F√mw ]d™v

˛tPmWn eqt°mkv 139

P\m-[n-]-Xy-tN-cn-bpsS i‡n-tkm-X v

˛]n.-sI. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿ 158

B¿÷-hhpw kz¥-amb

ImgvN-∏m-Sp-ap≈ t\Xmhvhn.B¿. IrjvW-ø¿

aX-X-Xz-ßƒ°-\p-kr-X-ambn Pohn-°p∂ am\y-hy-‡nbpw cmjvSob

t\Xm-hp-amb kønZv apl-Ω-Zen inlm_v Xßsf Rm≥ _lp-am-

\n-°p-∂p. B¿÷-h-Øn-s‚bpw hn\-b-Øn-s‚bpw t]cn¬ Rm≥

At±-lsØ BZ-c-hns‚ Hu∂-Xy-Øn¬ ]Xn-jvTn-°p-∂p. Idp-Ø-

]p-≈n-ho-gmØ hy‡n-Isf cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ Im-WpI Ffp-∏-a-√.

At±-l-Øns‚ ap≥Km-an-bmb alm-\mb kønZv _m^-Jn-X-ßƒ

kwip-≤-\m-bn-cp-∂p. kz¥w ]hrØnI-fn¬ kpXm-cyX ]pe¿Øp-

Ibpw aXt\Xm-sh∂ \ne-bnep≈ Xs‚ I¿Ω-ß-fn-se√mw \∑

\ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvX hy‡n-bm-W-t±-lw. ap≥Km-an-bpsS Ime-

Sn-∏m-Sp-Iƒ ]n¥p-S¿∂p sIm≠v apl-Ω-Zen inlm_v Xßfpw [m¿Ωn-

I-ambn D∂-X\n-e-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. XXzm-[n-jvTn-X-amb Nne Imc-W-

ß-fm¬ apkvenw eoKns‚ cmjvSo-b-tØmSv tbmPn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-tºmƒ

Xs∂, \yq\-]-£m-h-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-t°≠ Bh-iy-I-Xsb

Rm≥ hne-a-Xn-°p-∂p. Ah-cpsS kwkvImcw \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m≠pw

P\m-[n-]-Xy-am¿§-ß-fn-eqsS hnI-k\w ssIh-cn-®p-sIm-≠p-amWv CXv

km[n-t°-≠-Xv. Xo¿®-bmbpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ hnPbw Af-t°-

≠-Xv \yq\-]-£-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-tfmSpw \yq\-]-£-a-WvU-e-ß-fnse hnhn-

[ -hn-`m-K-ß-tfmSpw DZm-c-ambpw ka-Xz-]q¿∆-ambpw s]cp-am-dp-∂pthm

F∂Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv. hyXykvX aX kap-Zm-b-ßƒ

kvt\l-tØm-sSbpw kulr-Z-tØm-sSbpw s]cp-am-dp∂ kaq-l-Øns‚

10

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Xmf-s∏m-cp-ØsØ Bi-bn®p \n¬°p∂p, AXns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-

I-amb Hu∂-Xyw. kln-jvWp-X-bpsS iXp-hmWv aX-`m-¥v. C¥y

lnµp-°ƒ°pw apkvenwIƒ°pw InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°pw skmcm-kvXn-

b¿°pw tKmX-h¿§-°m¿°p-sa√mw Xpey-ambn Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-XmWv

F∂v \mw AwKo-I-cn-®m¬ amXta C¥y°v `mhn-bp-≈q. inlm_v

Xßsf kw_-‘n-®nS-tØmfw At±lw a‰p≈ Iq´-cp-ambn

kulm¿±w Imw£n-°p∂ Bfm-Wv. tIc-f-Øns‚ hnP-b-I-c-amb

aX-_-lp-kz-c-X°v AsXmcp henb ssIap-X-em-Wv. Zpjn-®p-t]mb

cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ \n∂pw h¿§obkv]¿≤-I-fn¬ \n∂pw hnap-‡-ambn

D∂-X-amb [m¿ΩnI t_m[w ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xm-Wv, kønZv inlm_v

Xßƒ°v al-\ob ÿm\-ßƒ e`n-°p-hm≥ ImcWw. C¥y-bpsS

Xmev]-cy-ßƒ°p-th≠n ]h¿Øn-°p∂ \s√mcp t\Xm-hm-W-t±lw.

Rm≥ At±-l-Øn\v A¿∏n-°p∂ ARvP-en-bm-Wn-Xv.

11

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Pohn-X-tcJ

12

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

13

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

]mW-°mSv kønZv apl-Ω-Zen inlm_v Xßƒ

Pohn-X-tcJkn.]n. sskX-ehn

A¥y]hm-N-I≥ apl-ΩZv \_n-bpsS ap∏-sØm-º-Xm-aXv ]uX-

]-c-º-c-bnse tZim-¥c ]i-kvX-amb hy‡nXzw.

PohnX\∑-I-fpsS kar-≤n-sIm≠v aX, cmjvSo-b, `mj, tZi

t`Z-as\y BZ-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

ae-bm-fn-bpsS a\:kwL¿j-ßƒ°pta¬ kam-izm-k-Øns‚ ag-

Øp-≈n-I-fmWv inlm_v Xß-fpsS hm°p-I-tfm-tcm-∂pw. aµ-kvan-X-

am¿∂ B km∂n[ywt]mepw km¥z-\-Øns‚ ]qa-c-Ø-W-em-hp∂p

\mSn-\v.

]kmZ-a-[pcamb apJ--tØm-sS-b-√msX Cu Xnc-°p≈ cmjvSob

t\Xm-hns\ Bcpw I≠n-ń-√. cm]I-en-√msX X\n°p Np‰pw Xnßn-

\n¬°p-∂-h¿ FÆ-a‰ PohnX]iv\-ßƒ \nc-Øp-tºmgpw, AXn-

\nsS k¶o¿Æ cmjvSob hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn I£n-t\-Xm-°ƒ h∂p

ImØn-cn-°p-tºmgpw hm¿Ø-IƒtXSn am[y-a-∏S ap∂n¬ \n¬°p-

tºmgpw B apJØv apjn-∏ns‚, hnc-k-X-bpsS Xnc-bn-f-°-tam, hm°p-

I-fn¬ A\n-jvS-Øns‚ kzctam IS-∂p-h-cm-dn-s√m-cn-°epw.

14

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

P\-ßƒ°p-th≠n Pohn-°p-∂-h-cmWv s]mXp-]-h¿Ø-I¿ F∂mWv

]d-bm-dp-≈-Xv. ]t£, ]mcm-_v[-ß-fpsS IÆo¿]m-S-ß-fn-e-e-bp∂

]mh-ßƒ amXw kZm Acn-In-se-Øn, Xo¿Øpw hy‡n-]-c-amb k¶-

S-ßƒ t_m[n-∏n®v ]iv\-]-cn-lmcwtXSn, ]m¿∞-\bpw NnIn-’bpw

acp∂pw am¿K-\n¿t±ihpw Bio¿hm-Zhpw amX-a-√, ssI\o-´hpw

hmßn a\:kwXr-]vXn-tbmsS ]Sn-bn-d-ßn-t∏m-Ip∂ ImgvN sImS-∏-

\-°¬ hoń¬ inlm_v Xß-fn-cn-°p∂ ]kn-≤-amb h´-ta-i°-cn-

In¬ amX-ta- ImWq. ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ ]eXv Ign-™n´pw apd-sX-‰mØ

Bh¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ]ń-I. ]mW-°ms´ ]Sn-hm-Xn¬ AS-™p-In-S-

°m-dn-√. 24 aWn-°qdpw AXp Xpd∂pInS-°p-∂p. B ap‰Øv sN√p-

∂-h-cmcpw Hcp t\csØ Blmcw Ign-°msX Xncn-®p-t]m-Ip-∂p-an-

√. t\cw sh≈-Io-dp-∂-Xp-ap-X¬ ]mXn-ca-bßpwhsc sImS-∏-\-°¬

hoń¬ Bsfm-gn-bp-∂n-√. as‰mcp cmjvSob t\Xm-hn-\-SpØpw CX-

tbsd km[p-P\ßƒ a\ ptN¿∂p \n¬°p-∂p-≠m-hn-√. at‰Xp

t\Xm-hn-t\mSv Cßs\ lrZ-b-th-Z\ ]¶p-sh-°m-\mIpw?

Bfpw Xchpw t\chpw t\m°msX B¿°p-sa-t∏m-gp-a-hnsS Ib-

dn-s®-√mw. F√m-hcpw AXn-Yn-Iƒ. \qdpIW-°n\vt]¿ ]Xn-Zn\w

h∂pt]mIp-tºmgpw F√m Bh-em-Xn-Iƒ°pw kua-\-ky-tØmsS

ImXv sImSp-°p-∂p Cu P\-\m-b-I≥. ]iv\-k-¶o¿Æ-X-I-fpsS sI´p-

]m-Sp-I-f-gn-bp-∂p. AIw -im-¥-am-°p∂ Bizm-k-hm-°p-Iƒ tIƒ°p-

∂p. -h¿j-ß-tfmfw tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ sI´p-]n-W™pInS∂ tIkp-Iƒ

Ipcp-°-gn-bp-∂p. -Nne tIkp-Iƒ, \nb-a-cw-K-Øp-≈-h¿Xs∂ Xo¿∏ns‚

km[yX tXSn inlm_v Xß-fpsS a[y-ÿy-Øn\p hnSpw. hnhm-

lw, kzØv X¿°w, al√v `cW]iv\w, [\-an-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ XpSßn

]eXpw Cu "tImS-Xn'-bn-se-Øpw. Hcp \oXn-\ymbÿm]-\-Øn\pw

Ign-bmØX Ffp-∏-Øn¬ hn[nXo¿∏pw e`n-°pw.

cmjvSo-b-Ønepw s]mXp-Po-hn-X-Øn-ep-sa√mw Cu a[y-ÿy-

Øns‚ \oXn ImWmw. [\mVy\pw ]mc-º-cy-ap≈ ]mtZ-inI apkvenw

eoKv t\Xm-hp-ambncp∂ A_vZp-≈ lmPnbpw ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-°m-c-\mb

cma≥amÃdpw thßc Kma-]-©m-b-Øns‚ ]kn-U≠v ]Z-hn-bn-te°v

(kw-h-cWw hcpw apºv) \n¿t±in-°-s∏´ t]cp-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Ccp-]-

£Øpw ]h¿Ø-Icpw CS-Øcw t\Xm-°-∑mcpw hmin-tbmsS AWn-

\nc∂p. cma≥amÃsd ]Jym-]n-®m¬ lmPnbpw Iqćpw ]m¿ń-hn-Sp-

sa∂v ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-ap≠mbn. lmPn-bm-Is´ inlm_v Xß-fpsS ]nXm-

hns‚ Imew-sXmt´ ]mW-°m-Sp-ambn IpSpw_ kplr-sØ-∂-t]mse

ASp-∏-ap≈ Bfpw ]©m-b-Øns‚ ap≥ ]kn-U-≠pw. Xßƒ

15

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

]pXnb ]kn-U≠v ÿm\m¿∞nsb ]Jym-]n-®p- ˛ cma≥amÃ-dpsS

t]cv. lmPnbpw Iqćpw ]m¿ń-hn-´p. ]t£ \ymbhpw \oXnbpw

cma≥amÃ-dpsS ]£-Øm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Xßƒ°v \√ t_m[yw.

Atd-_y-bnse lf¿au-Øn¬ \n∂v DØ-c-tI-cfØnse hf-]-´-

WØv h∂v Xma-k-am°nb kønZv Aen inlm-_p-±o-\n-eqsS-bmWv

inlm_v Xß-fpsS hwim-h-en-bpsS km∂n[yw tIc-f-Xo-cØv Bcw-

`n-°p-∂-Xv. hym]m-chpw BZ¿i-]-Nm-c-Whpw F∂ Pohn-Xhpw

[¿Ωhpw? Cu Ad_v hwi-Øns‚ cmPym-¥c bmX-I-fpsS e£y-

ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

hWn-°p-I-fmbnh∂v Iogvs∏-Sp-Øp-I-b-√, CS-]-gInPohn®v,

kwkvImc-ßƒ ssIam-dn, kmtlm-Z-cy-Øns‚hnØv hnX-bv°p-I-bm-

bn-cp-∂p. lnPvd 1212¬ P\n® kønZv aplv-fm¿ Xß-fmWv Gd-\m-

ń¬ IS-ep-≠n-∏p-g-tbm-csØ ae-∏pdw Kmaw Cu kønZvhwi-Øns‚

Bÿm-\-am-°n-b-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ ]uXs‚ ]uX-\mbn kønZv

apl-Ω-Zen inlm_v Xßƒ 1936 sabv 4\v P\n-®p. ]nXmhv: ]n.Fw.Fkv.-

F. ]qt°mb Xßƒ (tI-cf apkvenw-I-fpsS Bflob\mb-I\pw

apkvenw eoKns‚ ap≥ kwÿm\ ]kn-U≠pw ]apJ hnZym-

`ymk]Nm-c-I-\pw). amXmhv: Ae-hnøIp™n -_o-hn.

]mW-°mSv Un.Fw.B¿.Sn.kvIqƒ, tImgn -t°mSv Fw.Fw.

sslkvIqƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-kw. 1953 apX¬ 1958

hsc tXmg-∂q¿, Xe-°-S-Øq¿ F∂o ]ikvX Z¿kpI-fn¬ aX-]-T-

\w. 1958¬ CuPn-]vXnse ]pcm-X\ ]kn-≤-amb A¬-˛-A-kvl¿

k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bn¬ tN¿∂p. aq∂p-h¿jsØ ]T-\-tijw Ckvem-

anIhn⁄m\o-b-Øn¬ D∂X_ncp-Zw. 1961 apX¬ 1966 hsc sIbvtdm

bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬ NcnXKth-j-Whpw Ad_vkmln-Xy-Øn¬

amÃ¿_ncp-Z-hpw.

amen-Zzo]v ]kn-U≠v aAvaq≥ A_vZp¬Jøqw,. amen hntZi

Imcy-a¥n ^X-lp-≈ -P-ao¬ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ kl-]m-Tn-Iƒ. C¥y≥

bqWn-b≥ apkvenweoKv ]kn-U-≠m-bn-cp∂ kønZv A_vZp-d-ln-am≥

_m^Jn Xß-fpsS ]pXn ico^m ^mØna _ohn-bp-ambn 1966

\hw. 24\v hnhm-lw. kplvd _ohn (k-ønZv \mk¿ aivlq¿ Xßƒ,

IÆq¿), kønZv _jo-den inlm_v Xßƒ (j-aoa _ohn, IÆq¿),

ss^dqkv _ohn (k-ønZv epJvam≥ Xßƒ, Ip‰n-∏p-dw), kaod _ohn

(k-ønZv bqkp^v ssltZmkv Xßƒ, sImbn-em-≠n), kønZv Al-

ΩZv ap\-∆-den inlm_v Xßƒ (^m-Øna l\n-ø, sImbn-em-≠n)-

F-∂n-h¿ a°fpw acp-a-°-fpw.

16

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

kp∂n bph-P\kwLw kwÿm\]knU≠v kønZv Da-den

inlm_v Xßƒ, ae-∏pdw Pn√m apkvenweoKv ]kn-U≠v kønZv

sslZ-cen inlm_v Xßƒ, apkvenw bqØveoKv kwÿm\ ]kn-

U≠mbn-cp∂ kønZv kmZn-Jen inlm_v Xßƒ, Fkv.sI.Fkv. Fkv.

F v kwÿm\ ]kn-U≠v kønZv A∫m-ken inlm_v Xßƒ

F∂n-h¿ ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿.

tIc-f-Ønse \m\q-tdmfw ]≈n al-√p-I-fpsS Jmknÿm\w.

1975 sk]vXw. 1\v apkvenweoKv kwÿm\ ]kn-U≠mbn Npa-X-e-

tb-‰p. aq∂p ]Xn-‰m-≠n-e-[nIambn ]kn-U≠v ]Z-hn-bn¬ sFI-I-

WvtT\ sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂p F∂pw A[n-Im-c-Øn¬\n∂v AI-

∂p-\n¬°p∂ Cu cmjvSob t\Xm-hv. Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse D∂X

aX-I-em-e-b-amb ]ń-°mSv PmanA \qcn-ø, Fw.C.F. F©n-\ob-

dnwKv tImtf-Pv, hfm-t©cn a¿° kpØ¿_n-ø-Øn¬ Ckvem-anø

XpSßn Aº-Xn¬]cw D∂X hnZym-`ymkÿm]-\-ß-fp-sSbpw A\m-

Y-im-e-I-fp-sSbpw ]kn-U-≠v. tIc-f-Øn¬ G‰-hp-a-[nIw ÿm]-\-

ß-fpsS DZvLm-S-\hpw inem-ÿm-]-\hpw \n¿∆-ln® hninjvShy‡nXzw

(Hcp ]t£ CsXmcp temI-dn-°m¿Um-hmw).

Hcp kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Bflobt\Xmhpw Hcp cmjvSob]m¿ń-

bpsS kmc-Yn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n´pw aX, I£n t`Z-as\y ae-bmfn kaqlw

BZ-c-thmsS lrZ-b-Øn¬ kzoI-cn® hy‡n-Xzw. aX-ssa-Xn°pw

tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y-\-Øn\pw al-Ømb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬Inb tIc-

fo-b≥. tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y\ kan-Xn-bw-Kw. kap-Zm-bm-¥-co£w ]£p-

_v[-amb L´-ß-fn¬ (_m-_cn akvPnZv XI¿°-s∏-´-Xpƒs∏-sS)

Bflkwb-a-\-Øn\v Blzm\w sNbvXv tIc-fsØ h¿Ko-bm-·n-

bn¬\n∂v c£n-®p-\n¿Ønb P\-\m-b-I≥. im¥n, kam[m\- b⁄-

ßƒ Pohn-X-Zu-Xy-ambn Gs‰-SpØ s]mXp]h¿Ø-I≥.

]mc-ºcyhnip-≤nbpw aX-]-chpw ùXn-I-hp-amb D∂X hn⁄m-

\hpw hntZihnZym-`ym-khpw buh-\m-cw-`w sXmt´-bp≈ temI-k-

©m-c-ßfpw (Cu-Pn-]vXv, Cdm≥, ba≥, ê-kvXo≥, _n´¨, Ata-

cn-°, kuZn Atd-_y, bp. F. C., Ham≥, IpsshØv, _lvdn≥,

^m≥kv, amen, ate-jy, kn¶-∏q¿,....) Hmtcm bmXbpw Hmtcm ]T-

\-am°nØo¿ØXpw inlm_v Xß-fnse A\p-]ahy‡n-XzsØ

cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn. amXr-`m-j-bv°p-]p-dsa Cw•o-jv, Ad-_n, lnµn, D¿Zp,

t]¿jy≥, Xangv `mj-I-fnepw ]mho-Wyw.

Ncn-XsØ°pdn-®p≈ AKm-[-amb Adnhpw kwkvIm-c-ß-sf-°p-

dn-®p≈ \nc-¥-c-amb At\z-j-W-ßfpw kwKo-Xhpw hmb-\-bp-sa√mw

17

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

tN¿∂-XmWv B Pohn-Xw.

kPohcmjvSo-b-Øn¬ \n∂v AI-∂p-amdn cmjvSobw ]Tn-°p-I-

bm-bn-cp-∂p hnZym¿∞n Pohn-X-Øn¬. CuPn]vXv hn´ph∂-t∏mƒ Fgp-

Ønepw hnZym-`ymk]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw apgp-In. ]T\,-kmwkvIm-cnI

]cn-]m-Sn-I-fnse ]`m-j-Whpw kmaqly tkh\ kwcw-`-ß-fp-ambn

s]mXpcwKØv kPo-h-am-bn.

Ihn-Xbpw teJ-\hpw Kth-jW ]_-‘-ßfpw Ncn-Xm-Jym-bn-

I-I-fp-sa√mw Fgp-Øn¬ hym]-cn® taJ-e-I-fm-Wv. Ad_v kmln-

Xy-Ønse alm-]-Xn-`-I-fmb A∫mkv alvaq-Zp¬ AJm-Zv, \Po_v

alv^q-kv, Xzmlm lpssk≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ Imºkv ImesØ ]nb

Fgp-Øp-Im¿.- t_-∏q¿ kp¬Øms‚ sshem-ense t]mse, CuPn-

]vXns‚ _jo¿ Bbn-cp∂ A∫mkv alvaq-Zp¬ AJm-Zns‚ hoń¬

F√m sh≈n-bmgvN sshIp-t∂-c-ß-fnepw kmlnXyN¿®-°mbn HØp-

tN-cp∂ kwL-Ønse AwK-ambn inlm_v Xßƒ.

temI-Øns‚ \m\m-Zn-°n¬\n∂pap≈ _lp-`m-jm, kwkvIm-c,

h¿Æ anin-X-ambn hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ tN¿∂n-cn-°p∂ Ae-Ivkm-

≠nbbn¬, saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥XocØv "_Nv]≥ sI Zn≥ `pem\

tZ\m............' F∂ lnµn Km\w cmKm¿Z-ambn Be-]n® apl-Ω-

Zen inlm_v F∂ hnZym¿∞n sIbvtdm k¿∆-I-em-imem Imº-

kns‚ ]nb Kmb-I-\pambn-cp-∂p.

1990¬ thƒUv A°m-Zan Hm^v B¿Svkv B‚ v Iƒ®¿ sIbvtdm-

bn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n® ]Xn-s\m-∂m-aXv temI IhnktΩ-f-\-Øn-te°v

]_-‘m-h-X-c-W-Øn\v inlm_v Xßƒ £Wn-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ ae-

bm-fn-°-sXmcp IuXp-I-hm¿Ø-bm-bn. CXv shdpw cmjvSob t\Xm-

h-s√-∂v.

cmjvS-]Xn sI.B¿. \mcm-b-W≥ Xs‚ s]mXp-Po-hn-X-Øn¬

G‰hpw kzm[o-\n-°-s∏´ hy‡n-I-fn-sem-cm-fmbn I≠Xv inlm_v

Xß-sf-bm-Wv. H‰-∏m-eØv a’-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xßsf ]Nm-c-W-Øn-

\p sIm≠p-t]m-Im≥ \mcm-b-W≥ Xs∂ sImS-∏-\-°¬ hcpw. Xnc-

°n¬ Zqsc amdn-\n¬°p-∂, B temI-]-ikvX \b-X-¥-⁄s\

Xßƒ BZ-c-]q¿∆w ssI]n-Sn®v AIsØ kzoI-c-W-ap-dn-bn-te°v

B\-bn-°pw.

hnZym¿∞n PohnXImeØv CuPn-]vXn¬ h∂ C¥y≥ ][m-\-

a¥n Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdphns\ hnam-\-Øm-h-f-Øn¬ kzoI-cn-°m≥

\nbp-‡-amb hnZym¿∞n kwL-Øn¬ Hcmƒ inlm_v Xß-fm-bn-cp-

∂p. C¥y≥ hnZym¿∞n-bm-sW-∂dn™-t∏mƒ s\lvdp-hns‚ kw`m-

18

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

jWw Hu]-Nm-cnI-X-°-∏p-dw Hcp IpSpw-_mwK-sa∂ t]mse-bm-bn.

CuPn]vXv ]kn-U≠v Pam¬ A_vZp-∂m-k-dn-s\bpw am¿j¬ Snt‰m-

sbbpw ]WvUn‰vPn aptJ\ Ahn-sS-h®v ]cn-N-b-s∏-´p.

C¥y≥ ]kn-U-≠p-am-cn¬ Ip-±o≥ Aen Al-Ω-Zv, hn.hn. Kncn,

i¶¿Z-bm¬ i¿a, sI.B¿. \mcm-b-W≥, F.]n.sP. A_vZp¬ Iemw,

][m-\-a-¥n-amcn¬ Cµn-cm-Km-‘n, cmPo-hvKm-‘n, hn.]n. knßv, sF.-

sI. KpPvdmƒ, ]n.hn. \c-knw-l-dm-hp, a≥tam-l≥ knßv XpS-ßn-b-

h¿ B ]cn-NnX, kulrZhrØ-Øn-ep-≠v. tkmWn-bm-Km‘n Hcp

IpSpw_ kplr-sØ-∂-t]mse GXv hntij-th-f-bnepw sImS-∏-\-

°¬ hk-Xn-bn-te°phnfn®v t£am-t\z-jWw \S-Øpw.

C.Fw.Fkv, ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥, sI.Icp-Wm-I-c≥, F.-sI. B‚-

Wn, ]n.sI. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿, kn.F®v. apl-ΩZv tImb, \mb-

\m¿, DΩ≥Nm-≠n, hn.Fkv. ANyp-Xm-\-µ≥ XpS-ßnb a¥n-am¿,

tIcf Kh¿W¿am¿, tIµ-a¥nam¿, Imivao¿ ap≥ apJya¥n

^mdqJv A_vZp√, Xan-gv\mSv apJy-a¥n Icp-Wm-\n-[n, I¿Wm-SI

apJy-a¥n hoc-∏-sambven F∂n-h-cp-sa√mw inlm_v Xßsf kvt\-

l-]q¿∆w Adn-™-h¿.

PÃnkv hn. B¿. IrjvW-ø¿, Ip¬Zo]v \øm¿, Zneo]vIpam¿,

Kpemw-\_n BkmZv, Al-ΩZv ]t´¬, hb-em¿ chn, Ct¥m-t\-jy≥

ap≥ ]kn-U≠v A_vZp-d-ln-am≥ hmlnZv XpS-ßn-b-h-sc√mw sImS-

∏-\-°se BXnYyw \pI¿∂-h¿.

inlm_v Xßsf ae-bm-fn-°-dn-bmw.

ae-bm-fn-bp≈ GXv \mńepw inlm_v Xßsf Adn-bmw.

tIc-f-Ønse A[:ÿnX ]n∂m° P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ°v Ah-Imi

kac\mb-I-\mWv kuay-io-e-\mb t\Xm-hv. h¿Ko-b-Xbpw Xoh-

hm-Zhpw òI-c-Xbpw P\-X-bpsS sFIyhpw \mSns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw

XI¿°p-sa∂v \nc-¥cw ap∂-dn-bn∏v \¬In, P\-ßƒ°p \∑bpsS

]tNm-Z-\hpw Bfl-ho-cy-hp-ta-Ip∂ k¿hm-Z-c-Wob hy‡n-Xzw.

Jm≥ kmln-_v, Jm≥ _l-Zq¿ ]´-ßƒ Inń-b -ta-\n-bn¬ kaq-

l-Ønse kº-∂¿ ]ecpw _nó-jp-Im-tcmSv Iqdp-Imń \S-∂-t∏mƒ,

ae-_m-dnse ZcnZam∏nf I¿j-I¿s°m∏w \n∂v _nójv hncp≤

t]mcm-´-ßƒ°v t\XrXzw\¬Inb kønZv lpssk≥ B‰-t°mb

Xß-fpsS tZim-`n-am\ c‡-amWv inlm_v Xß-fpsS ]mc-º-cyw.

_nó-jp-Im¿s°Xnsc Iem-]-Øn\v Blzm\w \¬In-s°m≠v

F. Un. 1880¬ kønZv lpssk≥ B‰-t°mb Xßƒ ^Xvh ]pd-

s∏-Sp-hn-®p. B_m-e-hr≤w I¿jIkaqlw ka-c-ap-∂-Wn-bn¬ AWn-

19

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

tN¿∂p. 1882¬ ]´mfw Xßsf AdÃvsNbvXv Xan-gv\m-ńse sh√q-

cn-te°v \mSp-I-S-Øn. ac-W-]-cy¥w in£-bm-bn-cp-∂p. sh√q¿ Pbn-

en-e-S-®p. AhnsS ac-W-a-S-™p.

kønZv lpssk≥ B‰-t°mb Xß-fpsS ]uX-\mWv inlm_v

Xß-fpsS ]nXmhv ]n.Fw.Fkv.F. ]qt°mb Xßƒ. 1948se ojW

L´-Øn¬ BZ¿i t]mcm-´-Øns‚ hgn-bn¬ A\n-›n-X-amb

Pbn¬hmkw G‰p-hmßn XS-¶-en¬ Ign™p ]qt°mb Xßƒ. ]Xn-

k‘nL´-ß-fn¬ km[m-c-W-°m¿s°m∏w P∑-\m-Sn-\mbn Ic-fp-d®p

s]mcp-Xnb hoc-]m-c-º-cy-Øns‚ XymK-tim-Wn-a-bm¿∂ hwi-N-cn-X-

amWv kønZv apl-Ω-Zen inlm_v Xßƒ.

20

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

`mKw H∂vteJ-\-ßƒ

21

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

]pXnb \q‰m-≠nse

aX-\yq-\-]-£-ßƒ

cmjvS kzmX-¥y-Øn\pth≠n G‰hpw henb kw`m-h-\-b¿∏n-

®-h-cmWv C¥ybnse \yq\-]-£-hn- m-K-ßƒ. P∑-\m-Sn\pth≠n-bp≈

t]mcm´w hnizm-k-Øns‚ `mK-ambn°≠ kaqlw Cu am¿§-Øn¬

Pohm¿∏-W-Øn\v k∂-≤-am-bm-Wn-d-ßn-b-Xv. Hcp kap-Zmbw F∂

\nebv°v _nó-jp-Im¿s°-Xnsc H‰-s°- mbn Iem]w sNbvX-hcmWv

apkvenwIƒ. P∑- qanbpsS kzmX¥yw s]mcpXnhmßn-b-h¿°v C¥y

kz¥w c‡Øne-en™ hnIm-c-am-Wv. -]-t£, CXw-Ko-I-cn-®p -sIm-

Sp-°m≥ k∑-\- n-√mØ Hcp hn`m-K-Øns‚ t_m[-]q¿h-amb ia-

ßƒ \yq\-]-£-ßsf ]tXy-In®v apkvenwIsf cmPy-Øns‚ iXp-

°-fm-sW∂v hcp-Øn-Øo¿°m-\p≈ ]≤-Xn-I-fmbn cq]-s∏- n-cn-°p∂p

F∂-XmWv tJZ-I-cw.

Ncn-X-Øn-se ]cn-Wmak‘n-I-fn¬ \n∂v GsX-¶nepw Hcp hcn-

sb-SpØv Zp¿hym-Jym\w sNbvXv AXn¬\n∂v sX‰mbNcn-X-ßƒ

s\bvXv \yq\-]-£-ßƒs°-Xnsc ]tbm-Kn-°p∂ cmjvSobw hym]-

I-am-Ip-∂p. CXns\ sNdp-°m\pw CXn-e-S-ßnb hn]Øv Nq≠n-°m-

´m\pw atX-X-c-Xzhpw ]ptcm-K-a-\hpw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ I£n-I-ƒ-

t]mepw Xøm-dm-Ip-∂n-√. \yq\-]-£ßfp-∂-bn-°p∂ Bh-iy-ß-fpsS

\ymbm-\ym-b-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°pIt]mepw sNømsX Ah-b-Xbpw

cmjvS-hn-cp-≤-am-sW∂v ]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw \oXn-°mbn ka-c-Øn-\n-

dßn-b-h¿s°-Xn-sc, kacw \S-Øm≥th≠n Hcp-Xcw tZ-io-b- Im¿-

Un-d-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. `c-W-L-S\ hmKvZØw sNbvXXp Xcptam

22

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

F∂v tNmZn-°pI amX-amWv \yq\-]-£-ßƒ sNøp-∂-Xv. `c-W-L-S-

\m-]-c-amb Ah-Im-i-ßfpw AXns‚ A\p-_-‘-ßfpw amX-amWv

apkvenw \yq\-]-£-ßƒ Ct∂mfw Bh-iy-s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xv. a‰p-f-f-h-cp-

tS-Xn¬\n∂v Htcm-l-cn°v th≠n-b-√, A¿lambXv In´m≥th≠n-

bmWv apd-hn-fn.

\yq\-]-£- -]n-∂m° kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn-bm-Wt√m cmjvS-

Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ ]q¿W-Xbpw. Cu ImgvN-

∏m-Snepw ka-Xz-Øn\pw \oXn°pw th≠n-bp≈ \yq\-]-£-˛-]n-∂m°

hn`m-K-ß-fpsS ]cn-i-a-ßƒ \ymb-am-Ip-∂p.

C¥y-bn¬ Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp∂ G‰hpw henb hn`m-Khpw \yq\-

]-£-ß-fn¬ AwK-kwJy sIm≠v H∂mw ÿm\Øpff apkvenw

kap-Zm-b-am-Wv. apkvenw]iv\-ß-tfmSv tZiobXe-Øn¬ Hcp \n wK

at\m- m-h-amWv an° - -cWh¿§hpw _p≤n-Po-hn-Iƒt]mepw ]pe¿Øn-

t∏m-∂-Xv. cmPy-Øns‚ s]mXp-]-iv\-ß-f-√msX apkvenw-Iƒ°v ]-

tXy-I-amb ]iv\-ß-fn√ Fs∂mcp \ne-]mSv Ch¿ kzoI-cn-°p-∂p.

Ime-ß-fmbn Hgn-bm-_m-[-bmbn ]n¥p-S-cp∂ ]n∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bpw \oXn

\ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Zpc-h-ÿbpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-

amb Itø‰-ßfpsa√mw IqSn-t®¿∂ Hcp Zpc¥NnX-amWv C¥y-bn-

se apkvenw \yq\-]-£-Øn-t‚-Xv. Cu NnXw ad-®p-]n-Sn-°m≥ a‰p

]Nm-c-W-ß-fn-te¿s∏-Sp-I-sb∂ t_m[-]q¿h-amb X¥w ^mknÃv

tIµ-ßƒ \S-∏m-°p-tºmƒ ]Xn-k-‘n-Isfbpw ]iv\ß-sfbpw

AXn-P-bn-°p-∂-Xn-s\m∏w hymP ]N-mc-W-ßsf ]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-Ibpw

sNtø≠ Npa-XeIqSn \yq\-]-£-ßƒ°p-≠m-Ip-∂p.

hnZym- ym-k- -sXm-gn¬ cwKsØ ]n∂m-°m-hÿ \yq\-]-£-Øns‚

ap-Jy-]-iv\-am-Wv. t]meo-kn-e-S°w DtZym-Kÿ aWvU-e-Øn-emsI

aXn-bmb ]mXn-\n-[y-an-√. hnZym-`ymk ]n∂m-°m-hÿ\nanØw D-

∂XtaJ-e-I-fn¬ Ib-dn-∏-‰m≥ tbmKy-cm-b-h-cpsS FÆhpw Ipd-bp-

∂p. s]mXpsh hnZym- ym-k-tØmSv sshap-Jy-ap≈ Ahÿ C\nbpw

apkvenw \yq\-]-£-ß-fn¬\n∂v ]te-SØpw hn´p-am-dn-bn- n-√. D≈ Ah-

k-c-ß-fp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ X°- t_m-[-h¬°-c-Whpw Cu \yq\-

]-£-hn- m-K-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ \S-°p-∂n-√. CXn-s\m∏w Ah-k-c-ßƒ \ntj-

[n-°-s∏-SpIIqSn sNøp-tºmƒ ]n∂m-°m-hÿ cq£-am-Ip-∂p. C¥y-

bn¬ ]mtZinIambn Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ apkvenwIƒ kmº-Øn-I-ambn

sa®-s∏- n- p-s≠-¶nepw Ahn-sSbpw Bim-h-l-a√ ÿnXn. mhn Bkq-

XWw sNøp-∂-Xnse sshI-ey-ßƒ ]e-t∏mgpw kmº-ØnI]ptcm-

KXn ssIh-cn-®p-sh∂v [cn-®-h-sc-t∏mepw XI¿®-bn-se-Øn-°p-∂p.

23

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

A¿∞-c-ln-X-amb Btcm-]-W-ßƒ

h¿Ko-b-X-bpsS AXn-]-k-c-amWv \yq\-]-£-ßsf Bi-¶-s∏-Sp-

Øp∂ as‰m∂v. t]meokpw ]´m-fhpw `c-W-X-ehpw _yqtdm-Ikn

samØhpw h¿Ko-b-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°-bm-sW∂ Bt£]w Ime-

ß-fmbn Db¿∂psIm≠n-cn°p-∂p. lnµpXz cmjvS-hm-Z-amWv mkn-

Ãp-I-fp-b¿Øp-∂-Xv. Cu apZm-hm-Iy-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ thtcm-´-ap-≠m-

Ipwhn[-ap≈ kao-]\w Nne atX-X-c- I-£n-Iƒt]mepw ssIs°m-

≈p-∂p. tZiob `mj, `mc-Xvam-Xm, KwKm-Pew XpS-ßnb Xe-s°-´p-

I-fp≈ bmX-Ifpw ]t£m- -ßfpw Cu h¿Ko-b-h¬°-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw

lnµp cmjvShmZ-Øns‚bpw A\p-_-‘-ß-fm-Wv. C¥y-bn¬

apkvenw hncp-≤-cmbn \ne-sIm≠ Nne-cm¬ Fgp-X-s∏´ I≈Ncn-X-

ßfp]tbm-Kn®v apkvenw \yq\--]-£sØ iXp-°-sf∂v apZ-b-Sn-°p-

∂p. cmPy-c-lkyw tNm¿Øn-b-Xnt\m cmjvS\mb-I-∑msc hI-h-cp-

Øn-b-Xnt\m H∂pw Ct∂-hsc Hscm‰ apkvenapw Ip‰-hm-fn-I-fmbn

]nSn-°-s∏- n- n-s√-¶nepw apkvenwIfpsS tZio-b-t_m-[hpw tZi-°qdpw

kw_-‘n®v `qcn-]-£-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn¬ kwibw hnX-bv-°p-I-bpw,

ItaW \yq\-]-£-hn-cp-≤ at\m`m-h-Øn\v qcn-]-£-ap-≠m-°p-I-bpw

Aßs\ A[n-Imcw ssI∏n-Sn-bn-sem-Xp-°p-I-bpw sNøp-I-bmWv

^mknÃv e£yw.

Ncn-X-Ønse A\n-jvS-I-c-amb KX-Ime kw`-h-ßƒ hnkva-cn®v

H∂m-bn-Øo-cp-hm\pw tbmPn-°m\pw kaqlw shº¬ sIm≈p-tºmƒ

ChnsS a\p-jysc XΩneI-‰p∂ Hcp cmjvSobw hf-cp-∂p. C¥ym-˛-

]mIv hn`-P\ImeØv tZiob cmjvSo-b-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬Inb

]ap-J-sc√mw aä-d-™p-t]m-bn. Zi-I-ßƒ I-gn-™n´pw Ct∏mgpw

]gb hn`-P\Imcyw ]d™v ]pXnbhn`-P\w krjvSn-°m≥ Hcp-sº-

Sp-∂Xv FXamXw A¿∞-c-ln-X-am-Wv!

th´-bm-S-s∏-Sp∂ kaqlw

C¥ybnse \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS Zpcn-X-ßƒ ]d-bp-tºmƒ at‰-sX-

¶nepw cmPysØ \yq\-]£]iv\-ßƒ ]Icw N¿®s°Sp-Øn-Sp∂

Hcp kº-Zm-b-ap-≠v. CXn-\¿∞w C¥y-bnse apkvenw \yq\-]-£w

Pmay-Ø-ShpIm-cm-sW-∂mtWm? sImSp-ºn-cn -sIm-≈p∂ Iem-]-ßsf

t]mepw emL-h-]q¿∆w ImWm≥ A[n-Im-cn-Isf t]cn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw

CØcw \n m-c-h¬°-c-W-am-Wv. ian-°mØ Iem-]-ß-fpsS ]c-º-

c-bn¬ Hcpkaqlw Iqc-ambn th´-bm-S-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn -°p∂

bmYm¿∞yw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw atX-X-c-Xzhpw apJykvXw`-ß-fmbn

24

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

kzoI-cn® Hcp cmPy-Øns‚ apJØv tNmc-∏m-Sp-Iƒ hogvØp-I-bmWv.

temI-Øn\v ap∂n¬ Ct∏m-gsØ C¥y≥ \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS

NnXw tNmc-]p-c≠ Zn\-ß-fp-tS-Xm-Wv. sIm∂pw Xn∂pw hmWncp-∂

]mIrXkwkvIrXn B[p-\nI kaq-l-Øn-\p-ta¬ IqSp-X¬ i‡nbpw

Iucy-hp-ambn B[n-]-Xy-ap-d-∏n-°p-I-bm-sW∂v kwi-bn-t°≠

kw`hKXn-I-fmWv Np‰pw. Icn-a-cp-∂pw a\p-jy-c-‡hpw anin-X-amb

K‘w ap‰n-\n¬°p∂ Ak-an¬ \n∂p≈ hm¿Ø-Iƒ lrZ-b-t`-Z-I-

am-Wv. hwiobIem-]-Øns‚ sImSn-tb-¥nb Xoh-hm-Zn-Iƒ \S-Ønb

BI-a-W-ß-fn¬\n∂v Poh≥ _m°n-bmb \yq\-]-£-ßsf ]p\-c-

[n-h-kn-∏n® Zpcn-Xm-izmk tIºp-I-fnepw b¥-tØm-°p-Iƒ ]n¥p-

S¿∂v acWw hnX-®p. A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Zp¿_-e-tcm, shdpwImgvN-°mtcm

Bbn\n¬°p-Ibpw \yq\-]-£-ßƒ Hcp kwL-i-‡n-bp-an-√msX

Akw-L-Sn-X-cm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXn-S-sØ√mw Cu ÿnXn XpS¿°-Y-

bm-Wv. Poh\pw kzØpw Bbp-jv°me kºm-Zy-hp-sa√mw \jvS-s∏-

Sp∂ Iem]]c-º-c-Iƒ krjvSn® Ac-£nXt_m[-Øns‚ òXn-Z-

amb \ng¬∏mSn-emWv \yq\-]-£-ßƒ Ign-bp-∂-Xv.- I-em-]-ß-fn¬

kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn\v \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ t]meokvtk\-t]mepw AI-

an-Iƒs°m∏w tNcp-tºmƒ ]oUn-X-k-aqlw c£-bpsS XocwImWmsX

\nXy-\n-cm-i-bn-emgv∂pt]mIp-∂p. _m_vcn akvPn-Zns‚ XI¿®bpw

\yq\-]-£-ß-fn¬ atX-Xc cmjvS-Ønse P\-ßƒ F∂ A`n-am-\-

t_m-[-Øn\pw ]Xo-£bv°pw aß-te¬∏n®p. atX-X-cXzw XI-cp-

∂Xv \yq\-]-£-ß-sf-bmWv apJy-ambpw _m[n-°p-I-sb-∂Xv

\nkvX¿°-am-Wv.

kzXzw XI¿°p∂ sNbvXn-Iƒ

\m\m-Xz-Øn¬ GI-Xz-sa∂ cmPy-Øns‚ al-Ømb ss]Xr-

Ihpw atX-Xchyh-ÿbpw \mam-h-ti-j-am-bm¬ ^mknÃv I¿Ω

imkvXsØ AJWvU`mcX kwkvIm-c-ambn ASn-t®¬∏n-°m\pw

DØ-tc-¥y≥ kh¿Æ ta[m-hn-Ø-Øn\v Iogn¬ cmPy-Øns‚ \nb-

¥Ww AI-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Ignbpw. `c-W-L-S-\-sbbpw cmjvS-]n-Xm-

hn-s\-bp-sa√mw X≈n∏d-bm\pw PpUo-jy-dnsbt∏mepw [n°-cn-°m\pw

Hcp hn`mKw ChnsS Xøm-dm-Ip-∂Xv Cu ]pØ≥ B[n-]-Xy-Øn\p≈

aps∂m-cp-°-ß-fm-Wv. \yq\-]-£-ßƒ t\cn-Sp-∂ ImX-emb ]iv\w

hy‡nXzw Itø‰w sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv. \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS kmw-kvIm-

cnIkvXw`-ßfpw Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßfpw XI¿°p-∂-Xpw kam-¥c-

NcnXw cNn-°p-∂-Xpw kmaqly ]n∂m-°m-hÿ cq£-am-Im≥ _yq-

tdm-I-kn-bnepw A[n-Im-c-Ønepw \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS ]th-i\w XS-

25

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

b-s∏Spwhn[w cmjvSob ]Nm-c-W-ßƒ \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂Xpw Ah-cpsS

kºZv]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS hgn-Iƒ XS-bp-∂Xpw XI¿°p-∂Xpw Imbn-

I-ambnØs∂ t\cn-Sp-∂-Xp-sa√mw \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS kzXzw Xs∂

XI¿°pI F∂ Dt±-iy-tØmsS ^mkn-Ãp-Iƒ \S-∏m-°p∂ ]≤-

Xn-I-fm-Wv. \ne-hn-ep≈ \yq\-]£ ]ÿm-\-ßsft∏mepw XI¿-

°pwhn[ap≈ KqV]≤-Xn-Iƒ Cu e£y-tØmsS Bhn-jv°cn-°p-

∂p-≠v. Cu L´-Øn¬ ]Xn-tcm-[-Øn-\p≈ G‰hpw \√am¿§w P\m-

[n-]XycmjvSo-b-Øn¬ \yq\-]-£-ßƒ kzm[o\w t\Sp-I-bm-Wv.

A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ \n¿Æm-bI]¶v hln-°m\pw A[n-Imcw \nb-

¥n-°m-\p-ap≈ i‡n-bm-bn-Øo-cpI F∂Xpw ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p.

Cu hnimee£y-Øn\v A\p-Kp-W-amb P\m-[n-]XytNcn-Iƒ

krjvSn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. CXv Imte-°qń a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-™hcmWv

]q¿∆-Ime apkvenweoKv t\Xm-°ƒ. apkvenwIƒ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬

\n∂pw cmjvSo-b-Øn¬\n∂pw AI∂v\n∂v ]h¿Øn-°-emWv kap-

Zm-b-Øn\v A`n-Im-ay-sa∂v apkvenw \yq\-]-£-Ønse Hcp hn`mKw

]N-cn -∏n -®-t∏mƒ hyh-ÿm-]n -X-amb ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn -eqsS

\nba\n¿ΩmW k`-I-fn¬ ]¶m-fnØw t\Sp-Ibpw \ymb-amb kap-

ZmbXm¬]cy kwc-£-W-Øn\v A[n-Imcw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw

thW-sa∂v apkvenweoKv hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw AX-\p-kcn®v ]cn-]m-Sn-

I-fm-hn-jv°-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXphcp-∂p.

DØcw In´mØ tNmZyw

\yq\-]-£-ßƒ thdn´v kwL-Sn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]Icw atX-Xc ]m¿ń-

I-fn¬ ebn-°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv F∂ D]-tZiw ]ecpw \¬Im-dp-

≈-t∏mgpw atX-Xc I£n-I-fn¬ apkvenw Xm¬]cyw FXamXw

kpc-£n-X-am-sW∂ tNmZyw DØcw In´msX _m°n-bm-Ip-I-bm-Wv

]Xn-hv. ico-A-Øv, kwh-c-Ww, _m_vcn akvPn-Zv, apkvenw k¿h-I-

em-ime _n√p-Iƒ, GIknhn¬tImUv, h¿Kob Iem-]-ßƒ F∂n-

h-bnse√mw GsX√mw sk°p-e¿ ]m¿ń-Iƒ \yq\-]-£-ßƒ°v

A\p-Iq-e-amb \ne-]m-sS-SpØv \oXn-bpsS ]£Øv \n∂p F∂v

t\m°n-bm¬Øs∂ CXns‚ A¿∞-iq-\yX hy‡-am-Ipw. \yq\-

]£ kap-Zm-b-Øn¬s∏´p F∂ ImcWw sIm≠vamXw AI-an-°-

s∏-Sp-Ibpw \oXn \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ B kap-Zmbw

P\m-[n-]Xy am¿K-Øn¬ H‰°v kwL-Sn-°p-Ib√msX Xc-an-√. atX-

Xc ]m¿ń-I-fn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂-h¿t]mepw \yq\-]-£-°m-cm-b-Xns‚

t]cn¬ AI-an-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]oUn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX DZm-l-

c-W-ßƒ \ap°v apºn-ep-≠v.

26

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

apkvenw hy‡nXzw \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m≠v tZiob cmjvSo-b-Øn¬

\yq\-]£cmjvSo-b-Øns‚ ]k‡n t_m[y-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂ ia-

I-c-amb b⁄-amWv apkvenweoKv t\Xm-°ƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xv. Cu \yq\-

]£kwL-S-\sb Ccp-I-øp-ambn kzoI-cn-°m≥ apt∂m-´p-h∂ tIc-

f-Øn¬ \yq\-]-£-ßƒ i‡-cm-hp-Ibpw kpc-£n-X-cm-hp-Ibpw Ah-

Im-i-ßƒ t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. h¿KobIem-]-ß-fpsS hnj-hnØv

hnX-bv°m-\p≈ ia-ßfpw ChnsS hn^-e-am-bn. aX-\yq-\-]-£-ßƒ

kwL-Sn--°p-∂Xv sIm≠v h¿Ko-bX hf-cn-√ F∂-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-hp-

ambn tIc-fw. apkvenw F∂ t]cpw hniz-mkm-Nm-c-ßfpw CkvemanI

amb kmaqly Np‰p-]m-Sp-Ifpw `b-te-i-as\y \ne-\n¿Øm\pw AX-

\p-k-cn®v Pohn-°m\pw ]h¿Øn-°m\pw ]‰nb kml-Ncyw krjvSn-

°-s∏-Sp-tºm-gmWv hy‡nXzw \ne-\n¿Øm-\mbn F∂v Biz-kn-°m-

\m-hp-I. hy‡nXzw Dt]-£n®v s]mXp-[m-c-bn¬tNcpI apkvenwIsf

kw_-‘n®v Akm-[y-am-Wv. AØ-c-samcp tZio-b-[mc C¥y-bpsS

cmjvS\mb-I-∑mcpw k¶¬∏n-®n-ń-√. thZ-ß-fpw D]-\n-j-Øp-Ifpw

X]-Z¿i-\-ß-fpw -XW¬ ]c-Øp∂ A¥-co-£-Øn¬ CkvemanI

kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ kpK‘ hmln-bmb Ipfn¿sX∂epw IqSnt®¿∂-

en™v kº-∂-am-b- Hcp kwkvIr-Xn-bmWv C¥y-bp-tS-Xv. Cu

kvt\l kulr-Zm-¥-co£w \ne-\n¿Øm-\mWv F√m-hcpw ian-t°-

≠Xv.-

apkvenw \yq\-]-£-ßƒ sNtø-≠Xv

tIc-f-Øn¬ e`y-amb t\ -ßƒ tZiobXe-Ønepw ssIh-cn-°m-≥

Ign-b-W-sa-¶n¬ inYn-eo-I-c-W-Øns‚ at\m-`m-h-ap-t]-£n®v H‰-s°-

´mbn \n¬°m≥ apkvenw \yq\-]£w Xøm-dm-I-Ww. CØ-c-samcp

t_m[w kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-ń-ep-≠v. AXv hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°-Ww.

cmjvSob ]In-b-bn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fmbn P\m-[n-]-Xym-h-Im-i-ßƒ t\-

Sm-\p≈ hnim-e-amb tNcn-Iƒ krjvSn-s®-Sp-°-Ww. BLm-X-ß-fn¬

kvX_v[-cm-bpw \ncm-i-cmbpw ]n¥n-cn-bmsX apt∂m´v t]mIm-\p≈

IcpØv B¿÷n-°-Ww. cmjvS]p\¿\n¿ΩmW ]In-b-bn¬ \yq\-

]-£-ßƒ ]q¿Æ-ambn ]¶m-fn-I-fm-bm¬ AXv kzbw KpWwsNøpw.

H‰-s°-´mb apt∂‰w km[y-sa-¶n¬ ]pXnb \q‰m≠v C¥y≥ \yq\-

]-£-ßƒ°v ]Xym-i-bpsS shfn®w ]I-cp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw.

NµnI kzmX-¥y-Zn\ hnti-j-∏-Xn∏v

1994

27

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

a\ v Xpd-°Ww

am‰-ßƒ ImWWw

hn⁄m\ hnkvt^m-S-\-Øns‚ h¿W-]- -bn-emWv temIw. Iw]yq-

-dns‚ A\-¥-km-[y-XIƒ a\pjys\ Adn-hns‚ A]m-c-Xo-c-tØ°v

\bn-°p-I-bm-Wv. hy‡n-sbbpw kaq-l-sØbpw Hcp ]pXnb temI-

I-a-Øn-te°v ssI]nSn-°p-I-bmWv aoUnbIƒ. C≥t^m bp≤-ßfpw

Nm\¬ t]mcp-Ifpw BIm-iØv\n∂v hoSp-Iƒ°p-≈n-te°pw hy‡n-

bpsS a\- n-te°pw ]S¿∂v Ib-dp-∂p. hy‡n-bpsS Pohn-Xw, thjw,

`mj, kwkvImcw XpSßn A\p-`q-Xn-I-sf-t∏mepw \nb-¥n-°p-∂Xpw

hgn-Im-´p-∂Xpw aoUn-b-Iƒ Hcp ZuXywt]mse Gs‰-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-I-

bm-Wv. BIm-i-Øn-s‚bpw IS-en-s‚bpw ]¿∆-X-ß-fp-sSbpw AXn-

cp-I-fn-√m-sX, ]Xy-b-imkvX th¿Xn-cn-hp-I-fn-√msX temIwapgp-h≥

Hscm‰ Kma ambnØocp-I-bmWv hn⁄m\ hnkvt^m-S-\-Øn-eqsS

kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xv. t•m_¬ hnt√-Pv-˛-B-tKm-f-Kmaw˛ F∂ Cu Imgv-

N-∏m-Sn-s‚ adp-hiw òI-c-am-Wv. Hcn-°epw BK-ln-®n-ń-√mØ Hcp

kwkvIm-csØ hy‡n-bn-te°v ASn-t®¬∏n-°p-Ibpw ]Xn-tj-[-sam-

∂p-an-√msX a\p-jy≥ AXv Ccp-Iøpw \oń kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

∂p. AØ-c-samcp temIØv sh√p-hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv aqey-ß-fm-Wv.

\jvS-s∏-Sp-∂Xv D¬Ir-jvS-amb a\p-jy-Xz-am-Wv.

kzXzwXs∂ XI¿°-s∏-SpI F∂ Zpc¥w ChnsS kw`-hn-°p-

∂p. HmWw tIdm-aq-e-I-sf∂v ae-bmfn hnfn®pt]m∂ Dƒ\m-S≥ s]cp-

h-gn-I-fn¬t∏mepw ]Sn-™m-dns‚ krjvSn-bmb D]-t`m-K -kw-kvIm-c-

Øns‚ Ae-¶m-c-ßƒ Xqßn-bm-Sp-I-bm-Wv. BUw-_-c- -ahpw [q¿Øpw

28

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

s]mß-®hpw D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ A\-¥-c-^-e-ß-fm-Wv.

kzm¿∞-Xbpw Zpc-`n-am-\hpw AXns‚ Dt]m¬∏-∂-amb Iqc-Xbpw

kaq-lsØ ap®qSpw Kkn-®n-´p-≠v.

el-cn-bp-sSbpw ssewKnI Acm-P-I-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw hym]-\-Ønepw

aoUn-b-Iƒ henb]¶v hln-°p-∂p. IpØ-gn™ Pohn-X-coXn

krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-ß-s\-bm-Wv. Hmtcm Nm\-enepw hnf-ºp-∂Xv a[p-

ctam hnjtam F∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm-\m-hmsX kzoI-cn-t°≠n hcp-∂Xv

Zriy-am-[ya t]£-I-cpsS Zpc-¥-am-Wv. ImWn-°m\pw hniz-kn-∏n-

°m\pw kzm[o-\n-°m-\p-ap≈ sSen-hn-js‚ Ign-hn-s\-∏‰n ]ecpw

Bi¶ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. ]t£ sSen-hn-j\pw C‚¿s\-‰p-sa√mw

Adn-hns‚ hmXm-b-\-ßƒ Xpd-°p-∂-Xm-bn-´mWv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´-

Xv. Ac-\q-‰m≠v sIm≠v temI-P-\-X-bpsS akvXn-jvIam-bn-Øo-cm≥

Iºyq-´-dp-Iƒ°v Ign™p. ChnsS Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Zp»-

‡n-Iƒs°-Xnsc PmKX]pe¿Øm\pw Zriy-am-[y-a-ßsf hn⁄m

\h¿≤-\hn\v ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Ign-bWsa¶n¬- hnim-e-amb

Hcp am[y-a-Im-gvN-∏mSv \n¿_-‘-am-Wv. am[y-a-km-£-cX (MediaEducation)bneqsS amXta kaq-l-Øn\v CXn-en-S-s]-Sm≥ Ign-bp-I-

bp-≈q.

\∑-I¬∏n-°p-Ibpw Xn∑XS-bp-Ibpw sNøp-I-sb∂ ]Xy-b-im-

kvX-]-c-amb ZuXy-ap-≈-h-sc∂ \ne°v Cu kmaq-lym-¥-co-£-

Øn¬ CS-s]-Sm≥ apkvenwIƒ _m[y-ÿ-cm-Wv. ]pXnb \q‰m-≠ns‚

hmXn¬∏-Sn-bn¬\n¬°p∂ apkvenwtemIw D]-t`m-K-kw-kv°m-c-

Øns‚ B]-Øp-Iƒ°pw \mSv \in-∏n-°p∂ kmaqly Po¿W-X-

Iƒ°p-sa-Xnsc ]Xn-tcm[wXo¿°-Ww. \∑-bp-sSbpw ]c-kv]-c-kvt\-

l-Øn-s‚bpw Imcp-Wy-Øn-s‚bpw HuZm-cy-io-e-Øn-s‚bpw k∑m¿§

]Xo-I-ßƒ°p t\sc-bp-b-cp∂ òjWn Ckvemw hn`m-h\w sNøp∂

kmaq-lym-¥-co-£-sØbpw _m[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

Hmtcm hy‡nbpw Ckvemans‚ Pohn-°p∂ amXr-I-I-fm-bn-Øo-

cpI amX-amWv ChnsS ]cn-lm-cw. aX-˛-ù-XnI hn⁄m-\-Øns‚

]c-am-h[n B¿Pn-°p-hm-\p≈ kml-Ncyw krjvSn-°-s∏-S-Ww. B[p-

\n-I-Im-e-Øns‚ Ah-ÿ-s°m-Øp-b-cp∂ hnZym-`ymkw thWw.

ùXnI hnZym-`ym-k-Øn¬t∏mepw Hcp kmº-Zm-bnI coXn-bpsS mK-

ambn apt∂m´vt]mhp∂ Ae-k-Nn-¥m-KXn shSn-b-Ww. imkvX-˛-km-

t¶-XnI hnZy-I-fn¬ ss\]p-Wy-am¿Pn-°-Ww. Gsd [\w sNe-h-gn-

°-s∏-Sp∂ hnZym-`ym-k-ta-J-e-bn¬ AXn-\-\p-kr-X-amb KpW-\n-e-

hmcw e`n-°p-∂pt≠m F∂ ]cn-tim-[\thWw. a’-c-∏-co-£-I-fn¬

29

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

apkvenw kap-Zmbw ]n¥-≈-s∏-Sp∂ Zp:ÿnXn ]cn-l-cn-°-Ww. \o≠

Kth-j-W-ß-fpsS ê-ambn ùXnIhnZym-`ym-k -cw-KØv e`y-am-bn-

´p≈ B[p-\nIcoXn-Isf D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn aX-hn-⁄m-\-cwKw hn]p-

e-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

temI-Øns‚ ]pXnbam‰-ßƒ°v t\sc IÆpw a\ pw Xpd∂v

apkvenw kmaq-lym-¥-co£w PmK-Xm-]q¿∆w Nn´s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬

]pXnb \q‰m-≠n-s‚bpw ]_p≤ t\Xr-Xz-ta¬°m≥ apkvenw temI-

Øn\v Ignbpw.-

C∂sØ D’-h-e-l-cnbpw BUw-_-c - -a-ß-fp-a-h-km-\n-°p-Ibpw

ssZhn-I-Nn-¥-bn-te°v temIwapgp-h≥ Xncn®p hcn-Ibpw sNøpw.

\n›-b-ambpw ASpØ \q‰m-≠n-s‚bpw kl-km-_vZ-Øn-s‚bpw hcm-

\n-cn-°p∂ apgp-h≥ Ime-Øn-s‚bpw shfn-®-ambn hnip-≤-- Jp¿B≥

\nd™v \n¬°pw.

kXy[mc hm¿jn-I-∏-Xn∏v 1998

30

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

]n∂m-°-Øns‚

]Sn-bn-d-ßpI

imkvX- -km-t¶-XnI ssh⁄m-\n-I-cw-K-ß-fn¬ \q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw

kqcy-tim-`-tbmsS Pzen-®p-\n∂ apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ h¿Ø-am-

\-ÿnXn N¿®sNøp-∂Xv ]n∂m-°m-hÿbpsS Xe-hm-N-I-tØm-

sS-bm-Wv. tIc-f-Øn-se-¶nepw Zim-_vZ-ß-fmbn CsXmcp apJy]ta-

b-am-Wv-˛- N¿®-Iƒ°pw skan-\m-dp-Iƒ°pw.

]n∂m-°-Øns‚ Imc-W-ßƒ tXSn-bp≈ At\z-j-W-ßƒ XpS-

cp-tºmgpw ]n∂m°sa∂ apZbpw t]dn apkvenw kap-Zmbw ChnsS

Ign-™p-Iq-Sp-∂p.

Ime-L-´-ß-fn-eq-sS Adn-hns‚ kakvX AXn-cp-I-fn-te°pw

]S¿∂p-\n-∂-h-cmWv apkvenwIƒ. hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ At\Iw tiWn-

I-fn¬ Ah-Kmlwt\Snb alm-]p-cp-j- ]-c-º-c-Isf apkvenwkaqlw

temI-Øn\p ka¿∏n-®n-´p-≠v. ]t£, C∂n-t∏mƒ AXp ]eXpw "D∏q-

∏ms‚ B\'alXzw t]mse-bm-Ip-∂p.

apkvenw ]n∂m-°m-h-ÿ°v HØp-h-cmØ tNcp-h-I-fn-√. Ncn-X-

]-chpw hnZym-`ym-k-]-chpw kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb F√m

]n∂m-°-ÿn-Xnbpw Zpc-¥-]-c-º-c-t]m-se apkvenw kap-ZmbØn¬

Af-fn-∏n-Sn-®p- \n¬°p-∂p.

_nó-jp-Im¿ `cWw ]nSn-®-S°pwapºv apkvenw kaqlw C¥y-

bnse ]_-e-amb cmjvSo-b-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI -i-‡n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp

`mKØv _nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-c-tØm-Sp≈ i‡-amb FXn¿∏v

XpS¿∂t∏mƒ, adp-`m-KØv apkvenw hnZym-`ym-k-˛-km-aq-ly-cwKw

31

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

XI¿°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. kzmX-¥y-k-acw Hmtcm C©pw i‡n-

s∏-Sp-tºmgpw k¿°m¿hncp≤ P\-hn-`m-K-ambn apkvenwIƒ AI-∂p-

\n-∂p. Ah-cpsS hnZym-`ymk kwhn-[m-\-ß-fp-ambpw a‰p \b-]-cn-]m-

Sn-I-fp-ambpw apkvenwIƒ i‡-ambn hntbm-Pn-®p.

_nó-jp-Im-cpsS `n∂n-∏n-®p-`-cn-°¬ X¥-hpw ]n∂m-°m-h-

ÿbv°p sImgp-∏p-Iq-ń. tZi-kvt\-l-Øn¬ \n∂p-bn¿s°m-≠-sX-

¶nepw, `cn-°p∂ k¿°m-dn-t\mSv \J-in-Jm-¥-ap≈ FXn¿∏v Hcp

kap-Zm-b-sa∂ \nebv°v apkvenwIsf ]nd-tIm´p sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-I-

bm-bn-cp-∂p. apkvenwIfpsS kmaq-ly-˛-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-h-f¿® apc-Sn-®-

Xns‚ ][m\ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw C¥y-bn¬ `cWw\S-Ønb hntZ-i-

i-‡n-Iƒ°p-≠v. Ah¿ kaq-lsØ h¿K-ß-fmbn th¿Xn-cn®v kmaq-

ly-amb Ak-aXzw krjvSn-®p. kº-∂-\pw Zcn-Z\pw F∂ th¿Xn-

cn-hn¬ CkvemanI ka-Xz-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I-alXzw Bƒ°q-´-

Øn-\n-S-bn¬ ad-™p-\n-∂p. apkvenw \mK-cn-I-X-sb \in-∏n-°p-I-sb-

∂Xpw C¥y-bn¬ _nó-jp-Im¿ \S-∏m-°n-b hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚

e£y-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]m›m-Xy -N-cn-X-Im-c≥ Xs∂ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-

b-Xm-Wv. sshtZ-in-Im-[n-]Xyw apkvenwIsf F√mhn[hpw XI¿Øp.

kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-Øn-se ]¶m-fnØwt]mepw _nó-jp-Im¿ Zp¿hym-

Jym\w sNøp-Itbm ad-®p-sh-°p-Itbm sNbvXp. B Zp¿hym-Jym-\-

ßƒ Ct∏mgpw apkvenwkaq-lsØ th´-bm-Sp-∂p.

C¥y-Xs∂ ]n∂m-°-cm-Py-ß-fpsS ]ń-I-bn¬ XpS-cp-tºmƒ,

ChnsS icm-i-cn°v XmsgIgn-bp∂ P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fn¬ IqSnb ]¶pw

]n∂m-°-Øns‚ \pIw-t]-dp-∂-h-cm-b-Xn¬ AXv`p-X-an-√. Btfm-l-

cn-h-cp-am-\-Øn-s‚bpw Pohn-X-\n-e-hm-c-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

CXn-te-‰hpw ]n∂m°w \nev°p∂ hcn-emWv apkvenw kap-Zm-b-ap-

≈-Xv. Zi-I-ß-fmbn XpS-cp∂ Cu ]n∂m-°m-hÿ ]d-b-Ø°am‰-

ß-fn-√msX C∂pw apkvenwkaqlw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂p.

hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KsØ ]n∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bmWv tZiobXe-Øn¬

Øs∂ apkvenwIƒ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ apJy-]-iv\w. hnZym-`ym-

k-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ apkvenw kaqlw ]e-t∏mgpw ISpØ A\mÿ Imń-

bn-´p-≠v. kº-∂-amb IpSpw-_-km-l-N-cy-ß-fp-≈-h¿t]mepw ]T-\-

Im-cy-Øn¬ sshapJyw ImWn-°p-∂p. IS-º-Iƒ X-cWwsNbvXv

Imº-kp-I-fn¬ FØn-bm-em-Is´ ]mK¤yw sXfn-bn-t°≠ taJ-

e-I-fn¬\n∂v Ah¿ hn´p-\n-ev°p-∂p. imkvX-hn-j-b-ß-tfm-Sp-ff B`n-

apJyw Ipd-bp-∂p. knhn¬ k¿hokv ]co-£-I-fn¬ ]n¥-≈-s∏-Sp-

∂p. D∂X \nb-a-\-ß-fn¬ Atbm-Ky-cm-Ip-∂p.

32

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

apkvenwIƒ apgp-h≥ Cßs\ F∂√ CXn-\¿∞w. apkvenw

NnXw Fß-s\bpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ Hcp \n¿Wm-b-I-i-‡n Ip‰-

I-c-amb A\m-ÿ-sIm≠v KXn-am-dn-t∏m-hp-I-bmWv. hnZym- ymk ]n∂m-

°m-hÿ am‰nsbSp-°m-\p≈ kºq¿Æhnπhw Xs∂thWw.

]apJ hnZym- ym-k-hn-N-£-W\pw C¥y-bpsS ]kn-U-≠p-am-bn-cp∂

tUm. k°o¿ lpssk≥ Hcn-°¬ A`n-]m-b-s∏- p: C¥y-bpsS kzmX-

¥y-Øn\pth≠n t]mcm-Snb AtX hotdmsS Xs∂ Chn-SsØ

]n∂m° kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS kap-≤m-c-W-Øn-\mbpw t]mcm-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.

apkvenwIƒ ChnsS Ncn-X-]-c-amb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ ]n∂m-°k-ap-Zm-

b-am-Wv. Ah-sc hnZym-k-º-∂-cm°n kap-≤-cn-°m-\p≈ GXp]cn-i-

ahpw tZio-b-]m-[m-\y-ap≈ ]iv\-am-bn-´-√msX Rm≥ ImWp-∂n-

√. Cu ho£-W-tIm-Wn-eq-sS-bp≈ Hcp Xoh-b-Xv\-amWp th≠-Xv.

Ah-k-c-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´Xpw Ah-

k-c-ßƒ \ntj-[n-°s∏´Xpw apkvenw ]n∂-m°m-hÿ cq£-am-Ip-

∂-Xn\p Imc-W-am-bn-´p-≠v. sXmgn¬kwh-c-W-Ønepw a‰pw CXp ]I-

S-am-b-XmWv.-tbmKy-X-bp-≈-h-cpsS A`mhw sIm≠v apkvenw ]mXn-

\n[yw \jvS-s∏´p F∂p ]N-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒX-s∂, _yqtdm-I-

kn-bnse Nne KqVm-tem-N-\-Iƒ hgnbpw apkvenwIƒ°v Ah-kcw

\jvS-s∏-ń-´p≠v F∂ Imcyhpw apJ-hn-e-s°-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

Imc-W-sa-¥m-bmepw apkvenw ]mXn-\n[yw Ipd-™p-h-cp∂p

F∂Xv hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. Kk-‰Uv XkvXn-I-bn¬ c≠p iX-am-\hpw

t\m¨ Kk-‰Uv XkvXn-I-bn¬ \mep iX-am-\hpw emÃvtKUv

XkvXn-I-bn¬ c≠p-i-X-am-\hpw apkvenw ]mXn-\n[yw Ipd-™-Xmbn

CubnsS dnt∏m¿´v sNø-s∏- n-cp-∂p. Kh¨sa‚ v k¿hokn¬ ]nt∂m-

°-k-ap-Zm-b-ßƒ°v A¿l-amb]mXn-\n[yw Dd-∏m-°p-I-Xs∂

thWw. ]n∂m-°-˛-A[:ÿnX hn`m-K-ßƒ A¿l-amb ]mXn-\n-[y-

hp-ambn `c-W-cw-K-tØ°p IS-∂p-h-cp-tºmtg `c-W-L-S\ hn`m-h\w

sNøp∂ Ah-k-c-k-aXzhpw AXp-hgn tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y-\hpw P\m-

[n-]-Xy-k-¶¬∏hp-sams° k^-e-amIp∂p-≈q.

Bkq-X-W-Øns‚ A`m-hhpw ]e-t∏mgpw apkvenw kmaq-ly-]-

≤-Xn-Iƒ hn^-e-am-°p-∂p. Kƒ^v ]W-Øns‚ hchv Zcn-Z-amb Np‰p-

]m-Sn¬\n∂pw tIc-f-sØ, ]tXy-In®v ae-_m¿ ]tZ-isØ Hc-f-

thmfw tamNn-X-am-°n. F√m-hcpw kº-∂-cmbn F∂-√, ]ń-Wn-bn¬

\n∂v Iptd IpSpw-_ßƒ Ic-I-b-dn. Cu tamN-\-Øn¬ Imcy-amb

]¶v apkvenwkaq-l-Øn\p e`n-®p. ]t£, acp-`q-an-bn¬ IjvS-s∏´v

D≠m-°p∂ kºmZyw t]mepw `mhn-°p-]-bp-‡-ambn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-

33

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

∂-Xn¬ an°-hcpw ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Hcp Zo¿L-ho-£-W-hp-an-√m-Ø-

hn-[-amWv Cu kºm-Zy-Øns‚ hybw\S-°p-∂-Xv. ITn-\m-[zm-\-Øns‚

hnb¿∏p-Xp-≈n-I-fpsS êw shdp-samcp tImÏo‰v aµnc Øn\p

amX-ambn \nt£-]n-°p-I, ssZ\wZn\ sNe-hp-Iƒ B¿`m-S-ambn

sIm≠p-\-S-°p-tºmƒ `mhn-bn-te-°p≈ kq£n-∏p-kzØv C√m-Xn-cn-

°p-I-˛ -h-cp-am\w t\m°msX sNe-hp-sN-øp∂ Hcp kmaq-ly-Iaw

Xs∂ ]S¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p.

Cu Xmf-∏ng XpS¿∂m¬ IqSnb Zpcn-Xm-h-ÿ-bm-bn-cn°pw êw.

]n∂m-°-sa∂ apZbpwhln®v C\nbpw Gsd-Zqcw t]mhp-Ihø.

k¿°m¿ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ kºq¿Æ-]p-tcm-K-Xn°v ]cym-]vX-a-√.

k¿°m¿ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w kzbw

Icp-Øm¿÷n®v apt∂m-´p-t]m-Im≥ Ign-b-Ww.

Hcp kap-Zm-bw Xß-fpsS kz¥w Ah-ÿ-Isf am‰p-tºm-g-√msX

A√mlp Ah-cpsS Ah-ÿ-I-fn¬ am‰w hcp-Øp-∂-X√ ˛ Jp¿-

Bs‚ Cu I¬∏\ ]n∂m-°-Øns‚ Imh-Sn-bn-d-°m≥ kzbw k∂-

≤-am-Im-\p≈ Blzm-\-am-Wv.

kap-Zmbw cmjvS-Km-X-Ønse AwK-ß-fm-Wv. Hcp tZl-Ønse

Ah-bhw F∂ \nebv°v Hcp kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ]n∂m-°m-hÿ

cmjvS-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ BXp-cm-h-ÿ-bmbn IW-°m-°-Ww.

amXr`qan dw-km≥ kπn-sa‚ v 1996

34

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

auen-Im-h-Im-i-amWv

hnizmkw

cmPy-Øns‚ sFIyhpw `Z-Xbpw ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv GIo-

IrX knhn¬tImUv G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂v ]ecpw hmZn-°p-∂-Xv.

hy‡n \nb-a-ßƒ (Personal Laws) C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ Db¿Øn-

∏n-Sn-°p∂ ka-Xzhpw Xpey-\o-Xnbpw \ntj-[n-°p-∂p-sh∂v Btcm-

]n-®p-sIm≠pw GIo-IrX knhn¬tImUn\v hmZn-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v. aX-

\n-tj-[-Øns‚ t]c-W-aq-ehpw h¿Ko-b-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sns‚ ASn-

ÿm-\-Ønepw Cu Bhiyw D∂-bn-°p∂ Nne kwL-ßfpw kwL-

S-\-Ifpw D≠v. F¥ns‚ t]cn-em-bmepw GIo-IrX knhn¬ tImUn-

\p≈ Bhiyw c-W-L-S-\-bn-se auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS t\¿°p≈

sh√p-hn-fn-bmWv F∂v ]d-bmsX hø.

C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ \¬Ip∂ hnizm-k-kzm-X-¥yØn\pw A\p-

jvTm-\-kzm-X-¥y-Øn\pw Nne¿ hmZn-°p∂t]mse sshb ‡nIam\-

ßƒ amX-a√ D≈-Xv. kaq-l-Øn\pw Cu kzmX¥yw _m[-I-am-

Wv. hy‡n-\n-b-a-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Imcy-ßƒ°v-˛-hn-hm-lw, hnhm-

l-tam-N-\w, A\-¥-cm-h-Im-iw XpS-ßn-b-hbv°v sshb-‡n-I-am-\-ß-

fp-≈-t∏mƒØ-s∂, AXn-e-[nIw kmaq-ln-I-am-\-ß-fp-ap-≠v. At∏mƒ

Cu auen-Im-h-Imiw Nne Bcm-[-\-I-fnepw BNm-c-ß-fnepw amXw

]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-X-√. CXv kaq-l-Øn\pw _m[-I-am-Wv. AXp-

sIm≠v hy‡n-\n-b-a-ßƒ auen-Im-h-Im-i-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv. CXv

\ntj-[n-°p-I-sb∂p ]d-™m¬ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-sfbpw AXp-hgn

`c-W-L-S-\-sb-Ø-s∂bpw \ntj-[n-°-em-Wv.

35

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

c≠m-asØ Imcyw aX-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Xßƒ°n-jvS-ap≈ \n¿h-N-

\-ßƒ ]tbm-Kn®v hy‡n\nb-aßƒ aX-Øns‚ `mK-a√ F∂

Is≠-Øepw CXv ÿm]n-°m≥ ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ß-fp-am-Wv. hy‡n-

\n-baw aX-Øns‚ `mK-a-s√-∂m-Wnh¿ hmZn-°p-∂Xv. am‰-Øn\v ]e-

t∏mgpw hnt[-b-ambhbm-Wn-h-sb∂pw Ch¿ hmZn-°p-Ibpw DZm-l-c-

W-ßƒ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Nne aX-ßƒ°v CXv auen-

I-ambn ]m[m-\y-ap-≈-h-b-√m-bn-cn-°mw. F∂m¬ aX-k-aq-l-ß-fmbn

Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ F√m hn`mKßƒ°pw aX-K-Ÿ-ß-fp-sSbpw hnizm-

k-Øn-s‚bpw `mK-ambn cq]wsIm≠-tXm, \q‰m-≠p-I-fpsS BNm-cm-

\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ hgn cq]w]m]n-®tXm Bb hy‡n-\n-b-a-ß-fp-ap-≠v.

CXns‚ A¿∞w hy‡-am-Wv; hy‡n-\n-b-a-ß-fn-√msX aX-k-aq-l-

ßƒ°v \ne-\n¬∏n-s√-∂v. apkvenwIsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw C¥y-

bn¬ hy‡n-\n-b-a-sa∂ t]cn¬ Ad-nb-s∏-Sp∂ ico-AØv \nb-a-

ßƒ aX-Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy- m-K-am-Wv. Ckvemans‚ ASn-ÿm\ KŸ-

amb Jp¿-B\pw c≠m-asØ B[m-c-amb lZo-kp-I-fp-am-W-Xns‚

tkmX- v. hniz-kn-°p-∂-t]mse Xs∂ ][m\-amWv ico-AØv

A\p-k-cn®v Pohn-°p-∂-Xn\pw. Hcmƒ apkvenw BI-W-sa-¶n¬ c≠pw

A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. ico-A-Øn-s‚- Ip-Spw-_-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ \nb-a-

ß-fm-Wv- C-¥y-bnse hy‡n-\n-b-aw. hnizm-k-]-am-W-ßsfbpw

AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ Bcm-[-\-I-sfbpw amXw aX-ambn

ImWp-Ibpw aXhpw a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w \n¿W-

bn-°p∂ LS-I-ßsf ùXn-I-]-iv\-ßƒ amX-ambn ImWp-Ibpw

sNøp-I-sb∂Xv sX‰-√m-Xmbn Icp-Xp∂ aX-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cn-°mw.

]t£, AØcw Hcmƒ°v apkvenam-hpI km[y-a-√; Ckvemw AXn-

\-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p-an-√.

Inan-\¬ \nb-a-ßfpw C°q-´-Øn¬ s]Sp-I-bn-t√-sb-s∂m-s°-

bp≈ tNmZy-ßƒ Ckveman-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ A⁄-X-bn¬ \n∂p-

SseSp-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. amX-a-√, kmam-\y-amb am\y-X-bv°p-sa-Xn-cmWv

CØcw _men-i-amb tNmZy-ßƒ. ico-A-Ø-√mØ \nb-a-ßƒ

apkvenwI-fpsSta¬ ASn-t®¬∏n-°m-\p≈ Nn¥ C¥y≥ `c-W-L-

S\ A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ aXm-\p-jvTm-\-Øns‚ \ntj-[-am-Wv. CXv `c-W-

L-S-\-°v amX-a√ C¥y `cn® k¿°m-dp-Iƒ-˛-]-tXy-In®v Ph-

l¿em¬ s\lvdphns‚bpw Cµn-cm-Km-‘n-bp-sSbpw cmPohv Km‘n-

bp-sS-bp-sams° k¿°m-dp-Iƒ- -]m¿e-sa‚n¬ apkvenwIƒ°v \¬Inb

Dd-∏p-Iƒ°pw hncp-≤-am-Wv. ico-AØv A\p-k-cn®v Pohn-®-Xp-sIm≠v

apkvenwIfpw hy‡n-\n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn®v Pohn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v a‰p kap-

36

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Zm-b-ßfpw \√ C¥ym-°m-cm-bn-cn-°p-∂n-s√-∂-Xn\v Hcp sXfn-hp-an-

√. \m\m-Xz-Ønse GI-Xz-amWv C¥y-bpsS \ne-\n¬∏n\v B[m-

cw. Cu sshhn[yw Dd∏vhcp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ][m\ D]m-[n-I-fn-sem-

∂mWv aXm-\p-jvTm-\-Øn\v \¬I-s∏-ń-´p≈ auen-Im-h-Im-iw. CXv

\ntj-[n-®p-sIm≠v IrXn-a-amb Htc-Io-I-c-W-Øn\v ian-°p-∂Xv A]-

I-S-I-chpw Zo¿L-Zr-jvSn-bn-√m-bva-bp-am-Wv. CXv C¥y-sb-Øs∂ \ntj-

[n-°p-∂-Xn\v Xpey-am-Wv. cmPy-Xm¬]-cy-ap≈ Bcpw Cu Ahn-th-

I-Øn\v Xp\nbp-sa∂v tXm∂p-∂n-√. AXp-sIm-≠mWv alm-∑m-cmb

tZiob t\Xm-°ƒ D]-cyp‡ \ne-]m-sS-SpØXv. Hcp aX-hn-izm-knbpw

aX-Øns‚ `mK-am-sW∂v Dd®p hniz-kn-°p-∂ H∂ns‚ t\sc-bp≈

Ak-ln-jvWp-Xm-]-c-amb kao-]-\sØ s]mdp-°p-I-bn-√.

aXm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ C¥y-°msc [pho-I-cn-°m≥ \S-°p∂ ia-

ßƒ Zp:i‡n-Iƒ°v apX-se-Sp-°m\pw Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNøm\pw hgn-

sh-°p-sa∂ Imcyw Xo¿®-bm-Wv. _p≤n-]-c-amb Xe-Øn¬ HXp-ßn-

\n¬t°≠ Cu hnhmZw CX-c-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v A]-hmZw ]N-

cn-∏n-°m\pw Ah¿ XΩn¬ iXpX hf¿Øm\pw kz¥whn`m-K-Øns‚

a\- n¬ ]oUn-X-a-t\m-`m-hhpw \ncm-i-bpw hf¿Øm\pw kaq-l-

Ønse F√mhn`mKw Xoh-hm-Zn-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ian-°pw. CXv

\mSn\v KpWwsNøp-I-bn-s√∂v amX-a-√, atX-X-c-Xz-Øn\pw P\m-[n-

]-Xy-Øn\pw am\-hn-I-X°pw BLmXw hcpØnsh°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

GIoIrX knhn¬tImUv cmPysØ GIo-I-cn-°m-\p≈ am¿K-

am-sW∂ hmZhpw \nc¿∞Iam-Wv. tImUp-Iƒ GsX-¶nepw cmPyØv

DZvK-Y-\-ap-≠m-°n-b-Xmbn cmjvS-ß-fpsS NcnXw ]d-bp-∂n-√. hnL-

Sn-°-s∏´ \mSp-I-fpsS h¿Ø-am-\-Ime NcnXw ]d-bp-∂Xv Ah-bn¬

an°Xpw GI-\n-b-a-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ cn-°-s∏- -h-bm-bn-cp∂p

F∂m-Wv. DZm-lc-W-Øn\v tkmhn-b‰v bq\n-b≥ ˛ AXv XI¿∂-

t∏mƒ temI-Øp-sh®v G‰hpw aX-ap-‡-amb knhn¬ tImUv AhnsS

\ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ap°m¬ \q‰m-t≠mfw Cßs\ h¿Øn-®n´pw

Hcp cmjvS-am-Im≥ km[n-°msX ]fp-¶p-]mXw hoWp-S-™Xp

t]mse AXv NnX-dp-I-bp-≠m-bn. DZvK-Y\w am\-kn-I-am-Wv. \nb-a-

ßƒ°v CXp-≠m-°m≥ Hcn-°epw km[y-a-√.

Bsc-¶nepw \nbaw Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xns‚ t]cn¬ \nb-

a-sØ- Xs∂ \ntj-[n-°p-∂Xv _p≤n-iq-\y-at√? CØ-c-Øn-ep≈

Fs¥√mw Zpcp-]-tbm-K-ßƒ \ΩpsS \mń¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ atX-Xc

\nb-a-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ \S-°p-∂p? Inan-\¬ \nbaw Zpcp-]-tbm-

K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xns‚ t]cn¬ Inan-\¬ \nb-a-kw-ln-X-sbbpw knhn¬

37

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

\nb-a-kw-ln-X-sbbpsams° C]-Imcw \ntj-[n-®p-IqtS? Zpcp-]-

tbmKw XS-bm-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\-am-Wm-h-iyw. CXn-\p≈iaw \S-Øp-

∂-Xn-t\mSv XXz-Øn¬ Bcpw FXn-c-√. ]t£, _‘-s∏´ Bfp-I-

fpsS kl-I-c-W-tØmsSbmI-W-sa∂pamXw. apkvenw h\nXm

kwc£W- \n-b-a-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ ap≥]-[m-\-a¥n cmPohv Km‘n-

sb-SpØ \ne-]mSv amXr-Im-]-c-ambncp∂p.

`c-W-L-S-\-bnse am¿K-\n¿tZ-iI XXz-ß-fn-sem∂p amX-amb

44-˛mwhIp-∏n¬ ]nSn-®mWv hnhm-Z-ßƒ CS-bv°nsS Xe-s]m-°p-∂-Xv.

CXv ÿnc-ambn \ne-\n¿Øm≥ F∂pw Nne X¬]-c-I-£n-Iƒ ian-

°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CXns‚ ]cn-lm-c-Øn\v c≠v am¿K-ß-tf-bp-f-

fq. Cu hIp∏v `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬\n∂v FSp-Øp-I-f-bpI; As√-¶n¬

CXns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬\n∂v apkvenwIsf Hgn-hm-°p-I. DØ-c-hm-Z-s∏-´-

h¿ Xma-kn-bmsX C°mcyw ]cn-K-Wn-°-W-sa-∂mWv C¥y-bnse

apkvenwIƒ Xmev]-cy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

amXr- qan BgvN-∏-Xn∏v

38

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

BImiw t]mse

AXn-cp-I-fn-√mØ qanbpw

cmjvSw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn® Hmtcm ]Xn-k-‘n-bpsS thf-bnepw Id-

b‰ tZi-kvt\-l-hp-ambn `n∂-kzcw tIƒ∏n-°m-sX, H‰-s°-´m-bn,

cmPy-Xm-ev]-cy-Øn-s\m∏w \n∂-h-cm-Wv apkvenw kap-Zmbw. BImiw

t]mse, AXn-cp-I-fpsS th¿Xn-cn-hn-√m-Ø hnim-eamb `qan-sb-°p-

dn-®p≈ hnizm-k-]-c-amb k¶¬∏w Xs∂bp≈-h¿, aÆns‚ a°ƒ

hmZ-Øn\pw ]mtZ-in-I-hm-Z-Øn\pw F∂pw FXn¿\n-∂-h-cm-Wv.

ssZh-Zm-k-∑m¿ ka-∑m¿ F∂ am\-hnI GI-X-bpsS ktµ-i-

ap-b¿Øp∂ Hcp aX-Ønse hnizm-kn-I-sf∂ \nebv°v h¿K-˛-PmXn

t`Z-ßƒ°-\y-ambn apkvenwkaqlw F∂pw cmPy-Øns‚ s]mXp-

[m-c-bn¬ hy‡nXzw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®p-sIm-≠pXs∂ \ne-sIm-≠n-´p-

≠v. Nne¿ ]d-bp∂ tZio-bXbn¬ ebn-°m≥ apkvenwIƒ k∂-

≤-a√ F∂Xp amXamWv Cu Ncn-X-Øncn®n-en¬ Hcp A]-

cm[ ambn AØ-c-am-fp-Iƒ°p Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°m≥Ign-bp-I. hnizm-

khpw Pohn-X-I-ahpw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw AXn-Po-hn-°p-∂-

Xn\pwth≠n apkvenwIƒ \S-Øp∂ ]cn-i-a-ßƒ tZiob[mc-bnse

FXn¿]-h¿Ø-\-ambn bYm¿∞ atX-X-c-˛-P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hm-Zn-Iƒ

\n¿h-Nn-°p-sa∂p tXm∂p-∂n-√.

kl-km-_vZ-ß-fn-eqsS C¥y-bn¬ Ign-™p-h∂v Xe-ap-d-I-fn-

te°p ]I¿∂p\oßp∂ apkvenw kaq-l-sØ-°p-dn®v C\nbpw

kwibw _m°n-\n¬-°p-∂pthm F∂ Kuc-h-amb tNmZy-am-Wv

apkvenwIfpw tZio-b-[m-cbpw F∂ Xe-s°´p \¬Ip∂ N¿®-

39

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Iƒ Db¿Øp-∂-sX∂v ]e-t∏mgpw tXm∂m-dp-≠v. P∑-Øns‚ C¥y≥

]mc-ºcyw At\Iw iX-I-ß-fn-te°p \o≠p-t]m-bn´pw apkvenwI-

fpsS tZio-b-t_m-[-Øns‚ Dujv-am-h-f-°p∂Xv \ΩpsS al-Ømb

cmPyØv Nne-sc-¶nepw Hcp kº-Zm-b-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CXns‚ ]Xn-

^-e-\-amWv apkvenwIƒ tZio-b-[m-c-bn¬\n∂v thdn´p k©-cn-°p-

∂p-sh∂v CS-bv°nsS Db¿∂p-h-cp∂ ]Nm-c-Ww.

a\p-jy-sc√mw Htc amXm-hn-s‚bpw ]nXm-hn-s‚bpw a°-fm-sW-

∂mWv Ckvemw ]d-bp-∂Xv. h¿Whpw h¿Khpw hwihpw Ipehpw

PmXn-bp-sa∂ th¿Xn-cn-hn-eqsS Hcmƒ°p as‰m-cm-tf-°mƒ alXzw

Nm¿Øp∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sn-∂-Xo-X-am-bn, F√m-hcpwa\p-jy¿, ]c-kv]cw

ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ F∂ ka- m-h-\-bpsS AXn-hn-im-e-amb ImgvN-∏m-SmWv

Ckveman-\p-≈Xv.

"a\p-jyt-c, \nßsf \mw Hcm-Wn¬\n∂pw s]Æn¬ \n∂pambn

krjvSn-®n-cn-°p∂p. ]c-kv]cw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv \mw

\nßsf hnhn[ kap-Zm-b-ßfpw tKmX-ß-fp-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. \n›-

bw, ssZh-Øn-¶¬ \nß-fn¬sh®v G‰hpw BZ-c-Wo-b≥ [¿a-\n-

jvT -]m-en-°p-∂-h-\m-Ip-∂p' F∂ Jp¿-B≥ hmIyw am\-hn-I-Xsb

kw_-‘n® Ckvemans‚ auen-I-ho-£Ww Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

h¿Khpw PmXnbpw D]-Pm-Xn-bp-an-√m-sX tZiob[mc°v GI-apJw

\¬Im≥ Ign-™n-´p≈ aX-amWv Ckvemw. thZ-ß-fp-sSbpw D]-\n-

j-Øp-Ifp-sSbpw Z¿i-\-ß-fp-sSbpw sXfn-\o¿]-hm-l-tØm-sSm∏w

Ckvemans‚ [mc-IqSn tN¿s∂m-gp-In-b-t∏mƒ C¥y-bpsS kwkvIrXn

kº-∂hpw [\y-hp-am-Ip-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p.

Ckvemw C¥y-bnse At[m-ap-J-am-bn-°n-S∂ kap-Zm-b-Øn¬

]pXnb HmP pw ]ptcm-K-a\ImgvN-∏mSpw Df-hm°nsb∂v hniz-N-cn-

X- kw-K-l-Øn¬ ]WvUn‰v s\lvdp Nq≠n-°m-ń-bXv CXns‚ Ncn-

X]c-amb -sX-fn-hmWv.

C¥y-bpsS Ie-bnepw kmln-Xy-Ønepw hnizm-km-Nm-c-ß-fnepw

kmaq-ly-hn-⁄m-\- cw-K-ßfnep-sa√mw Ckvemans‚ kmwkvIm-cnI

CS-]-g-I¬ ]pXnb hgn-Øn-cnhp krjvSn-®p. ssk‘-h-P-\-Xsb(C-

¥y-°m-sc)∏‰n ]d-bm≥ Ko°p-Im¿ C≥Ukv F∂p ]tbm-Kn-®-

t∏mƒ, AXv A¬lnµv F∂m°n \ma-I-c-W-Øns‚ BZy-_nw_w

C¥y-°m¿°p kΩm-\n® Ad-_n-I-fn-eqsS Cu kmwkvIm-cn-I-hn-\n-

a-b-Øns‚ ]mTw hmbn-®p-Xp-S-ßmw. t]gvky≥kwKo-XsØ ASn-ÿm-

\-am°n lnµp-ÿm\nkwKoXw ]N-cn-∏n-°p∂Xn¬ apkvenwIƒ

hln®]¶pw Kmao-Ws‚ kwkm-c-`m-j-bv°p-t]mepw Imhym-fl-IX

40

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

\¬Ip∂ D¿Zphpw AXns‚ hf¿®bpwhnIm-khpw D¿Zp-`mj

C¥y≥ Ihn-Xbv°pw kmln-Xy-Øn\pw \¬Inb \ho-\-cq-]-ßfpw

Imen-Km- nbpw Aeo-KVv k¿h-I-em-ime XpS-ßnb Iem-ebßfpw

C¥y-bpsS kmwkvIm-cn-I-h-f¿®-bpsS s]cp-h-gn-bn¬ apkvenwIƒ

ÿm]n® \mgn-I-°-√p-I-fm-Wv. apKƒN-I-h¿Øn-am-c-S-°-ap≈

apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ Hgn-®p-\n¿Øn C¥y≥

hmkvXp-in-ev]-I-esb∏‰n kwkm-cn-°m-\m-hptam? temI alm-¤p-

X-ambn C¥y-bpsS amdn-ep-b¿∂p-\n¬°p∂ XmPva-l¬ amXw aXn-

bm-Ipw. C¥y-bpsS Iem-t_m-[-Øns‚ D∂-X-\n-e-hmcw hnizwapgps°

tIƒ∏n-°m≥. IpØ-_van-\m¿, sNt¶m-´, BKm-tIm-´, Ncn-X-]-kn-

≤-amb akvPn-Zp-Iƒ, Ah-bpsS DØpw-K-amb an\m-c-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-

h-sb√mw C¥y-bpsS Bflm-hns‚kwKo-X-ambn, \ΩpsS hmkvXp-

in-ev]-I-e-bpsS tib- ns‚ ]Xo-I-ß-fm-bn, Xe-ap-d-Isf sXm´p-

cp-Ωn-\n¬°p-∂p. hnip≤KŸ-ß-fnse Adn-hp-Iƒ km[m-cWP\-

ß-fn-te-°p ]I¿∂p\¬Im\pw apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ hn`m-

Ko-b-X-bpsS Hcw-i-hp-an-√mØ kmwkvIm-cn-I-b-⁄-ßƒ \S-Øn-bn-

´p-≠v. alm-`m-c-Xhpw cmam-b-Whpw ]m¿kn-bn-te°pw _wKm-fn-bn-

te°pw ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv apKƒ NI-h¿Øn-am-cpsS Ime-Øm-

Wv. C_mlow k¿lnµv AY¿h-thZw `mjm-¥cw sNbvXp.

\pkØv jm Xs‚ `c-W-Im-eØv `K-h-XvKoX ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-

]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. Cu ]ń-Ibpw hfsc \ofp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Po¿Æ-amb sslµhI-e-Iƒ°v C¥y-bn¬ Ckvemw ]pXnb

apJw\¬Ip-Ibpw ssNX-\y-h-Ømb Ct¥m-˛-apkvenw Ie-Iƒ°v

XpS°w Ipdn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂p ]WvUn‰vPn Cu Ime-L-´-

sØ-°p-dn-s®-gp-Xn.

Ckvemans‚ cwK-]-th-i-tØmsS C¥y-bn¬ ]I-S-amb ]pØ-

\p-W¿hn-s\-°p-dn®v UnkvI-hdn Hm^v C¥y F∂ KŸ-Øn¬

]WvUn‰vPn ]d-™p: C¥y-bn¬ apgp-h≥Xs∂ Cu ]pXn-b-i‡n

]h¿Øn-®p-h-cp-∂p. ]pØ≥Bi-b-ßƒ P\-a-\- p-Isf Akz-ÿ-

am-°p-I-bm-Wv. C¥y sshtZ-in-ImwisØ -Dƒs°m-≈m≥ bXv\n-

°p-Ibpw kzbwamdp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

\q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn C¥y≥ aÆn¬thcp-d®v ]¥-en-®p-\n-∂n-cp∂

A‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒs°-Xnsc Hcp Nn¥m-]-ÿm\w Xs∂ Ckvemans‚

km∂n[ywhgn kaq-l-Øn¬ hf¿∂ph∂p. BNm-c-Ønepw hnizm-

k-Ønepw GI-ssZ-h-hmZw ]pXnbXncn sXfn-®p. Ccp≠hgn-I-

fn¬ shfn-®-°odv ImWn-°pI amX-amWv Ckvemw sNbvX-sX∂pw

41

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

]tem-`-\-ß-fn-eqsS Bscbpw hgn-Xn-cn-®p-hn-ń-ń-s√∂pw ]mam-Wn-

Icmb Aapkvenw Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿Xs∂ Ckvemans‚ C¥y≥ kml-

N-cy-sØ-°p-dn®v ]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≠v.

"kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-tf, \nßƒ A√m-lp-hn\pth≠n \ne-sIm-f-

fp-∂-hcpw \oXn°pkm£yw hln-°p-∂-hcpw BIp-I. Hcp P\-X-

tbm-Sp≈ Aa¿jw \oXn-]m-en-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ \nßsf t]cn∏n-°-cp-

Xv. \oXn-]m-en-°p-I. AXmWv [¿a-\n-jvT-tbmSv G‰hpwASp-Ø-Xv.

\nßƒ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-s®√mw A√mlp kq£va-ambn

Adn-bp-∂-h-\m-Ip-∂p' F∂ Jp¿-B≥ kq‡w apkvenw`c-Wm-[n-

Im-cn-Ifpw s]mXp-]-h¿Ø-Icpw ]men-t°≠ am\y-Xsb kqNn-∏n-

°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

tZi-Øns‚ c£bv°pw tamN-\-Øn\pwth≠n C¥y≥ apkvenw

Iƒ \S-Ønb ka-c-ßƒ FÆ-a-‰-Xm-Wv. hntZ-im-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s\-Xnsc

C¥y-°p-th-≠n-bp≈ t]mcm´w ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠p-ap -X¬

apkvenwIƒ Bcw-`n-®n-´p-≠v. t]m¿®p-Kokn\pw U®n\pw Cw•-≠n-

\p-sa-Xn-cmb ka-c-t]m-cm-´-Øn¬ ap∂n¬ \n∂-h-cmWv apkvenwIƒ.

t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿s°-Xnsc Ad-_n-°-S-ens‚ a[y-Øn¬ bp≤-°-

fw-Xo¿Ø [oc-\mb Ip™m-en-a-c-°m¿ Ncn-X-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂

C¥y-bpsS H∂m-asØ \mhn-I-tk-\m-[n-]\m-Wv. BZysØ \mhn-

I-tk\ apkvenwI-fp-tSXpw. C¥y-bpsS kap-Zm-Xn¿Øn I≠

G‰hpw Xnf-°-ap≈ cW-iq-c-\mb ]S-Ø-e-h≥ Ip™m-en-a-c-°m¿

Bbn-cp-∂p.

Hcp kap-Zm-b-sa∂\nebv°v hntZ-i-i-‡n-I-tfmSv H‰-s°- m-bn-\n∂v

s]mcp-Xn-b-h¿ F∂ JymXn apkvenwkap-Zm-b-Øn\p e`n® G‰hpw

henb tZiob _lp-a-Xn-bm-Wv. 1791-˛-se iocwK-]-´Ww DS-º-Snsb

XpS¿∂n-tßm- p≈ _nójv hncp≤ ka-c-]-c-ºc apkvenwIfpsS [oc-

tZ-im-`n-am-\-Øns‚ tNmc-\n-d-ap≈ Ncn-X-am-Wv.

G‰hpw henb ssk\n-I-i-‡n-s°-Xnsc Hgn™ aSn-»o-e-bp-

ambn t]mcm-Sn-a-cn-®-h-cmWv apkvenwIƒ F∂ tUm. cmtP-µ-]-km-

Zns‚ hcn-Iƒ tZiob kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-Ønse apkvenw ]¶m-fn-Ø-

Øns‚ XohX FX-sb∂p sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.

1857-˛se H∂mw kzmX-¥y-k-a-chpw 1921-˛se ae-_m¿I-em-]hpw

cmPy-kzm-X-¥y-Øn-\p-th≠n apkvenwIƒ _en-b¿∏n® AkwJyw

Pohn-X-ß-fpsS Ncn-X-am-Wv. _nójvhntcm[w knc-I-fn¬\nd™

apkvenwIsf D∑q-e\wsNøp-I-sb∂ ]≤-Xn-Xs∂ ae-_m-dn¬ _nó-

jp-Im¿ ]tbm-Kn-®p-t\m-°n. F∂n´pw Poh\pw kº-Øpw \jvS-s∏-

42

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Spsa∂ Dd-∏nepw Ah¿ \mSn-\mbns]mcp-Xn. Cw•ojv `c-W-tØm-

Sp≈ ]I-sbm-Sp-ßmØ ]Xn-tj[w Cw•ojv hnZym-`ym-k-tØmSpw

]I-Sn-∏n®Xv apkvenwhnZym-`ymk ]n∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bpsS aqe-Im-c-W-

am-bn-Øo¿∂p. hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KØv FX ioL-K-Xn-bn¬ k©-cn-

®mepw C\nbpw Ac-\q-‰m≠v ]n∂n-emWv kmaq-ly-ambn apkvenwI-

fp-≈Xv. CXp a‰p]n∂m-°m-h-ÿ-Iƒ°pw hgn-sh-°p-∂p.

kqcy-\-kvX-an-°mØ kmam-Py-Øns‚ A[n-]-∑m-tcmSv k‘n-bn-

√m-k-acw ]Jym-]n-®-Xns‚ ê-ambn apkvenwIsf H‰-s∏-Sp-Øm-

\p≈ \o°-ßƒ _nó-jp-Im¿ Bcw-`n-®p.

`n∂n-∏n®p`cn-°pI F∂ \b-amWv Ah¿ BZyta kzoI-cn-®-Xv.

apkvenwIfpw lnµp-°fpw ]c-kv]cw iXp-°-fm-sW∂ ]NmcWw

i‡n-s∏-´p. apkvenw `c-W-Imew sslµ-h-k-aq-lsØ XI¿°m≥

D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ IffNcnX-ßƒ k¿°m-dns‚ Ncn-

X-Im-c∑mscs°m≠v Fgp-Xn-]-kn-≤o-I-cn∏n-®p. _nó-jp-Im¿°p

òj-Wn-bmbncp∂ lnµp-˛-apkvenw ssaXn Aßs\ XI¿∂p. ]Xn-

tbm-K-nI-fnse `n∂n∏v \q‰m-≠p-\o≠p \n∂ kpK-a-amb `c-W-Øn\p

thZn-sbm-cp-°n. Cu Ncn-X-Øp-S¿®-bn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-∂ apkvenwIƒ

C¥y- kz-X-¥-am-b-t∏mgpw Zpjvt]-cp-≈-hcpw sIm≈-cp-Xm-Ø-h-cp-

ambn NnXo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. cmPy-c-lkyw tNm¿Øn-b-Xns‚t]cnepw

cmjvS-\m-b-I-∑msc hI-h-cp-Øn-b-Xns‚t]cnepw Hscm‰ apkvenapw

]nSn-°-s∏-ń-s√-¶nepw kzX¥ C¥y-bnepw NoØ-t∏cpw kwi-b-

ZrjvSnbpw ]n¥p-S¿∂p. kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ a[pcw \ntj-[n-°-s∏´

lXm-i-b-cmb apkvenw-I-fn¬ ]pXp-Po-h≥ ]I-cm≥ Bcp-sa-Øn-bn-

√. A[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-ßfn¬\n∂pw DtZymKcwK-ß-fn¬\n∂pw apkvenwIƒ

AI-‰n-\n¿Ø-s∏-´p. cmPy-Øns‚ Hu∂-Xy-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp

Ime-Øn¬\n∂v kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ ]pd-tºm-°p-I-fn-te°p

apkvenwIƒ FSp-sØ-dn-b-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu A[:ÿnXn-

bn¬\n∂p tamN\wt\Sm≥ apkvenw Iƒ°p ap∂n¬ hgn-I-f-S-™p-

Xs∂ InS-∂p. ]n∂n-em-°-s∏-SpI F∂ Zpc-¥hpwt]dn tZio-b-[m-c-

bn¬ H‰s-∏´v (th-dn-´-√) k©-cn-°p-∂-h-cm-bn-Øo¿∂p Cu P\-hn-

`m-Kw. kz¥w \ne-\n¬∏ns\-°p-dn-®p≈ Bi-¶, cmPy-sØbpw kaq-

l-sØbpw Ipdn-®p≈ N¿®-I-fn¬\n∂p ]oUn-X-cpsS a\ p am‰n-

\n¿Øp-sa-∂Xv am\p-jn-I-amb Hcp Ah-ÿ-bm-Wv. CØcw L´-ß-

fn¬ ]oUn-X-k-aq-l-Øn¬ hy‡n-Xz-sØbpw AkvXn-Xz-sØbpw Ipdn-

®p≈ kpc-£n-X-Xzt_m-[hpw `c-W-L-S\ \evIp∂ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

e`y-am-Ip∂ Ah-ÿbpw krjvSn-°m≥ `c-W-Iq-S-ßƒ DW¿∂p-]-

43

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

h¿Øn-°p-I-bm-Wp- th-≠-Xv.

\oXnbpw Ah-Im-i-ßfpw \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-s√∂p ]uc-∑m¿°v

Dd-∏p-e-`n-t°-≠Xv P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ ]q¿W-Xbv°v Bh-iy-am-Wv.

`c-W-L-S\ \evInb hnizm-k-kzm-X¥yw kwc-£n-°-s∏-S-Ww.

AXn\p aX-]-c-ambhnizmkw ]pe¿Øm\pw ]N-cn-∏n-°m\pw Ah-

kcw In´-Ww. H´-\-h[n hwi, h¿K, aX-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS kw`m-h-\-

Iƒ Ie¿∂, ]q¿W-ambpw atX-X-c-amb kwkvIm-c-amWv C¥y-bp-

tS-Xv. Hcp ]tXyIkap-Zm-b-Øn-t‚-sX∂p as‰mcp hn`m-K-Øn\p

tXm∂p∂ BNm-c-co-Xn-Iƒ, HutZym-KnI ]cn-th-j-tØm-sS-bm-sW-

¶n¬t∏mepw ASn-t®-¬∏n-°p-∂Xv atX-X-c-Xz-Øns‚ A¿∞w \jvS-

s∏-Sp-Øpw.

C¥y-°m-c-\m-hpI F∂m¬ C¥y°m-c-\m-hpI F∂ kv]ncn-

‰n¬Øs∂ ImW-Ww. AXn-\p-≈n¬ as‰m-c¿∞hpw KqV-Xm¬]-

cyhpw D≠m-bn-°q-Sm. C¥y≥ tZio-b-X, aX-kw-kvIm-c-ssh-hn-[y-

ß-fpsS Hcp-an-®p≈ k©m-c-]-Y-amWv. Cu A¿∞-Øn¬ tZio-b-X-

sbbpw tZio-b-[m-c-sbbpw Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ign-bpw. AXn-\p-]-Icw,

tZio-bX F∂t]cn¬ ^mkn-Ãp-I-fpsS I¿a-im-kvXsØ AJ-

WvU`mc-X-kwkvIr-Xn-bmbn hnti-jn-∏n-°m\pw \m\m-Xz-Øn¬

GIXz sa∂ al-Ømb ss]Xr-IsØ \mam-h-ti-j-am-°m\pw \S-

Øp∂ ia-ßƒ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv temI-Ønse G‰hpw henb

atX-X-c-cm-jvS-sa∂ \ΩpsS cmPy-Øns‚ Io¿Øn AkvX-an-°p-∂-

Xn\pImc-W-am-Ipw.

kzmX-¥yhpw atX-X-c-Xzhpw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw \yq\-]-£-kw-c-

£-W-hp-sams° ]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°p∂Xn\p-]-I-cw `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬

\n∂n-d-ßn-h∂v s]mXp-th-Zn-I-fnse ]kw-K-hn-jbw amX-am-bn-Øo-

cp∂ Ahÿ h∂p-Iq-Sm. AXp \ap°v kzX¥ C¥y kΩm-\n®

alm-a-\p-jy-∑m-tcm-Sp≈ \µn-tISpw Ccp-≠-bp-K-Øn-te-°pff Xncn-

®p-t]m-°p-am-bn-cn-°pw.

\q‰m-≠p-I-fpsS kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-Xo-I-ambn Db¿∂p-\n-ev°p∂

alm-ku-[-ßƒ XI¿°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ C¥y≥ atX-X-c-Xz-Øns‚ ASn-

Ød Cf-Ip-I-bm-Wv. \mw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®p-t]m∂ aqey-ßƒ Nmc-am-bn-

Øo-cp-I-bm-Wv. c-W-L-S\ km£n-bmbn kXy-]-Xn⁄sNbvXv A[n-

Im-c-ta-dp-∂-h¿ c-W-L-S-\-sbbpw PpUo-jy-dn-sbbpw [n°-cn-°p-∂p.

cmjvS-]n-Xm-hn-t\-°mƒ cmjvS-]n-Xm-hns‚ LmX-I≥ ]pI-gvØ-s∏-

Sp∂p! Aim¥n Adp-Xn-bn-√msX XpS-cp∂p. In\m-hp-Iƒt]mepw

ImWm≥]‰mØ Ah-ÿ-bn-te°v C¥y-bpsSk¥-Xn-Iƒ hgpXn-

44

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

ho-gp∂p. GXps\dn-tI-Sn\pw Iq´p-]n-Sn-°m≥ Ncn-X-Øn¬ amXr-I-

I-ƒ Is≠-Øp∂p. thZ-K-Ÿ-ßfpw ]hm-N-I-∑mcpw temI-Øn\p

apgps° D≈-Xm-sW∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sn-\p-]-I-cw, k¶p-Nn-X-amb hrØ-

Øn¬ B ]Nm-c-W-˛-]-t_m-[-\- ]-In-bbpw ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-

XmWv as‰mcpIpg-∏w. \oXn \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp∂Xpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw

kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-ambn ssItb‰w sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-amWv apkvenw\yq\-

]£hn`m-K-ß-fpsS h¿Ø-am\ Zpc-¥w.

kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn°pw `Z-X°pwth≠n \nb-a-Øn\pw

`c-W-L-S-\bv°pw hnt[-b-ambn ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w bYm¿∞

atX-X-c-˛-P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hm-Zn-I-fmb C¥y≥ P\-tIm-Sn-Iƒ AWn-\n-c-

∂n- p≈ tZio-b-[m-c-bn-eqsS apkvenwkaq-lsØ \bn-°m\pw kwL-

S\ A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. `c-W-L-S-\m-in-ev]n-Ifpw Cu \yq\-]£

kwLm-S-\sØ BK-ln-®-Xm-Wv; As√-¶n¬ \yq\-]-£w kwL-Sn-

°p-∂Xv sX‰-s√∂v Icp-Xn-b-sX-¶n-ep-am-Wv.cmjvS-Øns‚ kºq¿Æ-

]p-tcm-K-Xn-bm-bn-cn-°Ww e£yw. a\p-jy¿ H∂mWv F∂ GIo-

I-c-W-Øns‚ ktµiw Db¿Øp∂ apkvenwkaqlw ssaXn-bn-eq-

sS-bp≈ GI-[m-csb F∂pw A\p-Iq-en-®n-´p-≠v.

amXr-`qan dwkm≥ kπn-sa‚ v 1993

45

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

amdp∂ kml-N-cy-ßfpw

]pXnb sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw

]pXnb\q‰m-≠n-te°v NphSvsh°p-I-bmWv temIw. ImeØns‚

alm]hm-l-Øn¬ XoscsNdnb Hcp[qfn-bmtb \q‰m≠v KWn-°-

s∏-Sp-∂p-≈q. ]t£, NcnXw AXns‚ hgn-bn¬ Cu Ime-K-W\

hfsc ][m-\-ambn ImWp-∂p. \q‰m-≠ns‚ am‰-Øn-s\m∏w ]pXn-

sbmcp kl-km_vZwIqSn ]ndhnsIm≈p-I-bm-Wv. Ccp-]-sØm∂mw

\q‰m-≠ns‚ ]Xo-£-Ifpw sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw kw_-‘n®v N¿®-Iƒ

XpS-ßn-bn´vXs∂ Zi-I-ß-fmbn. temIwapgps° \q‰m≠v am‰w Hcp

apJyhnj-b-am-sW∂v CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p, Z¿i-\-ßfpw imkvXhpw

kmln-Xyhpw kwkvIm-chpw kmaqly ]cn-k-c-ß-fp-sa√mw hni-I-

e\ hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. temI-Øns‚ ùXnI kml-N-cy-ß-fp-sS-

ta¬ A[oii‡n-bmbnØo¿∂n-´p≈ cmjvSobw Cu kwhm-Z-ß-

fpsS tIµÿm\-Øm-Wv.

sshcp-≤y-ß-fpsS \q‰m≠v

B[p-\nINcn-X-K-Xnsb Bg-Øn¬ kzm[o-\n® AXv`p-X-ß-fpsS

Hcp \q‰m-≠mWv AkvX-an-°p-∂-Xv. kmam-Py-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw IΩyq-

Wn-k-Øn-s‚bpw Db¿®˛XmgvN-Iƒ, tkmjy-enÃv c-W-I-a-ß-fpsS

i‡n Zu¿_-ey-ßƒ, tZiob hntam-N\]t£m-`-ßƒ, tImf\n

`c-W-ß-fn¬\n∂v ap‡-am-Ip∂ P\-X-bpsS kzmX¥ytLmj-ßƒ,

a\p-jym-h-Im-i-Øn-\m-bp≈ apd-hn-fn-Iƒ, P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ HuZm-

cy-ßƒ... F√mw Cu \q‰m≠v temI-Øn\v ImWn®p. AWp-t_mw-

_pw ssPhm-bp-[-ßfpw ]pØ≥ Huj-[-ßfpw tdUn-tbmbpw sSen-

46

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

hn-j\pw Ce-IvtSm-Wn-Ivkpw Iºyq- dpw C‚¿s\‰pw IS∂pt]mIp∂

hn⁄m\ hnkvt^m-S-\-hpw Nµ-\nse a\pjykm∂n-≤y-hpw sNm∆-

bnse ]cy-th-£-Whpw HSp-hn¬ t¢mWnw-Kp-ambn imkvX kmt¶-

XnItaJe Aº-c-∏n-°p∂ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-emWv. a\pjy_p≤n-bpsS

Kuc-h-X-c-amb ]tbm-K-Øns‚bpw Zpcp-]-tbm-K-Øn-s‚bpw ]Xn-^-

e\w I≠ \q‰m-≠v. c≠v temI alm-bp-≤-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw A]-Jym-

]nX alm-bp-≤-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw XpS-cp∂ Incm-X-amb \c-l-Xy-Ifpw

Cu \q‰m-≠n\v Iqc-apJw \¬Ip-∂p. F√mwIog-S°n kz¥-am-°m-

\p≈ a\p-jys‚ B¿Øn h≥t\´-ßƒ°pw Iq´-°p-cp-Xn-Iƒ°pw

If-sam-cp-°p-I-bm-Wv.

BZ-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ C¥y

Ccp-]Xmw\q‰m-≠ns‚ ]tXy-IX AXns‚ Ak-ln-jvWp-X-

bmWv F∂v _nójv XXz-Nn-¥-I≥ sbj-bm-_¿se≥ ]d-bp-∂p.

Cu Ak-ln-jvWp-Xbpw temIcmjvS-ßƒ°n-S-bn-se GIm-[n-

]Xn bpsS kzchpw tN¿∂ Hcp cmjvSobkwkvImcw temI-Ønse

G‰hpwhenb P\m-[n-]XycmjvS-amb C¥y-bnepw i‡n-s∏-ń-cn-°p-

∂p. C¥y°v kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ \q‰m-≠m-Wn-Xv. At\Iw ImesØ

tImf\n `c-W-Øns‚ XS-h-d-bn¬ \n∂v hntam-N-\-Øn-te°v ]d∂

\q‰m-≠v. aX PmXn sshhn-≤y-ßƒ ad∂v C¥y-°msc√mw H‰-s°-

´mbn s]mcp-Xn-b-Xns‚ hne-bm-bn-cp∂p kzmX-¥yw. atX-X-c, P\m-

[n-]Xy aqey-ß-fn-eq-∂nb hntizm-Ø-c-amb C¥y≥`c-W-L-S\

kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ kΩm-\hpw. Ac \q‰m-≠ns‚ ]b-Xv\-^-e-ambn

C¥y hnI-k-\-Øns‚ Db-c-ß-fn-te°v IpXn-®p. temI-Ønse hº≥

cmPy-ßƒ imkvX-˛-km-t¶-XnI taJ-e-I-fn¬ ssIh-cn® t\´-

ßƒs°m∏w \n¬°m≥amXw C¥y ]e-t∏mgpw tijn t\Sn. A¥m-

cmjvS thZn-I-fn¬ C¥y-bpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ BZ-cn-°-s∏´p.-

Ccp-]Xmw\q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-th-f-bn¬ kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ Ac-

\q-‰m≠v XnI® C¥y°v A[:ÿnXkaq-l-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ cmjvS\mb-

I-\p-ap-≠m-bn. ]t£, G‰hpwIqSp-X¬ am\h hn -h-ti-jn-bp≈ cmjvS-

ß-fn-sem-∂mb C¥y-bpsS _mly-amb hnti-j-W-ßƒ amX-am-Wn-

h-sb-√m-sa∂v temIsØ t_m[y-s∏-SpØpw hn[-amWv \ΩpsS

cmjvSobcwKw. kzmX¥ywe`n®v Bdpamkwt]mepw XnIbpwapºv

cmjvS ]nXm-hns\Øs∂ hI-h-cp-Ønb lo\-Ir-Xy-Øn-eqsS

C¥y≥ cmjvSo-b--Øns‚ ]pXnb kwkv°m-c-sa-s¥-∂v hne-bn-cp-Ø-

s∏-´-Xm-Wv.

47

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

B`y-¥c Zpc-¥-ßƒ

C¥ysb kzmX-¥y-Øn-te°v \bn-°m≥ PohnXw Dgn-™p-sh®

alm-flm-Km‘n A[n-Im-cm-tcm-l-W-Øns‚ ]cn-k-c-ß-fn-sem∂pw IS-

∂p-h-cmØ XymKn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂n´pw kzX¥ C¥y AXns‚

h¿Æ-s∏m-en-a-bn¬\n∂v Km‘nPnsb \njv°-cpWw \o°wsNbvXp.

FÆ-a‰ h¿KobIem]ßfn¬ Iq´-s°me sNø-s∏´ C¥y≥]pX-

∑m¿ IW-°-‰-Xm-Wv. \nc-£-c-cpw Zcn-Zcpw \ncm-i-b-cp-amb P\-tIm-

Sn-I-fmWv C¥y≥ Kma-ß-fn¬ Zpcn-X-]q¿Æambn Ign-bp-∂-Xv.

C¥y≥ tZio-b-X-bpsS ]Xo-I-am-bn-cp∂ Km‘n-Pnsbt∏mse,

kzX¥C¥y-bpsS kmaq-ly-a-WvU-e-Øn¬ atX-X-c-Xz-Øns‚

tZiob]Xo-I-ambn \ne-s°m≠ _m_vcn akvPnZpw D∑q-e\wsNø-

s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Htc cmjvSob ]XybimkvX-Øns‚ ssII-

fm¬ tZio-b-Xbpw atX-X-c-Xzhpw XI¿°-s∏-Sp∂ Zpc-¥-amWv

kzmX¥ywInń Ac-\q-‰m≠v XnIbpwapºv C¥y A\p-`-hn-t°≠n

h∂-Xv. cmjvS-Øns‚ D∂X`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fm¬Øs∂ c≠p

tZiob Zpc-¥-ß-sf∂v Cu kw`-h-ßsf hnfn-°-s∏-´p. F∂n´pw

Km‘n-Pnsb h[n-®h\pw _m_vcn akvPnZv XI¿Ø-hcpw hmgvØ-

s∏-Sp-I-bmWv \ΩpsS cmPy-Øv.

GIm-[n-]-Xy-]-h-W-X-I-tfmSv s]mcp-Xnb ]gb tkmjyenkw-

t]mepw A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ ]¶v ]‰m-\p≈ a’-c-Øn¬ h¿Kob

^mkn-k-tØmSv tN¿∂v\n¬°p-∂ cmjvSob Imem-h-ÿ-bmWv

C¥y A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. \yq\-]-£-ßsf s]mXpkwkvIm-c-

Øn¬ ebn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv Xs‚ ]m¿ń-bpsS e£y-sa∂v ]c-ky-ambn

]Jym-]n® `c-W-Ø-e-h\pw lnµpXzamWv C¥y-bpsS kmwkvIm-

cnItZiobX F∂hIm-i-s∏-Sp∂ cmjvSob ]m¿ń-°p-an-S-bn¬ `c-

W-L-S\mXXz-ßfpw cmPy-Øns‚ ]mc-º-cyhpw atX-X-c, P\m-[n-

]Xy k¶¬∏-ßfpw FX-tØmfw kpc-£n-X-am-sW∂v Duln-°m-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv. lnµp- -apkvenw [pho-I-c-W-Øn\v Ac-sßm-cp-°p-I-bmWv

^mknÃv e£yw. GI knhn¬ tImUv, Imivao-cns‚ ]tXyI ]Z-

hn, akvPn-Zv-˛-a-µn¿ ]iv\w, kwh-cWw, htµ-am-X-cw, cmjvS-`m-j,

KwKm-P-ew, tKmh-[w, aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\w, hntZin ]iv\w XpS-ßnb

\nc-h[n ]Xo-I-ßsf Cu cmjvSobXm¬∏-cy-Øn-\mbn hym]-I-

ambn Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. 1937-˛¬ Al-Ω-Zm-_m-Zn¬ hoc

kh¿°-dpsS A≤y-£-X-bn¬tN¿∂ lnµpalm-k`m ktΩ-f-\-

Øns‚ ]Jym-]\w Cu [pho-I-c-W-Øn\v ]Xyb imkvX-]-c-

amb Xd-sbm-cp-°n-b-Xm-Wv. C¥y°v Hcn-°epw H‰cmjvS-am-Im≥

48

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Ign-bn-√. C¥y-bn-ep-≈Xv c≠pcmjvS-ßƒ Xs∂-bmWv˛ lnµphpw

apkvenapw F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p B `n∂n-∏ns‚ ktµ-iw.

\yq\-]£w Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p

cmPyØv h¿Ko-bX hf¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ ]n¬°m-eØv cmjvSob

]m¿ń-Iƒ \n¿∆-ln-°p∂ ITn\bXv\w BZyw NcnXKŸ-ß-fmWv

Gs‰-Sp-Ø-Xv. _nó-jp-Im-cm¬ cNn-°-s∏´ hymPNcn-X-ß-fpsS

]n≥_-e-Øn¬ kaq-l-Øns‚ ]eXńepw aX-ssh-c-Øns‚ A¥-

co£w krjvSn-°-s∏-´p. hf-s®m-Sn°-s∏´ Ncn-X-ß-fpsS hmb-\bpw

AXns‚ ]Xn-Im-c-hp-amWv Cu \q‰m-≠nse C¥y-bpsS im]-ß-fn-

sem-∂v. ss]adn ¢m nse ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ apX¬ D∂-X-k¿∆-

I-em-im-e-Ifpw B\p-Im-en-I-ßfpwhsc Cu IffNcn-Xß-fpsS

thZn-bm-Ip-∂p. CXns\ °pdn®v cmjvS-]n-XmhvXs∂ ]d-™n-´p-≠v:

hnj-_o-P-ß-fm¬ hf-s®m-Sn-°-s∏´ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fpff Imew

aX-ku-lm¿±w ]pe-cn√ F∂v. h¿Ko-b-X-bpsS kwL-S-\m-cq-]-ßƒ

C¥y-bn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-´Xpw Cu \q‰m-≠n-em-Wv. XnI™ atX-X-

c, P\m-[n-]Xy hyh-ÿ-bn-eq-∂nb ]Xn-tcm-[-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv F√m

h¿Ko-b, ]Xn-tema ]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw cmPyw sNdp-°p-∂-Xv.

sshhn-[y-Øn¬ GI-Xz-sa∂ cmPy-Øns‚ ss]Xr-Ihpw atX-

Xc hyh-ÿbpw XI¿∂m¬ ]n∂oSv C¥y-bn√ F∂ Xncn-®-dn-hmWv

P\-ßsf \bn-°p∂ cmjvSob I£n-Iƒ°m-h-iyw. `c-W-L-S-

\sbbpw PpUo-jy-dn-sbbpw hI-sh-°mØ cmjvSob \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ

]cm-P-b-s∏-s´-¶nse C¥y-bpsS P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn\v mhn-bp-f-fq. ]uc-

∑m¿s°√mw Xpey-\oXn Dd∏m--°p-∂-Xn-eqsS amXta P\m-[n-]Xyw

]q¿ÆX t\Sp-I-bp-≈q.-Chn-sS-bmWv \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS ]iv\w.

C¥y-bnse G‰hpw A[:ÿnX P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fn-sem-∂mbn Ign-bp-

I-bmWv apkvenw \yq\-]-£w. tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ ZfnXvhn`m-KØns‚-

ÿnXnbpw CXvXs∂. F°m-ehpw cmPy-Xm-ev]-cy-ßƒs°m∏wamXw

\ne-sIm≠ apkvenw\yq\-]£w cmjvS]p\¿\n¿ΩmW ]In-b-bn¬

hln®]¶v \nkvXp-e-am-Wv. kmaqly ]n∂m-°m-h-ÿbpw \oXn \ntj-

[hpw Ac-£n-X-Xzhpw C∂v apkvenw\yq\-]£w t\cn-Sp∂ Kpcp-Xc

]iv\-ß-fm-Wv.

kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Itø-‰-ßƒ°v \nc-¥cw

hnt[-b-am-tI≠nhcp∂ Zpc-hÿ \yq\-]-£-ßsf ]n¥p-S-cp-∂p.

hnZym-`ym-k, sXmgn¬ taJ-e-bnse ]n∂m-°m-hÿ apkvenw \yq\-

]-£-Øns‚ kmaqly]ptcm-K-Xn°v G‰hpw henb ]Xn-k-‘n-bm-

Ip-∂p. \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWthZn-bnepw \nba \n¿∆-l-W-cw-KØpw \yq\-

49

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

]£ ]mXn-\n[yw hfsc]cn-an-X-am-Wv. D∂X DtZym-K-ß-fn-te°v

tbmKyX t\Sm-\p≈ ti-jnbpw hnZym-`ymk ]n∂m-°m-hÿ sIm≠v

XS-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒt]mepw h¿§obh¬°-cn® DØ-

tc-¥y≥ kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ ss]adn hnZym-`ym-k-Øn¬ \n∂vt]mepw

apkvenwkap-Zmbw AI-‰-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv. hym]m-ctam hntZi sXmgntem

sIm≠v kmº-Øn-I-ambn A¬]w sa®-s∏-´-h-cp-s≠-¶n¬ Bkq-

XWcmln-Xy-Ømepw ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

atX-Xc I£n-I-fpsS \n w-KX

s]cp-In-h-cp∂ h¿§obel-f-I-fn¬ kºØpw Poh\pw \jvS-

s∏-Sp-∂ kap-Zm-b-ßƒ°v t\sc Iem-]-a-gn-®p-hn-´-h¿, in£n-°-s∏-

SpI t]mep-an-√m-Ø cm„obkml-N-cy-sØbpw \yq\-]-£-ßƒ

Zp:J]q¿hw t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. CXn-s\-√m-a-∏pdw cmPy-tZm-ln-

Iƒ, IS-∂p-h-∂-h¿ XpS-ßnb ]cn-lm-k-ßƒ°pw hnt[-b-cm-tI≠n

hcp∂ Hcp P\-X°v Bfl-hn-izmkw ]I-cm-\p-X-Ip-∂ cmjvSob \ne-

]m-Sp-I-fmWv cmPysØ atX-X-c-I-£n-Iƒ A\p-h¿Øn-t°-≠n-bn-

cp-∂-Xv. ]t£, kao-]-Imewhsc ]apJI£n-I-fpsS \n w-K-X-tbm,

Ai-≤tbm \yq\-]-£-ßƒs°-Xn-cmb Itø-‰-ßƒ°v Ah-c-dn-

bmsX t]m¬km-l-\-am-Ip-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-i-X-Iƒ ]cn-l-cn®v

cmjvSob]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS ]mX-bn¬ apt∂-dm≥ \yq\-]-£-ßƒ°mh-

W-sa-¶n¬ A[n-Imc]¶m-fnØwt]mepw Bh-iy-am-Wv. Cs√-¶n¬

`c-W-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ \n¿Æm-bIkzm[o\w sNep-Øm-\p≈ tijn-sb-

¶nepw ssIh-cn-°-Ww. \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW k -I-fnse ]¶m-fnØw amX-

amWv CXn\v ]cn-lm-cw. aXn-bmb \yq\-]£ ]mXn-\n-[y-Øn\v `c-

W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb hyh-ÿ-I-sfm-∂p-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ atX-Xc I£n-

IƒXs∂ Cu hgn°v Nn¥n-°-Ww.

\yq\-]£, A[:-ÿnX hn`mKØn¬\n∂v IqSp-X¬ ]Xn-\n-[n-

Iƒ krjvSn-°-s∏-Spw-hn[w cmjvSobIIvjn-I-fpsS ÿm\m¿∞n

]ńI cq]-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. 544 AwK temI-k-`bn¬ G‰hpw IqSnb

apkvenw AwK-kw-Jy-bp-≠m-b-Xv 46 BWv. CXv 1980-em-bn-cp-∂p. 91-

˛¬ 26-˛¬ FØn CXv. ]Xn-\©viX-am-\-Øn-e-[nIw P\-kw-Jy-bpff

Hcp hn`m-K-Øn\v A©piX-am\wt]mepw ]mXn-\n-[y-an-√mØ Ah-

ÿ. \yq\-]-£-ßƒ cmjvSo-b-ambn kwL-Sn-®v, atX-X-c, P\m-[n-

]Xy I£n-I-fp-ambn hnim-e-kJy-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-I hgn Cu Zpc-h-

ÿ°v ]cn-lmcw ImWm-\m-Ip-sa∂v C¥y≥ bqWn-b≥ apkvenweoKv

hniz-kn-°p-∂p. Cu hgn-bn-eqsS apt∂m´v t]mb-Xns‚ hnPbw

tIcfw Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p.

50

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

]pXnb \q‰m-≠ns‚ ip`-kq-N\

kzX¥ C¥y-bn¬ \yq\-]-£, ]nt∂m° P\-X°v hy‡nXzw

\ne-\n¿Øn A`n-am\]q¿∆w apt∂m´v t]mIm-\p≈ kml-Ncyw tIc-

f-ØnemWv XS- -an-√msX e`n-°p-∂Xv. kwh-c-Ww, hnZym-`ym-k-]p-

tcm-K-Xn, kmaqly kpc-£n-XXzw XpSßn hnhn[ Xpd-I-fn¬ tIcfw

C¥y-bnse \yq\-]-£-ßƒ°v amXr-I-bm-Wv. CXv Xe-ap-d-I-fn-eqsS

apkvenweoKv \S-Ønb ITn-\m-≤zm-\-Øns‚ê-am-Wv. Bib

sshPm-Xy-ßƒ°-∏p-dw H‰s°´mbn \n¬°m-\p≈ kap-Zm-b-Øns‚

k∂-≤-X-bp-amWv Cu t\´w e`y-am-°n-b-Xv. kaq-lsØ cmjvSob

]_p-≤-am-°pI F∂ ZuXy-amWv CXn-\mbn apkvenweoKv BZyw

sNbvX-Xv. CXc kwÿm-\-ß-fn-se \yq\-]£hn`m-K-ßfpw Cu hgn

XpS¿∂m¬ ]ptcm-KXn ]m]n-°mw.

^mkn-Ãv, h¿Kob i‡n-I-fpsS A[n-Im-cm-tcm-lWw krjvSn-

°p∂ A\-`n-e-j-Wo-b-amb ÿnXn-hn-ti-jsØ Xncn-®-dn™v ]Xn-

I-cn-°m≥ tZio-b, atX-Xc I£n-Iƒ k¶p-Nn-XXzw shSn™v Xøm-

dm-bn-cn-°p∂p -F∂Xv ]Xymi ]c-Øp-∂p. cmjvS\∑-°mbn H∂n-

°m≥ ]Xy-b-imkvX imTy-ßfpw Zpc-`n-am-\-ßfpw am‰n-sh-°m-sa∂

Nn¥ hf¿∂phcp-∂Xv ]pXnb\q‰m-≠ns‚ ip`-kq-N-\-bm-Wv. F√m

Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ°p-a-∏p-dw a\p-jys‚ ]£Øv \n¬°m≥Ign-bp∂

\∑-bpsS cmjvSo-b-amWv D]-t`mK kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ apßn-°n-S-°p∂

Cu ]pXn-b-Im-ehpw BK-ln-°p-∂-Xv.

NµnI kzX-¥y-Zn\ hnti-jm¬-∏-Xn∏v 1999

51

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

ka- m-h-\-bpsS C¥y

temI-cm-jvS-ßƒ°v at≤y A\p-]-a-amb ]`m-h-tØmsS Xe-

bp-b¿Øn\n¬°p-I-bmWv C¥y. D]-`q-J-WvU-Øns‚ BZncq]-am-

bmepw th¿]n-cn-b-ep-Iƒ°v tij-ap≈ C∂sØ cmjvS-am-bmepw

C¥y F∂ t]cv D≈n-s‚-bp-≈n¬ \pc-bp∂ A`n-am\t_m[-Øns‚

hnti-j-W-am-Ip-∂p. sshhn-≤y-ß-fpsS alm-kw-K-a-amWv \ΩpsS

cmPyw. temI-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fp-sS-sb√mw ssIh-gn-Iƒ HgpIn h∂p-

tN¿∂ alm-kw-K-aw.

ChnsS P\n-®p-h-f¿∂ aX-ßƒ, a‰p-≈-h-bn¬ \n∂v Dcp-Øn-cn™v

GXm≠v aX-cq]w ]m]n® Nn¥m-]-ÿm-\-ßƒ, IS-∂p-h∂ aX-

ßƒ, Aßs\ FÆ-a‰ aX-ß-fpsS hf¿®bpw XI¿®bpw ]p\-cp-

∞m-\hpwI≠v F√m-‰n-s\bpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ hnimea\ v ImWn-

®-XmWv `mc-Xob]mc-º-cyw. F√mw Dƒs°m-≈m\pw- Af-hn¬

Ihn™BZcw \¬Im-\pap≈ Cu k∂-≤-X-bmWv \mw `mc-Xob

kwkvImcw F∂v Icp-Xn-t∏m-cp-∂-Xv. alm-\-K-c-ßƒhsc ]c∂v InS-

°p∂ `qhn-`m-K-Øn-eqsS `mc-XobkwkvImcw HgpIn\oßp-∂p. Chn-

SsØ a\p-jy-cpsS kz`m-h-˛-io-e-ß-fn¬ Cu h\y-˛-\-Kc kwkvIm-

c-ß-fp-sS ssZ¿Lytam A¥-ctam C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠p-Xm-\pw.

temI-Øns‚ hn⁄m\tKm]p-c-ß-fn¬ \£-X-tim-`-tbmsS Ibdn

\n¬°p∂ `mc-Xo-b-cp-≠v. \nc-£-cX \qdviX-am-\-ap≈ `mc-Xob

Kma-ß-fp-≠v. kº∂Xbpw Zmcn-Zyhpw H∏-Øn-s\m∏w \oßp-∂p.

thj-Ønepw `mj-bnepw I¿Ω-Ønepw Nn¥-bnepw BNm-c-ß-fnepw

hnizm-k-Ønepw hyXn-cn‡X ]pe¿Øp∂ P\-ßƒ A[n-h-kn-

°p∂ cmPyw. alm-]¿∆-Xhpw alm-k-ap-Zhpw AXn-cn¬ Imh¬

52

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

\n¬°p-tºmgpw `mc-XobkmwkvIm-cnI ss]Xr-I-Øns‚ Cfw-Im‰v

temI-Øns‚ AXn-cp-I-fn-te°v hoip-∂p.

At\Iw aX-ßƒ, \qdvI-W-°n\v PmXn-Iƒ, D]-Pm-Xn-Iƒ, F√m

ap≠m-bn-cp-∂n´pw Bflob ssNX\ywt]mse `mc-Xo-b-cn¬ Hcp-a-bpsS

t_m[-ap-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. `mc-Xo-b≥ F∂v A`n-am-\-]q¿∆w ]d-bp-∂-h-

tcmSv `mc-XobXsb-°p-dn®v Nne¿ HcpXcw A[n-Imckzcw ]pd-s∏-

Sp-hn-°p-∂Xv Bflm-hn-e-en™v tN¿∂ tZi-kvt\-l-Øns‚ bYm¿-

∞-amb GI-X-bpsS A¥- -Øsb Xs∂ XI¿°p-∂-XmWv.

aX, kwkvImc sshhn-≤y-ß-fpsS Hcp-an-®p≈ k©m-c-amWv mc-

XobkwkvIrXn sIm≠p-h-∂-Xv. ]t£, Xß-fp-tS-X-√m-Ø-sX¥pw

A\yw,-h¿÷yw F∂ ImgvN-∏mSv ]pe¿Øn-t∏m-cp-∂-Xv Cu

ss]XrI-Øns‚ hnip-≤n°v FXncv \n¬°p-∂p. Cu \ntj-[m-

flIkao-]-\-Øn\v, iXp-kw-lmcat\m- m-h-ap≈ Cu kz`m-h-co-Xn°v

\ΩpsS cmjvS-Øns‚ ]mNo\Ncn-X-tØmfw ]g-°-ap-≠v. ChnsS

P\n®vhf¿∂ _p≤-a-X-Øn-s‚bpw ssP\aX-Øn-s‚bpw h¿Ø-am-

\-Im-e-ÿnXn AXn-te°v shfn®whoip-∂-Xm-Wv. mc-Xo-b¿°v A\p-

tbm-Py-a-√m-Ø-sX-¥m-bn-cp∂p B aX-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂Xv F∂

At\z-jWw B aX-ßƒ ChnsS BI-a-W-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-am-b-

Xns‚ kXy-ÿnXn hy‡-am-°pw. \ΩpsS cmjvS-Øns‚ `cW

kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬t∏mepw C¥y-bn¬ \ne-\n∂, \ne-\n¬°p∂ apgp-

h≥ aX-ß-fp-sSbpw kzm[o-\-ap-≠v. \ΩpsS ssNX\y k¶¬∏-ß-

fmb kzmX-¥yhpw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw Cu aX-ß-fpsS kw`m-h-\-bm-

Wv. atX-X-cXzw `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Aaqey kw`m-h-\bpw!

]s£ Xß-fpsS hnizm-k]-am-Whpw at\m-`m-hhpw a‰p-≈-h-cn¬

ASn-t®¬∏n-°pI F∂ kao-]\w Nne¿ kzoI-cn-®-XmWv \ΩpsS

kwkvIm-c-Øn\v kw`-hn® G‰hpw henb A]-N-bw.

Cu ASn-t®¬∏n-°¬ at\m-`mhw h¿Ko-b-˛-]-Xn-tema ]h¿Ø-

\-ß-fmbn cq]m-¥-c-s∏´v cmjvS-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ kncm-X-¥p-°-fnepw

hym]n-®-XmWv C∂v C¥y t\cn-Sp∂ G‰hpw henb hn]-Øp-I-fn-

sem-∂v. Hcp \o≠Ime-b-f-hnse t]mcm-´-Øn-eqsS t\Snb cmjvS

kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ A¿∞w-t]mepw \jvS-s∏Spwhn[w ^mknÃv ]h-

WX cmPyØv i‡n]m]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

kzmX¥yw Inń Ac-\q-‰m-≠m-bn´pw kzmX¥y ]q¿∆-L-´-Ønse

Xnf-°w-t]m-ep-an-s√∂v tXm∂n-∏n-°p-∂-Xns‚ Imc-W-ß-fn-sem∂v

cmjvS-Øn-\-IØv inYn-eo-I-cWi‡n-Iƒ hf-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. cmPysØ

kmº-ØnIambpw a‰pcwK-ß-fnepw ]ptcm-KXnbnte°v \bn-°p-∂-

53

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Xn¬ i≤n-t°≠ k¿°m-dp-Iƒ°v cmPyØv Aim¥n hnX-°p∂

i‡n-Isf Aa¿®sNøp-∂-Xn\v ITn-\m-≤zm\w sNtø-≠n-h-cp-∂p.

CØcw ]iv\-ßƒ krjvSn-°p∂ kvXw`-\m-h-ÿ-tbm-sSm∏w Kpcp-

X-c-amWv \yq\-]-£-ß-fn¬ hf-cp∂ Bi-¶-bpw.

kzmX-¥yhpw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw atX-X-c-Xzhpw ]q¿Æ-amb A¿∞-

Øn¬ kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ amX-amWv mc-Xob ss]Xr-I-Øns‚

aln-a-bn¬ F√m-h¿°pw A`n-am\w sIm≈m≥ -Ign-bp-I. AXn-\mbn

a\p-jy¿ H∂m-Wv F∂ GI-X-bpsS, ka-`m-h-\-bpsS ktµiw cmPy-

Øns‚ Hmtcm tImWnepw Hmtcm a\- nepw kZmapg-ßWw. \m\m-

Xz-Øn¬ GIXz sa∂ \ΩpsS tZio-b-X-bpsS kwKoXw temIw

apgps° tIƒ∏n-°Ww.-

kl-km-_vZ-ßƒ ]n∂n-´mepw C¥y AXns‚ ]q¿Æ-am-b A¥-

t msS \ne\n¬°Ww F∂ ZrV-\n-›bw Xe-ap-d-I-fn-te°v ssIam-

dm≥ Ign-b-Ww.-

P-\-bpKw hnjp-∏Xn∏v 1993

54

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

aXw _e-]-tbm-K-a√

aX-Øn¬ hniz-kn°m\pw BN-cn-°m\pw aXw]N-cn-∏n-°m-\p-ap≈

kzmX¥yw C¥y≥`c-W-L-S\ \evIp∂ auen-Im-h-Im-i-am-Wv.

\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\sb hntizm-Ø-c-am-°p-∂Xpw AXns‚ atX-Xc

P\m-[n-]-Xy -kz-`mhwXs∂. sshhn-[y-Øn¬ GI-Xz-sa∂ ktµ-

i-Øn-eqsS Xe-ap-d-I-fn-te°v ]I-cp-∂Xpw cmPy-Øns‚ Nnc-]p-cm-

X-\-amb kln-jvWp-X-bp-sSbpw kmtlm-Z-cy-Øn-s‚bpw kwkvIm-

c-am-Wv. Cu A¥-co-£sØ XI¿°m≥ aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\ ia-ßfpw

aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-hn-hm-Z-hpw Imc-W-am-bn-°q-Sm. uXnI ]tem- -\-ßƒ

sIm≠pw _ew-]-tbm-Kn®pw aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w ]mSn-√. CXv ]kvXpX

aX-Øns‚ Imt\-jp-amcn h¿[n-∏n-°p-sa-∂-√msX bYm¿∞ hnizm-

knsb krjvSn-°m≥ D]-I-cn-°n-√. kaq-l-\-∑-°m-hiyw aX-hn-`m-K-

Øns‚ AwKkw-Jy-b-√. PohnXhnip-≤n-bpsS amXr-I-bmb aX-hn-

izm-kn-I-sf-bm-Wv. hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ CXv A¿∞-i-¶-bv°n-S-an-

√mØhn[w hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v. aX-Øn¬ \n¿_‘w sNep-Ø-

en√ (_-e-]-tbm-Kw), \nßƒ°v \nß-fpsS aXw, F\n°v Fs‚

aXw XpSßn aX-hn-izmkw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xnse Dt±-iy-ip-≤nsb

hnhn[L´-ß-fn¬ Jp¿B≥ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p.

aXw ]N-cn-∏n-°pI F∂ ssZhn-I-\n-tbmKw \nd-th-‰m≥ Hmtcm

apkvenan\pw _m[y-X-bp-≠v. \∑ Iev∏n-°p-Ibpw Xn∑ XS-bp-Ibpw

sNøpI F∂ Blzm-\hpw hnizkn°pIbpw k¬I¿Ω-ßf\pjvTn-

°p-Ibpw ]c-kv]cw kXyw-sIm≠pw £a-sIm≠pw D]-tZ-in-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂-h-c-√msX as‰√m kaq-lhpw \jvS-Øn-emWv F∂

ImesØØs∂ km£n-bm-°n-bp≈ ]Jym-]-\hpw CXns‚ ASn-

55

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

ÿm-\amWv.

Cu \ne-]m-Sn-eq-∂n-bmWv aX-]-t_m-[\w Hcp _m[y-X-bmbn ap-

kvenw Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. AXn¬ _e-]-tbm-K-Øn\pw kΩ¿±-Øn\pw

ÿm\-an-s√∂v C¥ym-N-cn-Xhpw km£n ]d-bp-∂p. C¥y-bn¬ C-

kvemw ]N-cn--®Xv ssk\nI\o°-ß-fn-eq-sS-b√! hnip-≤ PohnX-

am¿§-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Fgp-\qdv h¿j-tØmfw apkvenw NI-h¿Øn-

am¿ C¥y `cn-®n´pw apkvenw kap-Zmbw Cu cmPyØv \yq\-]-

£ambnØs∂ \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p-sh-∂Xv aX-Øn¬ _e-]-tbm-K-

an√ F∂ hnip≤ Jp¿-Bs‚ ]mT-am-Wv. tIc-fw, Xan-gv\m-Sv, B‘,

Z¬ln, bp. ]n. XpSßn \nc-h[n tIµ-ß-fn¬ C¥y-bn¬ CkvemanI

]t_m-[-\-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬Inb ]pWy-Ncn-X-cmb alm-]p-cp-j-

∑m-cpsS Hm¿Ω-Iƒ ab-ßp-∂p-≠v. Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-N-cn-X-amWv C-

¥y-bnse Ckvemans‚ Ncn-Xw.

1980¬ ao\m-£n-]pcw F∂ Kmaw dlvaØv\K-dmbn amdn-b-Xn-

s\-°p-dn®v CkvemanI ImgvN-∏m-Sn\v hncp-≤-amb]Nm-c-W-ßƒ BZy-

L-´-Øn-ep-b¿s∂-¶nepw kzX¥ GP≥kn-I-fp-sSbpw am[ya

]h¿Ø-I-cp-sSbpw At\z-j-W-ßƒ hkvXpX ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h--

∂p. PmXo-b]iv\-ß-fn¬ \nc-¥cw ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Ah-

tl-fn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX-h-cpsS Xpey-Xbv°vth≠n-bp≈ A`n-hm-

RvO-bmWv Ahsc Ckveman-se-Øn-®-Xv F∂v ]n∂oSv Nq≠n-°m-

Wn-°-s∏- p. -a-\p-jy≥ FX ]ptcm-K-an-®mepw Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈

At\z-j-W-Øn¬ _‘n-X-cm-Wv. Cßs\ Bflo-bm-t\z-j-W-Øn-

eqsS kXyw Is≠Øn GsX-¶nepw hnizm-k-[m-csb kzoI-cn-

°p∂Xns\ \nb-aw-sIm≠v XS-bm-sa∂Xv auVy-am-Wv. A©v\q‰m-

≠n-\p-tijw kapZm-b-ß-fpsS P\-kw-Jym-\n-c°v Fß-s\-bmIpw

F∂v AXn-i-tbm-‡n-]-c-amb IW-°p-Iƒ \ncØn Fgp-Xm-∏pdw

hmbn-°p∂ cmjvSobw C¥ysb inYn-e-am-°pw. kzmX¥yw e`n-®p

_mem-cn-jvSX-Iƒ ]n∂n-Sp∂ C¥y cmjvS-\n¿ΩmWL´-Øn-em-Wv.

Cu kabw tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y-\sØ XI¿°m≥ Hcp-ßp-∂Xv cmjvS-

in-ev]n-Ifpw tImSn-°-W-°n\v ]uc-∑mcpw kz]v\w ImWp∂ sFiz-

cy-]q¿W-amb `mhn C¥ysb \in-∏n-°m-\m-Wv hgn-sbmcp°p-I.

C¥y F∂pw Cßs\ t]mbm¬ aXn F∂v IW-°p-Iq-´p∂

i‡nIfmWv Cu Xcw ]Xn-temaNn¥-I-fpsS ]n∂-Wn-bm-Ip-∂-Xv.

C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-in-e-bmb atX-X-c-Xzhpw P\m-

[n-]-Xyhpw i‡n-s∏-Sp-ØpI-bmWv Cu kµ¿`-Øns‚ Bh-iyw.

aX-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ t]cn¬ \yq\-]-£-ßƒ \c-l-Xy-bv°n-c-bm-Ip-

56

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

∂Xv ]cn-jvIrXkaq-l-Øns‚ apJ-tØ-ev]n-°p∂ IdpØ]mSp-I-

fm-Wv. Hdo-k-bn¬ InkvXy≥ anj-\-dn-sbbpw a°-sfbpw Np´p-sIm∂

ImSØw aX-Øns‚ t]cn--em-W-c-tß-dn-bXv F∂Xv e÷m-I-c-am-Wv.

a\p-jys\ \∂m-°m-\p≈ aX-Øns‚ t]cn¬ a\p-jy≥ \in-°p-

∂Xv hntcm-[m-`m-k-am-Wv. aX-kzm-X¥yw ]ucm-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS Ahn-

`m-Py-L-S-I-am-sW∂v c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 14,15,16 A\p-t—-Z-ßƒ hy‡-

am-°p-∂p. Cu `c-W-L-S-\m-X-Xz-Øn¬ ambwtN¿°m-\pff \o°w

C¥y°m-cs‚ P∑m-h-Im-i-Øn\v t\¿°p≈ sh√p-hn-fn-bm-Wv. F√m

aX-ßfpw a\p-jycpw ]c-kv]cw _lp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw kvt\ln-°p-

Ibpw sNøp∂ im¥hpwkam-[m-\-]-c-hp-amb cmjvSm-¥-co£w

krjvSn-°m-\mWv DØ-c-hm-Z-s∏-´-h¿ ian-t°-≠Xv.

amXr-`qan hmcm-¥y-∏-Xn∏v 1999 am¿®v 7

57

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

]Xn-Im-c-Nn-¥-b√

]Xymi hf¿ØWw

\∑-bp-sSbpw kam-[m-\-Øn-s‚-bpw ]c-kv]c kvt\l-Øn-s‚bpw

Iq´m-bva-bp-sSbpw ktµ-i-amWv Ckvemw \¬Ip-∂-Xv. £a, hnizm-

k-Øns‚ A¿≤-`m-K-am-sW∂v Cu aXw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. kXy--Øns‚

km£n-Ifpw Im¿an-I-cp-am-Im\pw am\-hnI GI-X- e£yw sh°m\pw

Ckvemw Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p.

k¿∆-tem-I-Øn\pw Ime-Øn\pw P\-Xbv°pw hgn-Im-´p-I-bmWv

hnip≤ Jp¿B≥. temI-Øns‚ F√m- Akzÿ-X-Iƒ°pw Po¿W-

X-Iƒ°pw Zp:Jßƒ°pw At\z-j-W-ßƒ°pw ]cn-lmcw Cu KŸ-

Øn-ep-≠v. a\p-jys‚ PohnX hyh-ÿsb \J-in-Jm¥w \nb-¥n-

°m-\pw kmaq-lym-h-ÿbv°v am¿§-Z¿i\w \¬Im-\pw F√m kwi-

b-ßƒ°pw sXfn™ DØ-c-hp-ambn Jp¿-B≥ apºn¬ \n¬°p-∂p.

hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v t\¿am¿§w Nq≠p-∂ Cu hnip≤ alm-KŸw

\¬In-b hniz-]-cn-]m-e-I-\mb A√m-lp-hns\ kZm kvXpXn-°p-I.

Cf°w ]‰mØ ssZh hnizm-k-Øns‚ sXfn-hv, kzPo-hnXw Jp¿-

B-\n-I-amtWm F∂ Bfl-]-cn-tim-[-\-bm-Wv. Jp¿-B\pw A¥y-

]-hm-N-I≥ apl-ΩZn (k)s‚ PohnXNcy-I-fp-am-Wv F√m Ccp-ńepw

\ap°v shfn®w ]I-cp-∂Xv. Cu ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \n∂m-hWw uXn-

I, cmjvSob kml-N-cy-ß-sfbpw hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv.

am\h kaq-l-Øn\v th≠n \ntbm-Kn-X-amb DØa kap-Zm-b-

amWv F∂ A`n-am-\-t_m-[hpw DØ-c-hm-ZnØ t_m[hpw apkvenw

Ifn¬ \in-∏n-°m-\p≈ ia-ßƒ hnhn[ Xe-Ønepw cq]-Ønepw \S∂p

58

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

hcp-∂p-≠v. apkvenwIsf hnizm-k-Øn¬ \n∂-I-‰p-I-bm-Wv apJy-e-

£yw. CXp-hgn Jp¿-B-\n-I-a-√mØ GXv Pohn-X-co-Xn-sbbpw XXz-

kw-ln-X-I-sfbpw kzoI-cn-°m-\pw A]-Izhpw A]-I-S-I-c-hp-amb ]h-

W-X-I-fn¬ Cgp-In-t®-cm\pw a‰p-f-f-h-sc-t∏mse apkvenwI-fn¬s∏´-

hcpw ]mI-am-Ip-∂p. A¥m-cm-jvS-X-e-Ønepw hfsc ]mtZ-in-I-ambpw

B ia-ß-fp-s≠∂v Icp-X-Ww.

apkvenwIƒ òI-c-hm-Zn-Ifpw cmPy-tZm-ln-I-fp-am-sW∂v ÿm]n-

°m≥ C¥y-bnepw Nne kwL-ßƒ ITn-\-bXv\w \S-Øp-∂p-≠v.

kz¥w Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fnse PohnX XI¿®bpw A[:ÿnXnbpw Iqc-

X-Ifpw ad-®p-sh-®v CkvemanI ico-A-Øns\ ]mIr-X-ambn NnXo-

I-cn-°p-Ibpw AtXm-sSm∏w Hcp s]mXp-hy-‡n-\n-b-a-Øn\v Iogn¬

apkvenwI-sfbpw sIm≠p-h-c-W-sa∂v iTn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h-cpsS

kl-Nmcn-Iƒ Xs∂-bmWv apkvenw oI-c-X-bpsS ]Nm-c-Icpw. C¥y-

bpsS hnim-e-amb atX-Xc k¶¬∏-ßƒ°-IØv Cu ]Nm-cWw

hne-t∏m-hn-s√-¶nepw a‰p-≈-h-cn¬ kwi-b-ap-f-hm-°-Ø-°-hn[w

apkvenw I-fn-em-sc-¶nepw ]h¿Øn-®m¬ AXv ^mjnÃv a\- p-

Iƒ°v tPmen Ffp-∏-am-°pw.

Xoh-hm-Zn-Ifpw oI-c-hm-Zn-Ifpw cmPysØ P\m-[-n]Xy hyh-ÿn-

Xnsb tNmZyw sNøp-∂-hcpsa√mw apkvenwI-fn¬ \n∂p-≠m-I-W-

sa-∂mWv ^mjn-Ãp-I-fpsS BKlw. CXv ]d™v ên-∏n-s®-¶n¬

amXta `qcn-]-£sØ GtIm-]n-∏n®v A[n-Im-c-e-_v[n°v \ne-sam-

cp-°m≥ ^mjn-Ãp-Iƒ°v Ign-bq. CXn\v Imc-W-ap-≠m-°n -sIm-Sp-

°pI F∂ A_≤w apkvenwI-fn¬ \n∂p-≠m-bn-°q-Sm. CØcw

A[n-Imc e_v[n-bn-eqsS GI- kn-hn¬ tImUpw GI -kw-

kvImchpw \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw atX-X-c-Xzhpw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw aX-kzm-

X-¥y-hp-a-S-°-ap-ff `c-W-L-S-\m-X-Xz-ßƒ Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

sNøp∂ ÿnXnbp≠mIpw.

\yq\-]-£-ßƒ `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-ambn Xs∂ kwL-Sn--°p-Ibpw

a‰p atX-Xc P\m-[n-]-Xy-I-£n-I-fp-ambn tN¿∂v Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

t\Sm\pw kwc-£n-°m-\p-ap≈ kml-N-cy-sam-cp-°p-I-bp-amWv C¥y-

≥ kml-N-cyØn¬ A`n-Im-ayw. CXn\v ]Icw Xoh-hm-Z-]-c-amb

\ne-]m-Sn-eqsS kmbp-[-ambn kwL-Sn®v Ah-Im-i-ßƒ t\Sm≥ Hcp-

sº-Sp-∂Xv \yq\-]-£-ßƒ°v s]mXp-hn¬ tZmj-I-c-ambn `hn°pw.

Bbp-[-Øns‚ am¿Kw ]cn-jvIrX kaq-l-Øn\v tN¿∂-X-√.

Ckvemans‚ am¿§-a√ Cu Xoh-hmZw. CXv a‰p kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS

ASn-t®-ev]n-°-em-Wv. sshIm-cnI ]iv\-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n

59

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

apkvenw a\- p-Isf ]tIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS CkvemanI kwkvIm-

c-Øn\vXs∂ If-¶-ta¬°p-∂p.

\ncm-ibpw ]Xn-Im-c-Nn-¥bpw hf¿Øp-I-b-√, Znim-t_m-[hpw

]Xym-i-bp-ap-f-hm-°p-I-bmWv Hcp kaq-l-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn°v

th≠-Xv. ]£p-_v[-amb Ah-ÿ-bn¬ kap-Zm-b-Øn-s‚bpw \mSn-

s‚bpw ]ptcm-KXn Akm-[y-am-Ipw. Xoh-hm-Z-Nn¥ ]S-cp-tºmƒ

\mń¬ Ak-am-[m-\-ap-≠m-Ipw. sskzcy-ambn A¥n-bp-d-ßm\pw

Bcm[\ sNøm-\p-ap≈ kzmÿyw \jvS-s∏-Spw. apkvenw `qcn-]-£ -

kw-ÿm-\-amb Imivao¿ \¬Ip∂ NnXw ad-∂p-IqSm. Imivao-cnse

apkvenw buh-\sØ \qdn¬]cw Kq∏p-I-fm°n `n∂n-∏n-®p-\n¿Øn-

bXv Xohhm-Z-am-Wv. C∂v Kq∏p-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ G‰p-ap-´-en¬ \jvS-

s∏-Sp-∂Xv Ccp-`m-KsØbpw tNmc-Øp-Sn-∏m¿∂ AkwJyw apkvenw

bphm-°ƒ Xs∂.

PnlmZv F∂ hnip-≤-amb k¶¬]sØ Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s∏-

SpØnbmWv apkvenw bphm-°sf Cu hebn¬ AI-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.

Ckvemw \n¿tZ-in® Pnlm-Zn s‚ ÿm\-Ø√ Cu ]pXnb PnlmZp

Imcp-≈-Xv. CXv a‰p Nne Xm¬∏-cy-ß-fpsS krjvSn-bm-Wv. clky

]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS kwL-Sn-∏n-t°-≠-X√ Ckvemw. Jp¿-B\pw

\_n-N-cybpw kaq-l-Øn¬ ]c-ky-ambpw kphy-‡-ambpw t_m≤y-

s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw hy‡n-Po-hnX amXr-I-bn-eqsS ImWn®p sImSp-°p-

Ibpw sNbvX-mWv Ckvemans\ ]N-cn-∏n-t°-≠-Xv. Cu am¿§-Øn¬

hcp∂ FXn¿∏p-I-tfmSv Bfl-kw-b-a-\-Øn-eq-sS, £a-bn-eqsS ]Xn-

I-cn-°m\pw iXp-hns‚ a\ p am‰m-\p-amWv \ap°v amXr-I-bp-≈-

Xv. ]hm-NI Ncn-X-Ønse k‘nIfpw ]t_m-[-\-cw-Khpw CXv

hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

C¥ybnse apkvenw \yq\-]-£sØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw kzoI-

cn-°m-hp∂ G‰hpw anI® ]Xn-tcm[ am¿§w cmjvSob sFIyhpw

_me-‰p-am-Wv. apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ A`n-am-\-I-c-amb AkvXnXzw

F∂ e£yw t\Sm≥ cmjvSob sFIyw hgn amXta km[y-am-Iq.

C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\bpw P\m-[n-]-Xy, atX-Xc hyh-ÿbpw C°m-

cy-Øn¬ \yq\-]-£-ßƒ°v A\p-K-l-am-Wv. CjvS-ap≈ aX-Øn¬

hniz-kn-°m\pw A\p-jvTn-°m\pw ]N-cn-∏n-°m-\p-ap≈ kzmX¥yw

auen-Im-h-Im-i-am-bp≈ c-W-L-S-\-bm-Wn-Xv. c-W-L-S-\sb am\n®v

apt∂m´v t]mIp-I-bmWv th≠-Xv.

`qcn-]£ kap-Zm-bsØ apgp-h≥ iXp-°-fmbn ImWp-∂ kao-

]\w A`n-e-j-Wo-b-a-√. _m_vcn akvPn-Zns‚ XI¿® apkvenw

60

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

IfpsS amXw Zp:Ja-√, C¥y-bpsS apgp-h≥ lrZ-b-th-Z-\-bm-sW∂v

]d™ Aapkvenw ktlm-Z-c-ß-sfbpw t\Xm-°-sfbpw hnkva-cn®p

IqSm. CkvemanI ico-A-Øns‚ kwc-£-W-Øn\v C¥y≥ ]m¿e-

sa‚n¬ apkvenw a\- p-Iƒs°m∏w \n∂ `qcn-]£ kap-Zm-bmw-K-

ßsf ad-°p-∂Xv \µn-tI-Sm-Wv. aX-Øns‚ t]cn-ep≈ GXv Xcw

[pho-I-c-Whpw ^mjn-Ãp-Iƒ°v ChnsS A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cn-°pw.

_m_cn akvPn-Zv XI¿®-bpsS A\-¥c êw Xs∂ CXv hy‡-am-

°p-∂p.

B sImSpwZpJ-Øn¬ H‰-s°-´m-hp-∂-Xn\v ]Icw apkvenwIƒ

`n∂n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]≈n XI¿Ø ^mjn-Ãp-I-fpsS ]£Øv

GtIm-]-\-ap-≠mbn. CXv Xncn-®-dn-b-Ww.

kaq-l-Øn¬ hym]n® kmwkvIm-cnI hn\m-i-ßƒs°-Xnsc bph-

a-\- p-W-c-Ww. CkvemanI icoAØn-s\-Xn-cmb kwL-SnX BI-

a-WsØ sNdp-°-Ww. A\nkveman-I-amb BNmc coXn-Iƒ°v

]ndsI t]mIp-∂-Xpw Ckvemw hne-°nb Imcy-ßƒ Xe-s]m-°p-

∂Xpw XS-b-Ww. hnZym-`ym-k, kmaq-ly, cmjvSob hf¿® apkvenw

kaq-l-Øn\v e`y-am-°-Ww. apkvenw buh-\sØ Xoh-hn-Im-c-ß-

fnte°v hgn-Xn-cn®p hnSmsX IpSpw-_-Øn\pw kap-Zm-b-Øn\pw

\mSn\pw D]-Im-c-ap-≈-Xm-°-Ww. hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ \ap°v hgn-Im-

Wn-°pw. k¿∆-i-‡≥ A\p-K-ln-°-s´.

(1999)

61

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

dakm≥ hXe£yw

kz`mhkwkvIcWw

]]-©-Ønse F√m Pohnh¿K-ß-fnepw ss\k¿Kn-I-amb Nne

A`n-em-j-ßƒ IpSn-sIm-≈p-∂p-≠v. a\p-jy-\-S-°-ap≈ F√m Pohnh¿K-

ß-fpsS hf¿®°pw \ne-\n-¬∏n\pw B A`n-em-j-ß-fmWv ]tNm-

Z\w \¬Ip-∂-Xv. ]t£, CXc Pohn-Iƒ°n-√mØ Hcp khn-tijX

a\p-jy-\p-≠v. \∑bpw Xn∑bpw Xncn-®-dn-bp∂ hntij_p≤n-bm-W-

Xv. AXvsIm≠pXs∂-bm-Wv ]]-©-Ønse AXyp¬IrjvS Pohn-

sb∂ ÿm\w a\p-jy≥ t\Sn-sb-Sp-Ø-Xv.

arK-ß-tf-°mƒ h√ ]tXy-I-Xbp-ap-s≠-¶n¬ Ahs‚ Pohn-X-

Øn¬ ]I-S-ambn ImtW-≠-Xp-≠v. CX-c-Po-hn-I-fpsS ]Sn-bn-te°v

Xmgv∂p-t]m-ImsX a\p-jy-Xz-Øns‚ AXyp-∂X ]Z-hn-bn¬ Dd®p

\n¬°p-hm -\m -Wv A√mlp a\p -jy\pth≠n Hcp ]tXyI

PohnXIaw \n›-bn-®-Xv. arK-ß-sf-t∏mse hnIm-c-Øn\v amXw ASn-

a-s∏- p-sIm-≠p≈ PohnXw Ah\v H´pw A\p-tbm-Py-a-√. Xs‚ hy‡n-

XzsØ ka-Xp-en-Xm-h-ÿ-bn¬ \n¿Øn-s°m≠v k∑m¿K-Øn-eqsS

apt∂m´v \oßp-hm-\p≈ Ignhpw IcpØpw Ah-\p-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

Cu ]]-©-Øn¬ a\p-jys‚ kpJ-Øn\vth≠n kjvSmhv

sNbvXn- p≈ A\p-K-l-ßƒ FÆ-a-‰-Xm-Wv. Ahsb kw_-‘n-®p≈

t_m[-tØmSpw aXn-t∏mSpwIqSn Ahs‚ \mY\v IrX-⁄X ]I-

Sn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Pohn-X-amWv a\p-jy≥ ssIs°m-t≈-≠-Xv. AtXm-

sSm∏w Ah≥ Pohn-°p∂ kaqlw kam-[m-\-]-c-amb A¥-co-£-Øn¬

kl-I-cW t_m[-tØmSpw klm-\p- q-Xn-tbmSpwIqSn \nesIm≈p-∂-

62

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww. sFlnI Pnhn-X-Øn¬ sNøp∂ F√m]hr-Øn-Ifpw

Hcn-°¬ tNmZyw sNø-s∏-Sp-sa∂ t_m[hpw A[¿a-Øn-te°v hgp-

Xn-ho-gmsX kZm-Nmcaqey-ß-tfmSpw ssZh`‡n-tbmSpwIqSnb Hcp

PohnX]cn-io-e-\hpw a\p-jy-\n-ep-≠m°nØo¿°p-hm≥ th≠n-bmWv

dakm-\nse D]-hmkw A√mlp \n¿_-‘-am-°n-b-Xv.

"apºv Ign™ kap-Zmbßƒs°∂t]mse \nßƒ°pw D]-

hmkw \n¿_-‘-am-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. \nßƒ ssZh-`-‡-∑m-cm-bn-Øo-

cm≥th≠n' (hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥)

D]-hmkw

[¿ahpw A[¿ahpw th¿Xn-cn-®p-Im-Wp-Ibpw D¬Ir-jvS-amb

e£y-Øn-te°v a\p-jys\ \bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-

B≥ Ah-X-cn® dakm≥ amk-am-Wv D]-hmkIme-ambn A√mlp

\n›-bn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. A√m-lp-hns‚ `h-\-sa∂v hnti-jn-°-s∏´

"IAv_m ico-^n' -te-°p≈ Xo¿∞m-S-\-Øns‚ Aev]-\m-fp-Iƒ°v

apºmWv Cu D]-hm-k-sa-∂Xpw as‰mcp ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.

]I¬k-abw Blmc]Zm¿∞-ßƒ h¿÷n-°p-∂Xp-sIm≠vamXw

hXw kºq¿Æ-am-Ip-∂-X-√. AXn-t\-°mƒ D¬Ir-jvShpw D∂-X-

hp-amWv hX-Øns‚ e£yw. `£-W]m-\o-b-ßfpw imco-cn-Im-\-µ-

ßfpw ]cn-K-Wn-°msX ]]-©-I¿Ømhpw k¿∆-temI]cn-]m-e-I-

\p-amb A√m-lp-hns\ k¿∆-fl\mhW-ßp-hm\pw ssZh-`-‡n-bpsS

AXyp-∂Xamb aWvU-e-ß-fn-te°v a\p-jys‚ Nn¥m-hym-]m-csØ

Db¿Øp-hm\pw th≠n-bmWv hX-a-\p-jvTn-°p-∂-Xv. ssZhtIm]-

Øn\p Imc-W-amb GsXmcp]hr-Ønbpw hX-Øn\v wKwhcp-Øpw.

F√m Zpjn® Nn¥-I-fn¬\n∂pw lrZbw ip≤-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. a\p-

jys‚ lrZ-b-Øn-te-°mWv A√m-lp-hns‚ t\m´w. \n¿a-e-amb lrZ-

b-tØmSpw kz`m-h-ip-≤n-tbmSpwIqSn ssZhm-cm-[\ \S-Øp-∂-

hscbmWv A√mlp CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

h¿Æ-∏-In-t´-dnb Pohn-XØns‚ B\µel-cn-bn¬ Ign-™p-Iq-

Sp∂ a\p-jy≥ Ahs‚ Zu¿_-eysØ kw_-‘nt®m ssZhm-\p-K-

l-ß-fpsS amlm-flysØ kw_-‘nt®m Hm¿°p-∂n-√. Blm-c-Øn\v

KXn-bn-√msX Pohn-X-Øns‚ Ccp≠ tImWp-I-fn¬ bmX\ ISn-®n-

d-°n-sIm≠v Ign-bp∂ a\pjy krjvSn-Isf Ah≥ hnkva-cn®pt]mIp-

∂p. Cßs\ kaq-l-Øn¬ _‘-a-‰p-In-S-°p∂ IÆn-Iƒ Iqń-bn-

W-°p-Ibpw a\p-jys\ a\pjy\mbnImWp-Ibpw ktlm-Zc

kvt\l-tØmSp-IqSn h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøm≥ a\p-jys\ ]Tn-∏n-

°p-I IqSn sNøp∂ Hcp I¿ΩamWv hXw. hni-∏n-eqsS a\p-jy≥

63

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Xs‚ Zu¿_-ey-ßƒ a\- n-em-°p-tºmƒ Ahs‚ kjvSm-hn-s\-∏-

‰n-bp≈ t_m[w Ah-\n-ep-≠m-hp-Ibpw ssZhm-\p-K-l-ß-fpsS amlm-

fly-sØ -kw-_-‘n®v Ah≥ Nn¥n-°m-\m-cw- n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. Zmcn-

Zy-Øns‚ bmX\ A\p-`-hn-®psIm≠v Np‰p-`m-K-Øpw -Im-Wp∂ a\p-

jy¿, Xs∂-t∏m-ep≈ krjvSn-I-fm-sW∂pw Ahsc klm-bn-t°-

≠Xv Xs‚ I¿Ø-hy-am-sW-∂pap≈ t_m[w Ah-\n¬ D≠m-bn-

Øo-cpw. Cßs\ Bflm¿∞-X-tbmSpw ssZh- -‡n-tbmSpw IqSn-bp≈

hXw a\p-jys‚ Bflm-hn-s\bpw kz`m-h-sØbpw kwkvI-cn-°p-

Ibpw ip≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

k¬°¿a-ßƒ

Bbncw amk-ß-tf-°mƒ tijvT-amb Hcp cmhv dakm-\n-ep-≠v.

B cmhn¬ a\p-jy≥ sNøp∂ k¬°¿Ωßƒ°v A√mlp

\¬Ip∂ ]Xn-êw A]m-c-am-Wv. B cmhv GXm-sW∂v hy‡-am-

°-s∏-ń-ń-√. Aaq-ey-amb Hcp \nt£-]-sØ-t]mse AXv Cu amk-

Øn¬ Fhn-sStbm Hfn-™p-In-S-°p-I-bm-Wv. B \nt£]w Ic-ÿ-

am-°m≥ \mw kZm ]h¿Øn®p sIm≠n-cn-°-Ww.

£a-bp-sSbpw HuZm-cy-Øn-s‚bpw amk-amb dakm-\n¬ k¬kz-

`m-h-tØmSpw kl-I-cWt_m[-tØmSpw IqSnb Hcp PohnXIaw

\mw ]cn-io-en-°-Ww. a\p-jys‚ Bflo-bhpw ùXn-I-hp-amb

PohnXkwXr-]vXn°v th≠n A√mlp \¬Inb hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥

]mcm-bWw sNøp-Ibpw AXnse XXz-ßƒ Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]I¿Øp-

Ibpw sNbvXv kwkvImc t_m[-tØmSpw ssZh-`-‡n-tbmSpw IqSnb

PohnXamcw-`n-°m≥ \mw ]Xn-⁄-sb-Sp-t°≠ kµ¿`-am-Wn-Xv.

(1990 HIvtSm-_¿ 31, ae-bmf at\m-ca-)

64

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

]Ir-Xnsb

Icp--W-tbmsS kao-]n-°pI

`qan Ipep-ßp-I-bm-Wv. Xnc-am-e-Iƒ B™-Sn-®p-h∂v Icsb

hngpßn Xncn-®p-t]m-Ip-∂p. a\p-jy¿ Xnßn-\n-d™ \K-c-ßfpw Kma-

ßfpw hnZym-e-b-ßfpw ]nf¿∂ qan-°-Sn-bn-te°v ad-™p-t]m-Ip-∂p.

ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ hnZq-c-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬amXw kw`-hn-®-Xmbn tI´-dn-hp-

≠m-bn-cp∂ Imcy-ßƒ \ΩpsS ]cn-k-c-ß-fn-se-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

temIw \Spßp∂ kw`h]c-º-c-Iƒ. Ac-\n-anjw sIm≠v Ace£w-

t]¿ \mw hkn-°p∂ qan-bn¬\n∂v A]-Xy-£-cm-Ip-∂p. Iq‰≥ ]md-

°-√p-Iƒ°Sn-bn¬ ]mZ-ßƒamXw ]pd-tØbv°p \o≠p-In-S-°p∂

arX-tZ-l-Øn-\-cnsI \n -lm-b-cmbn \n¬°p∂ IqS-∏n-d-∏p-Iƒ. B

arX-tZlw ]Xnhv BNm-c-ß-tfmsS adhv sNømt\m Dt]-£n-°mt\m

hømØ Ah-ÿ-bn-ep-≈-h¿.

a\p-jys‚ kºØpw A[n-Im-c-hp-sa√mw \n m-c-am-Ip∂ \nan-

jw. tKmX-ssh-c-ßfpw hy‡nhntZz-j-ßfpw cmjvSX¿°-ß-fp-

sa√mw aÆn-e-a-cp∂ NnX-ß-fmWv `qI-º-ßƒ Xcp-∂-Xv. C¥ym-˛-

]mIv AXn¿Øn Kma-ßƒ `qI-º-Øn¬ XI¿∂p-ho-gp∂ lrZ-b-

t`-Z-I-amb cwK-ßƒ°v \mw km£n-I-fm-bn. aÆn\pw A[n-Im-c-

Øn\pwth≠n \nc-¥-c-bp≤w \SØn, apJm-apJw AXym-[p-\nI

tXm°p-I-tf-¥n-\n∂ ssk\n-I¿ Bbp-[-ßƒ Xmsg-sh®v AXn-cp-

Iƒad∂v ]c-kv]cw klm-bn-°p-∂Xpw \mwI≠p.

CXn¬ ssZh\n›-b-ap-≠v. kzmX¥yw Inńb \mƒap-X¬ Imivao-

cn¬ shSn-sbm® apg-ßp-I-bm-Wv. A[n-Imcw ]nSn-s®-Sp-°m\pw \ne-

65

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

\n¿Øm-\p-ap≈ shSn-bp-≠-Iƒ°n-c-bm-bn -ho-W-sX√mw lnam-e-b-

Øns‚ aSn-Ø-ńse ]IrXn kpµ-c-amb Iivao-cns‚ k¥-Xn-I-fm-

bn-cp-∂p. F¥n-\m-bn-cp∂p Cu "òI-c-X'-I-sf√mw F∂v Hcp \nan-j-

Øn¬ ka-kvXhpw XI¿∂-Sn™ Iivao¿ Xncn®ptNmZn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

`qan-Ip-ep-°hpw Xnc-bn-f-°hpw XpS¿®-I-fm-hp-∂p. temI-saßpw

]IrXn tIm]n-°ptam F∂ Bi-¶-bmWv \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. h≥InS

cmjvS-ß-fpsS tLmc-bp-≤sØ b-s∏´ sNdnb cmjvS-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p

c≠p-h¿jw apºp-h-sc-bp≈ Cc-Iƒ. Ct∏mƒ Ccbpw th´-°m-c\pw

Hcp-t]mse Hcp alm-i-‡n-bpsS Ne-\sØ `b-s∏-´p-I-gn-bp-∂p.

CdmJpw A^vLm\pw Bbp-[-i-‡n-sIm≠v XI¿Øp-X-cn-∏-W-am-

°nb Ata-cn-°, B™p-ho-ip∂ Npg-en-s°m-Sp-¶m-‰p-I-fn¬ hnd-bv°p-

∂p. Hmtcm cmjvS-Øns‚ lrZ-b-Ønepw HmtcmòXn IS-∂p-Iq-Sn-°-

gn-™p. a\p-jys‚ Al-¶m-c-ßƒ°v ]IrXn \¬Ip∂ Xncn-®-Sn-

Iq-Sn-sb-∂mWv CXns\ hnh£n-°p-∂Xv. a\p-jy-s\bpw `qan-sbbpw

CX-\mƒ ]men-®p-t]m∂ ]Ir-Xn-bm-WXv.

Poh-Pm-e-ßsf CW-I-fmbn krjvSn®pw `qan-sbbpw kap-Z-

sØbpw BIm-i-ß-sfbpw hnXm-\n®pw Cu alm ]]-©sØ

\n¿an® k¿∆-i-‡-\mb \mYs‚ hn[n-hn-e-°p-Iƒ krjvSn A\p-

k-cnt® ]‰q F∂ Xm°oXv Cu thf-Iƒ \nc-¥cw Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂p-

≠v. F√m thZ-K-Ÿ-ßfpw ssZh-hn-[nsb ewLn-°p-∂-h¿°p≈ bm-

\-I-amb ]Xn-^-e-sØ-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. ]t£, ]co-£Ww hcp-

tºmƒ A]-cm-[ntbm \nc-]-cm-[ntbm F∂ hyXym-k-ap-≠m-In-√.

ssZh-k-∂n-[n-bnse hnNm-cW thf-bn-em-bn-cn°pw AXv \n¿Æ-bn-

°-s∏-Sp-I. Atß-b‰w PohnXkq£va-X-I-tfmsS Ign-™-h\pw ]Ir-

Xn-bpsS ]co-£-W-ßƒ°n-c-bm-Ipw. CXnepw ZrjvSm-¥-ß-fp-≠v.

F√mw ]cn-tim-[n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp hnNm-c-W-Zn\w hy‡n°pw kaq-

l-Øn\pw cmjvS-Øn\pw ]]-©-Øn\pw \n¿Æ-bn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v.

hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. ""Ah¿ ]h¿Øn® GXv Imcyhpw

tcJ-I-fn-ep-≠v. GXp sNdnbImcyhpw GXv henbImcyhpw tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øn -sh-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv.'' CXp-]-Im-c-ap≈ kq£vaX a\p-

jys\ \bn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ GXv ]co-£WL´-sØbpw ssZhm-

\p-Klw X\n-s°m-∏-ap-s≠∂ Bfl-hn-izm-k-tØmsSAò-apJo-I-cn-

°m-\m-hpw.

P\-ßƒ°v \∑Xn∑-I-fpsS th¿Xn-cnhv Inń-bn-´p-s≠∂pw hnth-

N-\-_p≤n \¬Ip-I-hgn a\p-jys\ A√mlp a‰p Pohn-I-fn¬\n∂v

hyXy-kvX\m°n-bn-´p-s≠∂pw Jp¿-B≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. hI-Xn-cnhv

66

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Inń-°-gn-™-ti-jhpw a\p-jy≥ hgn-]n-g-bv°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXv

hy‡n-bp-sSbpw kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw \mi-am-Wv. Pohn-X-bm-X-bn¬

hgn-tI-Sp-I-fn-te°v t]mImsX hnizmkn°v ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-I-

bmWv hnip≤ Ckvemw. a\p-jys‚ F√m BkvXn-Iƒ°pw ISn-

™m-Wn-´v, AN-©-e-amb ssZh-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ ]mX-bn-eqsS AXn-

kq£vaw Nph-Sp-sh®v apt∂-dm-\p≈ ]tNm-Z-\-amWv dakm≥. kwb-

a-\-Øn-s‚bpw anX-Xz-Øns‚bpw ]cn-io-e\w IqSn-bmWv hXw. a\p-

jys‚ B¿Øn-Iƒ \nb-¥n-X-am-Ip-tºmƒXs∂ kwkvImcw D±o-

]n-∏n-°-s∏Spw. kº-Øn-t\m-Sp≈ AXn-c‰ Zpc-Im-cWw GXv sX‰mb

am¿Khpw ]tbm-Kn-°m≥ a\p-jy≥ Xøm-dm-hp-∂p. Nqj-W-Øns‚

AXn-ò-I-chpw Iqc-hp-amb ]mT-ß-fmWv Hmtcm ]cn-k-chpw \ap°v

Xcp-∂-Xv. kº-∂¿ IqSp-X¬ kº-∂cpw Zcn-Z¿ IqSp-X¬ Zcn-Z-cp-

am-Ip∂ kmaq-ln-Ihyhÿ temIØv cq]-s∏-ńcn-°p-∂p. CXv adn-

IS°m\p≈ am¿§w Ckvemw \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p-≠v. AXmWv k°m-

Øv. ]mh-s∏-´-h\v ]W-°m-cs‚ kº-Øn¬ AhImiw \¬Ip-Ibpw

icn-bmb hn\n-tbm-K-Øn-eqsS [\w ip≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøm-\p-

X-Ip∂ kº∂ imkvX-am-W-Xv. Zm\-[¿Ωßƒ°v Af-h‰]Xn-^-

e-ap≈ da-km≥ amkw \n¿_-‘-I¿a-amb k°m-Øns‚ A\n-hm-

cy-X-sb-°p-dn®v hnizm-kn-Isf Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. kº-Øn-ep≈

Cu ]c-kv]cmh-Imiw F√m-hn[ Nqj-W-Øn¬\n∂pw ap‡-\m-

Im≥ t]cn-∏n-°p-∂p. hy‡n-sbbpw kaq-l-sØbpw ]Ir-Xn-sbbpw

NqjWw sNbvXv kº-Øm¿÷n-°p∂-h¿°p≈ ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Iƒ Iq-

Sn-bmWv \mw tIƒ°p∂ Zpc-¥-hm¿Ø-Iƒ. ]Ir-Xnsb A√mlp

a\p-jy\v kuI-cy-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. B ]Ir-Xn-bpsS ta¬ a\p-

jy≥ AXn-cp-hn-Sp-tºmƒ AXns‚ ]Xn-^-e\w kzm`m-hnIw amX-

am-Wv. "F√m-hcpw BZ-an¬\n∂v, BZamIs´ aÆn¬\n∂pw' F∂

hnip≤ hN\w aÆpw a\p-jy\pw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]ceb-Øns‚

kqNIw IqSn-bm-Wv. ]Ir-Xn-sbbpw kakvX Poh-Pm-e-ßs-fbpw

Icp-W-tbmsS kao-]n-°p-∂-XmWv a\p-jy-Xzw. Hcp inip-hn-t\mSpw

]qhn-t\mSpw ImWn-°p∂ AtX kz`mhss\¿aeyw PohnX]cn-k-c-

ß-fn-ep-S-\ofw ]pe¿Øm≥ Ign-b-Ww. \∑-bpsS ]p\-cp-÷o-h\w

km[y-am-°p-∂-X-ß-s\-bmWv. kl-\-io-e-amWv dakm≥ \¬Ip∂

as‰mcp ]cn-N. hni∏pw Zmlhpw amX-a-√, Hmtcm ]co-£WL´hpw

£am-]q¿hw kln-°p-tºmƒ \ΩpsS D≈n¬ Hcp kwkvImckº-

∂-amb hy‡nXzw DS-se-Sp-°p∂p. a‰p-≈-h¿°mbn XymK-a-\p-jvTn-

°m-\p≈ alm-a-\- v. Hmtcm hy‡nbpw Cßs\ \∑bpsS ]qa-c-

67

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

ß-fmbn amdn, kaql-amsI kpIr-X-ß-fpsS kpK‘w ]c-ØWw.

DØ-a-k-aqlw

kvt\l, ImcpWyßfpsS ]Xy-b-im-kvX-amb Ckvem-anI-

kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Pohn-°p∂ amXr-I-I-fm-Im≥ apkvenw kaqlw

ZrV-\n-›bw sNtø≠ kpZn-\-amWv CuZp¬ ^nXz¿. Hcp amkw

\o≠p-\n∂ da-km≥ hX-Øns‚ BÀm-Z-]q¿W ]cn-k-am-]vXn-bm-

bmWv apkvenw temIw sNdn-b-s]-cp-∂mƒ BtLm-jn-°p-∂-Xv. da-

km-\n¬ hX-a-\p-jvTn-°m\pw AXp-hgn PohnX ]cn-ip≤n Ic-ÿ-

am-°p-hm\pw Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°nb ]]-©-\m-Y-t\m-Sp≈ IrX-⁄-

X-bmWo Zn\w. CuZp¬ ^nXzdpw CuZp¬ Akvlmbpw apkvenw-

temIw tZit`-Z-as\y BtLm-jn-°p-∂Xv kmtlm-Z-cy-Øns‚ hnfw-

_cw IqSn-bm-Wv.

h¿W, h¿K, `mjm t`Z-as\y Npa-semØv \n¿h-ln-°p∂ l÷v

I¿a-Øns‚ A\p-_-‘-amWv _en-s]-cp-∂mƒ. kº-∂\pw Zcn-Z\pw

Hcp t]mse hni-∏ns‚ cpNn-b-dn-bp∂ ]cn-ip≤da-km-\ns‚ sXm´SpØ

]pe-cn-bmWv sNdn-b-s]-cp-∂mƒ. Hcp hnizm-knbpw ]ń-Wn-In-S-°m≥

]mSn-√mØ Zn\w. temIØv as‰mcp BtLm-j-Øn\pw Cu khn-

ti-j-X-bn-√. \∑ Xn∑-I-fpsS hnth-N-\-Øn-eqsS a\p-jy\p

t\¿am¿Kw ImWn-®p-sIm-SpØ hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ Ah-Xo¿Æ-amb

amk-amWv hnS-hm-ßp-∂-Xv.

hnizm-kn°v da-km≥ \¬Inb FÆ-a‰ Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-ßfpw ]mT-

ß-fp-ap-≠v. Hmtcm da-km≥ hXhpw \c-Im-·n-bn¬ \n∂pw At\-

Im-bncw ImXw Zqc-Ømbn hnizm-knsb c£n®p\n¿Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

hm°nepw Nn¥-bn¬ t]m-ep-ap≈ Af-h‰ kq£va-Xbpw £abpw

kl-\hpw t\mºp-Imew hnizm-kn-bn¬ D±o-]n-∏n-®p. Imcp-Wyhpw

klm-\p-`q-Xnbpw a\ v\nd™ hnIm-c-ambn ]mh-s∏-´-h-t\m-Sp≈

Zo\m-\p-I-º-bn¬ Zm\-[¿Ω-ßƒ h¿[n-∏n-®p. tZtl-—-Iƒ shSn™pw

A∂-]m-\o-b-ap-t]-£n®pw A√m-lp-hn\p Iogvs∏´p Ign-™p. ssZh-

Nn-¥-bn¬ \nd™ a\ pw Bcm-[-\bpw ]m¿∞-\-Ifpw Jp¿-B≥

]mcm-b-W-hpw-sIm≠v \nXy-PohnXw- kPo-h-am-°n. hnip≤ da-km-

\n¬ B¿Pn® Cu ]pWy-ßƒ XpS¿Po-hn-X-Ønepw \ne-\n¿Øm\pw

hy‡n-ip≤n t\Sm\pw Ign-bp-tºmƒ Hmtcm kXy-hn-izm-knbpw

]q¿WX ssIh-cn-°pw. CXmWv da-kms‚ ktµ-iw. CuZp¬^n-

Xz¿ Zn\w da-km-≥ kΩm-\n® Cu Pohn-X hnip-≤n-bn-te-°p≈

NphSvsh∏ns‚ thf-bm-Wv.

68

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

kº-Øn-t\mSpw ]Z-hn-I-tfmSpw BVw-_-c-ß-tfm-Sp-ap≈ B¿Øn-

bn¬ ssIhn-´p-t]m-Ip-∂Xv hnizm-kn-bpsS bYm¿∞ Pohn-X-am-Wv.

ùXnI Pohn-X-Ønse taml-ßfpw hntZz-j-ßfpw kzm¿∞-X-bp-

sa√mw ss\an-jnIamsW∂v \ΩpsS]cn-k-c-ßƒ \nc-¥cw t_m[y-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. C¥ym-˛-]mIv AXn¿Øn Kma-ßƒ `qI-º-Øn¬

NnXn-dn-sØ-dn-®-Xn\v Cu hnip≤ da-km-\n¬ \mw km£n-I-fmbn.

A^vLm-s\bpw ]ucm-Wn-I-amb Cdm-Jn-s\bpw Bbp-[-h¿j-

ß-fm¬ Xcn-∏-W-am-°n, alXvi-‡n-bmbn kzbw Icp-Xnb kmam-

PyXzw Npg-en-sIm-Sp-¶m-‰p-I-fpsS òXn-bn-em-Wn-∂v. IS¬Ønc-am-e-

Iƒ \ΩpsS Xoc-ßsf hngp-ßn-sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p. `qI-º-ß-fn¬

]Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n\p a\p-jy¿ hkn-°p∂ Kma-ßƒ aÆn-\-Sn-bn-

te°v ad-bp-∂p. CdmJv P\X Ct∏mgpw t_mw_v h¿j-ß-fn¬ acn-

®p-Xo-cp-I-bm-Wv. ]Ir-Xn-bn¬\n∂p ]Tn-°m-Ø-h¿ ho≠pw arKo-b-

X-bpsS Bbp-[-ta-¥p-I-bm-Wv. U¬ln-bn¬\S∂ kvt^mS-\-Øn¬

Fgp-]-tXmfw \nc-]-cm-[n-I-fpsS Poh\pw At\IIpSpw-_-ß-fpsS

kz]v\-ß-fp-amWv s]men-™-Xv.

A¬]-sa-¶nepw a\p-jyXzw D≈n-e-h-ti-jn-°p-∂-h¿ Cu hn[w

\njvTq-c-amb \c-l-Xy-Iƒ°v hgn-sbm-cp-°n-√. U¬ln kvt^mS-\-

Øn¬ ae-∏p-dsØ ae-bmfn IpSpw_wXs∂ XpS-®p-\o-°-s∏-´p. Ccp-

]-sØ´v Znh-kw-t]mepw XnI-bpw-apºv Hcp ]n©p-ss]-X-en\v ]nXmhv

\jvS-am-hp-Ibpw Zmº-Xy-Øn-te°p ]th-in® DS≥ Hcp s]Ïpń

hn[-h-bm-hp-Ibpw sNbvX-X-√msX a\p-jy-∏-‰n-√mØ AI-an-Iƒ°v

F¥pe£y-amWv t\Sm-\m-b-Xv. ]Xn-\mep \q‰m-≠p-apºv CØcw

IpSn-e-X-I-fp-sS-sb√mw thc-dp-°m-\p≈ Iev]-\-bp-ambn hnip≤ Jp¿-

B≥ a\pjykaq-l-Øn\vssIh-∂p. AXn-\p≈ lrZ-bw-\n-d™

IrX-⁄XIqSn-bmWv CuZp¬^n-Xz¿.

Jp¿-B≥ ImWn-°p∂ Zni-bn-eq-sS, ]c-kv]ckvt\l-Øn-s‚bpw

am\-hnI sFIy-Øns‚bpw kXy-Øns‚bpw \∑-bp-sSbpw AN-©-

e-amb ssZhoI hnizm-k-Øn-s‚bpw kpK‘w ]cØn kaq-lsØ

ip≤o-I-cn-°m≥ apt∂m-´p-h-c-Ww. temI-saßpw Zpcn-X-°-b-ß-fn¬

apßn-°-gn-bp∂ ktlm-Z-c-ßƒ°mbn ]m¿∞n-°-Ww.

]m]-tam-N-\-Øns‚ kz¿K-hm-Xn¬

temI apkvenwkaqlw hnip≤ da-km-\n-te°p ]th-in-°p-I-

bm-Wv. akvPn-Zp-Ifpw hoSpw ]cn-k-c-hp-sa√mw ipNo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v

]pWy-am-ksØ hc-th-‰-h¿ a\ v ip≤o-I-cn-°m-\p≈ Xoh-]-cn-io-

e-\-Øn-em-Wv. hX-amkw hnizm-kn-bpsS Pohn-X-io-e-ß-sf-bmsI

69

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

am‰n-∏-Wn-bp-∂p. Zn\-N-cy-Ifpw `£W Iahpw amX-a√ a\- ns‚

Xmfw-t]mepw Hcp]pXnb Iao-I-c-W-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-Ip-I-bm-Wv.

]m¿∞-\-Iƒ h¿[n-°p-∂p. Bcm-[-\-I-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ IWn-iXhcp-

∂p. hm°p-Iƒ kq£n®p]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. F√m ]tIm-]-\-ß-sfbpw

£a-sIm≠v ]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂p. ]]-©-\m-Y-\mb A√m-lp-hns‚

]oXn-°mbn hnizm-kn-Iƒ kZm ]m¿∞-\m-\n-c-X-am-Ip∂ Zn\-cm-X-

ß-fn-te-°mWv Cu ]th-iw.

a\p-jys‚ D]-t`m-Km-k-‡n-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ s]s´∂pkw`-hn-°p∂

Cu am‰w Bbpkvapgp-h≥ \ne-\n¿Øm-\p≈ ]cn-i-a-amWv th≠-

Xv. AXmWv hnip≤ da-km≥ \¬Ip∂ in£-W-Øns‚ ]q¿W-

Xbpw ê-kn-≤n-bpw.

C°mcyw hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂p≠v: ""\nß-fpsS apºp-

≈-h-tcmSv I¬∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xvt]mse Xs∂ \nßƒ°pw t\mºv

\n¿_-‘-ambn I¬∏n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. \nßfpsS tZmj-_m-[sb

kq£n-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n-bsX AXv.''

A\p-Kr-lo-X-amb da-km-\ns‚ ktµiw XJvh (kq£vaX-)bm-

Wv. kq£vaX ]men-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-h¿°mWv Cl-]chnP-bw. A√m-

lp-hn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Nn¥-I-fm¬ \nd-™ -a-\- p-ambn k©-cn-°p-

∂-h¿ ]ng-hp-Isf sXm´v kq£vam-ep-°-fm-Ipw. a\p-jy\p Poh\pw

Pohn-X-hp-a-S-°-ap≈ A\p-K-l-ßƒ \¬Inb d∫n-t\mSv IrX-⁄X

sNøm-\p≈ AXn-a-l-Ømb Ah-k-c-am-Wn-Xv.

"P\-ßƒ°v am¿K-Z¿i\am-bn-s°m-≠pw t\¿hgn Im´p-∂Xpw

kXyhpw Ak-Xyhpw th¿Xn-cn-®p-Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xp-amb kphy‡

sXfn-hp-I-fm-bn-s°m≠pw hnip≤ Jp¿B≥ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏´ amk-

am-Ip∂p' CsX∂v da-km-\ns\Ipdn®v A√mlp hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p.

temI-Øns‚ \ne-hn-ep≈ [mc-W-Ifpw Nn¥-Ifpw Xncp-Øn-°p-dn®v

Hcp \htemIIa-Øn\p Aÿn-hm-c-sam-cp-°nb \b-tc-J-bmWv Jp¿-

B≥. AXn¬ ]q¿∆ P\-X-bpsS Ncn-Xhpw kwkvIm-c-hp-ap-≠v.

A√m-lp-hns\ b-s∏´v Pohn-®-h-cpsS ]co-£-W-L-´-ßfpw AXn-

Po-h-\hpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. `qan-bn¬ Al-¶m-cn-I-fmbn k©-

cn-®-h-cp-sSbpw kzbwssZh-ambn Na™ kmam-Py-ß-fp-sSbpw D∞m-

\-]-X-\-ßfpw Jp¿-B≥ hc-®p-Im-Wn-°p-∂p.

ssPh-imkvX LS-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm\XXz-ßƒ Adn-hns‚ alm-

k-ap-Z-amb Jp¿-B-\n¬ sXfn™p InS-°p-∂p-≠v. a\p-jys‚

Poh\pw c‡-Øn\pw A`n-am-\-Øn\pw hne-I¬∏n-°mØ tKmX-

ssh-chpw IpSn-∏-I-Ifpw \nd™ Ccp-≠-Im-e-Øn-te-°mWv A¥y-

70

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

]-hm-N-I≥ apl-ΩZv \_n(-k)-bn-eqsS P\-ßƒ°v A√mlp Jp¿-

B≥ ktµ-i-ßƒ ]I¿∂p \¬In-b-Xv.

hnizam\h kaq-l-Øns‚ KXn\n¿Æbw sNbvX hnip-≤-Jp¿-

B≥ Ah-Xo¿Æ-amb amk-Øn¬ Bcv Pohn-®n-cn-°p-∂pthm Ah¿

t\mº\pjvTn-®p-sIm≠v k¿∆-i-‡-t\m-Sp≈ \µnbpw IS-∏mSpw ]I-

Sn-∏n-°s´ F∂mWv Ckvemw DZvt_m-[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

t\mºp-Im-c≥ hni∏pw Zmlhpw kzb-ta-‰p-hm-ßn a\- ns‚

]tem- -\-ßƒ°v ISn-™m-Wn- v £am-]q¿∆w ImØn-cn-°p-∂Xv A√m-

lp-hn-\p-th-≠n-bm-Wv.

]hm-NI Xncp-ta\n hnizm-kn-Isf Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: "BZw

k¥-Xn-I-fpsS Hmtcm ]h¿Ø-\hpw Cc-ń-I-fmbn h¿[n-∏n-°-s∏-

Spw. kXvI¿Ω-Øn\v ]Øn-c-ń- ap-X¬ Fgp-∂q-dn-c-ń- h-sc-bp≠v ]Xn-

^-ew. A√mlp Acp-fp∂p: t\mºv A]-Im-c-a-√. AsX-\n-°p-≈-

Xm-Wv. Ah≥ tZtl-—-Ifpw A∂-]m-\o-b-ßfpw Dt]-£n-°p-∂Xv

F\n°v th≠n-bm-Wv. ]m]-tam-N-\-Øn-s‚bpw AXp-hgn \c-I-hn-ap-

‡n-bp-sSbpw kz¿K-hm-Xn-emWv ]cn-ip≤ da-km≥.

"A√m-lp-hns‚ am¿K-Ønse XymK-t]m-cm- -ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ HcpZnhkw

t\mº-\p-jvTn-°p∂ GsXmcp kXy-hn-izm-knbpw AXp-hgn \c-I-

Øn¬\n∂pw Fgp-]Xvh¿jsØ bmXm-Zq-c-tØ°v AI-‰-s∏Spw'

F∂ ]hm-NIhN\w da-km-\ns‚ Hmtcm Zn\hpw t\mºp-Im-c\p

\¬Ip∂ amlm-fly-amWv shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.

Bbncw amk-ß-sf-°mƒ DØ-a-amb Hcp cmXn hcm-\p≠v da-

km-\n¬. ssee-Øp¬ JZ¿˛ hnip-≤-Jp¿-B≥ a\p-jy-cn-te°v

ssIh∂ [\y-ap-lq¿Øw.

hnizm-kn-Iƒ t\mº-\p-jvTn-°p-∂Xv ]I-en-em-Wv. A∂-]m-\o-b-

ßƒ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb da-km≥ cmXn°pw ]pWy-ap-s≠∂v Jp¿-

B≥ hnfw-_cwsNøp-∂p. ]I¬ t\mºns‚ Be-ky-Øn¬ cmXn-

Isf tIhew hni-a -th-f-I-fm-°p-I-b-√, Bcm-[-\-IƒsIm≠v \nd-

°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. A\p-K-l-Øns‚ amem-J-am¿ Cd-ßn-h-cn-I-

bm-Wv.

t\mºpw hnip≤Jp¿-B\pw \msf ]c-tem-IØv a\p-jy¿°vth≠n

ip]m¿i-I-fp-am-bn- F-Øp-sa∂v ]hm-N-I-Xn-cp-ta\n apl-ΩZv apkvX-

^(-k) ]d-™n-´p-≠v.

""t\mºv ]d-bpw, "A√m-lp-th, A∂]m\o-b-ßƒ, ssewKn-tI-—-

Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂v ]I¬ap-gp-h≥ Rm\-hs\ XS™p. AXp-

sIm≠v Ah-\p-th≠n Fs‚ ip]m¿i kzoI-cn-°pI. hnip≤ Jp¿-

71

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

B≥ ]dbpw Ah≥ cmXn Dd-ßp-∂Xv Rm≥ XS-™p. AXp

sIm≠v Ah\p th≠n Fs‚ ip]m¿i kzoI-cn-°p-I. At∏mƒ

B c≠p ip]m¿i-Ifpw kzoI-cn-°-s∏-Spw.''

Bflob hnip-≤n-s°m∏w Btcm-Ky-]-c-amb KpW-ßfpw Ckvem-

anse hXm-\p-jvTm\w a\p-jy\p kΩm-\n-°p-∂p-≠v. a\ pw ico-

chpw Nn¥bpw ]hr-Øn-bp-sa√mw Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ap∏-Xp-Zn-\-ß-

fmWv hnizm-kn°p e`n-°p-∂-Xv. ASn-t®¬∏n-°-s∏´ Hc-\p-jvTm-\-a-

√n-Xv. Imc-W-ap-≈-h¿°v Cf-hp-Ifpw D]m-[n-I-fp-ap≈ Bcm-[-\. A√m-

Ø-h¿°v \n¿_-‘-hpw.

t\mºp-Im-c≥ kzbw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv kap-Zm-b-sØ-b√,

A√m-lp-hn-s\-bm-Wv. A√m-lp-hm-Is´ a\pjylrZ-b-ß-fnse

kq£vaNe-\-ßƒt]mepw Adn-bp-∂-h-\pw.

""Bcv t\mº-\p-jvTn-°p-∂-Xn-s\m∏w NoØ-bmb hm°pw ]hr-

Ønbpw Dt]-£n-°p-∂n-√-tbm, Ah≥ Xs‚ `£-W ]m\o-b-ßƒ

Dt]-£n-°p-∂-Xn¬ A√m-lp-hn\p Xmev]-cy-an-s√''∂v A¥y-]-hm-

N-I≥ (k) Xm°oXv sNøp-∂p-≠v.

dkq¬ Xncp-ta\n Bh¿Øn-°p∂p: ""FX-sbX t\mºp-Im¿!

t\mºp-aqew Zml-a-√msX as‰m∂pw Ah¿°p-In-´p-∂n-√. FX-sbX

cmXn \a-kvIm-c-°m¿! cmXn \a-kvIm-cw-sIm≠v Ah¿°v Dd°w

\jvS-am-hp-I-b-√msX as‰m∂pw e`n-°p-∂n-√.''

\∑ Xn∑-I-fpsS th¿Xn-cnhpw Zm\-[¿a-ß-fpsS t]c-Wbpw

t\mºv a\p-jy-cn-ep-f-hm-°p-∂p-≠v. kZm-Nm-c-an-√mØ hy‡nbpw kaq-

lhpw A\-¥-cm-h-Im-in-I-fn-√mØ hn[w A]-k-‡-am-bn-Øo-cp-sa-

∂mWv Ncn-X-]m-Tw. Po¿Æ-X-Iƒ s]cp-In-h-cp-∂-XmWv h¿Ø-am-\-

Im-ew. a\p-jy\p hgn-sX-‰m-\p-≈-sX√mw Iäp-∂n-ep-≠v. ùXnI

hymtam-l-ß-fpsS ]tem-`-\-ßfpw [mcm-fw. Cl-temIPohnXw

ss\an-jn-IamsW∂pw A\-¥-amb Hcp Pohn-X-L´w hcm-\p-s≠∂pw

Ahn-tS°p Icp-Xn-sh-°p∂ kºm-Zy-amWv Cl-Ønse kXvI¿a-

ß-sf-∂p-ap≈ t_m[w a\p-jy-a-\- n¬ A¶p-cn-°-Ww. Xn∑-Iƒs°-

Xn-cmb ]cn-N-b-amWv da-km≥ hXw. t\mºp-Im-c-s‚-bX ]Xn-tcm-

[-hocyw a‰p-≈-h-cn¬ ImWn-√. AXv AN-©-e-amb ssZhn-I-Nn-¥-

bmepw If-¶-ta-imØ BZ¿i \njvT-bmepw Icp-Øm¿÷n-®-Xm-Wv.

B¿`m-S-ßfpw Akm-∑m¿KnI PohnX coXn-Ifpw sIm≠v kmwkvIm-

cn-I-ambn A[x-]-Xn® kaq-lsØ hXw-sIm≠v ip≤o-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-

bpw. AtX-k-abw t\mºp-Im-ew- Xs∂ B¿`m-S-ß-fp-sSbpw

[q¿Øns‚bpw s]mß® ]I-S-\-ß-fp-sSbpw thZn-bm°n am‰m≥

72

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

]ecpw Xøm-dm-hp-∂Xv A\ym-b-am-Wv. t\mºv k¬°m-c-ßfpw da-

km≥ ImesØ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-sa√mw Ft∏mgpw `‡n-sb-°mƒ IqSp-

X¬ [q¿Øn\v ]mapJyw I¬∏n-°p∂ Xc-Øn-em-hp-∂p-≠v. CXv

kaqlw PmKX ]pe¿tØ≠ hnj-b-am-Wv.

sNdp∏w apX¬ Xs∂ t\mº-\p-jvTn-°m-\p≈ t]cW Ipń-

Iƒ°v \¬I-Ww. \nkvImcw Pam-A-Ømbn \S-Øm≥ i≤n-°-Ww.

IjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-hsc klm-bn-°-Ww. a\x]bm-k-ßƒ A\p-`-hn-

°p-∂-h¿°v Bizmkw ]I-c-Ww. ]c-kv]c kvt\lw hf¿Ø-Ww.

Poh-Im-cp-Wy-]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf t]m’m-ln-∏n-°-Ww. sFIyhpw

kmtlm-Z-cyhpw Duń-bp-d-∏n-°-Ww. \n›-bw, kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-sf√mw

ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cmWv, F∂ XXzw apdpsI ]nSn-°p-I.

Bbp-jv°mew apgp-h≥ \∑ \nd™ PohnXw \bn-°m\pw A√m-

lp-hns\ `b-s∏´v "XJvh' ]pe¿Øm\pw da-km≥ F∂ ]cn-io-e-\-

L´w ]cn-]q¿Æ-ambn ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS hnizm-kn-

Iƒ°p km[n-°pw.

hXw-sIm≠v ]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂Xv

hX-Øns‚ NcnXw a\p-jy-h¿K-Øns‚ Ncn-X-am-Wv. a\p-jy\p

\∑-tbm-Sp≈ kl-P-amb B`n-ap-Jy-Øns‚ ]Xo-I-amWv hXw.

temIsØ F√m aX-hn- m-K-ßfpw hyXy-kvX-amb A\p-jvTm-\-Xeß-

fn¬ \n-∂p-sIm≠p hXw BN-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. ssZ\w-Zn-\- hy-h-lm-c-

ß-fn¬ Adn™pw Adn-bm-sXbpw aen-\-s∏-´p-t]m-Ip∂ Pohn-X-

sØbpw a\- n-s\bpw ip≤o-I-cn-°m≥ hXw G‰hpw anI® D]m-

[n-bm-Wv. hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ CXp hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v. kXy-hn-izm-

kn-I-tf, \nß-fpsS apºp-≈-h-tcmSp Iev]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-seØs∂

\nßƒ°pw t\mºv \n¿_‘-am°nbn-cn-°p∂p. temIsØ ssIkvX-

h, apkvenw, lnµp,- PqX, _p≤, ssP\- a-X-ßƒ XpSßn F√m k-

aq-l-ßfpw hX-a-\p-jvTn-°p-∂p. lnµp, apkvenw, ssIkvXh kaq-

l-ß-fnse hXm-\p-jvTm\ coXn-Iƒ ae-bm-fn°p Nnc]cn-Nn-X-am-Wv.

Xn∑sb ]Xn-tcm-[n-°m-\p≈ Ih-N-amWv hXw. tZmj-_m-[-

bn¬\n∂v c£-t\-Sm≥ hXw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-sa-∂mWv Jp¿-B≥

]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. tZtl-—-Iƒs°mØp \oßp-∂-XmWv a\p-jys‚

k¿∆-\m-i-Øn-te°pw hgn-Xp-d-°p-∂-Xv. a\p-jys‚ A]Yk©m-c-

Øn\p ISn-™m-Wn-Sm≥t]mepw hXw t]cn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ tZtl-—-

Iƒ°p- ]ns∂ CS-an-√.

]pXnb Ime-Øns‚ ]tem-`-\-ß-fn¬ ab-ßn-ho-gp-I-bmWv a\p-

73

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

jy≥. Ie-bp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-Øns‚bpw hm¿Øm-am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS-

bp-sa√mw B[p-\n-IX a\p-jy-\p-ap-∂n¬ ]pXnb taml]]-©-ßƒ

Xo¿°p-∂p. F√mw Xm¬°m-en-I-amb Bizm-k-Øn-s‚bpw kpJ-

t`m-K-Øns‚bpw kt¶-X-ßƒ. kaq-l-Øns‚ kwkvIm-c-sØbpw

A`n-cp-Nn-I-sfbpw XInSwadn-°p-Ibpw ]p\¿\n¿W-bn-°p-Ibpw

sNøp∂ ItºmfXmev]cyw Pohn-X-Zp-c-¥-Øns‚ AKm-[-X-bn-te°v

a\pjys\ hen-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p-. ]c-kv]c hnizm-kw-t]mepw

\jvS-amb kzm¿∞n-Ifpw k¶p-Nn-Xcpw AtX-k-abw ocp-°fpw NIn-

X-cp-amb Hcp "h¿K'-amWv ]pXnb Ime-Øns‚ ][m\ kw`m-h-\.

""PohnXw Hcn-°-te-bp-≈q, AXp ]c-am-h[n Bkz-Zn-°pI'' F∂

Itºmf apZm-hmIyw kzmwio-I-cn-®-h¿ kzPo-hnX-sØ-Øs∂

Itºm-f-Øn\p ssIam-dp-I-bm-Wv. CXns‚ A\-¥-c-êw s]cp-Ip∂

Iq´ Bfl-l-Xy-Ifpw sIme-]m-X-I-ßfpw Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßfpw a\p-

jy\p amc-I-hnjw hn¬°p∂ em`-s°m-Xnbpw el-cn-bpsS A\n-b-

¥n-X-amb hym]-\-hp-am-Wv. CXv \sΩ Fhn-sS-s°m-s≠-Øn-°p-sa∂

Hc-t\z-j-W-Øn\pw kwhm-Z-Øn\pw ka-b-ta-dn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ssZhn-

I-Nn¥ ]mtS Dt]-£n® Hcp kaqlw G‰p-hm-tß-≠n-h-cp∂ A\n-

hm-cy- Zp-c-¥-am-Wn-Xv.

hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ Cßs\ hy‡-am-°p∂p: ""kXy-\n-tj-[n-I-fm-

Is´ (C-l-tem-I-Øv) kpJ-a-\p- -hn-°p-Ibpw \m¬°m-en-Iƒ Xn∂p-∂-

Xp-t]mse Xn∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. \c-I-amWv Ah¿°p≈

hmk-ÿ-ew.'' ]]-©-\m-Ys\ hnkva-cn®v, h©-\-bpsS hn`hw

\nd™ sFln-I-tem-IØv D∑m-Zn-sb-t∏mse Pohn-X-am-tLm-jn-

°p∂h¿°p- ap-∂n¬ HSp-hn¬ `qan-Xs∂ Hcp \c-I-ambn ]cn-W-an-

°p-sa∂p Imew sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.

\ΩpsS kmaq-lym-¥-co£w A\p-\n-anjw òI-c-am-Ip-I-bm-Wv.

a\p-jy\p XcwXmgm-hp-∂-Xns‚ s\√n-∏-Sn-bn-se-Øn-°-gn-™p. "arKo-

bX' F∂ ]cym-b-]-Z-sØ- t]mepw \njv]-`-am-°p∂ "IqcX-'bmWv

Ac-tß-dp-∂-Xv. arK-ßƒ Blm-c-Øn\v th≠ntbm X’-abt£m`w

sImt≠m as‰m-∂n-s\ -sIm-√p-tºmƒ, a\p-jy≥ Bh-iyhpw Zmlhpw

Xo¿Ø-ti-jhpw sIm√p-∂p. _em-’w-K-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v, Ih¿®-sb-

Øp-S¿∂v \S-°p∂ sIme-]m-X-I-ßƒ "hm¿Ø'-t]mepw A√m-Xmbn

hcn-I-bm-Wv. AI-a-ßfpw Iqc-Ir-Xy-ßfpw CX km¿∆-Xn-I-amb

Imew apºp-≠m-bn-ń-√. Kuc-h-]q¿Æ-amb Hcp "Kth-jWw' A¿ln-

°p∂ kwK-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. "F¥p-sIm≠v Cßs\?' F∂ tNmZyw

temI-Øns‚ F√m tImWn¬\n∂pw Dƒò-Xn-tbmsS Db-cp-∂p. \nb-

74

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

¥-W-ß-fpsS AXn¿hc-ºp-I-fn-√msX Hgp-Ip∂ a\p-jy\vapºn¬

H∂pw "\njn≤'a√m-Xm-Ip∂p F∂ ]pØ≥ kwkvIm-c-amWv F√m

Zpc-¥-Øn\pw Xpd-sbm-cp-°p-∂-sX∂p hy‡w.

D]-t`mK kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Im‰vhoimØ Hcpƒ\m-S≥ Kmam-¥-

co-£hpw _m°n InS-∏n-s√∂ hkvXp-X "]pXnb kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚'

k¿∆hym]\w shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ]ncn-s®-dn-bm-\m-hm-Ø kv-t\-l-

Øns‚ ImWm®c-Sp-I-fn¬ Iqń-bn-W-°nb a\p-jy-_-‘-ßƒ hn-kvar-

X-am-Ip-I-bpw ]Icw kzm¿∞-Xbpw Zpc- n-am-\hpw AXns‚ Dev]-∂-

amb Iqc-Xbpw ÿm\w]nSn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv ]p-Xnb

Ime-Øns‚ kmaq-ly-im-kvXw. P\-Xbv°pw cmjvS-Øn\pw kpc-£n-

X-Xzhpw t\Xr-Xzhpw \evIm≥ _m[y-ÿ-amb A[n-Im-c-Øns‚bpw

cmjvSo-b-Øns‚bpw ap≥\n-c-bn¬t]mepw Inan-\-ep-Iƒ ÿm\-ap-d-

∏n-°p∂ Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬, aqeym-[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp am\-hn-I-X-sb-°p-

dn-®p≈ At\z-j-W-ßƒ°pw bYm¿∞ aXaqey-ß-fn-te-°p≈

Xncn™p \S-Ø-Øn\pw Gsd ]k-‡n-bp-≠v. CXv temI-Øns‚

apgp-h≥ Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. kmt¶-XnI hnZyIƒ ]I-cp∂ Bfl

ss[cyhpw a\p-jys‚ Al-¥sb BIm-i-tØmfw apń-°p-∂p.

temIsØ Adn-bm\pw kwl-cn-°m\pw Hcp hnc¬Øpºv aXn F∂

i‡nt_m[-Øn¬\n∂v "Rm≥' F∂ `mhw DS-se-Sp-°p-∂p.

ùXnI hf¿®-bpsS GXv D∂XinJ-c-Øn-en-cp-∂mepw kzbwIs≠-

Øp-Ibpw AXp-hgn kjvSm-hmb ssZhsØ Adn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-

∂-Xn-eqsS-bm-Wv -B-flim¥n-sb∂v a\p-jy≥ Hcn-°¬ Adn-bpw.

hnip≤ dakm≥ CXn-\p-≈- t]-c-W-bmWv \evIp-∂-Xv. hnizm-k-

Øns‚ am¿K-Øn-ep≈ kzbwka¿∏-W-am-W-Xv. AN-©-ehpw AKm-

[-hp-amb ssZh- -‡n-bpw GXv ]tIm-]\ kml-N-cy-ß-fnepw ISpØ

\ncm-i-bp-sSbpw Xoh-th-Z\-bp-sSbpw thf-I-fnepw ssIhn-SmØ

k¿hwkl-amb £a-bpw hm°nepw ]hr-Øn-bnepw \n m-c-amb

Ne-\-ß-fn¬t∏m-ep-ap≈ kq£va-Xbpw kXy-k-‘-Xbpw dakm≥

\evIp∂ ]mThpw ]cn-io-e-\-hp-am-Wv. Zm\-[¿a-ßƒ°v ]Xn-hn-t\-

°mƒ At\-I-an-c-ń- ]Xn-êw e`n-°p∂ Cu amkw Poh-Im-cp-

Wy-Øns‚bpw Zo\m-\p -I-º-bp-sS-bpw kvt\l kmtlm-Z -cy -

Øns‚bpw at\m-`mhw hf¿Øp-Ibpw Duń-bp-d-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

∂p.Hcp amkwapgp-h≥ ]I-¬]q¿Æ-ambpw A∂]m\o-b-ßƒ shSn-

bp-∂-Xn-eqsS B¿°pw hni-∏ns‚ hne kzb-a-dn-bm-\h-k-c-am-Ip-∂p.

CXv krjvSn-°p∂ kaXz-t_m[w Bflm¿∞-am-bn-cn-°pw. tZtl-—-

Iƒ \nb-¥n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv dakm-\n¬. kº-Øn-s‚bpw Btcm-

75

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Ky-Øns‚-bpw- Af-h‰ A\p-K-l-Øn¬ kpJ-t`m-K-ß-fn-te°v Nm©m-

Sp∂ a\- n\v hXw ISn-™m-Wn-Sp-∂p. Ae-k-amb Pohn-X-Øn\v

]pXnb Xmfhpw Nn´-bp-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p. £Ww Ign-°p-∂-Xn¬t∏mepw

ka-b-\njvT ]pe¿Øm≥ t\mºp-Im-c≥ apXn-cp-∂p. Aan-Xm-lm-chpw

Ia-c-ln-X-amb t`mP-\hpw \nan-Ø-ap≈ tcmKm-h-ÿ°pw CXv ia-

\-am-Ip-∂p. hX-a-\p-jvTn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS a\- n-s\m∏w ico-c-Øn\pw

BtcmKyw e`n-°p-I-bm-Wv. Hcp amkw \o≠p \n¬°p∂ hX-Øn-

eqsS hy‡n-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ am‰-ßƒ Bbp-jv°mew apgp-h≥ XpS-

cm-\p≈ t]c-W-bm-Ip-∂-tXmsS kwkvIr-X-Nn-Ø-\mb hy‡n-bpsS

km∂n[yw kaq-l-Øn\v A\p-K-l-am-Ip-∂p. Aßs\ kwip≤

hy‡n-Xz -ß-fm¬ \nd™p\n¬°p∂ kaqlw temI-Øns‚

C∂p≈ F√m Po¿W kwkvImc alm-hym-[n-Iƒ°pw I\Ø ]Xn-

tcm-[-ambncn°pw. dakm≥ hXw Hcn-°epw ]oU-\-ambn hnizm-kn°v

A\p-`-h-s∏-tS-≠-Xn-s√∂pw Ckvemw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. tcmKn-Iƒ,

bmX-°m¿, ]mbw-sN-∂-h¿, K¿`n-Wn-Iƒ, ape-bq-´p-∂-h¿ F∂n-

h¿s°√mw Cf-hp-Ifpw \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-≠v.

kqcym-kvX-a-btijw hXw \oń-s°m≠pt]mIp-∂Xpw ]pWy-a-

s√-∂mWv ]hm-N-tIm-]-tZ-iw. "sX‰m-b -hm°pw ]hr-Ønbpw Dt]-

£n-°msX Hcmƒ Xs‚ `£W]m\o-b-ßƒ Dt]-£n-°p-∂-Xn¬

A√m-lp-hn\v Hcp Xmev]-cy-hp-an-√' F∂mWv A¥y ]hm-N-I≥

Acpƒ sNøp-∂-Xv. a\ pw hm°pw ]hr-Ønbpw ip≤o-I-cn-°msX

t\mº-\p-jvTn-°p-∂-h\v ]ń-Wn-amXw _m°n-bm-hp-Ibpw t\mºv

\njv^-e-am-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]c-Zq-jWw ]d-bp-∂Xvt]mepw

t\mºns‚ bYm¿∞ êw \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-Wv. temI-Øn\v

am¿K Z¿i\w \¬Ip∂ hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ Ah-Xo¿W-amb amkw

F∂Xv dakm-\ns‚ al-Xz-am-Wv. hnip≤ Jp¿-Bs‚ hnkva-b-I-c-

amb ]mT-ßƒ°v ap∂n¬ BZ-c-]q¿∆w \n∂-h-cmWv temI-Ønse

hnip-X-cmb Nn¥-Icpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-amb Gsd-t∏¿.

14 \q‰m-≠v apºv a\pjykaq-l-Øns‚ k¶p-Nn-X-amb Nn¥m-[m-

c-I-fn¬ Cf°n]XnjvT \S-Ønb Jp¿B≥ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚

almhnπ-h-amWv krjvSn-®-Xv. Imew FX IS-∂p-t]m-bmepw ]pXpa

\in-°mØ D≈-S-°-amWv Jp¿-B-\n-t‚-Xv. F°m-ehpw imkvX

hf¿®-bpsS alm-a-kvXn-jvIambn \ne-sIm-≈p∂ Jp¿-B≥ kwkvIm-

c-Øn‚bpw hy‡n, IpSpw-_, kaq-l-Po-hn-X-Øns‚bpw k¿∆ Awi-

ß-fn-te-°p-ap≈ hgn-Im-ń-bm-Ip-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v dakm≥amkw

]ns∂bpw ]pWy-am-Ip-∂p. Bbncw amk-ß-tf-°mƒ \∑-bp‰ cmXn-

76

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

sb∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ "ssee-Øp¬ JZvdpw' dakm-\n-em-Wv.

]pWy-ßƒ°v ta¬ ]pWyw ]qa-g-bmbn s]øp∂ dakm-\ns‚ cm]-

I-ep-Iƒ ]¿∞-\-I-fm¬ \nd-™-Xm-Wv.

]m]-hn-ap-‡n-bp-sSbpw \nXm-¥-amb ssZh-t_m-[Øn-s‚bpw

ktµ-i-amWv hnip≤ dakm≥ \¬Ip-∂Xv.

""Bsc-¶nepw dakm≥ amk-Øn¬ ]Xn-^-te-—-bn-√msX hX-a-

\p-jvTn-®m¬ Ahs‚ ap≥I-gn™ F√m ]m]-ßfpw s]mdp-°-s∏Spw''

F∂v A¥y-]-hm-N-I≥ apl-ΩZv \_n (k) ]d-bp∂p. hm°nepw

I¿a-Ønepw Nn¥-bn¬t]mepw kq£va-Xbpw AKm-[-amb ssZh-`-

‡nbpw kXy-k-‘-Xbpw ]pe¿Øp-Ibpw Zpcm-K-l-ß-fn¬\n∂v a\-

ns\ ap‡-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS Bfl-kw-kvI-cWw t\Sm-

\mWv dakm≥ hXw hnizm-knsb ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. "" a\pjy

kaq-l-Øn-\p-th≠n \nbp-‡-cmb DØ-a-k-apZm-b-amWv \nßƒ''

F∂ hnip≤ hN-\-Øn-s\mØp Pohn-XsØ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ da-

km≥hXw apkven-an\p t]c-W-bm-Ip-∂p. A∂]m\o-b-ßƒ Dt]-

£n-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS Zmcn-Zy-Øns‚ ImTn-\yhpw a\p-jy-sc√mw ka-

∑m-cm-sW∂ t_m[hpw t\mºv DW¿Øp-∂p. imizXPohn-X-Øn-

\p≈ ]cn-ip≤nssIh-cn-°m-\mWv da-km≥hXw. hX-Øn-\n-S-bnepw

tijhpw AXns‚ ]cn-]m-h-\X ImØp-kq-£n-°p-I-bmWv ][m-

\w. k¿∆temI-Øn\pw Ime-Øn\pw k¿∆-P-\-k-aq-l-Øn\pw kwi-

b-te-i-as\y t\¿am¿Kw ImWn-°p∂ hnip-≤ -Jp¿-B≥ Ah-Xo¿Æ-

amb amk-sa∂ _lp-a-Xnbpw da-km-\n-\p-≠v. Cu Hcp amk-°m-

eØv ]m¿∞\m\nc-X-amb Zn\-cm-X-ß-fn-eqsS B¿Pn-s®-SpØ hX-

ip≤n Pohn-X-ap-S-\ofw ]men-°m≥ ]Xn-⁄-sb-Sp-°p-I-bmWv th≠Xv.-


77

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Jp¿-Bs‚ ktµiw

\£XtImSn-Iƒ \nd-™p-\n¬°p∂ BIm-i-Øns‚ A\¥

hnim-eX t\m°n hnkva-bn-°p∂ a\p--jy-]-c-º-c-Iƒ°v, ]]-©-

Øns‚ A¤pXcl-ky-ßƒ Hcp KŸw F√m-bvt∏mgpw sNm√n-

t°ƒ∏n-°p-∂p. temIØv G‰-hp-tasd ]mcm-bWw sNø-s∏-Sp∂

KŸ-sa∂v tcJ-s∏´ hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥, a\pjy Nn¥bv°pw ZrjvSn°pw

AXo-X-amb almc-l-ky-ß-fpsS Ie-hd Xpd-∂n- n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. ]Xn-

\mep iX-I-Øn-te-sd-bmbn a\pjykaq-l-Øn\v t\cns‚ hgnNq≠n

Jp¿-B≥ \n¬°p-∂p. At\-I-tImSn P\-ß-fn¬ GI-Xm-t_m-[hpw

Poh-ssN-X-\yhpw IpØn-sh-®p-sIm≠v Jp¿B≥ Pzen-®p-\n¬°p-I-

bm-Wv.

Jp¿-Bs‚ Ah-X-cWw kw_-‘n®v A√mlp ]d-bp∂p:

""a\pjy kaq-l-Øn-\m-I-am\w \∑-bdnbn-°p∂ kt¥m-j-hm¿Øbpw

Xn∑-sb-∏‰n Xm°oXpw \evIp-∂-Xn-\mWv Jp¿-B≥ Ah-X-cn-®n-´p-

≈-Xv. hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v am¿K-Z¿i\w \evIp-∂-Xm-Wn-Xv. Ahn-izm-kn-

Iƒ°v Xm°oXpw CXn-ep-≠v. k¬°¿Ω-ßƒ sNøp∂ kXy-hn-

izm-kn-Iƒ°v hep-Xmb ]Xn-^-e-ap-s≠∂ kt¥m-j-hm¿Ø-

bpamWn-Xv.''

]hm-N-I-t\m-Smbn ssZhw ]d-bp∂p:

""a\p-jy-cpsS c£n-Xm-hns‚ A\p-hm-Z-]-Imcw P\-ßsf Ccp-

ń¬\n∂p shfn-®-Øn-te°pw ]Xm-]-im-enbpw kvXpXy¿l\p-amb

A√m-lp-hns‚ am¿K-Øn-te°pw \bn-°p-∂-Xn\v \mw Cd-°nb thZ-

K-Ÿ-am-Wn-Xv.''

a\p-jy-tcmSv ssZhw Acpƒ sNbvXp :

78

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

""\nßƒ _p≤n-sIm-SpØv Nn¥n-°p-hm≥ th≠n-bmWv Ad-_n-

`m-j-bn-ep≈ Jp¿-B≥ \mw Cd-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.''

Cßs\ Nn¥-bn-te°pw Adn-hns‚ Bg-ß-fn-te°pw IS∂p

sN√m\pw ]]-©-Øns‚ A¤p-X-I-c-amb krjvSn-∏n\p ]n∂n¬ Hcp

alm-i-‡n-bp-s≠∂ t_m[yw hf¿Øm\pw Jp¿-B≥ \nc-¥cw

Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂p. hmbn-°m\pw ]Tn-°m-\p-ap≈ Iev]\ Jp¿-B≥ am\-

hn-I-Xbv°p \evIp-∂p. [ph-ßƒ IS-∂p-sN-∂p-t]mepw Adnhv

B¿Pn-°m-\p≈t]cW \evIp-∂-Xn-eqsS Hcp P\-X-bn¬ kwkvIm-

c-Øns‚ Xncn-sIm-fp-Øn-Im-´p-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS.

Jp¿-Bs‚ Ah-X-c-W-L-´w-Xs∂ ]tXy-IX \nd-™-Xm-Wv.

[m¿anIaqey-ßƒ am\n-°msX PohnX kpJ-t`m-K-ß-fn¬ apgp-In-

°-gn-bp-∂-h¿ Hcp hi-Øv. Ihn-Xbpw kmln-Xyhpw XpSn-sIm-´p∂

A¥-co£w thsdm-cn-S-Øv. \nc-£-c-Xbpw PohnX]bm-k-ßfpw adp-

h-i-Øv. Cßs\ hyXy-kvX- ap-J-ßƒ°n-S-bn-emWv A¥y-]-hm-N-

I-\mb apl-ΩZv \_n(-k) ssZhnIktµ-i-amb Jp¿-B≥ kaq-l-

Øn\p ka¿∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

A°m-eØv Hmtcm Ad_ntKmX-Øn\pw Ihn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

XmC-^ns‚ kao-]-]-tZ-i-amb D°m-fn¬ h¿jw-tXmdpw Ihn-b-cßv

\S-°pw. AhnsS Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp∂ G‰hpw \√ IhnX hnip≤

IAv-_-bn¬ ASpØ Ihnb-c-ß-phsc Xq°n-bn-Spw. kmln-Xy-Øn¬

ap≥]-¥n-bn¬ \n∂ Hcp kaqlw AhnsSbps≠-∂-Xns‚ sXfn-hm-

Wn-Xv. ]t£, \nc-£-c-\mb ]hm-N-I\v Cd-°nb Jp¿-B≥

A∂sØ kmln-XyIm-c-∑msc sh√p-hn-fn-®p: ""Jp¿-B-\nse A[ym-

b-Øn\p Xpey-amb Hc-[ym-bw, As√-¶n¬ kZr-iamb Hcp kq‡-

sa-¶nepw sIm≠p-h-c-s´.''

Jp¿-Bs‚ alXzw kwi-bn-®-h¿°v Cu sh√p-hn-fn-bm-bn-cp∂p

DØ-cw.

Bbn-c-Øn-\m-\qdv sIm√-Øn-\-∏p-d-ap≈ Hcp KŸ-Ønse hcn-

Iƒ°v C∂pw mjm-aqeyw t]mepw tNm¿∂n-ń-s√-∂p-h-cn-I, AXnse

]tbm-K-ßƒ°v Ime-]-hm-l-Ønepw A¿∞w \jvS-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°p-

I, F°m-ehpw B[p-\nI kmln-Xy-Øns‚ Cf°wX´mØ Cta-

Pn¬ ÿnXnsNøp-I, CXn-s\m∏w KŸw Ah-X-cn-® `mj IqSp-X¬

IqSp-X¬ temI-hym-]-I-am-hp-I˛ Cu A¤pXw hnip-≤-Jp¿-Bs\

kw_-‘n-°p∂ BZy-]-cn-N-b-Øn¬Øs∂ B¿°pw t_m[y-s∏-Spw.

a\p-jy-a-l-Xz-Øns‚ [z\n-bmWv Jp¿-B≥ apg-°p-∂-Xv. A√mlp

a\p-jys\ qan-bn¬ ssZh-Øns‚ ]Xn-\n-[n-bm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-

79

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

\sX ]]-©-Po-hn-I-fn¬ D∂-X-amb krjvSn. a\p-jy-\n¬ hy‡n-

am-lmflyw krjvSn-s®-Sp-°m\pw Aßs\ kzbw]cn-ip≤n t\Sm\pw

B hnip-≤n-bn¬\n∂v kwip-≤-amb Hcp kaqlkrjvSn km[y-am-

°m\pw Jp¿B≥ hgn-sbm-cp-°p-∂p. a\p-jys\ Hscm‰hwiw F∂

ho£-W-Øn¬ Jp¿-B≥ ImWp-∂p. h¿Whpw tZihpw `mjbpw

a\p-jy-\nse al-Xz-\n¿Æ-b-Øn-\p≈ Af-hp-tIm-e-s√-∂pw ]Tn-∏n-

°p-∂p.

""a\pjytc, \nßsf Hcp ]pcp-j-\n¬\n∂pw kvXobn¬ \n∂pw

\mw krjvSn-®p. \nßsf ]e tKmX-ß-fm-°n-bXv ]c-kv]cw Xncn-®-

dn-bm≥ th≠n-bm-Wv. A√m-lp-hns‚ ASp-°¬ tijvT-X-bp-≈-h≥

IqSp-X¬ `b-`-‡n-bp-≈-h-\m-Wv.''

amem-J-am-tc-°mƒ D∂-X-amb ÿm\-amWv ssZhw a\p-jy\p\¬Ip-

∂-Xv. Cu t_m[w tIƒ∏n-®p-sIm-≠mWv \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n kaq-l-Øn¬

[¿a-aq-ey-ß-fpsS ]Nm-cWw \n¿∆-ln-®-Xv. _lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\-

bn¬\n-∂v, A\m-Nm-c-ß-fn¬\n∂v, A‘-hn-izm-k-ß-fn¬\n-∂v,

k¿t∆m-]cn Xn∑-bpsS Np‰p-h-´-Øn¬\n∂v a\p-jysc tamNn-∏n-°p-

I-sb∂ alm-hn-π-h-amWv Atd-_y-bnse Ccp-´p-\n-d™ acp-∏-d-ºn¬

Jp¿-Bs‚ shfn-®-hp-ambn ]hm-N-I≥ km[n-®-Xv.

hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ ap∂n¬sh®v a\p-jy-cn¬ ka-Xz-Øns‚ ASn-

Ø-d-]m-In-bXpw ]hm-N-I-\m-Wv. ""a\p-jy¿ Hcp No¿∏ns‚ ]√p-

t]msebmWv, Ad-_n°v A\-d-_n-tb-°mƒ, shfp-Ø-h\v Idp-Ø-

h-t\-°mƒ Hcp Xcnºpw tijvT-X-bn-√. a\p-jy¿ H∂m-Wv''. ]hm-

N-I≥ Bh¿Øn®p hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

]t£, ssZh-Øns‚ `qan-bnse ]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ F∂ \nebv°v

B alXzw kq£n-°p-hm≥ Iptd hy‡n-Po-hnX \njvT Iƒ

Jp¿B≥ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. k¬°¿a-ßƒ A\p-jvTn®v tam£wt\SpI

F∂ PohnX e£y-amWv ][m-\-sa∂v D≈-S-°w ]d-™p-sIm-≠v.

thZ-\n-°p-∂-h-s‚bpw IjvS-X-b-\p-`-hn-°p-∂-h-s‚bpw Bizm-k-

am-Im≥ a‰p-≈-h¿°v Ign-b-W-sa∂v Jp¿-B≥ \n¿_-‘-]q¿∆w Hm¿an-

∏n-°p-∂p. ""]oUn-Xcpw ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏-´-h-cp-amb kvXo ]p-cp-j-

∑m¿°pw Ipń-Iƒ°pw th≠n ssZh-am¿K-Øn¬ \nßsf-¥p-sIm≠v

kacw sNøp-∂n-√?'' F∂ tNmZyw a¿±-I-cpsS Dd°w sISp-Øm\pw

a¿±n-X¿s°m∏w tNcm-\p≈ A`n-hmRvO hf¿Øm\pw t]m∂-Xm-Wv.

""`qan-bn¬ ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏´ hn`m-K-tØmSv HuZmcyw ImWn-°m\pw

Ahsc \mb-I-∑m-cm-°m\pw Ah-sc-Øs∂ A\-¥-cm-h-Im-in-I-fm-

°m-\p-amWv \mw Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv'' F∂ kq‡-Øn\v Hcp ka-hmIyw

80

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

cNn-°m≥ a\p-jy-c-nem¿°p-I-gnbpw? As√-¶n¬ Cu hnπ-h-[z-\n°v

kawtN¿Øv hmbn-°m≥ temINcn-X-Øn¬ as‰m-c-[ymbw ImWptam?

a¿±-\-ß-fn¬ ]pf-bp∂ a\p-jy-a-°ƒ°v Hcp shfn®w \nd-™-Imew

hmKvZm\w sNøp-I-bmWo hcn-Iƒ. A`-bm¿∞nkwL-ßƒ AP-ø-

cm-bp-b-cp-sa∂v Jp¿-B≥ a¿±-I-tcmSv Hcp Xm°o-Xns‚ Dd® i_vZ-

Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p. Cßs\ a\pjy Ncn-X-Øns‚ KXn-am-‰nb alm-

hn-π-h-amWv Jp¿B≥ Ah-X-cn-®-Xp-h-gn-bp-≠m-b-Xv. "" Nn¥n-°p-∂-

h¿°v ZrjvSm-¥-ap≠v,'' ""\nßƒ Nn¥n-°p-∂nt√'' F∂n-ßs\ Hcp-

]m-Sn-S-ß-fn¬ i≤ £Wn-®p-sIm-≠mWv Jp¿B≥ ]mcm-bWw

\oßp-∂-Xv. a\p-j-y-_p-≤n-sb-s°m≠v Kth-jWw sNøp-I-sb∂

\n¿_‘w Jp¿-B≥ kq‡-ß-fpsS Hmtcm Awi-Øn-ep-ap-≠v. imkvX-

Øns‚ hf¿®-bn-te°v PmeIw Xpd-∂n-´p- sIm-Sp-°p∂ Ht´sdkqN-

\-Iƒ Jp¿-B-\n¬ ImWmw. c‡-_-‘-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ hnhm-l-

Øn-eqsS ]nd-hn-sIm-≈p∂ Ip™n\v kw`-hn-°p∂ sshI-ey-ßƒ

C∂p imkvXw Is≠-Øp-tºmƒ kl-km-_vZ-Øn-\-∏pdw Jp¿-B≥

AXv kqNn-∏n-®n- p-s≠-∂Xv imkvXimJ-bpsS hf¿®°v Cu KŸw

hgn-Im-ń-bm-sW-∂-Xns‚ sXfn-hm-Wv.

Nn¥n-°p∂ a\p-jysc Adn-hns‚ A¤pX Xoc-ß-fn-te°p \bn-

°m≥ Jp¿-B\p Ign-bpw. Jp¿-B-\nse Hmtcm hcn--Ifp-sSbpw kqN\

Hcm-bncw alm-K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬t]mepw HXp-°m-\m-hmØ Bi-b-ß-

fpƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xm-Wv. a\p-jys\ hn⁄m\aWvU-e-ß-fn-te°v

sIm≠p-t]m-Ip∂ GI ssZhnI KŸ-am-Wn-Xv. ]Ir-Xnsb t\m°n

Nn¥n-°m≥, Kth-jWw sNøm≥, At\z-jn-°m≥, Is≠-Øm≥ Jp¿-

B≥ \nc-¥cw t]cW sNep-Øp-∂p. \Ωn¬Øs∂ t\m°p-I,

\ap°pwNp‰pw ItÆm-Sn-°p-I˛ A¤pXwamXw Hfn-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn

Hmtcm ImgvN-∏m-Snepw ]Xn-bpw. ]cn-k-c-t_m-[w- sIm-≠vamXw Jp¿-

Bs‚ Nne kqN-\-Iƒ \ap°v Ipcp-°-gn-°m-\m-Ipw.

""BImi `qan-I-fpsS krjvSn-∏n¬, cm∏-I-ep-Iƒ amdn amdn hcp-

∂-Xn¬, IS-en¬, ag-bn¬, Pohn-hym-]-\-Øn¬, Im‰ns‚ KXn-bn¬,

taL-ß-fpsS LS-\-bn¬ Nn¥n-°p-∂-h¿°v ZrjvSm-¥-ß-fp-≠v.''

temI-Ønse kap-Z-Pew apgp-h≥ ajn-bm-°n, hr£-e-Xm-Zn-Iƒ

apgp-h≥ Xqen-I-bp-am°n tImSm-\p-tImSn hnkvXr-Xn-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-

bmepw XocmØ hymJym-\-Øn\v Cu Hcp hmIyw amXw aXn-sb∂

kXyw, _p≤nsb hni-an-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°msX Kth-j-W-hr-Ø-Øn¬

Xf-®n-Sm≥ Imc-W-am-Ip-∂nt√? Jp¿-B≥ a\p-jy-_p-≤n-tbmSv tNmZy-

ßƒ \nc-Øp-I-bm-Wv:

81

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

""]I-en¬ cmXn-sbbpw cmXn-bn¬ ]I-en-s\bpw ]th-in-∏n-°p-

∂Xv \o I≠n-√tbm?''

""\ng-ens\ Fßs\ A√mlp \o´p-∂p-sh∂v \o t\m°n-bn-ńt√?

Ah-\p-t±-in-®m¬ AXv A\-ßmsX \n¿Øp-am-bn-cp-∂p.''

""A√mlp BIm-i-Øp-\n∂v sh≈-an-d-°n. At∏mƒ `qan ]®-]n-

Sn-®Xv \o I≠nt√?''

A⁄-X-tbm-Sp≈ shdp∏pw Adn-hn-t\m-Sp≈ B`n-ap-Jyhpw Imń

Jp¿-B≥ a\p-jys\ DZvt_m-[n-∏n-°p∂p:

""Adn-hp-≈-hcpw Adn-hn-√m-Ø-hcpw ka-∑m-cmtWm?''

""A‘\pw ImgvN-bp-≈-h\pw Xpey-cmtWm? \nßƒ Nn¥n-°p-

∂nt√?''

""A√m-lp-hns‚ ZrjvSn-bn¬ G‰hpw \nIr-jvS-cm-b-h¿ _p≤n D]-

tbm-Kn-°mØ CØcw _[n-c-˛-aq-I-cm-Wv.''

""\nß-fn¬ kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-fp-sSbpw Adnhv \¬I-s∏- -h-cp-sSbpw

]Z-hn-Iƒ Db¿Øpw.''

]]©Zriy-ßfpw ]Ir-Xn-bnse ]Xn-`m-k-ßfpw ImWn-®p-

sIm≠v ]]©\mY-\mb A√m-lp-hns‚ D∂-X-amb Ign-hp-Isf

kw_-‘n®v a\p-jysc t_m[-hm-∑m-cm-°p∂p: ""Ah-\sX kqcys\

(Pz-en-°p-∂) Hcp tXP- mbpw Nµs\ Hcp ]Im-i-ambpw cq]-s∏-

Sp-Øn-bXpw Ah°p àW]Y-ßƒ \n¿W-bn®p \¬Ip-Ibpw

sNbvX-h≥. h¿j-ß-fpsS FÆhpw IW°pw \nßƒ Adn-bp-∂-Xn-

\p- th≠n. kXy-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-√msX A√mlp AXp krjvSn-®n-ń-

√. Adn-bp∂ P\-X°v Ah≥ ZrjvSm-¥-ßƒ hnh-cn-°p-∂p.''

Jp¿-B≥ kXy-a-X-Øn-te°p a\p-jys\ £Wn-°p-tºmƒ a‰p≈

ZrjvSm-¥-ß-tf-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ ]Ir-Xn-bnse ZrjvSm-¥-ß-fmWv

A√mlp ap∂n¬ sh°p-∂-Xv. ImcWw Cu sXfn-hp-I-fmWv a\p-

jys\ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ IqSp-X¬ i‡-am-b-Xv.

""BImi `qan-I-fpsS krjvSn°¬ a\p-jys\ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn-

t\-°mƒ FXtbm hep-XmWv; ]t£, A[n-I-amcpw AX-dn-bp-∂n√''

""A√m-lp-hn-s‚ ASn-a-I-fn¬ hn⁄m-\n-Iƒ amX-amWv Ahs\

Adn-b-p-∂-Xv. Ah¿ A√m-lp-hns‚ krjvSn-Isf kw_-‘n®v ]cn-

Nn-¥\w \SØn kXyw Is≠-Øp-∂p. A√m-lp-hns‚ krjvSnssh`-

hsØ kw_-‘n®v Ah¿ Nn¥n-°p-∂p.''

Jp¿-Bs‚ `mh-\-bn¬ aXw hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ Xmt°m-em-Wv.

hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ AKm-[-X-bn-te°v Cd-ßn-s®-√m≥ aX-hn-izmkw

]tNm-Z-\-am-Ip-∂p. A£-c-⁄m-\-Øns‚ alXzw a-\p-jy-]-c-º-csb

82

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

\nc-¥cw tIƒ∏n-°p-I-bmWv Jp¿-B≥. [¿a-Øn-s‚bpw kvt\l-

Øn-s‚bpw GI-X-bp-sSbpw ktµ-i-a-Xn-ep-≠v. `qX-Øns‚bpw h¿Ø-

am-\-Øns‚bpw `mhn-bp-sSbpw A¤p-Xcl-ky-ß-fpsS APvRm-X-

amb AXn-cn-te°p \o≠p-t]m-Ip∂ ssZh-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ ZrV-X-

bpw A\n-hm-cy-Xbpw Jp¿-B≥ temI-tØmSp ]dbp∂p. \√Xp

sNøm\pw ]d-bm\pw \∑ D]-tZ-in-°m\pw Xn∑ hne-°m\pw

Iev]\sNøp∂ Cu alm KŸw Ah-Xo¿Æ-amb hnip≤ dakm≥

A\p-K-l-Øns‚ amk-am-Wv. ]Iepw cmXnbpw ssZh-kvtXm-X-ßƒ

sIm≠v kmµ-am-°p∂ Hcp amk-°m-e-b-fhv hnizm-kn-I-fpsS ]q°m-

e-am-Wv. Xfn¿°pIbpw ]q°p-Ibpw kZv^-e-ßƒ amX-ta-Ip-Ibpw

sNøp∂ ap∏Xp Zn\-cm-X-ßƒ. dakm≥ hX-Øn-eqsS t\Snb

BflkwkvI-cWw hnip-≤n-amXw \nd™ Hcp \hyPohn-X-Øn\p

hgn-sbm-cp-°s´ F∂v Biw-kn-°p-Ibpw ]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

∂p. H∏w hnip≤ Jp¿B≥ F∂ alm-KŸw temI-P-\-X°p apgp-

h≥ A\p-`-h-th-Zy-amIpwhn[-ap≈ Kth-j-W- kw-c-`-ßƒ hnP-b-

]q¿∆w \S-°s´ F∂pamiw-kn-°p-∂p.

amXr-`qan dwkm≥ kπn-sa‚ v

83

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

temI-t\-XrXzw

a\p-jyXzw am\n-°pI

a\pjy\∑-bpsS kakvXLS-I-ß-sfbpw D±o-]n-∏n-°p-∂Xpw

AXp-hgn ]mc-XnIhnP-b-Øns‚ kºq¿W-am¿Kw sXfn-bn-°p-∂-

Xp-am-Wv hnip≤ da-km≥. hXm-\p-jvTm\w Hcp \h-Pm-X-in-ip-hns‚

ss\¿a-ey-am-Wv hnizm-kn-bn¬ Df-hm-°p-∂-Xv. hnip≤ Jp¿-B-\n¬

]cm-a¿in-®Xpw Jp¿-B≥ Ah-X-c-Ww-sIm≠v al-Xz-am¿Pn-®-Xp-amb

amkw F∂ khn-ti-j-Xbpw da-km-\n-\p-≠v. Jp¿B-\nI ap∂-

dnbn∏p-I-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ \ΩpsS PohnX]cn-k-c-ßsf hne-

bn-cp-Øm≥IqSn da-km≥ t]c-W-bm-Ip-∂p.

kaq-l-Øn\v A\p-I-c-Wo-b-amb amXr-I-bm-Im≥ t]m∂ "DØ-

a-a-\pjys‚ cq]o-I-c-W-amWv da-km≥ km[y-am-°p-∂-Xv. "am\h Ipe-

Øn-\p-th≠n \nbp-‡-amb DØa kap-Zm-b-amWv \nßƒ' F∂ Jp¿-

B≥ hnti-jWw hnizm-kn-bn¬ G¬∏n-°p∂ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw hfsc

hn]p-e-am-Wv. ""\∑ sNøp-∂-Xn-s‚bpw ssZh-`-‡n-bp-sSbpw am¿K-

ßfn¬ \nßƒ ]c-kv]cw kl-I-cn-°pI; ]m]-Øn-s‚bpw AXn-

I-a-Øns‚bpw -Im-cy-ß-fn¬ \nßƒ ]c-kv]cw kl-I-cn-°-cp-Xv''

F∂v hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂Xv k¿∆-Im-e-sØbpw

k¿∆P\-X-sbbpw apgp-h≥ temI-sØ-bp-am-Wv.

temI-an-t∏mƒ ssItIm¿°p-∂Xv ]t£, \∑-bpsS kwÿm-]-

\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-b-√. P\-ßƒ°v t\Xr-Xzhpw kwc-£-Whpw \¬tI≠

`c-W-Iq-S-ßƒt]mepw kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xv AI-a-Øns‚ `mj-bnem-

Wv. "òI-cX's°Xn-cmb bp≤hpw "kmam-PyXz' Øns\-Xn-cmb

84

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

]Xym-I-a-Whpw \nc-]-cm-[nI-fpsS c‡hpw Poh\pw Xń-sb-Sp-

ØmWv hnP-b-t`cn apg-°p-∂-Xv. F√m bp≤-ß-fp-sSbpw hnP-b-s°m-

Sn°v \ndw]I-cp-∂Xv ]Ibpw hntZz-j-hp-a-dn-bmØ ]mhw a\p-jy-

cpsS lrZ-b-c-‡-am-Wv.

CdmJpw ê-kvXo\pw apX¬ KpP-dmØvhscbpw \ΩpsS ImgvN-

I-f-Xbpw a\p-jy-Xz-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ F√m k¶-ev]-ßfpw XI¿°p-

∂-Xm-Wv. "\h-tem-I-Ia'Øns‚bpw BtKm-f--h-Xv°-c-W-Øns‚bpw

"GI-temI' k¶-ev]-ß-fp-sS-bp-sa√mw A¥n-a-L´w Hcp GI-—Xm-

[n-]-Xn°p Iogn¬ temIsØ apgp-h-\mbn sIm≠p-h∂v\n¿ØpI

F∂-XmWv. cmjvS-ß-fpsS Zu¿_-ey-ß-fn¬\n∂pw a\p-jys‚

B¿Øn-I-fn¬\n∂pw Al-¥-I-fn¬\n∂pw DS-se-SpØ as‰mcp

cmjvS-cq-]-amWv Cu "OXm-[n-]Xn'. k¿∆cmPy-ßƒ°pw aosX

A[o-i-i-‡n-bm-Im-\p≈ Cu H‰ i‡nbpsS shº-emWv bp≤-

ta-L-ß-fmbn temI-sØßpw L\o-`-hn®p \n¬°p-∂-Xv. Hmtcm

cmPy-Øns‚bpw hn]-Wn-bnepw kº-Zv\-b-Ønepw amX-a√ B`y-

¥c cmjvSo-b-Øn¬t]mepw CS-s]-Sm≥ ss[cyw ImWn-°p∂ Cu

"_mly i‡n', hcp-Xn-bn¬ \n¬°mØ P\-k-aq-l-ßsf B

cmjvS-Øn-\-IØv Ib-dn-Øs∂ Bbp-[-_-e-Øm¬ D∑q-e\w sNøp-

∂p. XmXvIm-en-I-amb Hcm-I-a-W-a√; Zo¿L-Im-e- ^-e-ap-f-hm-°p∂

\io-I-c-W-X-¥-amWv Hmtcm bp≤-Ønepw hnP-b-I-c-ambn ]tbm-

Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

cmjvS-ßsf Iog-S-°p-tºmƒ AXns‚ am\-h-hn- -h-ti-jn-b-√ Cu

H‰i‡n°mh-iyw. ]Icw aÆpw J\n-P-ßfpw amXamWv. a\p-jy¿

Ah-ti-jn-°p-tºmƒ Xe-ap-d-Iƒ°v tij-sa-¶nepw kz¥w aÆns\

Hm¿Øv sNdp-Øp-\n-ev]ns‚ ]pXn-b-s]m-cn-Iƒ It≠-°p-sa∂ Bi-

¶-bmWv "hwi-lXy'bpsS cmjvSo-bw-Xs∂ ]tbm-Kn-°m≥ Cu

i‡nsb t]cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

"òI-c-hn-cp-≤-bp-≤-'sa∂v t]cn´v A^vKm-\n-ÿm-\n-te°p t]mb

Ata-cn-°≥ ssk\n-I-hyq-lw `c-W-Iq-SsØ Ań-a-dn®v ]pXnb

k¿°m-dns\ Ah-tcm-[n®v h¿jsam∂m-bn´pw, bp≤-Im-eØv AhnsS

\nt£-]n® "¢Ã¿ t_mw_p-'Iƒ Ct∏mgpw s]mń-sØ-dn-°p-∂p.

kvXoIfpw Ip™p-ßfpw hr≤-cp-a-S°w At\Iw \nc-]-cm-[n-Iƒ

ZmcpW ac-W-Øn-\n-c-bm-Ip-∂p. e-kvXo≥ P\X P∑- q-an-bn¬ shSn-

bp-≠-tb‰pw s]mń-sØ-dn®pw Xocm≥ XpS-ßn-bn´v At\Iw Zi-I-

ß-fm-bn. Xßƒ°v A\ym-[o-\-s∏´ kz¥w aÆn¬ Pohn-°m-\p≈

Ah-Im-i-Øn-\p-th≠n \S-Øp∂ Cu kzmX¥y t]mcm-´-sØ-

85

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

t]mepw "òI--cX' sb∂v hnfn-°m≥ A¥mcmjvS -ao-Un-b-Iƒ Xøm-

dm-hp-∂p-sh-∂Xv ]pXnb "GI-tem-I- Iaw' \¬Ip∂ Aip-`-I-c-

amb ktµ-i-am-Wv.

Ck-tben òI-c-X°p Icp-Øp-]-I-cp∂ i‡nXs∂-bmWv Cdm-

Jn-\p-ta¬ bp≤-hm-in-bn¬ \ne-bp-d-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. A™q-dp-sIm-√-sØ

Ncn-X-Øns‚ ]n≥_-e-hp-ambn temI-Øn\v apI-fn¬ \n¬°p∂

Ata-cn-° Cdm-Jns\ XI¿Øm¬ temI-Øn\v \jvS-am-hp-∂Xv am\-

h-N-cn-X-tØmfw ]g-°-ap≈ Hcp \mK-cn-I-X-bm-bn-cn-°pw. sFIy-

cmjvS kwL-S\ F¥p-]d™mepw "Xßƒ sNtø-≠Xv sNbvXn-

cn°pw' F∂ Ata-cn-°≥ ]Jym-]\w temI-hym-]-I-ambn t\cn-tS-

≠n-h-cp∂ bp≤-s°-Sp-Xn-bpsS A]m-b-kq-N-\-bm-Wv. A¥m-cmjvSItºm-

f-ß-fnepw Zcn-Z-cm-Py-ß-fpsS Kma-°p-Sn-ep-I-fn¬t]mepw Cu bp≤w

òXn-bmbn ap∂n¬ \n¬°p-∂p. A^vKm≥, CdmJv qan-Iƒ \¬Ip∂

C‘-\-i‡n `mhn-bnepw FXn¿∏n-√msX ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥

knhn-en-b≥ \K-c-ß-fn¬ t_mw_p-h¿jw \S-tØ-≠Xv Hcp

cmjvSob Bh-iy-am-Wv. "hwi--lXy'b√msX Cu hmWnPy A[n-

Imc e£y-ßƒ°p-ap-∂n¬ a‰pam¿K-an-√.

KpP-dm-Øn¬ At\-Im-bncw a\p-jysc Np´p-sIm∂ " IdpØ

NcnX'ap≠m-bXv ]mIr-X-bp-K-Øn-e√; imkvXw kºq¿Æ hf¿®-

sb-Øn-\n¬°p∂ Cu h¿Ø-am-\-Øns‚ apºn-em-Wv. ]Xn-tcm-[-an-

√mØ cmjvSo-bm-[n-Im-chpw kmº-ØnI Xmev]-cy-ß-fp-amWv KpP-

dm-Ønse Iq -s°m-e-Iƒ°v \nZm-\w. KpP-dm-Øn¬ Hcp "GI—Xm[n-

]Xn'sb krjvSn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ ]Xy-b-im-kvXs∏mcpØ-an-√mØ P\-

X-bpsS hwi-lXy A\n-hm-cy-amWv F∂v Xncn-®-dn-™-h¿ kmº-

Øn-I-tam-l-ß-fp-≈-hsc CXn-\mbn Bbp-[-a-Wn-bn-®p. im¥n-Zq-Xp-

ambn temI-sa-ßpsaØnb Km‘nPn ]nd∂ aÆn¬ Iqc-X-bpsS

temIamXr-I-bmb ln‰ve-dpsS Ime-Øp-t]mepw ImWmØ sImSpw-

Iq-c-X-Iƒ Ac-tß-dn. Cu hwi-lXym cmjvSobw A¥m-cmjvSo-

b- am\-ß-fp-≈-Xm-Wv. ]c-kv]c_‘n-X-amb Bi-b-ß-fp-sSbpw

Bi-I-fp-sSbpw ]¶p-sh-∏mWv Al-Ω-Zm-_m-Zn¬\n∂p Zn√n-hgn Ata-

cn-°-bn-te°pw Xncn-®n-tßm´pw Hgp-In-∏c°p-∂-Xv.

atX-X-c-Xz-hpw -P-\m-[n-]-Xyhpw hntizm-Øc _lp-am\w \¬Inb

Hcp cmjvS-Øns‚ Bflm-hn-s\-bmWv C¥y-bnse ]pXnb A[n-

Imc cmjvSobw XI¿°p-∂-Xv. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fnepw NcnX KŸ-

ß-fnepw h¿Kob hntZz-j-Øns‚ A[ym-b-ßƒamXw \nd-bv°p-∂-

Xpw CXc aX-ÿ-cpsS thZ-K-Ÿ-ßƒ C¥y≥ kml-N-cy-Øn-

86

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

s\mØv t`Z-KXn sNø-W-sa∂v iTn-°p-∂-Xpw c-W-L-S\ \¬Ip∂

kzmX-¥y-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v CjvS-ap≈ aX-hpw Bi-bhpw kzoI-cn-°m-

\p≈ Ah-Im-isØ XS-bp-∂-Xp-sa√mw ]tIm-]-\-ßƒ krjvSn®v

kwL¿j-ap-≠m-°pI F∂ A¥m-cm-jvSIp-X¥w Xs∂-bm-Wv.

"]pØ≥ temIIaØn' s‚ Po¿Æ-X-Isf sNdp-°p∂ kaq-l-ßsf

\in-∏n-t°-≠Xpw Cu A¥mcmjvSob Bh-iy-am-Wv. CXns‚ Dt]m-

ev]-∂-amb a\p-jyXzcmln-Xy-Øns‚bpw Iqc-X-bp-sS-bpw Iøq-

°ns‚bpw Akm≥am¿Kn-I-X-bpsS lo\-ssi-en h≥cmjvS-ßƒ

apX¬ \ΩpsS Kma-ßƒhsc hym]n-°p-I-bm-Wv. Cu L´-Øn-emWv

""]m]-Øn‚bpw AXn-I-a-Øn‚bpw Imcy-ß-fn¬ \nßƒ ]c-kv]cw

kl-I-cn-°-cp-Xv; KpWwsNøp-∂-Xns‚bpw ssZh`‡n-bp-sSbpw am¿K-

Øn¬ tN¿∂p \n¬°pI'' F∂ Ckvem-an-Im-[ym-]\w ]k-‡-am-

Ip-∂-Xv.

kaql\∑-bpsS ]mX-bn¬ H∂n®p \n¬°m-\p≈ Blzm-\-amWv

Ckvem-an-t‚Xv. F√m aX-ßfpw \¬-Ip∂ ktµ-ihpw im¥n-bpsSbpw

kvt\l-Øn-s‚bpamWv. aX-ß-fpsS bYm¿∞-h-gn-bn-te°v hnizm-

kn-Iƒ Xncn-®p-h-cp-tºmƒ temIØv kam-[m\w ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°-

s∏Spw. aXw a\p-jy-Xz-sØ-bmWv Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂-Xv. temI-cm-

jvS-t\-XrXzw a\p-jy-Xz-Øn\v hne-I-ev]n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ h≥I-

c-I-fn¬ bp≤-ò-Xn-bn-√msX P\-ßƒ°p- I-gn-bmw.

ùXn-I-amb A[o-i-Xz-a√ ]c-tem-I-tam-£-amWv aX-ßƒ e£y-

am-°p-∂-Xv. aX-ß-sfbpw kwkvIm-c-ß-sfbpw Ipdn-®p≈ N¿®-Iƒ

A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fp-ambn amXw _‘-s∏´p Npcp-°msX F√m Xe-ß-

fn-te°pw Bibhn\n-abw km[y-am-°-Ww. hnip≤ Jp¿-B-\n-s\bpw

hnizm-kn-bpsS PohnXe£y-sØbpw kw_-‘n® ]T-\-Øns‚bpw

]cn-io-e-\-Øns‚bpw L´-amWv da-km≥. A¥y-]-hm-N-I≥ apl-

ΩZv \_n(-k)]d-bp∂p: ""hXw ]cn-N-b-m-Wv. \c-I-sØ- X-Sp-°p∂

]cnN'' hm°nepw I¿a-Ønepw Nn¥-bnepw ssZh-kva-c-Wbpw kq£va-

X-bpw ]men-®-h¿°mWv hX-Øns‚ ]Xn-^-ew. Pohn-X-sa∂

ku`mKyw X∂-Xn\v Xs∂ \mw ssZh-tØmSv FX \µn sNbvXmepw

aXn-bm-In-√. ]]-©-Ønse Hmtcm ]c-am-Wp-hnepw kv]µn-°p-∂Xv

ssZhnI-i-‡n-bm-Wv. Jp¿-B≥ Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂p≠v: ""A√tbm hniz-

kn-®-h-tc, \nß-fpsS kºØpw k¥m-\-ßfpw \nß-sf A√m-lp-

hns\ kvacn-°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂v Ai-≤-cm-°n-°q-Sm. h√-h-cpw -A-ßs\

sNøp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Ah¿ \jvSw kw -hn-®-h¿ Xs∂-bm-Ip∂p-. ssZhnI

Nn¥-bm¬ \nd-™p-\n¬°p∂ a\p-jy-a-\- n¬ Imep-jy-Øn\pw

87

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Xn∑°pw CS-ap-≠m-In-√.''

kºZv ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS hgn-tXSn BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn\p ]nd-

sI-bmWv temI-k-aqlw. Db¿∂ PohnX Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fp-sSbpw kº-

Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ _‘-ßƒ \n›-bn-°-s∏-Sp∂ a\p-

jym-hÿ i‡n-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. a\p-jys‚ kzX¥k©m-c-ßƒ°pw

PohnXel-cn°pw XS- -ambn \n¬°p-I-bmWv [¿Ω aqey-ßƒ F∂v

h∂-t∏mƒ hnizm-khpw ss]Xr-I-hp-sa√mw s]cp-h-gn-bn-ep-t]-£n®v

D∑m-Zn-I-fpsS BtLm-j-ß-fn-te°v t]mIp-I-bmWv ]pXnb Xe-ap-

d. Pohn-Xm-Uw-_-c-Øn\pw [\kºm-Z-\-Øn\pw GXv am¿Khpw kzoI-

cn-°m-sa-∂Xv ]mb-t -Z-as\y \n¿e÷w AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ ]pXnb

]XybimkvX-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. a\p-jys‚ AXncvhn´ D]-t`m-Km-k-

‡nbpw Bflo-b-amb ss]Xr-Ihpw XΩn-ep≈ A¥x-kw-L¿j-ß-

fn-eq-sS-bmWv ]pXnb\q‰m-≠n-te°v NphSvsh°p-∂-Xv.

Ak-ln-jvWp-X-bpsS \q‰m-≠mWn-sX∂ \nK-a-\-ßƒ°v _e-

ta-Inb AkwJyw kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv temIw IS-∂p-

t]m-Ip-∂-Xv. A\y-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ß-fn-te°v Nqgv∂n-d-ßp-∂Xpw

Zp¿_-e¿°v apI-fn¬ Imbn-I-_-e-Øn¬ A[o-iXzw ÿm]n-°p-

∂Xpw H∂v as‰m-∂ns\ sIm∂p-Xn-∂p-∂Xpw \oXn-h-Xv°-cn-°p-∂Xv

I≠p ]cn-N-bn® Imew. \q‰m≠n-s‚bpw kl-km-_vZ-Øns‚bpw

BK-a\w tIh-e-amb Ie≠¿ am‰-a-s√∂pw a\p-jy- m-h-ßsf Xs∂

AXv kzm[o\n-°ptam F∂pw Bi-¶-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv temIw. P\-X-

bpsS uXnI Np‰p-]m-Sp-Isf \nb-¥n-°p∂ apJyLS-I-ß-fn¬s∏´

cmjvSob, kmaq-ly, kmº-ØnI aWvU-e-amsI InS-a-’-c-ß-

fpsSbpw G‰p-ap-´-ens‚bpw hgnamXw Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ AXn-

\p-≈n¬\n∂v kam-[m-\-am-K-ln-°p∂ a\p-jys\ c£-s∏-Sp-Øm≥

aX, [¿Ω aqey-ßƒt° Ignbq F∂ ktµ-i-amWv ]cn-ip≤ da-

km≥ \¬Ip-∂-Xv. AXvsIm≠v Bfl-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ amk-sa∂v

da-km≥ hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]]-©-sØbpw kIeNcm-Nm-c-

ß-sfbpw krjvSn-®p-]-cn-]m-en-°p∂ PK-∂n-b-¥mhv krjvSn-I-fn¬

Hu∂nXyw \¬In-bXv a\p-jy-\m-Wv. Bhiy \n¿hlWØn-\mbn

`qansb a\p-jy\v hi-s∏-SpØns°mSpØ k¿∆-i-‡≥ ""sFlnI

PohnXw h©-\-bpsS hn`-h-am-sW∂pw kXy-\n-tj-[n-I-fpsS sskzc-

hn-lm-c-Øn¬ h©n-X-cm-I-cp-sX∂pw''(hn.-Jp¿-B≥) ap∂-dn-bn∏p

\¬In. ]t£, kpJm-Uw-_-c-ß-fpsS ]tem-`-\-Øn¬ abßnhoW-

h¿ A√m-lp-hns\ ad∂v, PohnX ZuXyw ad-∂v, Xs∂-Øs∂ ad∂v

Ae-£y-ambn Hgp-Ip-∂p. CXv XS-bm≥ hnizmk Zm¿Vy-Xbp≈h¿t°

88

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Ign-bq. `m¥-amb Bk-‡n-I-fn¬ \n∂v a\p-jys\ ]n¥n-cn-∏n-°m≥

Bfl \nb-¥Ww A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. a\ v ip≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS

hy‡nbpw kaq-lhpw kwip-≤-am-Ipw. CXmWv da-km≥ hX-Øn-

eqsS e`y-am-Ip-∂-Xv.

h¿Ø-am\kaqlw t\cn-Sp∂ F√m ]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ°pw Ckvem-

an¬ ]Xn-hn-[n-bp-s≠∂v da-km≥ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. am\-hn-I-X-

bpsS am¿§Z¿i-\-amb hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ Ah-X-cn®Xv da-km-\n-em-

Wv. ssZh-a-l-Xzhpw a\p-jy-Xz-Øns‚ aln-a-bp-amWv Jp¿Bs‚

ImX¬. h¿Æ, h¿K, tZi, mj hnth-N-\-an-√mØ Hcp kaqlkrjvSn-

bm-Wv Jp¿-B≥ ap∂n¬ sh°p-∂-Xv. "P\-ßtf' F∂ Jp¿-B-\nI

kwt_m-[\ Ckvem-ans‚ km¿h-P-\o-\-Xbpw km¿h-eu-In-I-Xbpw

hy‡-am-°p-∂p. ka-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw kmtlm-Z-cy-Øn-s‚bpw ktµ-i-

amWv Jp¿-B≥. h¿W hnth-N-\-Øns‚ IpSn-∏-I-bn¬ apßnb

temIcmjvS thZn -Iƒ°pw PmXnNn¥b-psS Xo≠m-∏m -Spw

ZcnZ˛kº∂ th¿Xn-cn-hp≈ \ΩpsS ]cn-k-c-ßƒ°p-an-S-bn¬ ""a\p-

jys\ Hcm-Wn¬\n∂pw s]Æn¬\n-∂p-amWv krjvSn®-Xv, h¿K

sshhn[yw ]c-kv]cw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\v th≠n amX-am-Wv'' F∂

Ckvem-anI ktµ-i-Øn\v aqey-ta-sd-bp-≠v. kml-Ncy Iev]n-X-amb

F√m-Xcw ASn-a-Ø-Øn¬\n∂pw a\p-jy≥ hntam-Nn-X-\mbn kjvSm-

hp-ambn IqSp-X¬ ASp-°-Ww. kXyw, ka-Xzw, \oXn, kzmX¥yw,

P\m-[n-]-Xyw, kmtlm-Zcyw F∂n-h-sb√mw temI-Øn\v apºn¬ D®-

Øn¬ apg-°nb Ckvem-ans‚ ]XybimkvX ]cn-io-e\ L´-ambn

da-km-\ns\ ImWm-\m-Ipw. t\mºv Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xnepw Ah-km-\n-

∏n-°p-∂-Xnepw IrXy-amb Bcm-[-\-bn-ep-ap≈ ka-b-\n-jvT, ]hr-

Øn-bpw hm°pw Nn¥bpw kwkvI-cn-°p∂ PohnX hnip-≤n, hni∏pw

Zmlhpw tamlhpw PohnX ]bm-k-ßfpw Bfl-_-e-Øn¬ \nb-

¥n -°p∂ £abpw kl-\-hpw, A∂]m\o-b-ß-fp --t]-£n®v

kzbwA\p-`-hn-°p∂ ]ń-Wn, h¿Æhpw h¿§hpw thjhpw mjbpw

]mbhpw kºØpw t\m°msX Npa-semØv \n∂p≈ \a-kvIm-

chpw Zm\-[¿Ω-ßfpw PohnX kq£va-Xbpw PohImcp-Wyhpw hn\-

bhpw Bfl-t_m-[-hp-sa√mw da-km≥ hXw a\p-jy-\n¬ D±o-]n-∏n-

°p-∂p. a\p-jy≥ a\p-jys\ Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw kvt\ln-°m\pw AXp-

hgn am\-hnI GI-Xsb Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°m\pw hnip≤ da-km≥ t]cn-

∏n-°p-∂p.

amXr-`qan da-km≥ kπn-sa‚ v 1999

89

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Bfl-k-Ø-bpsS

\ndhpw mhhpw

hnip≤ da-km≥˛ Ckvem-ans‚ Bfl-k-Ø-bpsS \ndhpw `mh-

hp-am-Wv. £abpw ka¿∏-Whpw a\- n-s‚bpw ico-c-Øn-s‚bpw

sNdp-N-e-\-ß-fn¬ t]mep-ap≈ kq£va-Xbpw kXy-k-‘-Xbpw AKm-

[-amb ssZh`‡nbpw kvt\l-k-a-Xz-t_m[hpw hXm-\p-jvT-\mb

apkven-an-s\ -B-]m-Z-tIiw Nqgv∂p\n¬°p-∂p. ChnsS I¿a-ßfpw

hm°p-Iƒt]mepw hnip-≤-am-Ip-∂p. a\- ns‚ taml-ß-fn¬t]mepw

Zpcm-K-l-ßƒ°n-S-an-√. Bfl\nb-¥Ww AXp-hgn BflkwkvI-

cWw; Aßs\ kwip-≤-amb hy‡n-Po-hn-Xhpw hy‡n-hn-ip-≤n-bn¬

\nd-™p-\n¬°p∂ kaq-lhpw Ckvemw e£y-am-°p-∂p. AXn-\p≈

Bfl ]cn-tim-[-\-bp-sSbpw \yq\Xm ]cn-lm-c-Øns‚bpw ]co-

£WL´wIqSn-bmWv Cu Hcp amk-°m-e-b-f-hv.

a\p-jys‚ hy‡n-˛-km-aqly Pohn-X-Øns‚ \nJne taJ-e-I-

sfbpw kv]¿in-°p-∂-XmWv Ckvemw. PohnX bmX-bpsS Hcp k‘n-

bnepw i¶n-®p -\n¬t°-≠-Xn-√m-Ø-hn[w Ckvemw F∂ kaK]≤Xn

hnizm-kn°v hgn-Im- p-∂p. Bcm-[-\-bnepw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fnepw

hy‡n-bpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Ønepw Zmº-Xy-Øns‚ kzIm-cy-X-

bnepw IpSpw-_-˛-km-aqly_‘-ß-fnepw hn\n-a-b-ß-fnepw kº-

Øns‚ tiJ-c-W-Ønepw hyb-Ønepw XpSßn cmjvSo-b-Ønepw

`c-W-Øn-epw-hsc ]men-t°≠ \oXn-im-kvXhpw coXnacym-Z-Ifpw

hyhÿ sNbvXn -cn -°p∂ Ckvem-ans\ Hmtcm I¿a-Ønepw

ap≥\n¿Øn-bm¬ PohnX hnip-≤nbpw hnP-bhpw ssIh-cn-°m-\m-Ipw.

90

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Ckvemw F∂ kºq¿Æ XXz-kw-ln-X kakvXIme-Øn\pw

kakvX kaq-l-Øn-\p-ap≈ ktµ-ihpw Xncp-Ø-ep-Iƒ°pw Iqń-

t®¿°-en-\p-a-Xo-X-hp-am-Wv. ùXn-I, ]mc-XnI hnP-b-Øns‚ kn≤m-

¥hpw ]tbm-K-hp-amb Ckvemw a\pjy\∑-sb∂ alm-e-£y-hp-

ambn temI-Øn\p shfn®w ]Icp∂p. -

A[¿aw \n¿am¿P\w sNøm\pw [¿aw kwÿm-]n-°m\pw \ntbm-

Kn-°-s∏´ BZw-\_n apX¬ apl-ΩZv \_n hsc-bp≈ ]hm-N-I-∑m-

cpsS ZuXyw ssZhnI ktµiw a\p-jy-Ip-e-Øn\p ]I-cp-I-bm-bn-cp-

∂p. Hmtcm ImeØn\pw P\-X-°p-ambn ]hm-N-I∑m¿ h∂p-sh-¶nepw

A¥y-]-hm-N-I≥ apl-ΩZv \_n(-k) bpsS \ntbmKw Ime-tZ-im-Xn-

h¿Øn-bmb kaq-l-]p-\-cp-≤m-c-Whpw k∑m¿K-Z¿i-\-hp-am-Wv.

InS-a-’-cØns‚bpw c‡-s®m-cn-®n-en-s‚bpw Imep-jyhpw aZyhpw

NqXm- hpw ASn-a-hr-Ønbpw A\m-Nm-c-ßfpw \nd™ Hcp IdpØIme-

Øns‚ \Sp-hn-te-°mWv Jp¿-Bs‚ shfn-®-hp-ambn ]hm-N-I≥ IS-

∂p-h-∂-Xv. ùXnIel-cn-bn¬ Ipg-™m-Sp∂ Pohn-X-Øn-\-∏pdw

e£y-ta-Xp-an-√mØ B kaq-l-Øn¬ Jp¿-Bs‚ Pzme-Iƒ an∂n-b-

t∏mƒ ssZh-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ alXzw a\- n¬Xń-b-h¿ \∑-bpsS

hnfn-tI-´p-W¿∂p. Atd-_y-bpsS IdpØbpK-Øn\paosX Ckvemw

I\n-hns‚ kqcy-tim` sNmcn-™p. kvt\l-Ønepw kmtlm-Z-cy-

Ønepw hm¿sØ-SpØ kmaq-ly-`-Z-X-bn¬ \∑-bpsS ]q°ƒhncn-

™p. Ncn-X-Ønse Cu almhnπhw Ckvem-an-te°v k¿∆-tem-I-

Øn-s‚bpw IÆp-Xp-d-∏n-®p. Cßs\ temI-L-S-\-bn¬ ]cn-h¿Ø\w

\S-Ønb AXn-hn-injvShpw Aam-\p-jn-I-hp-amb hnip≤ KŸ-

Øns‚ Ah-Xo¿W-L-´-sa∂ al-Xz-am¿Pn® amk-amWv da-km≥.

Ckvem-ans‚ ]q¿Æ-amb apJ-ap≠v da-km-\n\v. AKm-[-amb

`‡nbpw £abpw kl-\hpw ka¿∏-Whpw kvt\l-k-a-Xz-`m-hhpw

k¬°¿a-ßfpw kq£va-Xbpw kXy-k-‘-Xbpw kab\njvTbpw

PohImcpWy ]h¿Ø-\hpw \nc-¥-c-amb ]m¿∞-\bpw \nd-™p-

\n¬°p∂ hnip-≤n-bpsS ]q°m-ew. da-km≥ hX-Øns‚ A\p-

jvTm-\-Øn¬ ssZh]oXn Imw£n-®p≈ Cu I¿a-ß-fn-√msX AXns‚

Bflmhv ]q¿WX t\Sp-∂n-√.

]nimNv _‘n-X-\m-hp-Ibpw \c-I-I-hm-S-ßƒ AS-®p-]q-´p-Ibpw

sNøp∂ amk-am-Wv da-km≥ F∂ hnti-jWw Xs∂ Cu Ime-

Øns‚ hnip-≤n-bpsS hnfw-_-c-am-Wv. tZtl-—-Isf \nb-¥n®v k¿hw

kjvSm-hn¬ ka¿∏n-°m-\p≈ k∂-≤-X-bpsS ]cn-io-e\w ChnsS

kn≤n-°p-∂p. Zm\-[¿a-ßƒ hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS Poh-Im-cp-

91

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Wy-Øns‚ a\ v krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. A∂-]m-\obw h¿Pn-°p-tºmƒ

hni-∏ns‚ kl\w amX-a-√, a‰p-≈-h-cpsS hni-∏ns‚ ImTn\yhpw

kzbw A\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-Ip-∂p.


tZtl—-Iƒ°-∏pdw ssZhnIXr]vXn Imw£n-°p∂ I¿a-ß-fp-≠m-

bmte CXv km[y-am-Iq. GXv ]Xn-Iqe kml-N-cy-Ønepw Du\w

X´msX AN-©-e-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p∂ ssZh-hn-izm-kw ico-c-Øns‚

BK-l-ßƒ°v ISn-™m-Wn-Sm-\p≈ AXn-i-‡-amb Dƒt]-

cW\¬Ipw. Bflm-hns\ kwkvI-cn-®-h≥ hnPbw hcn-®p-sh∂pw

A√m-Ø-h≥ ]cm-Pn-X-\m-sW∂pw hnip≤ Jp¿B≥ \¬Ip∂kqN\

Np‰p-]m-Sns‚ Id-Iƒ hogmsX a\ pw ico-chpw kq£n-°m-\p≈

Hm¿a-s∏-Sp-Ø-em-Wv.

ac-W-tØmsS F√mw ]cy-h-km-\n-®p-sh∂ ImgvN-∏mSv apkven-an-

\n-√. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Pohn-X-bmX apgps° kq£vaX ]pe¿tØ-

≠-Xp-≠v. Hcp \mƒ Xm≥ tNmZyw sNø-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw c£bpw

in£bpw \¬Im≥ A¿l\mb Hcp alm-i‡n F√m-‰n\pw aosX

Ds≠-∂p≈ Kuc-h-amb Nn¥ a\p-jys\ \bn-®m¬ ]m]-ap-‡-amb

Pohn -X -Ncy ]pe¿Øm≥ kzbwk∂-≤-amIpw. ]q¿Æ-amb

PohnXhnip≤n ssIh-cn-°m≥ kZm a\ v\nd-bp∂ ssZhn-I-t_m[w

sIm≠p-am-Xta Ign-bq.

hnip-≤n-bpsS Zn\-cm-X-ß-fmWv da-km≥. Ckvem-anse as‰√m

Bcm-[\mI¿a-ß-sfbpw At]-£n®v hXØn\v Gsd]tXy-I-X-

I-fp-≠v. ssZhhpw Zmk\pw XΩn¬ amX-a-dn-bp-∂-Xm-Wv hXm-\p-

jvTm-\w. Cu clky kz`mhw CXns‚ Xnf°w H∂p-IqSn h¿[n-∏n-

°p-∂p. ]t£, th\¬Nq-Sns‚ hni∏pw Zmlhpw a‰-h-i-X-Ifpw

kln®v hX-a-\p-jvTn-®-Xp-sIm≠p amXw êwe`n-°p-∂n-√. kpJ-

t`m-K-ß-fp-t]-£n®v t\mº-\p-jvTn-°p-∂-h≥ ]c-Zq-jWw ]d-™m¬

t]mepw B Znhkw shdpsX ]ń-Wn-bm-b-X-√msX t\mºns‚

bYm¿∞ êw e`y-am-ImsX t]mIp-∂p-sh∂hkvXpX hX-a-\p-

jvTn-°p-∂-h≥ ]pe¿tØ≠ kq£va-X°v sXfn-hm-Wv. PohnX ZpxJ-

ßfpw ]bm-k-ß-fp-sa√mw kln-°m\pw £an-°m-\p-ap≈ am\-kn-

Im-hÿ apk¬am≥ ssIh-cn-°-Ww.

""£a, hnizm-k-Øns‚ ]Ip-Xn-bmWv; \n›bw A√mlp £am-

io-e-cpsS IqsS-bmWv'' F∂o hnip≤ hmIy-ßƒ "£a'-°p≈

ÿm\w D∂-X-am-sW∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. £abpw kl-\hpw da-

92

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

km≥ hX-Øn-eqsS ]cn-io-en®v B¿Pn-t°≠ KpW-ß-fm-Wv. ]I¬ap-

gp-h≥ A∂-]m-\o-b-ß-fp-t]-£n-°p-∂-h≥ hni-∏ns‚ ImTn-\y-a-dn-bp-

∂p. kaq-l-Ønse Zcn-Z-hn-`m-K-sØ-°p-dn®v kº-∂-cn¬t]mepw

t_m[y-ap-≠m-°m\pw ]ńWn kzbwA-\p-`-hn-®-dn-bm\pw hXw hgn-

sbm-cp-°p-∂p. ]e-t\-c-ß-fn-embn kº∂˛]mb-t`-Z-as\y Npa-

semØp \n∂p≈ \a-kvIm-chpw ]mh-s∏-´-hs\ t\mºp-Xp-d-∏n-°m≥

IqSp-X¬ Xmev]-cy-sa-Sp-°-W-sa-∂p≈ A`y¿∞-\bpw hni∏pw Zml-

hp-sa-√mw Xpey-ambn A\p-`-hn-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂Xpw kmaqlyka-Xz-

Øns‚ G‰hpw efn-Xamb \nZ¿i-\-ß-fm-Wv.

`£Ww Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw t\mºp-Xp-d-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xn¬

]men-°p∂ ka-b-\njvT Pohn-X-Øn¬ XpS-tc≠ IrXy\njvT-bmWv.

Zm\-[¿a-ßƒ h¿[n-∏n®v IjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-hs\ klm-bn-°m-\p≈

Blzm-\w, kvt\l-Øns‚bpw kmtlm-Z-cy-Øns‚bpw klm-\p-`q-

Xn-bp-sSbpw ktµ-i-ambn da-km≥ \¬Ip-∂p.

a¿±nX P\-X-bpsS sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏ns‚ BZy NcnXambn tcJ-

s∏´ _Z¿ bp≤w da-km≥ 17-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

]qØpw Xfn¿Øpw kpK‘w ]c-Ønbpw kZv^-e-ßƒ h¿jn®pw

hnizm-kn-bpsS a\ pw Pohn-Xhpw ssZh`‡n-bn¬ Ipfn¿°p∂

da-km-\n¬ ssZh-Øns‚ amem-J-am¿ A\p-K-l-ßƒsNmcn-™v ]d-

∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw. hnizm-kn-bpsS ]m¿∞-\°v h¿[n®]Xn-êw

kn≤n-°p∂amk-am-Wn-Xv.

]m¿∞-\-bn-eqsS e`n-°p∂ Bfl-ss[cyhpw ip`]Xo-£bpw

GXpL´-Ønepw \ncm-i-cmbn ]n¥n-cn-bmsX ]Xn-_-‘-ßsf

AXnPohn®v apt∂-dm-\p≈ IcpØpw t]c-Wbpw \¬Ip-∂p.

Hcp amkw-sIm≠v t\Snb hX-ip≤n Pohn-X-ap-S-\ofw ]pe¿Øm≥

ian-°-Ww. lrZ-b-hn-ip-≤n-bp-am-bn kq£vam-ep-hmbn ]m¿∞\m \nc-

X-amb PohnXw\bn-°p-I. \√ ico-chpw \√ a\ pw \¬Inb

k¿∆i‡-\mb A√m-lp-hns\ kZmka-bhpw \µn-]q¿∆w kvacn-

°p-I. F√m kmaqly Po¿W-X-Iƒ°p-sa-Xnsc s]mcp-Xm\pw Xn∑-

bpsS D∑q-e-\-Øn\v hnip-≤-am-\-ß-fpsS sFIy-\nc sIń-∏-Sp-°m\pw

da-km≥ \¬Inb Bfl-kw-kvI-cWw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

kaq-l-Øns‚ kmkvIm-cnI hnImk ]In-b-bnepw cmjvS-t£-

a-Ønepw kPoh ]¶p-h-ln-°p-I. Hcp-a-bp-sSbpw ka-Xz-Øns‚bpw

a\p-jy-kvt\-l-Øn-s‚bpw am\-hnI GI-Xm-t_m-[-Øns‚bpw

kwKoXw Np‰nepw hym]n-∏n-°m≥ da-km≥ t]c-W-bm-Ip-∂p.


93

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Bfl kwkvI-c-W-Øns‚

]pWy-Imew

Bfl kwkvI-c-W-Øns‚ amk-sa∂v hnip≤ dakm≥Imew

hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. a\- n\pw ico-c-Øn\pw kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øn-

\p-ta‰ ]m]-°d Igp-In-°-f-bm\pw Hcp \h-PmXinip hnizm-kn°v

e`n-°p∂ ]pWy-Im-ew. PohnX hnip-≤n-bpsS ]cn-io-e-\-L´w.

PohnXw F¥m-sW∂v Cu Imew \tΩmSp tNmZn-°p-∂p. PohnXw

F¥m-I-W-sa∂pw F¥√ F∂pw dakm≥ \¬Ip∂ Xncn-®-dn-hmWv.

ssZhn-I-\n¿t±-i-Øns‚ hgn-I-fn¬\n∂v FX-hn-Zq-c-am-bn-cp∂p Hmtcm-

cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw k©m-c-sa∂v dakm≥ F∂ Pme-I-∏-gp-Xn-eqsS

\ap°v ImWm-\m-hp-∂p. ""Fs‚ Pohn-Xhpw Fs‚ ac-Whpw Fs‚

k¿h-kzhpw ssZh-Øn-\m-Ip-∂p'' F∂ ka¿∏-W-Øns‚ ]Xn-⁄m-

hm-N-I-ßƒ Dcp-hn-Sp-Ibpw H∏w ùXnI t\´-ß-fpsS amkva-c-]-`-

bn¬ IÆ©n \n¬°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ sshcp-≤y-Øns‚ temIØv

hnizm-k-Øns‚ aqeyhpw IcpØpw dakm-\n-eqsS ]cn-tim-[n-°-s∏-

Sp-∂p.

kaq-l-\-∑-°m-bp≈ ]h¿Ø\w apkven-ans‚ hnizm-k-Øns‚

`mK-am-Wv. A]-cn-ta-b-amb Bfl-hn-ip-≤nbpw £abpw ka¿∏-W-

k-∂-≤-Xbpw dakm≥ hnizm-kn-bn¬ \nt£-]n-°p-∂p. a\p-jy-Ip-

e-Øn\v am¿K-Z¿i-Iamb hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ Ah-Xo¿Æ-amb amkw

F∂ _lp-aXn dakm-\n-\p-≈-Xm-Wv. \∑sb hncn-bn-s®-Sp-°m\pw

Xn∑-bpsS Iqºv Icn-®p-I-f-bm\pw a\p-jys\ ]mI-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Cu

Imew kaql \∑-bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-L-´-ambn Xoc-Ww.

94

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

(\√-Xn-te°v £Wn-°pIbpw \∑ Iev]n-°p-Ibpw Xn∑sb hne-

°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp kaqlw \nß-fn¬ \n∂p-≠m-I-s´, Ah¿

hnP-bn-I-fm-bn-cn-°pw F∂ hnip≤ hN-\-Øns‚ Bflmhv Dƒs°m≠v

\ap-°p-Np‰pw \∑-bpsS Hcp ]]©w Xo¿°m≥ dakm≥ ]cn-ip≤n

]tN-mZ-\-am-I-Ww.)

ssZhw A\p-K-ln®p \¬Inb _p≤n-bpsS Bgw imkvX-˛-km-

t¶-XnIcwKsØ alm-¤p-X-ß-fmbn a\p-jy≥ am‰n-sb-Sp-°p-I-bm-

Wv. sSIvt\m-f-Pn-bn¬h∂ hnImkw \ΩpsS Pohn-X-Np-‰p-]m-Sn¬Øs∂

AXn-i-b-I-c-amb am‰-ß-fmWv D≠m-°p-∂-Xv. Iºyq-´dpw Ce-IvtSm-

WnIvkpw ssk_¿s\-‰pIfpw F√mw tN¿∂v Hcp kz]v\-tem-I-Øn-

te°v \sΩ Iqń-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p. temIw Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw

hnc¬Øp-ºn-te°v ASp-Øp-h-cp-∂p F∂ Is≠-Ø¬ a\p-jys\

kzbwad-°m≥ t]cn-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv. ssZh-Øns‚ HuZm-cy-amWv

_p≤n-i-‡n-bm¬ Is≠-Øn-bXpw A\p-`-hn-°p∂ kuI-cy-ß-fp-

sa√mw F∂ t_m[w \jvS-am-hp-Ibpw ]Icw Rm≥ F∂`mhw ˛

Rm≥ F∂ kzm¿∞w˛a-\p-jys\ ]nSn-Iq-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp-I-gn-™p.

ssZhnI Nn¥ AI-∂-t∏mƒ D¬°¿tj-—°v ]Icw A[-a-t_m-[-

amWv a\p-jy-a-\- n-enSw t\Sp-∂-Xv. kaq-l-]p-tcm-K-Xn-°p-]-I-cn-

t°≠ Ce-IvtSm-WnIvkv hf¿®sb Hcp P\-X-bpsS kmwkvIm-

cnI XI¿®-bn-te°v t_m[-]q¿∆w Xncn-®p-hn-Sp-Ibpw AXn-eqsS

kmº-ØnIt\´w ssIh-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ am\-kn-Im-hÿ FX

ss]im-Nn-I-am-Wv. Ce-IvtSm-WnIvam[y-a-ßƒ kmaqlyhnIm-k-

Øns‚ PmeIwXpd-∂n-Sp-Ibpw ]pXn-b Adn-hp-Ifpw ]pXnbtemI-

ßfpw \ap-°mbn Nq≠n-Ø-cp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-sh∂ henbImcysØ

AwKo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒØs∂ Nnc-]p-cm-X-\-ambn XpS¿∂p-t]m∂ Hcp

kwkvIm-c-[mc IpSn-sbm-gn-™p- t]m-Ip-∂p-sh∂ tJZhpw \mw Adn-

bp-∂p.

]Sn-™m-d≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn\v \njn-≤-a-√mØ ]eXpw \ΩpsS

\mSn\v ANn-¥yhpw ]Sn-°p-]p-dØv \n¿tØ-≠-h-bp-am-Wv. Ch-b-

Xbpw \ΩpsS kaq-l-a-\- n-te°v hnj-b-ambn ]S¿∂p-I-b-dp-∂p.

Akm-∑m¿Kn-I-Xbpw Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßfpw s]cp-Ip-∂p. a\p-jy¿ Iq´-

s°m-e-°n-c-bm-Ip∂ h¿Ø-am-\-ßƒ Hcp sR´¬ t]m-ep-ap-f-hm-

°mØ ]Xnhvkw`-h-ambn IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-I-bm-Wv. ab-°p-a-cp-∂p-Ifpw

a‰p el-cn-Ifpw ae-bmfn bu∆-\sØ ab-°n-In-S-Øp-∂p. kz¥wamXm-

]n-Xm-°-sfbpw ktlm-Z-c-ß-sfbpw sIme-°-Øn-°n-c-bm-°m≥ aSn-

°m-Ø-h-cmbn \ΩpsS bphm-°ƒ amdp-∂p. kz¥w hoSp-I-fn¬t]mepw

95

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

a\p-jy¿ b-NInXcmbn Ign-bp-I-bm-Wv. kam-[m\w \in-°p-∂p. kaq-

l-Ønse sFIyw XI-cp-∂p. cmjvS-ß-fpsS ]c-kv]-c-_-‘-ßƒ

inYn-e-am-Ip-∂p. uXnI ]ptcm-K-Xn-amXw D∂w sh®p≈ IpXn-∏mWv

Cu Zpc-¥-Øn\v Ac-sßm-cp-°p-∂-sX∂p hy‡w. Bflob t_m[-

an-√msX ùXn-I-h-f¿®-am-Xw -e-£y-am-°n-bm¬ a\p-jy≥ F∂]Zw

A¿∞-c-ln-X-am-bn-Øo-cp-sa∂v h¿Ø-am-\-Imew \sΩ tIƒ∏n-°p-

∂p. Cu Zpc-h-ÿ-bn¬\n∂v \mw kaq-lsØ Xncn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-c-

Ww. a\p-jy≥ a\p-jy-\p-ta¬ arK-Xp-ey-amb B[n-]Xyw ]pe¿Øp∂,

\oXn \ntj-[n-°p-∂, ]ucm-h-Im-i-ßƒ l\n-°p-∂, a\p-jy≥ F∂

]cn-K-W-\-t]mepw Iev∏n-°mØ kmaq-lym-h-ÿ-bn¬ am‰w hc-Ww.

AXn\v "am\p-jn-IX' Xncn-®p-In-´-Ww. aqeym-[n-jvTn-X-amb s]mXp-

Po-hnXw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°-Ww. kaql \∑-bm-bn-cn-°Ww e£yw.

AN-©-e-amb ssZhn-I-t_m[w D≈n¬ ]qØncn IØn-®mte "a\p-

jyXzw' Xncn-s®-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bq. Cuizc Nn¥-bn-te°v, ssZh-kw-

Xr-]vXn-bn-te°v a\ pw ico-chpw Xncn-®p-sh-°p-I. Aßs\ kaq-

l-am-‰-Øns‚ h‡m-°-fm-IpI \mw. hnip≤ dakm≥ AXn-\p≈

t]cW IqSn-bm-Wv.


96

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

kaq-l-Øns‚ im¥n

a\pjyIpe-Øn-\p-th≠n \nbp-‡-amb DØakap-Zm-b-amWv \n-

ßƒ F∂p hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ kwt_m-[\sNbvX apkvenwkaq-lw

B al-Xzhpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-t_m-[-hp-am¿÷n-°m-\p≈ \nXy-]-cn-

io-e-\-Øn-te°v ]th-in-°p-I-bmWv. hnip≤ dakm-\n-eqsS temI

apkvenwkaqlw H∂-S¶w Htc hnNm-c-[m-c-bn-eqsS, t`Z-an-√mØ Bcm-

[\m coXn-I-fn-eq-sS, Htc a¥-ß-fp-cp-hn´v ]m¿∞\m \nc-X-am-Ip-I-

bm-Wv. hnizm-kn-bpsS hm°nepw ]hr-Øn-bnepw Nn¥-bn¬t]mepw

amen\yw Ie-cmØ hnip-≤n-bpsS cm]-I-ep-I-fm-Wn-Xv. ]]© \mY-

\n¬ hniz-kn-®-hcpw k¬°¿Ω-ß-f-\p-jvTn-°p-∂-hcpw £a-sIm≠pw

kXyw-sIm≠pw ]c-kv]cw D]-tZ-in-°p∂hcp-sam-gnsI a\p-jy¿

\„-Øn-em-sW∂v Imew km£n-bm°n Jp¿-B≥ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂p. Cu Jp¿B\nI ktµ-i-Øns‚ Xe-Øn-te°v kaql a\- ns\

]mI-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ da-km≥ ]tNm-Z-\-am-Ip-∂p.

ico-c-Øns‚bpw a\- ns‚bpw C—-Isf \nb-¥n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈

]cn-io-e-\-amWv hXw. hni∏pw Zmlhpw Bk-‡n-I-fpw at\m-hym-

]m-chpw \nb-¥n-°-pIbmsW--¶n¬ a\p-jy≥ kwkvIr-X-\mbnØocpw.

a\p-jy-Xz-Øns‚ AXn-cp-Iƒ ewLn-°p∂ Imahpw tIm[hpw

tamlhpw k¿h-Ip-g-∏-ßƒ°pw \nan-Ø-amWv. A[n-Im-c-tØmSpw

kº-Øn-t\m-Sp-ap≈ Bk‡n At\Iw cmjvS-ß-sfbpw P\-k-aq-

l-ß-sfbpw XI¿Ø-Xm-Wv. Cu ZpjvS-e£yw t\Sm-\p≈ t]mcm-´-

ß-fn¬ F‰-hp-a-[nIw Ipcp-Xn-sIm-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv \nc-]-cm-[n-I-fpw.

hy‡n-bp-sSbpw kaq-l-Øns‚bpw cmjvS-Øn-s‚bpw A¥--kw-

L¿j-ßƒ C√m-Xm-°m\pw AXp-hgn Hcp t£a cmjvSw ÿm]n-

97

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

°m\pw C—-Isf \nb-¥n-°m-\m-Im-hp∂ hX-]-cn-io-e-\-Øn-\p -I-

gn-bpw. a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ß-fp-sSbpw temI-\-∑-bp-sSbpw ]]-©-Ønse

k¿∆-⁄m-\-Øns‚bpw alm-K-Ÿ-am-bn, hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v ktµ-l-

te-ias\y t\¿am¿§w ImWn-°p∂ hnip≤ Jp¿-B-\ns‚ Ah-X-

cWwsIm≠v A\p-Kr-lo-X-amWv da-km≥. Bbncw amk-ß-sf-°mƒ

]pWy-ta-dnb Hcp cmhns‚ D]-lm-c-am-W-Xv.

k¿h-Im-e-Øn\pw kakvXP\-Xbv°pw th≠n hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥

\¬In-b-Xn\v hnizmknkaqlsam∂-S¶w temIc£n-Xm-hn-t\mSv Hcp

amkw\ofp∂ hX-\n-jvT-bn-eqsS \µn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-Wv. ]I¬

apgp-h≥ t\mº-\p-jvTn®pw cm]-I-en-√msX Bcm-[-\m-\n-c-X-cmbpw

A√m-lp-hns‚ alXzw ]Io¿Øn-°p∂ hnizm-kn-I-fn¬ hXw ka-

Xz-t_m[w hf¿Øp-∂p. hni-∏ns‚ cq£X kzPo-hn-X-Øn-eqsS sXm -

dn-bp-tºmƒ Zcn-Z-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Nn¥ hcm-Xn-cn-°n-√. AK-Xn-Iƒ°pw

A\m-Y-Iƒ°pw Bizm-k-taIn Zm\-[¿a-ßƒ h¿≤n-∏n®pw ssZh

]Io¿Ø-\-ß-fmepw kº-∂-am-Ip∂ da-km≥ Zn\-ßƒ £a-sbbpw

kl-\-sØbpw D±o-]n-∏n-°p-∂p.

BtKmf apkvenw kaqlw hX-\n-jvT-amb cm]-I-ep-I-fn-eqsS IS-

∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ hX-a-\p-jvTn-°m\pw Bcm-[-\-Iƒ \n¿∆-ln-°m-

\p-ap≈ Ah-k-cw-t]mepw \ntj-[n-°-s∏´v acWw ImØp-In-S-°p∂

apkvenw P\-e-£-ßƒ temI-Øns‚ thZ-\-bm-Wv. Bcm-[-\m-e-b-

ßƒ°p apI-fn¬t]mepw t_mw_p-Iƒ s]bvXn-d-ßp-I-bmWv A-^v-

Km-\n¬. A -bm¿∞n Iymºp-I-fnepw Hgn-™p-t]m-Im≥ ]‰m-Ø-hn[w

IpSp-ßn-°n-S-°p∂ bp≤-`q-an-I-fnepw `£WwInńb \mƒt]mepw

ad∂v ]n©p-Ip-™p-ß-f-S°w a\p-jy¿ ac-W-Øn-te°p hoWp-sIm-

≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Dkma _n≥em-Z≥ F∂ GIiXp-hn\p th≠n-bmWv

Ata-cn-°≥ ssk\nIi‡n A^vKm-\nse \nc-]-cm-[n-I-fmb ]ń-

Wn-∏m-h-ßsf Xot_mw-_p-IƒsIm≠v Icn-®p-I-f-bp-∂-Xv. a\p-jy-

Xz-Øns‚ Xcn-ºp-t]m-ep-an-√mØ Im´p-\o-Xn-bmWv A^vKm-\n-e-c-tß-

dp-∂-Xv. amf-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ]mW-\p-th≠n Hfn-®n-cn-°p∂ a\p-jysc

Ccsb BI¿jn°pwt]mse ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cm≥ ¢Ã¿ t_mw-

_n\pw `£-W-s∏m-Xn°pw Htc\ndw sImSp-°p-I-bmWv. a\p-jy¿

CXbpw Iqc-cm-bn-°q-Sm. òI-cX GXp `mK-Øp-\n-∂m-bmepw F-

Xn¿°-s∏-S-Ww. Ata-cn-°-bn-em-bmepw A^vKm-\n-em-bmepw temI-

sØ-hn-sSbpw a\p-jy\pw am\p-jn-I-aq-ey-ßfpw hne-a-Xn-°-s∏-S-Ww.

Ata-cn-°-bnse thƒUv tSUvsk‚¿ BI-a-Whpw a\p-jy-°p-

cp-Xnbpw Iqchpw \ymbo-I-c-W-a¿ln-°m-Ø-Xp-am-Wv. CXn\p ]Xn-

98

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Im-c-ambn ]ń-Wn-∏m-h-ßsf sIms∂m-Sp-°p-∂Xpw Zp¿_-e- cmjvS-

ß-tfmSv bp≤w ]Jym-]n-°p-∂Xpw kwkvImckº-∂-cmb B[p-\n-

Ikaq-l-Øn\p tN¿∂-X-√. Ata-cn-°≥ BI-a-W-Øn\p ]n-∂n-se

bYm¿∞ ]Xn-I-fm-sc∂v Is≠Øpw aptº ]Xn-Isf \n›-bn®v

in£ hn[n® cmjvS òI-c-X-tbmSv tN¿∂p \n¬°m≥ aoUnb--Ifpw

Xøm-dmbn F∂Xv Kuc-h-amb Nn¥ A¿ln-°p-∂p. GsX-¶nepw

\n£n]vX Xmev]-cy-ß-fpsSt]cn¬ Bkq-XWw sNøp∂ AI-a-

]-≤-Xn-Isf "Ckvem-anI òI-cX' F∂ apZ-IpØn temI-Øn\p

am¿§-Z¿i-\-amb Hcp ]Xy-b-im-kvX-sØ-Øs∂ A]-Io¿Øn-s∏-

Sp-Øp-I-bmWv. temI-Øn\p ta¬ kmº-Øn-I, cmjvSo-b, kmwkvIm-

cnI A[o-i-Xz-ambn \n¬°p∂ Ata-cn-°≥ kmam-Py-XzsØ tNmZyw

sNøp-∂-h-sc-sb√mw "òI-cX' F∂ apZbneqsS H‰-s∏Sp-Øp-Ibpw

BI-an-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

hnb‰v\mw bp≤-Øn¬ 33 e£w Xt±-io-bcpw 5800 Ata-cn-°≥

]´mf°mcpw cmjvS-Øns‚ hn`-h-a-Xbpw D∑q-e\w sNø-s∏´v h¿j-

ßƒ Ign-™-t∏mƒ Ata-cn-°≥ ssk\n-I-Ø-e-h-\mb tdm_¿´v

aIv\m-amd ]d™p: ""\ΩpsS \S-]Sn sX‰m-bn-cp-∂p. hfsc henb sX‰v.

Ah-cpsS kwkvIm-c-sØbpw Ncn-X-sØbpw cmjvSo-b-sØbpw Ipdn®v

\mw A⁄cmb-XmWv ImcWw.'' h¿j-ßƒ°p-tijw A^vKm≥

bp≤-sØ-°p-dn®pw CXp-t]me Hcp £am-]-W-Øn\v Ata-cn°

apXn¿∂mepw Poh≥\jvS-s∏-´-hcpw arX-]m-b-cp-amb P\-e-£-

ßƒ°v F¥p ]Icw sh°m≥ Ignbpw?

Hcp òI-c-X-tbbpw bp≤w-sIm≠p ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hn-√.

bp≤w sIm√pI \nc-]-cm-[n-Isf amX-am-Wv. bYm¿∞ hnizm-kn°v

Hcn-°epw òI-c-\m-Im≥ Ign-bn-√. Hcp apkven-ans‚ hm°pw ]hr-

Ønbpw Ckvem-ans\ sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°m≥ CS-bm-°n-Iq-Sm. temI-Øn\p

shfn®w ]I-cp-I-bmWv Ckvem-ans‚ am¿§w. \oXnbpw kam-[m-\-

hpamWv Ckvem-ans‚ ASn-ÿm-\w. "BcpsS D]-Z-h-ß-fn¬\n∂v

Xs‚ Ab¬hmkn kpc-£n-X-\m-Ip-∂n-√tbm Ah≥ hnizm-kn-bm-

hp-I-bn-√.' F∂mWv Ckvem-ans‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sv. kaq-l-Øn¬ Ckvem-

ans‚ kXy-k-‘-amb apJw kzPo-hn-X-am-Xr-I-bn-eqsS ImWn-®p-sIm-

Sp-°m-\p≈ hnizm-kn-bpsS ]cn-io-e-\-L-´-amWv da-km≥. Xs‚

Hmtcm hm°pw I¿ahpw kaq-l-Øn\p im¥n ]I-cp-∂-Xp- am-X-am-

I-W-sa∂v ZrV-\n-›bw sNøpI.


99

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

am\-hn-IX-bpsS

]Nm-c-I-cm-hpI

\ΩpsScmPyw kzmX¥yw t\Sn-b-Xn\ptijw Aº-Xp-h¿j-ßƒ

]n∂n-Sp-I-bm-Wv. \tΩm-sSm∏w kzmX¥yw t\Snb ]e Bt^m-˛-G-

jy≥ cmPy-ßfpw kzmX-¥y-Øn-s‚bpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw am¿-

K-ßfn¬\n∂v A[nIwsshImsX hyXn-N-en®p t]mb-t∏mƒ alm-

∑m-cmb tZiob t\Xm-°-fpsS ]Xo-£-Iƒ ]q¿Æm¿∞-Øn¬ k-

^-eo-I-cn-®n-s√-¶nepw kzX¥ P\m-[n-]Xy cmjvS-ambn C¥y \ne-

\n¬°p-∂p-sh-∂Xv Hcp sNdnbImcy-ambnImWm≥ tZmssj-I-Zr-°p-

Iƒ°-√msX Ign-bp-I-bn-√. Bfl ]iw-k-bn-eq-∂nb s]mß® ]I-

S-\-tam, Iäp-∂n¬ ]I¬sh-fn®w t]mse t_m[y-am-Ip∂ t\´-

ßsf I≠n-s√∂p \Sn-°p∂ Hcp \ntj-[nbpsS A`n-]m-b-]-I-S-\-

tam \S-Øp-∂-Xn\p]Icw Inbm-fl-I-am-b, cmPy Xm¬∏cyw ap-≥-\n-

¿Øn-bp≈ Hcp kzbwhna¿i-\-Øn\v G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Py-ambka-

bw Cu kph¿Æ Pq_nen BtLmj \mfp-IƒXs∂-bm-Wv.

Aº-Xp-h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ imkvX˛ kmt¶-XnI taJ-e-I-fn¬

\mw t\Snb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpw hnZym-`ymk ssh⁄m-\nI cwK-ß-fn¬

\ap-°p-≠mbt\´hpw P\-ß-fpsS PohnX \ne-hm-c-Øn-ep-≠mb apt∂-

‰hpw cmPy-Øns‚ kºZvLS-\-bn¬ ]I-S-amb A`n-hr-≤nbpw

B¿°pw hnkva-cn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. F∂m¬ ]iv\-I-ep-jn-Xhpw ]bm-

k-]q¿Æhpw sh√p-hn-fn-I-fm¬ k¶o¿Æ-hp-amb h¿Ø-am\-bm-Ym-¿-

∞y-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ \mw B¿÷n® t\´-ß-sf√mw aßn-t∏m-Ip-∂p-sh-

∂XmWv tJZ-I-c-amb hkvXp-X. C¥y-tbmfw sshhn-[y-ßƒ \nd-

100

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

™ Hcp cmPyw temIØv Dt≠m F∂Xv kwi-b-am-Wv. hn`n∂ `m-

j-Ifpw aX-ßfpw PmXn-Ifpw D]-Pm-Xn-Ifpw kwkvIm-c-ßfpw `-

£WcoXn-Ifpw hkvX[mcmWmkº-Zm-b-ßfpw kPo-h-am-bn \ne-

\n¬°p∂ C¥y-bpsS NcnXwcNn® ]m›mXyNcn-X-Im-c≥ Xms\-

gp-Xnb ]pkvX-I-Øn\v t]cn-´Xv " The Wonder that was India'' F∂m-

bn-cp-∂p. D]- tZ-io-b-X-I-fpsS then-tb-‰-ßƒ°n-S-bnepw PmXn-aX

`m¥p-I-fpsS sIme-hn-fn-Iƒ°n-S-bnepw mjmshdn-b-∑m-cpsS t]m¿hn-

fn-Iƒ°n-S-bnepw Hcp cmjvS-ambn Ct∏mgpw C¥y \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-

sh-∂Xv Ah-K-Wn-°m-hp-∂-X-√.

`qXhpw h¿Ø-am-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ \ne-°mØ kwhm-Z-amWv Ncn-

X-sa∂ C.-F-®v. Imdns‚ hymJym\w kzoI-cn-°m-sa-¶n¬ \ΩpsS

cmPy-Øns‚ h¿Ø-am-\-Imew \ap°v \¬Ip∂ \Sp°p∂ hm¿Ø-

Iƒ cmPy-Øns‚ `mhn-bn¬ Icn-\n-g¬ hogvØn-bncn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Cu

òXn-Z-amb Ah-ÿ-bnepw \√ C∂-se-I-fnse a[p-cn-°p∂ Hm¿Ω-

Iƒ GsXmcp cmPy-kvt\-ln-sb-bmWv l¿j-]p-f-In-X-am-°m-Xn-cn-

°pI! Hcp lnwkP¥p-hn¬ \n∂v ]m°p-™ns\ c£n-°m≥ Xs‚

ico-c-Øn¬\n∂v B ]£n-bpsS Xq°-tØmfw amwkw apdn-®p-\¬In

am\-hn-I-Xbv°v Aaq¿Ø-amb am\w \¬Inb in_n NI-h¿Øn-

bpsS \mń¬ ]´m-f-Øns‚ km∂n-≤y-an-√msX sXcp-hp-I-fn¬ aX-hn-

izm-kn-Iƒ°v \S-°m≥ Ign-bn-s√∂ Ahÿ ANn-¥-\o-b-am-sW-

¶nepw AXmWv hkvXp-X. \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ kulr-Z-Øn¬ Ign™

C¥y-bnse aX-ß-fpw aX-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw G‰p-ap-´-ens‚ am¿Kw Ah-

ew-_n-®p-sh-∂Xv Hgp-°≥ań¬ ]d-™p-t]m-tI≠ Imcy-a-√.

Fs‚ t£X-Øns‚ ]Sn-hm-Xn¬°¬\n-∂p- sIm≠v Hcp \nco-

iz-c-hm-Zn°v Xs‚ ]Xy-b-imkvXsØ∏‰n ]kw-Kn-°m≥ A\p-hm-

Z-ap≈ `mc-X-sØ-bmWv Rm≥ hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂-sX∂v ]Jym-]n®

kzman hnth-Im-\µ≥ \ΩpsS cmPy-Øns‚ aln-X-amb atX-X-c-Xz-

Øns‚ ]mc-º-cy-amWv Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn--®-Xv. hn`P\m-\-¥cw C¥y-bpsS

hnhn[ mK-ß-fn¬ apkvenwIƒs°-Xn-cmbn \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ Iem-

]-ßƒ°v AdpXn hcp-Ø-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏-´p-sIm≠v cmPy-Øns‚

IÆp-Xp-d-∏n-°m≥ D]-hm-k-am-cw-`n® C¥y-bpsS alm-flm-hn-s\,

t]cn¬ ln-µp-hmsW-¶nepw ]hr-Øn-bn¬ apk¬am-\mb Cu

a\pjy≥ Pohn-®n-cn-°m≥ ]mSn-s√-∂p-]-d™v hI-h-cp-Øn-b--h¿ atX-

X-c-Xz-Øns‚ Iim-∏pIm-cm-sW∂ Xncn®dnhv C\nbpw C¥y-°m-cn-

ep-≠m-Im≥ H´pw sshIn-°q-Sm. apkvenw-Isf hI-h-cp-Ønb h¿§ob

`m¥-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ sN∂p-sIm≠v "Fs‚ ap…nw ktlm-Z-c-ßsf

101

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

h[n-°p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw Fs∂ h[n°q' F∂v IWvT-an-S-dn-s°m≠v

]d™ alm-flm-Km‘n Xs‚ hnJym-X-amb D]-hmkw Bcw-`n-®-

t∏mƒ samgn™ hm°p-Iƒ Hm¿°p-∂Xp Cu BtLm-j-th-f-bn¬

]k-‡-am-bn-cn-°pw. ""]m°n-ÿm-\nse Iq´-°-im-∏n-s\ -Ip-dn-®√

Rm\n-t∏mƒ Nn¥n-°p-∂-Xv, auen-I-ambpw Fs‚ DXvIWvT Z¬ln-

bnepw sXm´-SpØ ]tZ-i-ß-fnepw \S-°p∂ Iq´-s°m-e-bn-em-Wv.

Rm\n-hnsS D]-hmkw XpS-ßm≥t]mIpI-bm-Wv. ChnsS hnP-bn-®m¬

Rm≥ ]m°n-ÿm-\n¬sN∂v D]-hmkw \S-Øpw. AXpw Fs‚ cmPy-

am-Wv.'' Aßs\ Hcp Zn\-ap-≠m-bm¬ AXv cmPy-Øns‚ ]p\-ssc-

Iy-Øn\v hgn-sh-t®°pw F∂v `b-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-Iptam Km‘n-Pnsb

Ah¿ h[n-®p-I-f-™-Xv? kao-]-Im-eØv hnhn[ aX-hn-izm-kn-I-ƒ°n-

S-bn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ ]c-kv]-c- hnizm-k-an-√m-bva-bpw kwi-

bhpw \ΩpsS kzmX-¥ysØ Gsd Zp¿_-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

tcmKm-Xp-c-amb Ah-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂v \ΩpsS kzmX-¥y-Øn\v tamN\w

e`n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ bqtdm-]y-∑m-cpsS BK-a-\-Øn-\p-apºv C¥y-bn-ep-

≠m-bn-cp∂ kmap-Zm-bn-Im-¥-co£w ]p\x-kr-jvSn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.

kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ 50˛mw ]nd-∂mƒ BtLm-jn-°p∂ Cu thf-bn-se-

¶nepw AXn-\p≈ ia-ßƒ\S-Øm≥ _‘-s∏-´h¿ Xøm-dm-Ip-sa-

¶n¬ cmPy-Øns‚ `mhn \mw `b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-t]mse A]-I-S-I-c-am-hp-

I-bn-s√∂v \ap-°m-iz-kn-°mw.

NµnI kzmX-¥y-Zn\ hnti-j-∏-Xn∏v1997

102

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

\∑bpw kam-[m-\hpw

PohnXe£y-am-°pI

ssZh]Io¿Ø-\-Øn-s‚bpw ]c-kv]ckvt\l-Øn-s‚bpw BtLm-

j-amWv CuZp¬^n-Ø¿. ka-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw kmtlm-Z-cy-Øn-s‚bpw

ktµ-i-am-W-Xv. Bcpw ]ń-Wn-In-S-°-cp-sX∂ Nn¥-bn¬ ]c-kv]cw

Du´m\pw Bizmkw ]I-cm\pw hnizm-kn-Iƒ ap≥ssI FSp-°p∂

kµ¿`w. \∑ Xn∑-I-fpsS th¿Xn-cn-hmbn da-km≥ hXw a\p-jy\p

A\p-K-l-ambn \¬Inb ]]© \m-Y-t\m-Sp≈ \µn-]-I-S-\w-Iq-Sn-

bmWv sNdn-b-s]-cp-∂mƒ.

am\h temI-Øn-\m-sIbpw am¿KwImWn-°p∂ hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥

Ah-Xo¿Æ-amb amk-Øns‚ BXva \n¿hr-Xn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p temI

apkvenw kaq-lw. F√mw A√m-lp-hn-\p≈XmWv F∂ ]c-a-ambNn¥-

bm-Wv da-km\pw a‰p Bcm-[\-Ifpw hnizm-kn-bn-ep-f-hm-°p-∂-Xv.

hy‡n-ip-≤n-bm¿÷n®v, kzm¿∞ Nn¥-Iƒ shSn-™v, emfnXyw

ssIh-cn®v hn\-bm-\zn-X-cmbn Pohn-°m-\p≈ ]cn-io-e\w da-km≥

]I¿∂p\¬In.

ap∏Xp Znh-ksØ hXm-\p-jvTm\w \¬Inb kq£vaX Pohn-X-

ap-S-\ofw ]pe¿Øp-sa∂v ]Xn-⁄-sb-Sp-t°-≠Xpw Cu kpZn-\-Øn-

em-Wv. D]-t`m-K-XrjvW \nd™ Hcp kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-sØ-bmWv

hnizm-kn°v A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°m-\p-≈-Xv. [q¿Øpw BUw-_c-ß-fpw

amdnb PohnXkwkvIm-chpw IpSpw-_, kaql hyh-ÿ-Isf XInSw

adn-°p-I-bm-Wv. el-cnbpw Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßfpw s]cp-In-h-cp-∂p. kaq-

lsØ Po¿Æ-X-bn¬\n∂p tamNn-∏n-°m-\p≈ GI D]m[n aX-\n-

103

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

jvT-bm-Wv. A√m-lp-hn-ep≈ AN-©-e-amb hniz-kw-sIm≠v F√m

Xn∑-I-sfbpw ]Xn-tcm-[n®v k∑m¿Kw ssIh-cn-°m-\m-Ipw.

Ckvem-anIaqey-ßsf Pnhn-X-Øn-te°v Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-°m\pw AXp-

hgn kaq-l-Øn\p amXr-I-bm-Im-\p-ap≈ ]cn-io-e-\-amWv da-km≥

hXw ]I¿∂p \¬In-b-Xv. am\-h-cm-in-°p≈ imizX hntam-N-\-

am¿K-ambn Ckvem-ans\ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ hnizm-kn-Iƒ°p -I-gn-

b-W-sa-¶n¬ kzPo-hnXw Ip‰-a-‰-Xm-I-Ww.

A[n-Im-c-Øns‚bpw ]Xy-b-im-kvX-ß-fp-sSbpw A[o-iXzw

ÿm]n-°m-\p≈ a’cw temI-saßpw tNmc-∏p-g-I-sfm-gp-°p-I-bm-Wv.

ê-kvXo≥ apX¬ tIcfKmaßƒ hsc lnwk-bpsS cmjvSob

òI-c-cq]w ]q≠-Xns‚ NnX-amWv \ap-°vap-∂n¬ sXfn-bp-∂-Xv. D]-

t`mK kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ AXn-]-k-chpw a\p-jy-XzsØ ]cn-K-Wn-

°mØ ]pXn-b-tem-I-sØ-bmWv krjvSn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn-\n-S-bn¬ a\p-

jy\pw a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßfpw sX√pw ]cn-K-Wn-°s∏SmsX-t]m-Ip-∂p.

Cu B]Xvk‘n-bn¬ Kuc-h-]q¿∆w DW¿∂v ]h¿Øn-t°≠

_m[yX apkvenw kaq-l-Øn-\p-≠v. am\h Ipe-Øn-\mbn \nbp-‡-

cmb DØa kap-Zmbw F∂ hnti-jWw apkven-ans‚ kmaq-lnI

DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-sØ-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. \∑]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw

Xn∑XS-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS hnip≤ Jp¿-B-\ns‚ Xm°o-Xp-

Iƒs°m-Øp-b-cm≥ Ign-b-Ww. CuZp¬ ^nXz¿ AXn-\p≈ t]c-

W-bm-Wv.

Ckvem-an\p òI-c-apJw Iev]n-°p∂ ]pXnb cmjvSobw temI-

hym-]-I-ambn i‡n-s∏-´p-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. Ckvemw Hcp hntam-N-\-am¿Kw

F∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw "CkvemwòXn' hf¿Øp-I-bmWv Nne `c-W-Iq-S-

ßfpw ]ÿm-\-ßfpw aoUn-b-I-fpw. im¥n-bp-sSbpw kam-[m-\-Øn-

s‚bpw aX-am-b-Xp-sIm-≠mWv temIw Ckvem-ans\ Bt«-jn-®-Xv.

kam-[m-\-Øn-s‚bpw ka¿∏-W-Øn‚bpw aX-amb Ckvemw Hcp Xc-

Øn-ep≈ XohòIc h¿Kob Nn¥-I-sfbpw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√. hn`m-

Ko-b-X-Iƒ°n-S-an-√mØ am\h kmtlm-Z-cyhpw kvt\l-hp-amWv

Ckvem-ans‚ hnfw-_-cw.

CXn-\p-hn-cp-≤-ambn Nn¥n-°p-∂Xpw ]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xpw Ckvem-

an\p \nc-°m-Ø-Xm-Wv. \n¿ -b-Xz-Øns‚bpw kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw

XW-emWv Ckvemw. bYm¿∞ hnizm-k-]m-X-bn¬ \n∂p H‰-s∏-´p-

t]m-b-hsc D]-I-c-W-am-°n-sb-SpØpw \n£n]vX cmjvSob e£y-

ßƒ°mbn IrXn-a-I-Y-Iƒ sa\™pw Ckvem-ans\ apgp-h≥ òI-c-

am°n NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv A\ym-b-am-Wv. A‘-hn-izm-k-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw

104

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

A\m-Nm-c-ß-fn¬\n∂pw AIa hmk-\-bn¬\n∂pw temIsØ am‰n-

sb-SpØ al-Ømb kmwkvIm-cnI hnπhw \bn® BZ¿i-]-ÿm-

\-am-W-Xv. kaq-l-Øn¬ Hcp sX‰n-≤m-c-W-°pan-S-an-√m-Ø-hn[w

kwip≤ PohnXw \bn-°m≥ Hmtcm hnizm-knbpw Xøm-dm-hp-I.

temIw kt¥m-j-]q¿∆w CuZp¬^n-Xz¿ BtLm-jn-°p-tºmgpw

AI-a-ßƒ°pw A\o-Xn-Iƒ°pw hnt[-b-cmbpw bp≤-s°-Sp-Xn-I-

fpsS Zpcn-X-a-\p- -hn®pw Zmcn-Zyhpw amdm-hym-[n-I-fp-ambn thZ-\m-]q¿Æ-

amb PohnXw X≈n-\o-°p∂ At\-I-tImSn ktlm-Z-c-ß-fp-≠v. ]Xn-

k-‘n-Iƒ adn-I-S∂v PohXhnPbw ssIh-cn-°m≥ ]m¿∞n-°p-I.

CXc BtLmjßƒt]mse _l-f-amb Zn\-a-√, Bcm-[\m \n¿ -

c-amb BtLm-j-amWv Ckvem-anse c≠p -s]-cp-∂m-fp-I-fpw. da-km-

\nse Hcp amksØ ITn\ ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eqsS B¿÷n-s®-SpØ

k¬Kp-W-ß-sf√mw Pohn-X-ap-S-\ofw ]men-°p-sa∂v ZrV-\n-›bw

sNtø≠ ]Xn-⁄m-Zn-\-amWv CuZp¬ n-Xz¿. ssZhnI am¿§-Øn¬

k¿∆w kln-°m\pw XrPn-°m-\p-ap≈ k∂-≤-X-bmWv hnip≤ da-

km-\n-eqsS kn≤n-®-Xv. kº-Øn-t\m-Sp≈ B¿Øn Dt]-£n®v hn]p-

e-amb Zm\-[¿Ω-ßƒsNbvXpw `£-W-ap-t]-£n®v hni-∏ns‚ ImTn-

\y-a-dn-™pw kpJ-t`m-K-ßƒ XyPn®v Bcm-[-\-bpsS \n¿hrXn

tXSnbpw Hcp amk-°mew sIm≠v t\Sn-sb-SpØ PohnX ]cn-ip-≤n,

Imcp-Wy-Øn-s‚bpw kl-Pohn kvt\l-Øns‚bpw sFIy-Øn-s‚bpw

k¿t∆m-]cn a\pjy kºq¿Æ-X-bp-sSbpw ]mX-bn-eqsS k©-cn-°m≥

t]cW sNep-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv.

kaq-l-Øns‚ kwkv°m-c-sØbpw A`n-cp-Nn-I-sfbpw XInSw adn-

°p-Ibpw ]p\¿ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ D]-t`mK kwkv°mcw

PohnX Zpc-¥-Øns‚ AKm-[-X-bn-te-°mWv a\p-jys\ \bn-°p-∂-

Xv. ]c-kv]c hnizmkwt]mepw \jvS-s∏-´, kzm¿∞cpw k¶p-Nn-X-

cpamb Hcp h¿§-Øns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-amWv ]pXnb -Im-e-Øns‚ kw`m-

h-\. ssZhnINn¥ ]mtS Dt]-£n-®v, XmXv°m-enIkpJ-ßƒ°v

]ndsI]mbp∂ kaqlw G‰p-hm-tß-≠n-h-cp∂ A\n-hmcyZpc-¥-ß-

fpsS alm-am-cn-Iƒ \mw ImWp∂p.

A√m-lp-hn-ep≈ bYm¿∞ hnizm-khpw `b-`-‡nbpw ZrV-X-c-

amb Hcp a\- nepw lnwk-bp-sSbpw AXn-I-a-Øns‚bpw Akm-

∑m¿§nIXbp-sSbpw IpSne Nn¥-I-fp-W-cn-√. Xulo-Zns‚ \nd-sh-

fn-®-amWv hnip≤ da-km≥ \Ωn¬ ]I¿∂-Xv. Cu hX-ip≤n Pohn-

X-ap-S-\ofw ]men-°m≥ bXv\n-°p-I. kaq-l-Ønse thZ-\n-°p-∂-hs‚

]£Øv \n¬°p-I. A\m-Y-Iƒ°pw AK-Xn-Iƒ°pw Bibw

105

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

\¬IpI.

Zmcn-Zyhpw \nc-£-c-Xbpw AI-‰m-\p≈ ]cn-i-a-ßƒ \n¿∆-ln-

°p-I. iXp-X-bp-sSbpw hntZz-j-Øns‚bpw a\- p-I-fn¬ kvt\lw

\nd-°p-I. Cu ]pWyZn\w Bfl-]-cn-tim-[\°pw \∑-\n-d™ `mhn-

bn-te-°p-ap≈ Nph-Sp-h-bv∏n-\p≈ ]tNm-Z-\-am-Is´. A√m-lp-hns\

hmgvØp-I. \ap°v Pohn-Xhpw \∑-bpsS hgnbpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb k¿∆-

i-‡s\°pdn-®p≈ a\w-\n-d™ kvac-W-bp-ambn apt∂m vt]mhp-I.

(2005)

106

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

aAvcn_v AW-s°´pw

k_Av kaq-lhpw

]mNo-\ -b-a-\n¬ k_-Av cmP-hw-i-Øns‚ Bÿm-\-am-bn-cp-∂p

aAvcn_v. k_m, jo_m, ko_m F∂o \ma-ßƒ ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬

23 ]mhiyw h∂n-´p-≠v. Jp¿-B-\n¬ \wev, k_-Av F∂o kqd-Øp-

I-fn¬ k_-Av F∂mWv ImWp-∂-Xv.

k_-Av _n≥ bivP_v _n≥ bAvd_v _n≥ JlvØm≥ ]c-º-

c-bn¬ k_-Av F∂ hy‡n-bm-bn-cp-∂p G‰hpw ]K-¤\pw ]kn-

≤-\pw. At±-l-Øn\v "A_vZp-iwkv' F∂pw t]cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. [m-

cmfw k¥-Xn-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw c≠v ]pX-∑m¿°v amX-

amWv cmPm-[n-Imcw \¬I-s∏-´-Xv. (1)lnwb¿ (2)Ilvem≥. Ch-cp-sS

k¥m\ ]c-º-c-bmWv k_Av kaqlw F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-

∂-Xv. ]n∂oSv Ah-cpsS hmk-ÿ-e-Øn\pw "k_-Av' F∂ t]cv

h∂p-tN¿∂p.

k_-Av cmP-hwiw \n¿Ωn® G‰hpw henb AW-s°-´m-bn-cp∂p

aAv-cn_v Umw. hS-°≥ _eJv ]¿∆-X-Øn\pw a≤y-`m-K-Øp≈ ]¿∆-

X-\n-c-Iƒ°pw CSbn-emWv AXv \ne-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-Xv. ]pcm-X\ inem-

en-Jn-X-ß-fn¬ ad-_v, aco_v F∂o t]cp-Iƒ ImWp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw

C∂v ba≥Im¿ hnfn-°p-∂Xv "amcn_v' F∂m-Wv. CXns‚ \n¿ΩmWw

Bcw-`n-®Xv _n.kn. 1000-˛-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Kth-j-I-∑m¿ A`n-

]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Ing-°≥ b-a-\nse sU¬´m Xmgvhcbn¬\n∂v Ime-h¿j-ß-fn¬

AXn-i-‡-ambn Hgp-In-h-cp∂ ag-sh≈w sIń-\n¿Øn he-Xp-`m-

107

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

KØpw CS-Xp-`m-K-Øp-ap≈ c≠v tXm´-ß-fn-te°v Xncn-®p-hn-Sm≥

th≠n-bmWv AXv \n¿Ωn-®-Xv. ba≥ Xe-ÿm-\-amb k\m-bn¬\n∂v

173 In. ao‰¿ AIse k_-Av Xmgvhc-bn¬ AXv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p.

1980-˛-I-fn¬ P¿Ω≥ ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-j-W-tIµw ]kn-≤o-I-cn®

t]∏-dp-I-fn¬ _n.-kn. 3000-˛-Øn¬ Im¿jn-Im-h-iy-ßƒ°p-th≠n

AhnsS Pe-tk-N\w \S-∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.

Jp¿-B-\n¬ Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂p.:-

k_-Av kaq-l-Øn\v Xß-fpsS hmk-ÿ-eØv Hcp ZrjvSm-¥-ap-

≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXm-bXv c≠p-tXm-´-ßƒ. he-Xp-`m-KØpw CS-Xp-`m-K-

Øpw. \mw Ah-tcmSv ]d™p: \nß-fpsS \mY≥ \¬Inb Blm-c-

Øn¬\n∂v \nßƒ `£n-°p-hn≥. Ah-t\mSv \µn-Im-Wn-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-hn≥. \s√m-cp-cm-Pyw, Gsd s]mdp-°p∂ Hcp \mY-\pw. (k-_-

Av˛15)

kpsse-am≥\-_n-bpsS ZqX≥ lpZv lpZv At±-l-tØmSv ]d-™p.

k-_-Av tZi-Øp-\n∂p hniz-k-\o-b-amb Hcp hrØm-¥-hp-ambn Rm≥

Aß-bpsS ASpØv h∂n-cn-°pI-bm-Wv. B P\-ßsf `cn-®p-sIm-≠n-

cn-°p∂ Hcp aln-fsb (_n¬Jokv cm⁄n) Rm≥ Is≠-Øp-I-bp-

≠m-bn. F√m Imcy-ß-fnepw th≠-sX√mw Ah¿°v \¬I-s∏- n-cp-

∂p. Kmwò-cy-am-¿∂ Hcp knwlm-k-\hpw Ah¿°p-≠v. (kq-dØv \mev)

ê-k-ar-≤-amb Irjn-tØm-´-ß-fp≈ B cmPyw Hcp h≥i‡n

Xs∂ Bbn-cp-∂p. sIń-S-\n¿Ωm-W-Ønepw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bnepw

\√ ]mhoWyw t\Sp-Ibpw hmWn-Py-cw-KØv AXnioLw IpXn-®p-

b-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aaq-ey-amb Hcp D¬]∂w IqSn Ah¿°v e`y-

am-bn. ep_m≥ (Frankincense) F∂ kpK-‘-[q-aw. a≤y-[-c-Wymgn

]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ep_ms‚ Bh-iy-IX h¿≤n-®p-h-∂-t∏mƒ hmWn-Py-

cw-KØv AXns‚ am‰v IqSn. Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ß-fn¬ ]m¿∞-\m-k-a-

bØv B Zhyw Xo°-\-en-en-´-t∏mƒ AXns‚ [qa-kp-K‘w Ah¿

Bkz-Zn-®p. `c-W-I¿Øm-°ƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kzoI-c-W-®-S-ßp-I-

fn¬ Ah¿ ssIam-dp∂ Aaq-ey-amb D]-lmcw IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p

ep_m≥.

CXn\p ]pdsa a‰p-]e I®-h-S-®c-°p-Ifpw Ah¿ Ib-‰n-b-b-®n-cp-

∂p. hym]m-c-cwKw hnI-kn-®p-h-∂-t∏mƒ, Zo¿L-amb hgn-I-fn-eqsS

km[-\-ßƒ hln-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Im≥ sI¬]p≈ hml-\-ß-sf-∏-

‰nbpw Ah¿ Nn¥n-®p-Xp-S-ßn. Aß-s\-bmWv H´-I-ßsf D]-tbm-Kn-

®p-sIm-≠p≈ hmWn-Py-am¿§w- ˛ CARAVAN ROUT ˛ _n.kn. 1500-˛¬

Ah¿ Bcw-`n-®-Xv. ImbvI-\n-Iƒ \nd-™p-\n∂ Ad-_n-°-S¬ Xoc-

108

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Øp≈ J\m Xpd-ap-J-Øp-\n∂v km¿∞-hm-l-I-kw-L-ßƒ aAv-

cn_v ]´-W-Øn-eqsS s]Sm, Kmk, kndn-b, kDuZn Atd-_y,

CuPn]vXv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-te°v km[-\-ßƒ hln-®p-sIm≠v FØn-

t®¿∂p. Np°v, apf-Iv, Gew F∂o kpK-‘-Z-hy-ßƒ, C¥y-bn¬\n-

∂p≈ taØcw XpWn-Ø-c-ßƒ, Z£n-Wm-^n-°-bnse kz¿Æw, Aaq-

ey-amb ep_m≥ F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p I®-h-S-®-c-°p-Iƒ.

_n.-kn. ]Ømw \q‰m-≠n¬ jo_m-dmWn _¬Jokv, ep_m≥

apX-emb hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈ km[-\-ß-fp-ambn kpsse-am≥ \_nsb

kµ¿in-°m≥ bcp-i-e-an-te°v t]mbXv Cu hmWn-Py-am¿§-Øn-eq-

sS-Xs∂ Bbn-cn-°mw. Cu Imch≥ dqń\v ]e-bn-SØpw acp-∏-®-Ifpw

hni-a-Øm-h-f-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

bas‚ \mK-cn-I-Xbpw ]uVnbpw hf¿Øn-s°m≠v aAv-cn_v

AW-s° v 1500 h¿j-ßƒ ]n∂n- p. AXn\v tISp-]m-Sp-Iƒ ]e-t∏mgpw

]‰n-bn-´p-≠v. At∏mƒ th≠ A‰-Ip-‰-∏-Wn-Iƒ sNbvXp-sIm≠v Umw

kpc-£n-X-ambn Ah¿ \ne-\n¿Øn-t∏m-∂p.

F∂m¬ F.-Un. 570-˛¬ kw`-hn® XI¿® hfsc `bm-\-I-amb

Zpc-¥-am-bn-cp-∂p. AW-s°´v BsI s]mń-Ø-I¿∂p. sh≈w IpØn-

sbm-en®v AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂ Pe-tk-N\ kwhn-[m-\-ß-sf√mw Ah-

Xm-f-Øn-em-bn. ImbvI-\n-Iƒ \nd-™p-\n∂ Irjn-tØm-´-ßƒ \mam-

h-ti-j-am-b-t∏mƒ k_-Av kaqlw On∂-`n-∂-ambn \mSp-hn-´p.

B ]tZ-iØp \S-Ønb Kth-j-W-ßƒ sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv aAv-

cn_v ]´-W-Øn\v 110 slIvS¿ hnkvXo¿Æ-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p F∂m-Wv.

AXns‚ Np‰pw F´v sKbv‰p-I-fp≈ kpZr-V-amb Hcp aXn¬s°´pw

D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. k_-Av cmP-hw-i-Ønse _¬Jo-kns‚ cmP-[m-\n.

KoIv-˛-tdm-a≥ cmPy-ßƒ Cu ]tZ-isØ ARABIA FELIX (ku-

`mKyhXn-bmb Atd-_y) F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

""Ah¿ \µn- Im-Wn-°msX Xncn-™p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ AW-s°- nse

sh≈w \mw Ah-cp-sS-ta¬ Ab-®p. Ah-cpsS c≠v tXm´-ßƒ°v

]Icw ssI]p≈ ImbvI-\n-Ifpw Im‰m-Sn-a-c-ßfpw A¬]w Nne hmI-

a-c-ß-fp-ap≈ c≠v tXm -ßƒ \mw Ah¿°v sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.''

F√mw \jvS-s∏´ k_-Av kaqlw On∂-`n-∂-am-hp-Ibpw \mSp-

hn-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Ime-NIw Xncn-™p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. aAv-cn-_n¬ ]pcm-X\ AW-

s°-ńs‚ ÿm\-Øp-\n∂v aq∂v In.-ao. AIse Hcp ]pXnb AW-

s°´v C∂v ImWmw. 400 aney¨ Iyq. ao. Pe-kw-`-c-W-ti-jn-bp≈

Cu Umw 1986-˛¬ \n¿Ωn-®-Xm-Wv.

109

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

]X-]-h¿Ø\w

CuPn-]vXn¬

GI-tZiw H∂c\q‰m≠v apºv CuPn]vXn¬ ]X-]-h¿Ø\w

Bcw-`n-®n-´p-≠v. ]t£ Kh: HutZym-KnI Adn-bn-∏p-Iƒ ]kn-≤o-I-

cn-°p-∂-Xn\pth≠namX-amWv A∂p ]Xw D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂-

Xv. 1822¬ BZy-ambn apl-Ω-Zen ]mj tP¿W¬ hyq F∂ t]cn¬

Hcp ]Xw Ad_n`mj-bnepw Xp¿°n`mj-bnepw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p.

ssItdm-hnse tIm´-bn-ep≈ ] n-emWv B ]Xw A®-Sn-°-s∏-ń-

cp-∂-Xv. Kh: Adn-bn-∏p-Ifpw GXm\pw Ad-_n-°-Y-Ifpw Dƒs°m-

≈p-∂Xpw \qdp ]Xn-IƒamXw ]pd-Øn-d-ßp-∂-Xp-amb B ]Xw

HutZym-KnIhrØ-ß-fnte hnX-cWw sNø-s∏-Sm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q.

AXn-\p-tijw 1828¬ A¬h-Jm-C-D¬ anknb F∂ t]cn¬

thsdmcp]Xw At±lw XpS-ßn. ]m›m-Xy-cm-Py-ß-fnse ]X-ß-

fpsS Hc-\p-I-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p Cu ]Xw. IqSp-X¬ ]Xn-Iƒ A®-Sn-

°p-Ibpw DtZym-K-hr-Ø-ßƒ°pw ]WvUn-X-∑m¿°pw hnin-jvS-cmb

Nne hnZym¿∞n-K-W-ßƒ°pw hnX-cWw sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂

Cu ]kn-≤o-I-cWw c≠m-asØ HutZym-KnI ]X-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXp-

Iq-SmsX 1848¬ Hcp Im¿jnI hymh-km-bnI hm¿Øm-]-Xn-Ibpw

At±lw Bcw-`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

]t£, Kh¿sa-≠ns‚ HutZym-KnIhm¿Ø-Iƒ amXw Dƒs°m-

≈p∂ Cu ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ°p Hcp ]X-Øn-t‚-Xmb ssNX-

\y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]n∂oSv ]kn≤ ]X-]-h¿Ø-I-\m-bn-cp∂

XlvXmhnbpsS ]Xm-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ A¬h-Jm-C-D¬ anknb 1841¬

110

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

]pXnbcq]-Øn¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßn. apl-Ω-Zen ]mj-bpsS Hcp ]Nm-c-

th-e-°p-th-≠n -amXw D]-tbm-K-s∏-ń-cp∂ Cu ]X-Øn¬ ]mtZ-in-

I-hpw hntZ-io-b-hp-amb hm¿Ø-Iƒ°p ]m[m\yw \¬I-s∏-´p.

Ad_nhnπ-h-Øn-s‚bpw _nójv BK-a-\-Øn-s‚bpw Ime-

L´whtc°pw kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb hm¿Ø-I-sfm-gn®v as‰m∂pw Cu

]X-ß-fn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Hmt´m-a≥ `c-W-tØm-

Sp≈ Aa¿jw P\-ßƒ°v A[nIw AS-°n-\n¿Øm≥ km[n-°m-

sX-bm-bn. 19mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤-Øn¬ Xp¿°n-bn-epw kndn-b-

bn-epw CuPn-]vXn-ep-sams° Df-hmb A\n-›n-Xm-hÿ Imc-W-ambn

P\-lr-Z-b-ß-fnse Fcn--bp∂ Xo°-\-ep-Iƒ Bfn-°-Øm≥ XpS-ßn.

AtXm-Sp-IqSn hf-sc-b[nIw tZiob]X-ßƒ ]Xy-£-s∏´p. 1919se

kAvZv kKveq¬ hnπhw htc°pw hntam-N-\-]-ÿm-\-Øn¬ B ]X-

ßƒ ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p.

Ch°p]pdsa Xp¿°n Aºm-kn-U-dp-sS-bpw ^©v tIm¨kp-en-

s‚bpw [\-k-lm-b-tØm-Sp-IqSn \S-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ hntZ-i-]-X-ßfpw

Bcw-`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. 1868¬ Bcw-`n® apJØw F∂ ]Xw

_nójv aqe-[-\-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bp-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. tZiob]X-ß-fn¬

]eXpw Gsd Xma-kn-bmsX \ndp-Ø-em-°-s∏-´p.

1913¬ A»-A_v XpS-ßn. 1914¬ CuPn]vXv Hcp _nójv ]pXn-

Im-cm-Py-ambn ]Jym-]n-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ B hm¿Ø BZysØ t]Pn¬

]kn-≤o-I-cn-°Wsa∂v Kh¨sa‚ v F√m ]X-ßƒ°pw DØ-chv

\¬In. ]t£, A»A_v ]Xm-[n-]-cmb Aao-dp¬ cn^mCu DØ-

chv \nc-kn® Imc-W-Øm¬ B ]Xw ]qt´-≠n-h-∂p.

1919se hnπ-h-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ ]ns∂bpw ]e

]X-ßƒ ]Xy-£-s∏-´p. A n-bmk , A¬akn , kuXp¬-

DΩ F∂nh Ah-bn¬ Nne-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Ch-bn¬ Nne ]X-ßƒ

kzX¥ \b--amWv ssIs°m-≠n-cp-∂-Xv.

apkvenw-I-fp-sSbpw JnkvXn-I-fp-sSbpw CS-bn¬ _nó-jp-Im¿ hnX-

dnb `n∂n-∏ns‚ _oP-ßƒ \in-∏n-°p-∂-Xnepw cmjvSo-b-amb cwK-

ß-fn¬ th≠ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \¬In P\-ßsf \bn-°p-∂-Xnepw

CuPn-]vjy≥ ]X-ßƒ ][m-\-amb ]¶v hln-®n-´p-≠v.

C∂v CuPn-]vXn¬ G‰hpw ]Nm-c-ap≈ Zn\-]-X-ß-fmWv A¬-

Alvdmw , A¬AJv_m¿ , A¬Ppw-lq-cnø , A¬a-km-Av F∂n-h.

C∂v Cu ]X-ßƒ°p aq∂pe£w hoXw tIm∏n-Iƒ sNe-hm-Ip-∂p-≠v.

hnπ-h-Øn\papºv Hcpe£w ]Xn--IƒhoXw amXta hn¬°-s∏-ń-cp-

∂p-≈q.

111

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

CuPn-]vXnse G‰hpw]g-°-ap≈ A¬-Alvdmw 1876¬ ÿm]n-

°-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. kp¬Øm≥ A_vZp¬l-ao-Zns‚ ImeØv CuPn-

]vXn¬h∂p A`bw]m]n® e_-\m≥Im-c-\mb Hcp IokvXob

bphm-hm-Wv- C-Xns‚ ÿm]-I≥. A∂p Ae-Ivkm-µn-b-bnse Hcp

sNdnbsIń-S-Øn¬ \mep-t]-Pp-I-fp≈ hmcn-I-bm-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p CXm-

cw-`n-®-Xv. A©p-sIm-√-Øn-\p-≈n¬ AXv hf-sc-b-[nIw ]pjvSn-s∏-Sp-

Ibpw ssItdm-hn-te°p ÿew-am‰w sNø-s∏-Sp-IbpwsNbvXp. A∂sØ

Ad_n t\Xm-hm-bn-cp∂ apkvX^m Iman-ens‚ enh , ]kn≤ Fgp-

Øp-Im-c-\mb epXv n køn-Zns‚ ]Xm-[n-]-Xy-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ A¬-

˛-P-coZ F∂o ][m\ kl-Po-hn-Isf AXv sh√p-hn-fn-®n-cp-∂p.

Alvdm-ans‚ C∂sØ ]Xm-[n-]-cmb lk-ss\≥ ssl°-ens\

]uVn-bn-te-°p-b¿Øn-bXv 1946¬ At±lw Fgp-Xnb cmjvSob\ncq-

]-W-ß-fm-Wv. ê-kvXo-\nepw sImdn-b-bnepw Alvdm-ans‚ bp≤-

hm¿Øm- te-J-I-\m-bn-cp∂ Ct±lw 1960¬ ][m\]Xm-[n-]-cmbn

\nb-an-°-s∏-´p. Zn\-]XwIqSmsX Hcp F°tWm-anIv ssZzhm-cn-Ibpw

Alvdmw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.

1941¬ apkvX^m Aao≥, Aen F∂ Cc-´- ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ ÿm-

]n® AJv_m-dp¬buw ssZ\wZn\w i‡n-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

apkvX^m Aao-\mWv C∂v CXns‚ ]Xm-[n-]Xyw hln-°p-∂-Xv.

Bcw-`-Øn¬ kz¥w ] v C√m-Xn-cp∂XpsIm≠v Alvdm-ans‚

] n-em-bn-cp∂p CXv A®-Sn-°-s∏- n-cp-∂-Xv. 1946¬ apl-ΩZv Xm_nCbpsS

BJn¿kmA F∂ hmcnI AJv_m dp¬buw hmßp-I-bp-≠m-

bn. 1952-˛¬ A¬ AJv_m¿ F∂ Zn\-]-Xhpw A¬Po¬ F∂

NnX-hm-cn-Ibpw Bcw-`n-®p. Ct∏mƒ Hcp hºn® ÿm]-\am-bn-

Øo¿∂ "A¬ AJv_m-dn's‚ Ãm^n¬ ]X-]-h¿Ø-I-\mb apl-

ΩZv Xm_nCu, \mS-I-Ir-Ømb Xuô-°p¬ l°ow, t\mh-en-Ãmb

alvaqZv A°mZv F∂o ]kn≤ hy‡n-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp∂p.-

A¬ AJv_m-dnse BZysØ h\nXm]Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp∂p

ssajm-lo≥. ]t£, CXn\p hfscapºv 1910-˛¬ A¬PcoZ-bn¬

_lvPØp¬ _mlnkv F∂ Hsc-gp-Øp-Imcn km[m-cW ]Xy-

£-s∏-Sm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cmWv hmkvX-h-Øn¬ CuPn-]vXnse

BZysØ ]X-]-h¿Ø-I.

hnπ-h-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ c≠p ]X-ß-fmWp 1952-˛¬ Bcw-`n®

A¬a-∂A F∂ kmbm-”-]-X-hpw 1953-˛¬ XpS-ßnb A¬Ppw-

lq-cn-øbpw . Zmdp¬Xlvcocn¬ \n∂mWv Ch c≠pw ]kn-≤o-I-

cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. A¬Ppw-lq-cn-ø- bpsS tPm. FUn-‰¿-˛C≥˛No^v

112

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

]kn≤ kmln-Xy-Im-c-\mb tUmIvS¿ Xmlm lpssk-\m-sW-∂Xv

]kvXm-hy-am-Wv. Cu c≠v ]X-ßƒ°p ]pd-sa, CuPn-]vXy≥

sabn¬, Lee progress Egyptian F∂o ]`m-X-]-X-ßfpw LaBourse F∂ kmbmlv\]-Xhpw Progress dimanche F∂ hmcn-

Ibpw "Zmdp-Ølvco¿' ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. Ccp-∂qdp ]Xm-[n-]-

∑m¿ ]h¿Øn-°p∂ G‰hpw henb Hcp ÿm]-\-am-Wn-Xv.

hnipXNcn-X-Im-c-\mb tPm¿Pn-ssk-Zm≥ 1892- ¬ Zmdp¬ lnem¬

F∂ ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ime ÿm]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. GI-tZiw Read-ers Digests‚ cq]-Øn¬ ChnsS\n∂p ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂ A¬ln-

em¬ amknI hfsc]Nm-c-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. AXpIqSm-sX, A¬

Ckvss\≥ , A¬ apk-∆¿ F∂o hmcn-I-Ifpw Zmdp¬ln-em¬

]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂p. 1924-˛-emWv A¬ap-k-∆¿ Bcw-`n-®-Xv. Ima-

gse F∂ ^©v amkn-Ibpw a‰p Nne ]pkvX-I-]-c-º-c-Ifpw

Zmdp¬ln-em-en ¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.

tdmkp¬bq-k^v F∂ A]-c-\m-a-Øn¬ ]kn-≤-bmb ^mØna

bqkp^v 1926-˛¬ Hcp ]Xw ]pd-Øn-d-°n. A∂p 16 t]Pp-I-fmbn

Bcw-`n® tdmkp¬ bqkp^v C∂p ]Nm-c-ap≈ Hcp cmjvSob

Im¿´q¨ hmcn-I-bm-Wv. \Sn-bm-bn-cp∂ ^mØn-a°v Ie-tbmSpw \mS-

I-tØm-Sp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ A]m-c-amb ]Xn-]Øn Ah-cpsS hmcn-I-bn¬

]I-S-am-bn-°m-Wm-am-bn-cp-∂p. \mSIIesb kw_-‘n-®p-≈-Xm-bn-

cn°pw an° teJ-\-ßfpw. 1910\pw 1920\pw CS-bn¬ hf¿∂p-h-∂n-´p-

≈-h-cpw, C∂p ]i-kvXn-bpsS Xe-∏-Øn-cn-°p-∂-h-cp-amb Ht´sd

]X-]-h¿Ø-Isc hm¿sØ-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ tdmkp¬ bqk^v

hln® ]¶v \ntj-[n-°m-\m-hn-√. lkss-\≥ ssl°¬, apkvX^

Aao≥, Aen Aao≥ F∂o t]cp-tI´ ]X]h¿Ø-I¿ Hcp

ImeØvv tdmkp¬ bqk^n embn-cp-∂p.

tdmkp¬ bqk^n s‚ C∂sØ ]Xm-[n-]¿, ^mØnam bqk-

p^ns‚ ]pX\pw ]kn≤ IYm-IrØpw kmlnXy Iem-a-WvU-e-Øns‚

knI -´dn P\-d -ep -amb l\m≥ A_vZp¬ Jq±qkv BWv.

k_ml¬ssJ¿ Fs∂mcp amkn-Ibpw A¬In-Xm-_p-±-l_n

F∂ ]pkvX-I-]-c-º-cbpw CXns‚ ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. Ct∏mƒ

2,00,000 ]hs‚ kzØpw 20,000 aqe-[-\hpw Cu ÿm]-\-Øn-\p-

s≠∂p IW-°m-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. Cu ]-X-ßƒ apgp-h\pw 1960¬

tZi-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´p.

kmwkvIm-cnI Imcy-a¥n anlmXnw sNb¿am-\mb Ub-d-IvS¿

t_m¿Uv \S-Øp∂ Zn P\-d¬ CuPn-]vjy≥ \yqkv B‚ v ]ªn-

113

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

jnwKv Hm¿K-ss\-tk-js‚ Iogn-emWv \mj-\¬ ]ªn-t°-j≥

lukv, \mj-W¬ UnkvSn-_yq-j≥ t^mw, 1956- ¬ Bcw- n® anUn¬

CuÃv \yqkv GP≥kn F∂o ÿm]-\-ßƒ.

Ad_v H_vk¿h¿, kvssI_v F∂o amkn-I-Iƒ \mep hntZ-i-

`m-j-I-fn¬ Cu ÿm]\w ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. IqSm-sX, tdUntbm

sSen-hn-j≥, _\m-dp¬ hX≥ F∂o amkn-I-Ifpw CXn¬\n∂p ]pd-

Øn-d-ßp-∂p.

Hcp ] v kn≥Un-t°‰v cq]o-I-cn-°m-\mbn ]X-°m¿ 1912 apX¬

]cn-i-an®p XpS-ßn-sb-¶nepw hnP-bn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn-√. ]n∂oSv Xß-

fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ ImØp-kq-£n-°m-\mbn 1919¬ ]X-°m¿ Hcp

tSUv bqWn-b≥ ÿm]n-®p. 1941-˛¬ ] v kn≥Un-t°‰v BZy-am-bn

cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AXns‚ ]YaktΩ-f\w AtXh¿jw

Unkw-_-dn¬ tNcp-I-bpap-≠m-bn. ]n∂oSv kn≥Un-t°-‰n\p kz¥-

ambn HcpsIń-Shpw ¢_pw ÿm]n-°-s∏-´p. hnπ-h-Øn∂ptij-ap≈

BZysØ Ad_v ]X-]-h¿ØI ktΩ-f\w 1953-emWv \S-∂-Xv.

1955¬ kn≥Un-t°‰v AXns‚ \nb-am-h-en-Iƒ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. AX-

\p-k-cn®p kn≥Un-t°-‰n¬ Hcw-K-am-sb-¶nte ]X-tPmen sNøm≥

km[n-°p-I-bp-≈q. Cu kn≥Un-t°-‰n¬ Ct∏mƒ 920 h¿°nMv

tP¿W-en-Ãp-I-fp-≠v.

NµnI BgvN-∏-Xn∏v 1960

114

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

A¬ Akvl¿

k¿hI-em-ime

a\p-jy-hw-i-Øns‚ ]ucm-WnINcn-X-Øn¬ kp]-[m-\-am-

sbmcp`mKw A`n-\-bn® ]kn-≤-amb ankns‚ (Cu-Pn-]vXn-s‚) Xe-

ÿm-\-\-K-cn-bmb ssItdm-hn¬ Aw_-c-Npw-_n-I-fmb an\m-c-ß-fp-

b¿Øn-s°m≠v A¬-A-kvl¿ temIsØ amSn-hn-fn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-amb Aaq-ey-kw-`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬In Ckvem-an-I-tem-

I-Øn\p tkh\wsNbvX a[p-c-kva-c-W-Iƒ Cu ÿm]-\sØ

C∂pw ]pfIwsIm≈n-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. Ncn-X-Øn-eqsS kpZo¿L-

amb Zqcwk©-cn® Cu alm-ÿm-]\w Ign-™p-t]mb Hcm-bncw

IY-Iƒ AXns‚ \n»-_vZ-amb `mj-bn¬ \ap°p ]d-™p-X-cp-∂p.

temIØns‚ hnhn[tImWp-I-fn¬ \n∂pap≈ hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS

ktΩ-f-\-cw-K-am-Wn-Xv. C¥y-°m-c-\pw djy-°m-c\pw Ko°p-Im-c-\pw

kpUm≥Im-c-\pw ]e-kvXo≥Im-c-\pw ^nen-ss]≥Im-c\pw Chn-sS-

h®p ]c-kv]cw ssI]n-Sn-®p Ipep°n A`n-hmZyw sNbvXv Bfl-kp-

lr-Øp-°-fmbnØocp-∂p. tZi- `mj h¿W-ß-fpsS ]cn-[n-Iƒ°-

∏pdwIS∂v A¥m-cm-jvSob kmtlm-Z-cy-Øns‚ hnim-e-amb A¥-

co-£-Øn-emWv CXnse At¥-hm-kn-Iƒ Pohn-°p-∂-Xv.

Ncn-X-Øn-eqsS

Akvl¿ F∂p]d-bp-tºmƒ, ^mØn-anø: hsc CuPn]vXv ]nSn-

®-S-°p-Ibpw ssItdm Xe-ÿm-\-ambn sXc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvX

BbncwsIm√w apºp≈ Ncn-X-ß-fn-te-°mWv \ΩpsS lrZbw ]d-

s∂-Øp-∂-Xv. ^mØn-an-ø Jeo-^-bmb A¬ap-C- p en Zo\n√-bpsS

115

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

P\-d¬ Pul-dp- -Jn-en-bpsS B⁄-b-\p-k-cn-®mWv Akvl¿

\n¿Ωn-°-s∏-´-Xv. lnPvd 359 Pam-Zp¬-Duem 24- i\n-bmgvN (970˛A

D) CXns‚ inem-ÿm-]\-I¿Ωw \n¿∆-ln-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw 361 da-

km≥ 7˛¬ \n¿ΩmWw ]q¿Øn-bm-hp-IbpwsNbvXp. mØn-anø hwi-

Øn-ep≈ Bflob t\Xr-Xz-Øns‚ ]Xo-I-am-bpw, ankn¬ DS-se-

SpØ ]pXnbtÃ‰ns‚ hym]vXnsb hn]p-eo-I-cn-°m-\p≈ Hcp D]m-

[n-bmbp-amWv Cu ]≈n ÿm]n-°-s∏-´-Xv. A∂p jnb hnizm-k-

]-am-W-ßƒ ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Ah¿ Cu ÿm]-\sØ

][m-\-ambpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn. ^mØn-anø: hwi-Øn¬ \n∂pw

]n∂o-Sp-h∂ Hmtcm c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bpw CXns\ Bflm¿∞-ambn ]cn-

]m-en-°p-Ibpw hf-sc-b-[nIw [\w CXn-te°p hJ^vsNøp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. Ia-Øn¬ tlmÃ-ep-Iƒ, aZ-km-sI-ń-S-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS

ssh-]peyw IqSn-°qSn h∂p. `qan-im-kvXw, Huj-[-im-kvXw, \£-

X-im-kvXw, KWn-X-imkvXw F∂o hnj-b-ßƒ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-

∂-Xn¬ Ah¿ ][m-\-ambpw i≤-sN-ep-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v A-

kvlm-dns‚ hnZym-`ym-k-cw-K-Øp≈ \ne-hmcw Db¿∂p-h-cn-Ibpw Hcp

kwkvIm-cnItIµ-ambnØocp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CuPn-]vXns‚ Bflo-

b-˛-ù-XnI hi-ß-fn¬ AXv kzm[o-\w sNepØnØpS-ßp-Ibpw sN-

bvXp. F¶nepw jnbm hnizm-k-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-bp≈ GsXmcp K-Ÿhpw

CXn-\p-≈n¬ I¿i-\-ambn \ntcm-[n-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. amenIn aZvl-

_ns\ kw_-‘n® Hcp ]pkvXIw Iøn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn\v Hcp hnZym-

¿∞nsb Ah¿ AdÃv sNbvXn´p IqSn-bp-≠v.

c≠v iXm-_vZ-ß-tfmfw \o≠p-\n∂ mØn-anøm B[n-]-XysØ

Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p-sIm≠v lnPd: 567(1171 F.-Un)¬ kp¬Øm≥ kem-

lp-±o≥ Aøq-_n-bpsS BK-a\w Hcp \ho-\m-≤ym-b-Øns‚ XpS-°-

am-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw ÿm\m-tcm-lWw sNbvX-bp-S-s\-Øs∂ jnbm-

°-fmb F√m ]WvUn-X-∑m-scbpw ]pd-Øm-°n. im^n-Cu, amen°n

apX-emb aZvl-_p-Iƒ°p ]tXyIw hnZym-e-b-ßƒ Xpd∂v Ckvem-

an-Im-Z¿isØ kwc-£n-®p- h-f¿Øp-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. Akvl-dnse

]T-\-hn-j-b-ßƒ XnI®pw hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tXmSpIqSn Ckvem-

anI cwKØv AXv A`n-hr≤ns∏Sm≥ XpS-ßn. XpS¿∂p-h∂ `c-Wm-

[n-Im-cn-Ifpw kem-lp-±o≥ Aøq-_n-bpsS Im¬∏mSp-Isf Øs∂

A\p-K-an-®p.

Aøq_n hwi-Øn\ptijw CuPn-]vXns‚ `c-Wm-[n-Imcw ASn-

a-hw-i-Øns‚ lkvX-ß-fn-e¿∏n-°-s∏-´p. lnPvd 658 (1260 F.-Un)¬

A m-ln¿ t__-d-kvZq¬ _¬±-JvZpcn ÿm\m-tcm-lWw sNbvX-

116

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

tij-amWv Akvl¿ hniz-hn-JymXn t\Sn-b-Xv. Cu ÿm]-\sØ

]pjvSn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ i≤ ][m-\-ambpw tIµo-

I-cn-®p. A∂v CuPn-]vXnepw ]pdØpw Akvl¿ hn⁄m\w ]N-cn-

∏n-®n-´p-≠v. Aaq-ey-amb imkvXob KŸ-ß-fpsS Ie-h-d-bm-bn-cp∂

_KvZmZnse kp]-kn≤ KŸm-ebw \jvS-s∏-´-Xn\ptijw Ckvem-

anItemIsØ apgp-h\pw BI¿jn-°-Ø-°-hÆw Akvl¿ ]kn-

≤n-bm¿÷n-°bpw A∂p-apX¬ CuPn-]vXv hnZym¿∞n-I-fp-sS-bpw

]WvUn-X-∑m-cp-sSbpw Bim-tI-µ-ambnØocp-IbpwsNbvXp. Cu Im-

esØ Hcp kph¿Æ-Im-e-L´ sa∂p ]uckvXy mjm-im-kvX-⁄-

∑m¿ hnti-jn-∏n-®n´p IqSn-bp-≠v.

]n∂oSv ASn-a-hwiw AkvX-an-°p-Ibpw `cWw Dkvam-\nø hwi-

Øn-te°p \oßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ch-cpsSImeØv CuPn-]vXns‚

kwkvIm-chpw ssNX-\yhpw \in-°p-Ibpw Iebpw imkvXhpw

A[:]Xn-°p-I-bp-amWv sNbvX-Xv. ]n∂oSv Akvl-dn\p apl-Ω-Z-en-

]m-j-bpsS Imewhtc°pw Nne hnj-a-L-´-ßƒ XcWw sNtø-≠n-

h-∂p. Cu ÿm]-\-Øn\p \jvS-s∏´ Poh≥ hos≠-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬

apl-Ω-Zen ]mj AXoh Xmev]cyw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw CXns‚

kmº-Øn-Ihpw hnZym- ym-k-]-c-hp-amb hi-ß-fn¬ th≠X t]m’m-

l\w \¬Ip-IbpwsNbvXp. A∂v CuPn-]vXns‚ kmwkvIm-

cnIcwKØv amX-a√ cmjvSo-b-cwKØpw kp]-[m-\-am-sbmcp `mK-

amWp Akvl¿ A`n-\-bn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. Akvl-dn¬\n∂p ^m≥kn-

te°v Hcp hnZym¿∞n-kw-LsØ At±lw ]d-™-b-®n- p-≠v. s\t∏m-

fn-b≥ t_mW-]mńs‚ ^©p-]S ssItdm-hn¬h∂-t∏mƒ, Hcp

cmjvSob Zohm≥ cq]o-I-cn-°m≥th≠n Akvl-dnse ]WvUn-X-sc-

bmWv At±lw ]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmbn £Wn-®-Xv.

]n∂oSvh∂ c-Wm-[n-]-∑m-tcm-tcm-cp-Øcpw Akvl-dns‚ kar≤amb

KŸ-im-esb kq£va-X-tbm-Sp-IqSn ]cn-c-£n®p t]mcp-Ibpw B[p-

\n-I-amb hn⁄m-\-hn-j-b-ßƒ kne_- n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. Aßs\ Akvl¿ Imtem-Nn-Xambn A`n-hr-≤n-s∏- v pB-

Zv, AXn-\p-tijw ^mdqJv F∂n-h-cpsS Ime-L-´-ß-fn-eqsS B[p-

\n-I-bp-K-Øn-se-Øn-t®-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Cu kpZo¿L Ime-Øn-\n-S°p Akvl¿ temI-Øn\p hne-a-Xn-

°m-\m-hmØ hninjvSkw`m-h-\-I-fmWp \¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xv. H´-[nIw

]WvUn-X-∑m-cpw Fgp-Øp-Imcpw Cu ÿm]-\-Øn-eqsS ]pd-tØ-°p

h∂p. Camw kp_v-°n, Camw Ckp-±o≥_n≥ A_vZp-kemw, C_v\p-

ln-imw, kndmPv Aen-_p¬Jm\n, Pem-ep-±o≥ kqbq-Øn, lm^nkv

117

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

C_v\p lP-dp¬ AkvJ-em-\n, XmPp-±o≥ Xn_vcokn, ssiJp¬

Ckvemw kI-cn-ø¬ A≥km-cn, Jmknw _n≥ apl-ΩZv Xp\o_n

F∂o hniz-hn-JymXn t\Snb alm-]p-cp-j-∑m-scbpw ]WvUn-X-∑m-

scbpw kw_-‘n-®p≈ al¬kva-c-W-Iƒ Akvl-dns\ ]pfIw

sIm≈n°mXncn-°ptam?-

Akvl-dnse ]T-\-co-Xn-I-fn-epw ]th-i-\-hn-j-b-ß-fnepw ]tXy-

I-amb \nb-a-ßtfm \n_-‘-\-Itfm apºv D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. CjvS-

ap≈ hnj-bhpw Xnc-s™-SpØv CjvSap≈ Hcp Kpcp-\m-Ys‚ Iogn¬

Hcp hnZym¿∞n°p FX-th-W-sa-¶nepw ]Tn-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ipsd

sIm√ßƒ°ptijw B hnZym¿∞n Kpcp-\m-Ys‚ kΩ-X-tØmSpIqSn

A≤ym-]-I -hn-Zym¿∞n-I-f-S-ßnb sNdnb kZ- p-I-fn¬ ]kw-Kn-°m-

\m-cw- n-°p-∂p. B ]kw-K-Øn¬ Igºpw BI¿j-I-Xz-hp-ap-s≠∂p

ImW-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ B kZ- p-Iƒ°p IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ hf¿®-sh-

°p-Ibpw Abmƒ°p Hcp ]WvUn-X-ÿm\w ssIh-∂n-´p-s≠∂p

hy‡-am-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu \ne ssIh-cp-tºm-gmWv ssiJp¬

Akvl¿ B hnZym¿∞n°v ]kw-Kn-°p-hm-\p≈ ssek≥kv sImSp-

°p-∂-Xv. t\sc adn®v Xs‚ ]kwKw timXm-°-fn¬ bmsXmcp kzm[o-

\-hpw sNep-Øn-bn- n-s√-¶n¬ hnZym¿∞n ]cm-P-b-s∏- -Xmbn IW-°m-

°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw c≠m-aXpw ]Tn-t°≠n hcn-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ Cu ÿm]\w \nb-¥n-°p-hm\pw AXns‚

ta¬t\m´w hln-°phm\pw Hcp ]tXyI hy‡ntbm, IΩ-‰ntbm

\n›-bn-°-s∏- n- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ aptJ\ cmPm-°-∑mcpw

cmP-Ip-am-c-∑mcpw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p s]mXp-hn¬ AXns‚ ta¬t\m´w

hln-®n-cp-∂-Xv. lnPvd 11-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Cu ÿm]-\-Øns‚ Xm¬]-

cy-ßfpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßfpw Cc-ń-®-tXm-Sp-IqSn Hcp ]tXyI`c-Wm-

[n-Imcn Bh-iy-ambnØocp-Ibpw AXn-\p-th≠n Hcp ssiJp¬

Akvl¿ \nb-an-°s∏Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

hnZym-`ym-k-co-Xn-bnepw CXp-t]mse am‰-ßƒ Bcw-`n-°m≥ XpS-

ßn. 1872-emWv BZy-ambnXs∂ Hcp ]pXnb \nb-a-kw-lnX cq]-

h¬°-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv. Cu \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®v sdIvS¿ De-am-°-fpsS Hcp

IΩ‰n Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw, B IΩ‰n apºmsI ]co£\SØn

hnP-bn-I-fmb hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p At±lw k¿ń-^n-°‰v sImSp-Øp-

t]m-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu ]≤Xn 1897-hsc ]m_-ey-Øn¬ \n∂p.

]n∂oSv ]e t`Z-K-Xn-Ifpw am‰-Øn-cp-Ø-ep-Ifpw 1936-h-sc-bp≈ Ime-

ß-fn-ep-≠m-bn.

1936se ]≤-Xn-b-\p-k-cn-®mWv Akvl-dns‚ ]pXnb kne-_-kv.

118

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

AX-\p-k-cn®v CXnse ]T-\-Im-esØ \mep-L-S-I-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-

®n-cp-∂p.

1. ss]a-dn- sk-Ivj≥: CXv \mep -¢m- p-I-fp≈ Hcp hn`m-K-am-

Wv. I¿Ω-imkvXw, Ckvem-anI Ncn-Xw, `qan-imkvXw, KWnXw,

Btcm-Ky-imkvXw F∂ohnj-b-ßƒ CXn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

\mep-sIm√w sIm≠mWv Cuhn`mKw ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂-Xv.

2. sk°-≠dn skIvj≥: CXn¬ ta¬∏-d™ hnj-b-ßƒ°p

]pdsa Ad-_n-km-ln-Xyw, X¿°-im-kvXw, Jp¿-B≥ hymJym-\w,

lZo-kv, ck-X¥w, nkn-Ivkv, Poh-im-kvXw, NcnXw F∂nh IqSn-

bp-≠v. A©p-¢m- p-I-f-S-ß-n-b-XmWp Cu Unhn-j≥. Cu c≠phn`m-

K-ß-fnepw \mep aZvl-_p-Iƒ°pw ]tXyIw ¢m p-I-fp-≠v. CtX

\ne-bn-ep≈ ]Øn-e-[nIw ss]a-dn-˛-sk-°-≠dn hnZym-e-b-ßƒ

CuPn-]vXns‚ ]e-`m-K-ß-fn-embn Akvl¿ \S-Øp-∂p-≠v.

3. lb¿ sk-Ivj≥: Cu hn`mKw aq∂m-bn -XcwXncn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.

1) Ip√nø Dkzqen-±o≥ (The Faculty of Theology)2) Ip√nø icoA: (The Faculty of Mohammaden Law)

3) Ip√nø epK: (Faculty of Arabic Language) Ch-bn¬ GsX-¶nepw HcptImgvkv sXc-s™-SpØp AXn¬

hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p tNcmw. H∂m-asØ hn`m-K-Øn¬ aXm-Sn-ÿm-\-

X-Xz-ß-fpw, c≠m-a-tØ-Xn¬ I¿Ω-im-kvXhpw aq∂m-at-Ø-Xn¬ Ad-

_n-`mj Kth-jWimkvX-hp-amWp ][m-\-hn-j-b-ßƒ. CXn¬

Cw•o-jv, ^©v, P¿Ω≥ F∂nh sF—n-I-hn-j-b-am-sb-Sp-°p-∂p.

4. ss^\¬ skIvj≥: CtXm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv Akvl-dnse G‰hpw

Db¿∂UnKn Ic-ÿ-am-°p-∂-Xv. CXv c≠phn`m-K-am-Wv. c≠p-sIm-

√sØ tImgvkpw, A©v sIm√-tØ-Xpw.

Akvl-dn-se√mw IqSn GI-tZiw \m¬∏-Xn-\m-bncw hnZym¿∞n-

I-fp-≠v. ]mY-anI˛sk-°-≠dn hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ 1062 A≤ym-]-I-∑mcpw

tImtfPv hn`m-K-Øn¬ 273 s]m^-k¿am-cp-ap-≠v.

kpUm≥, samtdm-t°m, en_n-b, Xp\o-jy, AƒPo-cn-b, ba≥,

ê-kvXo≥, -d-jy, Xp¿°n, A^vKm-\n-ÿm≥, bptKm-…m-hy, Cdm-

Jv, Ipssh-‰v, Cdm≥, kuZn-A-td-_y, ]m°n-ÿm≥, ^nen-ss∏≥,

aem-b, _¿Ω, Ct¥m-t\-jy, C¥y, tPm¿±m≥, e_-\m≥, Z£n-

Wm-^n-° F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ ChnsS ]Tn-

°p-∂p. CXn¬ 21 C¥y≥ hnZym¿∞n-I-fp-≠v. F√m hntZ-i-hn-

Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°pw Akvl¿ [\-k-lmbw sNøp-∂p-≠v.

\mem-bncw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p Xma-k-ku-I-cy-ap≈ Hcp ]pXnb

119

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

tlmÃ-ens‚ \n¿ΩmWw Ct∏mƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-bn-cn°p-∂p. ktΩ-f-

\-lmƒ,- Nn-In-’m-e-bw, Ifn-ÿ-ew F∂o kuI-cy-ß-tfmSp IqSn-

b-XmWv Cu ÿm]-\w.

Akvl-dn\p ]uV-amb Hcp KŸ-im-e-bpap-≠v. 120000Øn-e-[nIw

KŸ-ßƒ CXn-ep-≠v. Ckvem-anI kwkvImcw ]N-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥

aP-√-Øp¬-˛-A-kvl¿ Fs∂mcp amkn-Ibpw Akvl¿ ]kn-≤o-

I-cn-°p-∂p.

e≠-\nepw hmjn-ßvS-Wnepw Akvl-dns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI tIµ-

ßƒ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. Ct∏m-gsØ ssiJp¬ Akvl¿ (sd-IvS¿)

Bb auem\ ssiJv alvaqZvi¬Øq-Xns‚ ]ptcm-K-a-\m-fl-I-amb

\b-ßƒ°\p-k-cn®p kao-]-`m-hn-bn¬ temI-Øns‚ F√m `mK-ß-

fnepw Akvl-dns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I-tI-µ-ßƒ kvYm]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xpw

Ckvem-anI kmtlm-Z-cy-t_m-[sØ Ah ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv.

ssZ\wZn\w \qdp-I-W-°n\v k©m-cn-Iƒ kµ¿in-®p-sIm-≠n-

cn°p∂ Cu Ncn-X-h-kvXp-˛-tem-I-Ønse G‰hpw ]g°w sN∂ Cu

k¿∆-I-em-im-e-˛-`m-hn-bn¬ hcm-\n-cn-°p∂ Xe-ap-d-Iƒ°pw hn⁄m-

\-]-Imiw hoin-s°m-Sp-°-s´.

N-µnI ho°nen 1960 P\p-hcn 16

120

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Ad_n`mjm t_m[-\-Øn\v

CeIvtSm-WnIv Iw]yq- ¿

Ad_nIƒ°vt]mepw ]Tn-°m≥ hnj-a-ta-dnb `mj-bm-Wv Ad-

_n-sb∂pw Ad-_n-Iƒ FX-h¿jw ]cn-i-an-®mepw AXv icn°pw

]Tn-°m≥ km[y-a-s√∂pw km[m-cW ]d-b-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v. F∂m¬

sSIvkmkv bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬ Ata-cn-°≥ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v

Ad_n]Tn-°m-\mbn Hcp CeIvtSm-WnIv Iw]yq-´¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v \S-

Ønb ]co-£Ww B [mcW sX‰m-sW∂v sXfn-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

Ad_n A£-chpw Ah-bpsS D®m-c-Whpw ]Tn-°m≥amXw

km[m-cW KXn-bn¬ Btdm Gtgm BgvN -th-W-sa-¶n¬ shdpw

aq∂m-gvN-sIm≠v A£-c-ßƒ ]Tn-°m\pw hmbn-°m\pw amX-a√ Nne

hymI-cW \nb-a-ßƒ IqSn Kln-°m\pw Cu Iw]yq-´¿aptJ\ Hcp

hnZym¿∞n°v km[n-°pw. Hc-[ym-]-I-s‚tbm at‰m Bh-iy-an-√-Xm-

\pw. Iw]yq-´¿ ]mT-sa-Sp-°p-Ibpw AXm-h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw hnh-cn-®p-

sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn\v ]pdsa hnZym¿∞n-I-tfmSv tNmZy-ßƒ

tNmZn-°p-Ibpw sX‰p-Iƒ Xncp-Øn-s°m-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Hcp

Cb¿t^m¨ hgn-bmbn hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v Ah-sb√mw hy‡-ambn

tIƒ°m≥ km[n-°pw. hm°p-I-fpsS D®m-cW coXn, tNmZy-Øns‚

icn-bmb DØcw F∂nh amX-a√ hnZym¿∞n-bpsS a\:imkvX-h-

i-ßƒIqSn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp∂ coXn-bn-emWv Cu Iw]yq-´-dns‚

kwhn-[m-\w. Ah≥ am\-kn-I-ambn £oWn-°p-Itbm ]mTw th≠X

Kln-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Itbm sNbvXm¬ Cu "b¥w' AXv Adn-bp-∂p.

]mT-Øn¬ GIm-K-X-tbm-Sp-IqSn i≤n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-tºmƒ ¢m v

121

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

as‰mcp ka-b-tØ°v \oń-sh-°m≥ CXv hnZym¿ ∞nsb D]-tZ-in-

°pw. Hcp ]mTw icn°v ]Tn-®-Xn\vtij-a-√msX ASpØ ]mT-Øn-

te°v Cu b¥sØ \o°p-hm≥ km[n-°n-√.

Htc-k-abw ]Xn-\mdv ¢m v

hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS FÆw FX-bm-sW-¶nepw Htc kabØv ]Xn-

\mdv ¢m p-I-sf-Sp -°m≥ Cu Iw]yq -´ -dn\v Ign -bpw. Hmtcm

hnZym¿∞nbpw ap≥Iqń cPn-Ã¿sNbvX \º¿ Xncn-®m¬aXn.

DZm-l-c-W-ambn "F' F∂ hnZym¿∞n ss]adn skIvj\n¬

aq∂mw ¢m n¬ cPn-Ã¿ sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v Icp-Xp-I. Ahs‚

cPn-Ã¿\º¿ Iw]yq-´-dnepw Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. B

hnZym¿∞n ¢m n¬h∂v Xs‚ \º¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØnbIm¿Uv Iw]yq-

´-dn\v sImSp-Øm¬ Ah\v \n›-bn® ]mTw AXv FSpØv XpS-ßpw.

Ah\v \n›-bn®]mT-Øn\v Fs¥-¶nepw am‰w hcp-Øp-hmt\m

thsdmcp hnZym¿∞n°v FSp-°p∂ ]mTw ihn-°p-hmt\m km[n-°p-

I-bn-√. sSen-hn-j-t‚Xvt]mse Hcp sNdnb kvIo≥ Cu b¥-Øn¬

LSn-∏n-®n- p-≠v. ss]adn¢m nse hnZym¿∞nbmsW-¶n¬ kvIo\n¬

BZy-ambn A£-c-ßƒ ]Xy-£-s∏-´m¬ hnZym¿∞n Ah hmbn-

°p-∂p. D®m-cWw icn-bm-sW-¶n¬ sNhn-bn¬ LSn-∏n® Cb¿t^m-

Wn¬ Ah≥ tIƒ°pw. "icn hfsc \∂m-bn-´p≠v.' D®m-c-W-Øn¬

Aev]w sX‰p-s≠-¶n¬ Ipd-®p-IqSn \∂mbn D®-cn-°m-a-s√m? H∂p

IqSn ian-°q F∂v Iw]yq-´¿ ]d-bpw. sX‰m-sW-¶n¬ AXv ]dbpw:

"sX‰v' H∂pIqSn ian-°q. ]ns∂bpw sX‰mbn D®cn-°p∂]£w B

A£-c-Øns‚ icn-bmb D®-mcWw Iw]yq-´¿ a\- n-em°ns°mSp-

°p-∂p.

AXvt]mse hmIy-ßƒ kvIo\n¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-tºmgpw

hnZym¿∞n Ah hmbn-°p-Ibpw sX‰p-s≠-¶n¬ I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥

Ahs\ klm-bn-°p-IbpwsNøpw. hnZym¿∞n icn-bmb coXn-bn¬

hmbn-°p-∂Xv hsc b¥w Ah-t\mSv ]d-™vsIm-≠n-cn-°pw. ""[rXn

Iq´-cpXv, kmh[m-\-Øn¬ hmbn-°q, i≤n®p hmbn-°q.''

I_-fn-∏n-°m-\m-hn-√

]mTw icn°pw hnZym¿∞n ]Tn-®n-´p-s≠∂v t_m[y-am-bm¬

amXta Iw]yq-´¿ ASpØ]mT-Øn-te°v ]th-in-°p-I-bp-≈p.

AXvsIm-≠v Cu b¥sØ B¿°pw I_-fn-∏n-°m≥ km[y-a-√.

Ad_n A£-c-ßƒ Xosc hnh-c-an -s√-¶nepw Cw•o-jn¬

Ipd™]cn-⁄m-\-ap-s≠-¶n¬ Cu Iw]yq-´¿ hgn Ad_n ]Tn-°p-

122

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

hm≥ Ign-bpw. CuPn-]vXp-Im-cn-bmb an nkv hnIvtSm-dn≥ A_q-ZmWv

CZw-]-Yaambn CØcsamcp Ad_n `mjm t_m[\kº-Zmbw

Iw]yq-´-dn¬ kwhn-[m\w sNbvX-Xv. Ah¿ ssItdm-hnse Ata-cn-

°≥ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬\n∂v _n.-F. _ncpZw t\Snbtijw A[ym-

]n-I-bmbn tPmen t\m°n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\n-S-bn¬

ssItdm bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬\n∂v amÃ¿ _ncpZw Ic-ÿ-am-°n.

]n∂oSv ¿Øm-hmb ]o‰¿kv A_q-Zns‚IqsS Ata-cn-°-bn¬t]mbn

AhnsS ÿnc-Xm-a-k-am-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. AhnsS sSIvkmkv

bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬\n∂v tUmIvS¿ _ncpZw t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

]uc-kvXy-`m-j-I-fnepw ]tXy-In®v Ad_n`mj-bnepw ]mWvUnXyw

Ic-ÿ-am-°nb Cu am\yh\nX Ata-cn-°≥ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v

Ad_n ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ ]pXnb am¿Kw I≠p-]n-Sn-°m-\p≈ ]cn-i-a-ßƒ

\S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Aß-s\-bmWv Cu Iw]yq-´¿

Ah¿ kwhn-[m\wsNbvX-Xv.

A\-d-_n-Iƒ°v Ad_n ]Tn-°m-s\∂t]mse Ad-_n-Iƒ°v

Cw•ojv, ^©v apX-emb `mj-Iƒ ]Tn-°m\pw Cu b¥w D]-I-

cn°pw.

Ggp hb v ]mb-ap≈ Hc-d-_n-hn-Zym¿∞n ]gb kº-Zm-b-a-\p-

k-cn®v ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒIqSp-X¬ thK-Øn¬ AtX ]mb-Øn-

ep≈ Hc-ta-cn-°≥ hnZym¿∞n°v Ad_n`mj ]Tn-°m≥ Cu Iw]yq-

´¿ aptJ\ km[n-°p-sa∂v CXns‚ kwhn-[m-bn-I-bmb an nkv

hnIvtSm-dn≥ A_qZv Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p.

NµnI hmcm-¥-∏-Xn-∏v ˛ 1972

123

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

B^n-°≥ \mSp-Ifpw

Ckm-tbepw

Ign™ Kojva-Øn¬ e_-\m-\n¬ temI N¿®v Iu¨kn-ens‚

Hcp ktΩ-f\w \S-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. AXn-te°v ]e \mSp-I-fnse

apkvenw-Ifpw £Wn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. hnhn[ cmjvS-ß-fn¬\n∂v

InkvXym-\n-Ifpw apkvenw-I-fp-a-S°w AºXv ]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ ktΩ-

f-\-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp. B^n-°-bnse N¿®p-I-fpsS]iv\-amWv

N¿®m-hn-jbw sh®n-cp-∂-sX-¶nepw ktΩ-f-\-Øns‚ ][m-t\m-t±iyw

B^n-°≥ `qJ-WvU-Øn-ep≈ InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sSbpw apkvenw-I-

fp-sSbpw CS-bn¬ [mc-Wbpw kl-I-c-Whpw hf¿Øm-\p≈

am¿Kßƒ Bcm-bp-Ibm-sW∂v temI N¿®v Iu¨kn¬ P\-d¬

skI-´dn tUm: bqPn≥ I¬k¨t_°v ]kvXm-hn-®p. B^n-°-

bn¬ Ckm-tb-ens‚ \pg-™p-I-b‰w B `qJ-WvU-Øn¬ Ckvemw

aX-Øn\pw InkvXp-a-X-Øn\pw Hcp-t]mse B]-ev°-c-am-bn-cn-°p-

sa∂v ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]e ]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw ]kvXm-hn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

]pXnb temIw

B^n°-bn¬ \q‰n\mev]-Øn-b©v aney-Wn-e-[nIw apkvenw -

Ifpw \qdvaney¨ InkvXym-\n-I-fpw \qdv aney¨ hnK-lm-cm-[-I-cp-

ap-s≠-∂mWv IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. qan-im-kvX-]-c-ambpw kmº-Øn-

I-ambpw Hssc-Iy-cq-]ap≈ B^n°≥`qJ-WvU-Ønse Cu hºn®

P\-k-aqlw Ccp-]-sØm∂mw iX-I-Øn¬ temIØv cmjvSo-b-ambpw

kmº-Øn-I-ambpw ssk\n-I-ambpw ][m\ ]¶v hln-°p∂ Hcp

ÿnXnhnti-j-ap-≠m-bn-Øo-cp-sa-∂mWv hnZ-Kv[¿ IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv.

124

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Bwt•b]WvUn-X-\mb k¿ tdm_¿´v sl≥kv Xs‚ "B^n°

Hcp \qX\ temIw' F∂ KŸ-Øns‚ Bap-J-Øn¬ Cßs\ Fgp-

Xp-∂p:

""Ccp-]-sØm∂mw \q‰m≠v Hcp B^n-°≥ \q‰m-≠m-bn-cn°pw .

ImcWw B^n-°≥ \mSp-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ kºq¿Æ-am-sbmcp sFIyw

ssIh-cp∂ kml-Ncyw A∂p-≠m-bn-Øo-cpw. Aßs\ kz¥w Bi-

b-ßfpw hnizm-k-ßfpw \ne-sIm-≈p∂ Hcp ]pXnbtemIw A∂v

cq]wsIm≈pw.''

Cu hkvXp-X-Iƒ IW-°n-se-SpØpsIm≠mWv Ckm-tb¬

B^n-°-bn¬ Imep-Ip-Øm-\m-cw- n-®-Xv. Xßƒ°v kmº-Øn-I-ambpw

cmjvSo-b-ambpw ssk\n-I-hp-ambpw _‘wÿm]n-°m≥ B `qJ-

WvU-w hfsc A\p-tbm-Py-am-sW∂pw Ad_v temIsØ AXns‚

sX°v]-Sn-™mdv mKØv (CuPn]vXv apX¬ samtdmt°m hsc \o≠p-

In-S-°p∂ AXn¿Øn) \n∂v D]-tcm[w\S-Øm≥ AXphgn- km[n-

°p-sa∂pw Ckm-tb¬ IW-°m-°n. 1960 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw (an°

B^n-°≥ \mSp-Ifpw B h¿j-Øn-emWv kzmX¥yw ]m]n-®-Xv)

Ckm-tb¬ F√m B^n-°≥ cmjvS-ß-sfbpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw

an°-h-bp-ambn \bX¥_‘w ssIam-dp-Ibpw sNbvXvIgn-™n-

cp∂p.

F¥p-sIm≠v?

Ad_v temI-hp-ambn s]mXp-hnepw CuPn]vXp-ambn ]tXy-In®pw

klI-cn®v \n¬t°-≠n-bn-cp∂ cmjvS-ßƒ Ckm-tb-ens\ AwKo-

I-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p th≠n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Aß-s\-b√

kw`-hn-®-Xv. F¥p-sIm≠v?

]tc-X-\mb ]kn-U≠v \mk¿ \bn-®n-cp∂ Ad_vtZio-bXzw

B^n-°≥ hntam-N\]ÿm\w t]mep≈ Hcp hntam-N\]ÿm\w

Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

Ad_v hntam-N\]ÿm\w sIm≠v Aº-Xp-I-fn¬ B^n-°≥

hntam-N\]ÿm-\-Øn\v Ipsd t\´-ß-fp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. B^n-°≥

hntam-N\ ]ÿm\w ]mc-ay-Øn-se-Ønb kµ¿`-Øn¬ ssItdm

AXns‚ Xe-ÿm-\hpw \mk¿ AXns‚ ]Xo-I-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

F∂m¬, kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ L´-Øn-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ ]pXp-Xmbn

kzmX¥yw t\Snb B^n-°≥ cmjvS-ßƒ°v kmº-ØnIklmbw

\evIm≥ CuPn]vXn\v km[n-®n-cp-∂n-√. Cu cmjvS-Øn-\m-sW-¶n¬

hntZ-i-k-lmbw A\n-hm-cy-ambn-cp-∂p-Xm-\pw. B kµ¿`w icn°pw

D]-tbm-Kn-®p -sIm-≠mWv Ckm-tb¬ Ah-cpsS cwK-]-th-iw

125

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

sNbvXXv. Ckm-tbens‚ Cu \pg™p-I-b‰w hf-sc-b-[nIw B]¬°-

c-am-sW∂v a\- n-em-°nb Ad-_n-Iƒ B^n-°≥\mSp-Iƒ°v

kmt¶-XnI klmbw (F©n-\o-b¿am¿, hn[-KvZ-∑m¿, A[ym-]-I-∑m¿)

\evIns°m≠v Ckm-tb-en-t\mSv a’-cn-°m-\p≈ ]cn-i-a-ßƒ \S-

Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. ]t£, Ckm-tb¬ hfscb[nIw apt∂m´v t]mbn-

°-gn-™n-cp-∂p.

1957-emWv Ckm-tb¬ B `qJ-WvU-Øn¬ Imep-Ip-Øm-\m-cw-`n-

®-Xv. Lm\ kzmX¥yw t\Sn-bXv AtX h¿j-am-bn-cp-∂p. kmº-

Øn-I, Im¿jnI, hnI-k\ cwK-ß-fn¬ amX-a-√, Bbp-[o-I-c-W-

Ønepw ssk\nI ]cn-io-e-\-Ønepw B^n-°≥ cmjvS-ßƒ°v

klm-b-ßƒ \¬Im≥ Ckm-tb¬ k∂-≤X ]I-Sn-∏n-®p. ]pXp-

Xmbn kzX-¥-am-bXpw F√m aWvU-e-ß-fnepw ]n∂-Wn-bn¬ \n¬-

°p-∂-Xp-amb Cu \mSp-Iƒ°v Bh-iyhpw CXv Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

]m›mXy kmam-Py-Xz-Øns‚ ]Xn-cq-]-am-bXpsIm≠v Ah-cpsS-

klmbw B^n-°≥ P\-Xbv°v kzoIm-cyhp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn-\p-

]p-d-sa, an° B^n-°≥ cmjvS-ß-fpsS t\Xm-°fpw Ahn-SsØ

hntam-N\]ÿm-\-Øns‚ ]XmImhml-I-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Aß-s\-

bp≈ t\Xm-°ƒ ]m›mXy klmbw kzoI-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ P\-

ßƒ°v Ah-cn-ep≈ ]Xo-£-Iƒ \jvS-s∏-Sm\pw Imc-W-am-bn-

Øocpw.

aq∂mw i‡n

Cu hkvXp-X-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ B^n-°≥ cmjvS-ßfpw

Ahn-SsØ P\-ßfpw Ckm-tbens\ kzmKXwsNbvXp F∂p-≈Xv

icn-X-s∂. AtX Ah-ÿ-bn¬ B `qJ-WvU-Øn¬ ]tcm-£-amb

\ho\ sImtfm-Wn-b-enkw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Ign-hp≈ Hcp "aq∂mw

i‡n' F∂\ne-bn¬ Ckm-tb¬ hln-°p∂ ]¶ns‚ ]m[m-\yhpw

hfschy‡-am-Wv.

Ckmtb-ens‚ ad-hn¬\n∂vsIm≠v kzbw Xmev]-cy-ßƒ kwc-

£n-°m-\p≈ Dt±-iy-tØmSpIqSn Ata-cn° Ckm-tb-ens‚ Cu

\pg-™p-I-b-‰-Øn\v hf-sc-b-[nIw ]tNm-Z\w \¬In-bn- p-≠v. B^n-

°-bn¬ Ckm-tb-en-s‚bpw Ata-cn-°-bp-sSbpw Xmev]-cy-ßƒ

XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°m≥ Ata-cn° Xocp-am-\n-®-t∏mƒ AXn\v henb

]n¥pW \evInb Ata-cn-°≥ kmºØnIhnZ-Kv[\pw B^n-°≥

Kth-jW hIp-∏ns‚ ta[m-hn-bp-amb B¿t\mƒUv dn^v°n Bbn-

cØnsXm≈m-bn-cØn AºØn Hº-Xn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® Hcp teJ-

\-Øn¬ C]-Imcw Fgp-Xn:

126

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

""]m›m-Xy¿s°-Xn-cmbn s]mcp-Xn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ Ahn-I-knXcmPy-

ß-fnse P\-ßƒ°v Ckm-tb-ens‚ anX-amb tkmjyenkw G‰hpw

kzoIm-cy-am-bn-cn°pw''

Bbn-c-Øn-sXm-≈m-bn-cØn Adp-]ØnH∂n¬ At±lw Cßs\

]kvXm-hn®p:

""Ahn-I-knXcmPy-ßƒ°v kmt¶-XnIklmbw\¬Ip∂ Hcp

aq∂mwi‡n F∂\ne-bn¬ Ckm-tben-\p≈ ]¶v hfsc ]m[m-

\y-ap≈Xmbn-Øo-cpw. GsX-¶n-ep-samcp kzX¥cmPyw B^n-°°v

klmbw \evIm-\p-t±-in-°p∂ps≠-¶n¬ AXns‚ Hcwiw Ckm-

tben-eqsS Ab-°m≥ km[n-°pw. ImcWw B^n-°-bn-eqsS

GXm\pw cmjvS-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°p∂ Nne khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Ckm-

tb-en-∂p-≠v.

B^n-°-bn¬ Ckm-tbens‚ kzm[o\w h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ Ata-

cn-°°v klm-bn-°m-hp∂ Nneam¿K-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bmWv CXn¬ kqNn-

∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

aq∂v cq]-Øn¬

B^n°≥ \mSp-Iƒ°v klmbw\evIp∂ Ckm-tb¬ aq∂p

cq]-Øn-emWv Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-∂-Xv.

H∂v: B^n-°≥ \mSp-Iƒ°v hn´p-sIm-SpØ Ckm-tb¬ hnZ-

Kv[-∑m¿ Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ X¥-]-[m-\-amb ÿm\-ß-fn¬ \ntbm-Kn-

°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

c≠v: hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ, DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿, tSUv bqWn-b≥ t\Xm-

°ƒ, ssk\n-tIm-tZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿ F∂n-h-c-S-ßnb kwL-ßƒ Ckm-

tb-en¬\n∂v ]tXyI]cn-io-e\w t\Sp-∂p.

aq∂v: Ckm-tb¬ Khä‚pw hyh-km-bn-I-fpw B^n-°≥cmjvS-

ß-tfmSvkl-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v kwbp‡ kmº-ØnI]≤-Xn-Iƒ Bhn-

jvIcn-°p-Ibpw kzImcyIº-\n-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

CubnsS DKm-≠bpw NmUpw Ckm-tb-epambp--ff \bX¥-

_‘w hnt—-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\vapºv ap∏Xv B^n-°≥ cmjvS-ß-fp-ambn

Ckm-tben\v -_-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

Cßs\ B^n-°≥ \mSp-Iƒ Ad_vtemIØp\n∂v AI-ep-

Ibpw Ckm-tb-en-t\m-S-Sp-°p-I-bp-am-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.

Ckvem-anI apt∂‰w

Bbnc-Øn-sXm-≈m-bn-cØn Adp-]Øn Ggn¬ Ad-_v-˛-C-km-

tb¬ bp≤-Øn\ptijw ss^k¬ cmPm-hn-s‚bpw en_n-b≥ ]kn-

127

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

U≠v K±m-^n-bp-sSbpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Ckvem-an-I-amb Hcp apt∂‰w

Ad-_v-tem-I-Øp-≠m-bn. AXn-s\-Xp-S¿∂p Nne B^n-°≥ \mSp-I-

fn-ep-≠mb ]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ Cu apt∂-‰-Øns‚ Hcp ]Xn-I-c-W-

ambnØs∂ IW-°m-°mw. am¿®v amk-Øn¬ DKm-≠bpw \hw-_-

dn¬ NmUpw AXn\vtijw amenbpw Ckm-tb-ep-am-bp≈ \bX¥-

_-‘-ßƒ hnt—-Zn-®Xv \ap°v ImWm≥km[n-®p. tSmtKm, ss\P¿,

s_mtdm-≠n, sskKmƒ F∂o cmjvS-ßƒ AtX hgn°v \oßp∂

kqN-\-bp≠mbn.

B^n-°-bpsS Ing°pw ]Sn-™mdpw ]tZ-i-ß-fn-emWv apkvenw-

Iƒ tIµo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ss\Po-cn-b-bnepw sk\-Km-fnepw

apkvenw-Iƒ A[n-I-ap-≠v. NmUn-epw Hcp apkvenwcmPy-amb amen-bn-

ep-ap-≠mb kw`hhnIm-k-ß-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ Ckvem-anI apt∂-

‰-Øn\v B^n-°-bpsS a[y-`m-K-ß-fnepw Ne-\-ßƒ krjvSn-°m≥

km[n-°pw. AXp-t]mse ]q¿∆m-^n-°-bn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ tIµo-I-

cn-®n-cn-°p∂ Sm≥km-\n-b, DKm-≠, FtXym]y F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnepw

\njv]-bmkw ]Xn-^-e-\-ß-fp-≠m-°m≥ I-gn-bpw.

]pcm-X-\-Im-esØ ZmhoZvkmam-Py-Øns‚ inev]n-I-fpsS hwi-

]-c-º-c-bn¬s∏´-Xm-sW∂v kzbw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ lnemkv emkn

NI-h¿Øn cn-°p∂ FtXym-]ybpw Ckm-tbepw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-

Øn\v aX-Øns‚ Hcp Ie¿∏v IqSn-bp-≠v. kmº-Øn-Ihpw cmjvSo-

bhpw ssk\n-I-hp-amb cwK-ß-fn¬ Cu cmPy-Øn\v Ckm-tben-

t\mSv hfsc ASpØ _‘-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.

sI\n-b-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnI˛km-º-ØnI cwK-ß-fn¬ amX-a-√,

s]mXp-hn¬ F√m-cw-KØpw Ckm-tb-en\v \√kzm[o-\-ap≠v.

Ad_v]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Ckm-tbens‚ A[n-\n-th-isØ sI\nb

A\p-Iq-en-®Xv AXns‚ ]Xn-^-e-\-am-Wv. F∂m¬ tkmam-en- em‚ v

Ckm-tbens\ AwKo-I-cn-°p-Itbm AXp-ambn _‘w ÿm]n-°p-

Itbm sNbvXn-ń-√. dphm-≠, _tdm≠n F∂o cmjvS-ßƒ Ckm-

tbep-ambn _‘-ap≈hbm-sW-¶nepw dphm≠ Ckm-tbe-mI-asØ

A]-e-]n-°p-Ibpw _tdm≠n Ad-_n-Ifpw Ckm-tbepw XΩn¬

kw`mjW-ßƒ \S-Øm-\m-h-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ckm-tbep-

ambn hn]p-e-amb tXmXn¬ _‘-ß-fp≈ Sm≥km-\n-bbpw Ckm-

tb-e-mI-a-WsØ A]e]n®p.

XymK-kva-cW

temIsaßpw apkvenwkaqlw C∂p _en-s]-cp-∂mƒ BtLm-

jn-°p-∂p. lkØv C_mlow \_n(-A)-bpsS XymK-\n¿`-c-amb

128

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

PohnX]mXsb kvacn®pw ssZhn-I-a-lXzw ]Io¿Øn®pw ]]©

kjvSmhv \¬Inb A\p-K-l-ßƒ°p \µn ]Im-in-∏n®pw tZim-

¥-c-ß-fn¬ BÀm-Z-]q¿∆w XIv_o¿apg-ßp-I-bm-Wv.

kpJ ZpxJ t`Z-as\y GXp Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-bnepw apkvenw-Iƒ

Cu ]pWyZn\-Øns‚ khn-ti-jX ]¶p-h-bv°p-∂p. Ckvem-anse

c≠v BtLm-j-ßƒ CuZp¬ ^nXvdpw CuZp¬ Akvlm-bp-am-Wv.

`‡n-bp-sSbpw ]m¿∞-\-bp-sSbpw hnip≤nhgn-bp∂ Cu BtLm-

j-th-f, PohnXhnP-b-Øn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ hn\-bm-\zn-X-cm-Im\pw ]Xn-

k-‘n-Isf kp[ocw AXn-Po-hn-°m-\p-ap≈ t]c-W-bmWv. BÀm-

Zm-tLm-j-ß-ƒ aXnad-°m\p≈-X-√. IqSp-X¬ kq£va-X-tbmsS

A√m-lp-hn-te°v ASp-°p-∂-XmWv Cu kpZn\w. a\p-jy-\nse

\∑sb D±o-]n-∏n-°m-\p≈ ]cn-i-a-ß-fpsS D¬k-h-am-Wn-Xv.

PohnXhnip-≤n-bpsS "kwkw' tImcn-°p-Sn-°p∂ l÷v I¿a-

Øns‚ A\p-_-‘-ambn _IoZv h∂p \n¬°p-I-bm-Wv. ]cn-ip≤

l÷v I¿aw \n¿h-ln-®p-sIm-≠v, Ckvem-ans‚ kºq¿WX t_m[y-

s∏-SpØn A¥y-]-hm-N-I≥ apl-ΩZv \_n (k) \S-Ønb hnJym-X-

amb Ad^m]`m-j-Ww \ΩpsS BtLmj aplq¿Ø-ß-fpsS

D≈n¬ h∂p\nd-b-Ww. ""P\-ß-tf, Cu \mń¬, Cu am-k-Øn¬,

Cu Znh-k-Øn\v FX BZ-c-Wo-bX I¬∏n-°s∏Sp∂pt≠m

AXbpw BZ-chpw ]hn-X-Xbpw \nß-fn¬ Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw c‡-

Øn\pw kº-Øn-\p-ap-≠v. \n›-bw, AXv \nßƒ ]c-kv]cw BZ-cn-

°-Ww. A\n-kvem-anI ImeØv ]c-kv]cw \S∂ a\pjylXy-bpsS

]Xn-Imc c‡w (Rm\nXm Fs‚ ]mZ-ßƒ°p-Xm-sg) aÆn¬ aqSn-

bn-cn-°p-∂p. Fs‚ IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´ sNdp-∏-°m-cs\ sIme-s∏-Sp-

Øn-b-Xns‚ ]Xn-Imc c‡wXs∂ Rm\nXm H∂m-a-Xmbn Zp¿_-e-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse A\n-kvem-anI ImeØv \ne-hn-

ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]eni CS-]m-Sp-Isf Rm\nXm Ipgn-®p-aq-Sp-∂p. Fs‚

]nXrhy ktlm-Z-c\p a‰p-≈-h-cn¬\n∂p e`n-t°≠ ]eni Xs∂-

bmWv BZy-ambn ths≠∂p sh°p-∂-Xv. AXv apgp-h≥ Zp¿_e-s∏-

Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

""P\-ß-tf, kvXoI-fpsS ]iv\-Øn¬ \nßƒ A√m-lpsh

kq£n-°-Ww. \n›-b-ambpw Ah¿°v kpc-£n-XXzw \¬Im-sa∂v

A√m-lp-hns‚t]cn¬ Icm¿sNbvXp-sIm-≠mWv \nßfhsc

hnhmlw sNbvX-Xv. Rm\nXm Hcp Imcyw \nßsf Gev∏n-°p-∂p;

A√m-lp-hns‚ al-Ømb KŸw. \nß-f-Xns\ apdpsI]nSn-°p∂

Ime-tØmfw \nßƒ°p am¿K-`wiw kw`-hn-°p-I-bn-√.''

129

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

D®-\o-N-Xz-ß-fn-√mØ Hcp kmaq-lnI hyh-ÿn-Xn-sbbmWv A√m-

lp-hns‚ -I-ev]\ ]Imcw A¥y-]-hm-N-I≥ kaq-l-k-a£w Ah-

X-cn-∏n-®-Xv. kXy-Øn\pw \oXn°pw am\-hn-I-X°pw th≠n, \∑amXw

-\nd™ Cu ]XybimkvXw ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Gsd ]Xn-_-

‘-ßƒ ]hm-N-I\v t\cn-tS-≠n-h-∂p. Xs‚ BZ¿i-_-‘p-c-amb

PohnXbmX-bn¬ lkØv C_m-lo-ans‚ Im¬∏m-Sp-Isf At±lw

]n¥p-S¿∂p.

If-¶-ta-imØ ssZh`‡n-bp-sSbpw AXn-c‰ ssZhnI kvt\l-

Øn-s‚bpw almamXr-I-bmbn Ncn-X-Øn¬ Pzen-®p-\n¬°p-I-bmWv

Jeo-ep-√mln C_m-low(-A). \o≠ ]m¿∞-\-Iƒs°m-Sp-hn¬

hm¿[-Iy-tØm-S-SpØv X\n°v e`n® GI ]pXs\ _en\¬I-

Wsa∂ A√m-lp-hns‚ Iev]-\sba\- n-f-°-an-√msX A\p-k-cn-°p-

tºmƒ AN-©-e-ambhnizm-k-Øns‚ Icp-Øn¬ Xnf-ßp-I-bm-bn-cp-

∂p C_mlow \_n (A) bpsS Pohn-Xw.

kjvSm-hns‚ ]oXn-°-∏pdw Aaq-ey-ambn as‰m-∂p-an-s√∂p

lkØv C_mlow (A) sXfn-bn-®-t∏mƒ `‡s‚ \njvI-f-¶-X-

bn¬ kwXr-]vX-amb ssZhnIhN\w h∂p: ""C_m-low, Xm¶ƒ

kz]v\w km£m-Xv°-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. \n›-bw, \mw \njvIf-¶¿°v Cu

hn[w ]Xn-êw \¬Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. \n›bw, CXp-X-s∂-bmWv hy‡-

amb]co-£Ww''

]Icw Hcm-Sns\ _en-b-dp-°m≥ I¬∏-\-bm-bn. A√m-lp-hns‚

B⁄-bv°p-ap-ºn¬ Xs‚ ]nXm-hns‚ BK-l-a-\p-k-cn®v `b-te-

ias\y Poh≥ \¬Im≥ Hcp-ßnb ]pX≥ Ckvam-Cuepw (A)Ncn-

X-Øn¬ XymK-k-∂-≤-X-bpsS alm A-[ym-b-ambn. kzbw ssZh-

ambn`mhn®v a\p-jy-\p-ta¬ k¿∆m-[n-]-Xn-bmbn°gn™ \wdq-Zns‚

tIm´-bn¬sN∂v "A√m-lp-hmWv alm≥' F∂p hnfn-®p-]-d™

lkØv C_mlow (A) BZ¿i-]m-X-bn¬ as‰m-∂n-s\bpw hI-h-

bv°m-Ø [oc-\m-bn. \wdqZv Hcp-°nb A·n-Ip-WvU-Øn¬ C_m-

loan\p c£-bm-bXpw A√m-lp-hns‚ alXzwXs∂.

h¿W, h¿K, tZi, `mj t`Z-ß-fn-√msX temI apkvenw kaqlw

Htc a¥-ß-fp -cp -hn´v ]m¿∞\m\nc-X-am -Ip∂ l÷v thf

C_mlow \_n-bpsS Pohn-X-L- -ß-fpsS ]hn-X-kva-c-W-bm-Wv. qJ-

WvU-ßƒ Xm≠n FØp∂ et£m-]-e-£-ß-fn¬, kl-km-_v[-

ßƒ ]n∂n-ń´pw hnip≤`qan-bnse Hmtcm Im¬h-bv]nepw C_mlow

\_n-bpsS PohnXKmY XpSn-°p-∂p-≠v.

""A√m-lp-th, \ns‚ hnfn-°p-Øcw \¬In Rß-fnXm FØn-bn-

130

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

cn-°p-∂p'' F∂p tXmfp-cpΩn \n∂p≈ at¥m-®m-cWw hniz-am-\-hnI

sFIy-Øns‚ alm-]-Jym-]-\-am-Wv. F√mw A√m-lp-hn-\p- ap-ºn¬

ka¿∏n-°p-I-bm-W-h¿. NI-h¿Ønbpw ]Pbpw Idp-Øh\pw shfp-

Ø-h\pw D®\pw \oN\pw [phm-¥-c-ß-fn-ep-≈-hcpw t`Z-an-√msX

Dcp-Ωn-t®¿∂p-\n∂p ]m¿∞n-°p-tºmƒ ka-Xzhpw kmtlm-Z-cyhpw

Fß-s\-sb∂p t_m[y-am-Ip-∂p. l÷v I¿a-Ønse AXoh efn-

X-amb- th-j-hn-[m-\-ßƒ k¿∆ BUw-_-c-ßfp-sSbpw ]uVn-bp-

sSbpw \n m-cX shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

ssZhw F∂ alXvi‡n°p ap∂n¬ ]›m-Øm]hnh-i-cmbn

Xo¿∞m-S-I¿ ]m¿∞-\m-]q¿∆w Xe Ip\n-°p-I-bm-Wv. A√m-lp-

hns‚ B⁄ \nd-th-‰m≥ C_mlow \_n Cd-ßn-Øn-cn-®-t∏mƒ

]n¥n-cn-∏n-°m≥ ian® ]nim-Nns\ Is√-Sp-sØ-dn-t™m-Sn-°p-∂-Xns‚

kam-\-X-t]mse "Pwd' Fdn-bp-∂p. Zmlw sIm≠p-h-e™ ]n©p-

ss]X-emb Ckvam-Cu-en-\p-th≠n DΩ, Pew tXSn thKw thKw

HmSn-b-Xns‚ kvacWt]mse "k^m a¿h'-bpsS CS-bn¬ lm-Pn-Iƒ

[rXn-bn¬ t]mbn aS-ßp-∂p. l÷v I¿a-tØmSvtN¿∂v arK-_en \-

S-Øp-∂p. Ip™v Imen-´-Sn-®p -I-c™ÿeØv \ne-bv°mØ \ocp-

d-h-bmbn D¬`-hn® "kwkw' InW¿. "an\'-bnepw "Ad^'-bnepw

"apkvZ-en^'-bnepw amdn amdn-bp≈ Xß¬.

Bflm¿∞bpw kXy-k-‘-Xbpw A¿∏Wat\m-`m-hhpw AN-©-

e-amb ssZh-hn-izm-khpw a\pjyhnP-b-Øn\p \nZm-\-am-Wv. iXp-

Xbpw ]Ibpw hntZz-jhpw Akm-∑m¿KnINn¥-I-fp-sa√mw shSn-™v,

]m]hnap-‡-cmbn \h-PmXinip-hns‚ ss\¿aeyw kn≤n-°p-I-bmWv

l÷v Xo¿∞m-S-I-\.v Cu P∑ km^-ey-Øns‚ kt¥m-j-]-I-S-\w

IqSn-bmWv _en-s]-cp-∂mƒ.

ssZhnIam¿K-Øn¬ k¿hw XyPn-°m\pw kln-°m-\p-ap≈ k∂-

≤-X-bmWv hnizm-kn-°p-th-≠-Xv.

ae-bmf at\m-ca 2002 s^_p-hcn 23

131

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

`mKw c≠vA\p-_‘w

132

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

133

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

ivaim-\- qanJeo¬ Pn_m≥

]´-W-Ønse i_vZ-ap-JcnX-amb A¥-co-£-Øn¬\n∂p hnap-‡-

am-bn, ]im-¥-kp-µ-c-amb hb-ep-I-fn-eqsS \S∂p \S∂p Ah-km\w

]Ir-Xn-a-t\m-l-c-amb Hcp Ip∂n≥]p-dØv Rm≥ sNs∂-Øn. Rm\-

hn-sS-\n∂p Np‰pw H∂p ItÆm-Sn®p. ^mIvS-dn -I-fn¬ \n∂p

Db¿∂ps]m-ßnb I\-Ø -[q-a-]-S-eßƒ°p Iosg Aw_-c-Npw-_n-

I-fmb kpµ-c-a-µn-c-ßfpw taml-\-ku-[-ßfpw \nd™ B \Kcw

hne-kp-I-bm-Wv.

Aßv hnZq-c-X-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v a\p-jy-hw-i-Øns‚ ]e-th-e-

Isf kw_-‘n®pw Nn¥n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Rm≥.

At∏mƒ Ah-bn¬ an°Xpw \nc¿-∞Ihpw \n m-c-hp-ambn-´m-sW-

\n-°-\p- -h-s∏- -Xv. AXn-\m¬ AØ-cw -Nn-¥-I-fn¬\n∂p lrZ-bsØ

hnc-an-∏n-°m-\mbn hb-ep-I-fn-te°p Rm≥ ZrjvSn-Iƒ Xncn-®p.

At∏mƒ, Ah-bpsS a≤y-Øn¬ Hcp ivaim-\-`qan Rm≥ ImWp-I-

bp-≠m-bn. shÆ-°-√p-IƒsIm≠p ]Wn-b-s∏-´-Xpw Np‰pw ssk]-

kva-c-ßƒ \´p-h-f¿Øn-b-Xp-amb ih-Ip-So-c-ßƒ AXn¬ ImWm-am-

bn-cp-∂p.

B c≠v \K-c-ß-fp-sS-˛-Po-hn-®n-cn-∏p-≈-h¿°p-≈Xpw ac-W-s∏-´-

h¿°p-≈-Xp-amb B c≠p \K-c-ß-fpsS˛a≤y-Øn-en-cp-∂p-sIm≠v

Rm≥ Nn¥n-°m≥XpS-ßn. \nc-¥-c-amb Ne-\hpw A\-¥-amb kwL-

´-\-hp-amWv Cu ]´-W-Øn¬! ivaim-\-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ \n›-e-amb

aqI-Xbpw ap‰n-\n¬°p∂ ]im-¥-Xbpw! Bibpw \ncm-i-bpw

kvt\l-hpw Iqc-X-bpw Ipt_-c-X-bpw IptN-e-X-bpw [¿Ω-hpw

134

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

A[¿Ωhpw Hcp-`m-KØv ]S-s]m-cp-Xp-tºm-ƒ, as‰mcp`mKØv aÆv

atÆm-Sp-tN-cp-I-bm-Wv. ]n∂o-Sv ]Ir-Xn- AXns\ ho≠pw kky-ßfpw

Pohn-I-fp-am°n am‰n-a-dn-°p-∂p. \ni-bpsS \n»_vZ-XbnemWv

CsX√mw \S-°p-∂-Xv. CØcw Nn¥m-]-hm-l-Øn¬ Rm≥ s]ń-cn-

°p-tºm-gmWv aµw aµw \oßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcmƒ°q´w Fs‚

ZrjvSn-Isf BI¿jn-®-Xv. timIm-Xv-a-I-am-b-cmK-ßƒ Be-]n-®p-

sIm≠v Hcp Iq´w- kw-Ko-X-°m¿ Ah-cpsS ap∂n¬ \S-°p-∂p. hnhn[

thj-`q-jm-Zn-I-fn-ep≈ B P\m-h-en-bn¬ A¥ pw Kmwò-cyhpw

kv^pcn®v ImWp-∂p-≠v. AsXmcp e£-]-`p-hns‚ ih-a-©-am-Wv.

AsX, shdpw Hcp arX-i-cocw! a\p-jy-Po-hn-Iƒ IÆo¿ hm¿Øp-

sIm-≠pw s]mń-°-c-™p-sIm≠pw AXns\ A\p-K-an-°p-I-bm-Wv.

Ah¿ ivaim-\-Øn-se-Øn-t®¿∂-t∏mƒ ]m¿∞-\m-Zn-I¿Ω-ßƒ

\n¿∆-ln-°m-\mbn ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿ Hcp-`m-KØv Hcp-an-®p-Iq-Sn. kwKo-

X-°m¿ Ipd-®-Ise \n∂p-sIm≠v timIm-fl-I-amb cmK-ß-fm-e-]n-

°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ipd-®p-I-gn-™-t∏mƒ, Nne-]m-kw-Kn-I-∑m¿ ]tc-

Xs\ ]Io¿Øn-®p-sIm≠v DPz-e-am-b -]-`m-j-W-ßƒ \S-Øn. Ihn-

Iƒ B¿Z-amb hnem-]-Im-hy-ßƒ sNm-√n. apjn-∏n-°-Ø-°-hn[w

kpZo¿L-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p NS-ßp-Iƒ. Ipd-®p-IqSn Ign-™-t∏mƒ ih-

°pgn-bpsS hi-Øp-\n∂v Bfp-Iƒ amdn-\n¬°m≥ XpS-ßn. B ih-

Ip-Socw Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn¬ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Z-Kv[∑m¿ Xß-fpsS kI-

e-an-Sp°pw ]tbm-Kn-®n- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Iem-hn-cp-Xp-≈ -I-c-ß-fm¬ Ia-

\o-b-am-bn -X-øm-dm-°-s∏´ ]qs®-≠p-Iƒ sh°-s∏-ń-cp∂p AXn-\p-

Np-‰pw. Ah¿ \K-c-Øn-te°p Xncn-®p-t]m-bn. Nn¥m-a-·-\m-bn-s°m≠v

Rm\-sX√mw t\m°n-°m-Wp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]I-te-i≥ ]Sn-™m-´p-

Nm-™p. hr£-ß-fp-sSbpw ]md-°-√p-I-fp-sSbpw \ng-ep-Iƒ \o≠p-

\o-≠p-t]m-bn. ]IrXn AXns‚ ]tim-`n-X-amb hkvX-ßƒ Agn-

®p-sh-°m≥ XpS-ßp-I-bm-Wv.

s]s´∂p Rms\m∂p Xncn-™p-t\m°n. At∏m-gXm as‰mcp ih-

a-©hpw hln-®p-sIm≠v c≠m-fp-Iƒ \S-∂p-h-cp-∂p. Iodn-s∏m-fn™

DSp-∏p-I-f-Wn™ Hcp kvXo ]n∂m-se-bp-≠v. Hcp sIm®p-Ip-™ns\

Ahƒ Npa-en¬ sh-®n-´p-≠v. IqsS-bp≈ Hcp-\mb CS-°nsS Ah-

fpsSt\scbpw B ih-a-©Øns‚-t\scbpw Xncn-™p-t\m-°p-∂p.

AsX, AK-Xnbpw Zcn-Z-\p-amb Hcp ]mh-s∏- -hs‚ arX-i-co-cw. ZpxJn-

X-bmb `mcy IÆo-scm-en-∏n-®p-sIm≠v AXns\ ]n¥p-S¿∂p. AΩ-

bpsS tcmZ\w I≠p s]mń-°-c-bp∂ Hcp sIm®p-ss]-Xepw hniz-

kvX-\mb Hcp \mbbpw. Zp:Jhpw ]mc-h-iyhpw AXns‚ \S-Ø-Øn¬

135

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

]I-S-ambn ImWmw.

Ah¿ ivaim-\-`q-an-bn-se-Øn. shÆ-°-√p-sIm-≠p≈ ih-IpSoc-

ß-fn¬\n∂p Ipsd-b-I-se-bmbn Hcp aqe-bn¬ Inf-®p-sh® Hcp Ipgn-

bn¬ B s]ń AS-°w -sN-bvXp. timI-aq-I-bmbn A®-S-°-tØmsS

Ah¿ Xncn-®p-t]m-bn. bP-am-\s‚ A¥y-hn-i-a-ÿm-\-tØ°p \mb

CS-°nsS Xncn-™p -t\m-°n-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. Ah-km\w B ac-°p-Sn-

ep-Iƒ°p ]nd-In¬ Ah¿ ad-™p-t]m-bn. At∏mƒ Rm≥ ]´-W-

Øns‚ `mK-tØ°p H∂p Xncn-™p-t\m-°n. F∂n´p Rm≥ Xs∂-

Øm≥ ]d™p: ]uVnbpw ]Xm-]-hp-ap≈ ]`p-°-fp-tS-Xm-WXv .

]ns∂ ivaim-\-`q-an-bpsS t\sc ItÆm-Sn-®p-sIm≠v Rm≥ ]d-™p.:

CXpw Ah¿°p-≈Xp Xs∂! F∂m¬ AK-Xn-Ifpw Ai-‡-cpamb

]mh-s∏-´-h-cpsS hmk-ÿew ]ns∂-sb-hn-sS-bmWv ssZhta?

kqcy-_nw-_-Øns‚ sN¶-Xn-cp-I-tf‰v kph¿Æ at\m-l-c-amb

Im¿ta-L-]-S-e-ß-fn-te°p IÆp-I-fp-b¿Øn-s°m≠v Rm\-dn-bmsX

]d-™p-t]m-bn.

At∏mƒ Fs‚ A¥¿`m-K-Øp-\n∂p Hcp i_vZw ]d-bp-I-bmWv:

AXm, A-ß-hn-sS...-

(Ad-_n-bn¬ \n∂pw sam-gn-am‰w : kønZv apl-Ω-Zen inlm_v Xßƒ)

136

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

137

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

`mKw aq∂vkw`m-jWw

138

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

139

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

kw`m-jWw

Gsd-∏-d-bmsX F√mw]d™vtPmWn eqt°mkv

Ah-km\ XnøXn-I-fn-√mØ Ie-≠-dmWv

cmjvSo-bsa∂v Fgp-Xn-bXv hn.]n.knßm-Wv. F-

∂m¬ Nne Ah-km\ Xnø-Xn-Ifpw Xocp-am-\-

ßfpw Ie-≠¿t\m°msX Ipdn-°m≥ I-gn-bp∂

Nne i‡n-tI-µ-ßƒ cmjvSo-b-Øn-ep-ap-≠v.

]mW-°mSv kønZv apl-Ω-Zen inlm_v Xßƒ

A°q-´-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂p.

IS-ep-≠n-∏p-g-bpsS XocsØ ]mW-°mSv F∂

sIm®p-Km-aØnse sImS-∏-\-°¬ Xd-hm-ń¬

FØp-∂-h¿°v inlm_v Xßƒ ]hm-N-Is‚

hwim-h-en-bn¬s]´ \mb-I\pw \ymbm-[n-]-\p-

am-Wv. apl-ΩZv \_nbpsS ap∏-sØm-ºXmw Xe-

ap-d-bnse t]c-°p-ń. hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v BNm-cy-

\pw \hm_pw kp¬Øm-\pw.

hnhn-[hpw Ipd-s®ms° hnNn-X-hp-amWv kµ¿-

i-I¿°v Xß-sf-s°m-≠p≈ Bh-iy-ßƒ-˛-B-

izm-kw, A\p-K-lw, D]-tZ-iw, \n¿t±-iw, acp-

∂v, a¥w, ]m¿∞-\, km∂n-[yw˛DZvLm-S-\-

Øn\v˛Xd-°-√n-S-en-\v˛]kw-K-Øn\v Hcp Xnø-

140

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Xn˛ Xßƒ Bscbpw \ncm-i-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂n-√. ssh-

°Øp \n∂p t_∏q-sc-Ønb Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ kp¬-

Øm≥ A√m-lp-hns‚ JP-\m-hn-ep-s≠∂p I≠p-

]n-Sn® A\-¥-ambkabw \¬In At±lw F√m-

h-scbpw Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

F∂mepw Hcp BƒssZ-h-am-Im≥ \n∂p-sIm-

Sp-°p-∂n-√- X-ßƒ. an≠m-Xn-cp∂v Rm≥ ssZh-

sa∂v Adn-™p-sIm-f-fp-ho≥ F∂ ktµiw \¬-

Ip-∂n-√. At±-l-Øn-\p-Np‰pw Ct∏mgpw ]t£,

Hcp \nKq-V-h-iy-X-bp-≠v. AXv At±lw krjvSn-

°p-∂-Xm-sW∂v ]d-bm≥Ign-bn-√.

Gsd aXn-ep-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-Ibpw Bh-iy-

Øn\p ]me-ßƒ \n¿an-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂

BflobmNm-cy-∑m-cp-sSbpw cmjvSob t\Xm-°-fp-

sSbpw KW-Øn¬ inlm_v Xßƒ s]Sp-∂n√.

aXXoh-hm-ZsØ apkvenweoKv F∂ cmjvSo-

b-]m¿ńtbm AXns‚ kwÿm\ A[y-£-ÿm-

\Øv ap∏-Xp-h¿j-am-bp≈ inlm_v Xßtfm

A\p-Iq-en-®n-ń-√. F∂m¬, Nne ]iv\-ß-fn-ep-

≈ Xoh \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw ]m¿ń-bpsS ]h¿Ø-

\-ssi-en-bn¬ h∂ hyXn-bm-\-ßfpw apkvenw-

eoKn-s\bpw ]e-t∏mgpw ]Xn-°q-ń¬ \n¿Øn-

bn-´p-≠v. As∏m-sgms° ]m¿ń-tb-°mƒ Db-c-

Øn¬ \ne-bp-d-∏n-°m≥ inlm_v Xßƒ°v I-

gn™Xv apkvenw eo-Kn\pw `mKy-am-bn. kmaq-ln-

IcmjvSob kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ h∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-

°p∂ am‰w ]t£, Cu kpc-£n-X-XzsØ tNm-

Zyw sNøp-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ inlm_v Xßƒ

CXn-sem∂pw BIp-e-\-√.

IΩyq-WnÃp]m¿ń-I-fpsS ]Zm-hen-bnep≈

]m¿e-sa‚dn hymtamlw ]mW-°mSv sImS-∏-\-

°¬ Xd-hm-ńse Xß≥am¿°v D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-

¶n¬ Kh¿W¿, a¥n, Fw. ]n XpS-ßn-b-]-Z-hn-

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

141

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Iƒ B Xd-hm-ń-te°v kzta-[bm h∂-W-bp-am-

bn-cp-∂p. ]n.Fw.Fkv.F. ]qt°mb Xßƒ Pohn-

®n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ aqØ-a-I≥ inlm_v Xßsf tem-

Ivk- -bn-te°v a’-cn-∏n-°-W-sa∂v sNdnb aΩp-

t°bn kmln_v \n¿t±iwh®-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬

]qt°mb Xßƒ kΩ-Xn-®n-√. inlm_v Xßfpw

\mev ktlm-Z-c-∑mcpw Xß-fpsS c≠p ]pX-∑m-

cpw CØcw ]tem-`-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v AIew ]m-

en-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ ]m¿ń-bpsSbpw t]mj-I-kw-

L-S-\-I-fp-sSbpw Xe-∏Øv Ah-cp-≠v. AXpw

ths≠∂p hbv°Ww F∂mWv Xs‚ A`n-]m-

bw F∂v inlm_v Xßƒ Cu A`n-ap-J-Øn¬

]d-bp-∂p≠v.

Xßsf ImWm≥ ImØn-cp∂v apjn-tb≠n

h∂mepw Xßsf I≠m¬ Bcpw apjn-bn-√. an-

X-hm-Znbpw anX-`m-jnbpw amX-a√ kvanX-`m-jn-

bp-amWv Xßƒ. kwkm-cn-°p-tºmƒ aµ-l-kn-

°p-∂-bmƒ F∂-Xn-ep-]cn aµ-l-kn-°p-tºmƒ

amXw kwkm-cn-°p-∂-bmƒ F∂p thW-sa-¶n¬

]d-bmw. CS°v \¿a-Øns‚ Du¿P-ap≈ Nne \n-

w-K-\n-co-£-W-ß-fn-eqsS At±-l-Øns‚ ckn-

IXzw ]pd-Øp-h-cpw. Xß-fp-ambn t\ctºm°p-

Iƒ ]¶p-h-bv°m≥ kzmX-¥y-ap-f-f-h¿ t\cw

t]mIp-∂Xv Adn-bn-√.

CØ-c-samcp A\p-`hw sImc-º-bn¬ Al-

ΩZv lmPn Fgp-Xn-bn- p-≠v. tkmWn-bm-Km-‘nsb

ImWm≥ Xßfpw sImc-º-bnepw IqSn U¬ln-

bn¬t]mbn aS-ßp-tºmƒ c≠p-t]cpw hnam\-

Øn¬ ASp-Ø-SpØ ko‰n¬ Ccn-°p-∂p. Icn-

∏q-¿ hnam-\-Øm-h-f-Øn\v ASp-sØØn Xmgv-∂p-

]d-°p-tºmƒ hnam\w Ipep-ßm≥XpS-ßn. A-

t∏mƒ Xßƒ ]d™p: CXv BIm-isØ ]-

©m-b-Øv-tdmUv Bbn-cn-°pw. Xßƒ CXp ]d-

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

142

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

bp-tºmgpw tIc-f-Øn¬ ]©m-bØv hIp∏pw

s]mXp-a-cm-a-ØvhIp∏pw At±-l-Øns‚ ]m¿ń-

bpsS I-øn-¬-Øs∂ Bbn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww.

CuPn-]vXnse ]i-kvX-amb A¬-˛-A-kvl¿

k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnepw ]n∂oSv sIbvtdm k¿h-

I-em-im-e-bnepw ]Tn®v Ad-_n kmln-Xy-Øn¬

_ncpZwt\Sn-b -in-lm_v Xßƒ sIbvtdm k¿h-

I-em-imebnse ssiJv A_vZp¬ leow alvaqZv

F∂ kq^n-h-cys‚ injy-\m-bn-cp-∂p. -Hcp ]-

WvUn-Xs‚IqsS kabw sNe-h-gn®v kq^nkw

tImgvkpw ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ad-_n-km-

ln-Xy-Øn-ep≈ Xmev]cyw Ct∏mgpw IqsS-bp-

≠v. F∂m¬ hnIm-c-ßsf F∂ t]mse ]m-Wv-

Un-Xy-sØbpw At±lw hm°p-I-fn¬ ]mgm-°p-

∂n-√.

]mW-°m´v FØp∂ B¿°pw Nmb Dd-∏v.

Nne-t∏m-sgm-s° ]e-lm-c-ß-fpw. F∂m¬ hm°p-

I-fpsS [mcm-fnØw sIm≠v inlm_v Xßƒ

Bscbpw Aßs\ k¬°-cn-°m-dn-√. GXp tNm-

Zy-sØbpw At±lw Hcp Nncn-tbmsS t\cnSpw.

Nncn-sbm-cp-Ø-c-am-Ip-tºmƒ Nne tNmZy-ßƒ A-

\m-Y-am-Ipw. Zo¿L-amb DØ-c-ßfpw hni-Zo-I-c-

W-ßfpw At±-l-Øn\p ]Yy-a-√. ]t≠ bp≈

Cu ep_v[n¬ sX√v Abhphcp-Øn-bmWv A-

t±lw kwkm-cn-®-Xv.

Xßƒ Ipdt® kwkm-cn°q F∂-dnbmw.

AXp ioew sIm≠m-tWm, AtXm a\:]q¿∆-

amb Hcp Icp-Xtem?

Btem-Nn®p kzoI-cn® Hcp am¿K-sam-∂p-a√

AXv. Ipd®p kwkm-cn-°pI F∂Xv Fs‚ ]Ir-

X-am-Wv. Rm≥ Aß-s\-bmWv. hnIm-c-`-cn-X-\m-

hm-dn-√. AXp kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv.

]qt°mb Xßfpw Cu ]Ir-X-°m-c-\m-bn-

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

143

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

cpt∂m?

_m∏bpw AXym-h-iy-Øn\p amXta kwkm-

cn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈q.

\m´p-cm-Py-ßsf C¥y≥ bqWn-b-\n¬ ebn-

∏n-®n-cp∂ ImeØv sslZ-cm-_m-Zn-ep-≠mb ]-

iv\-ß-tfmSv A\p-_-‘n®v ]qt°m-b-X-ß-

sfbpw AdÃp sNbvXn-cp-∂p-h-t√m. _m∏sb

Ad-Ãv-sNbvXp-sh∂v Adn-™-t∏mƒ D≠mb

hnImcw F¥m-bn-cp∂p?

Rm\∂v kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p-I-bm-Wv. hmkvX-

h-Øn¬ A∂v F\n-°p-≠mb hnIm-c-sØ-∏‰n

Ct∏mƒ ]dbm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√. Aß-s\- DXv°-

Samb Hcp Hm¿Ω AtX-°p-dn®v C√m-Ø-Xp-t]m-

se. Hcp ]t£, B AdÃns‚ A¿∞hpw hym-

]vXnbpw a\- n-em-°m-\p≈ ]mbhpw Adnhpw

As∂-\n°v C√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-hmw.

Fs¥m-s°-bmWv hy‡n-]-c-amb Xmev]-cy-

ßƒ? _mUvan‚¨ Ifn-bnepw ae-I-b-‰-Øn-

epw a‰pw Xmev]-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn tIń-

´p≠v?

tImgn-t°mSv Fw. Fw. kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p-tºm-

ƒ _mUvan‚¨ Ifn-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A∂p

kvIqfn¬ Rß-fpsS Nmºy-\m-bn-cp∂p jnbm-

en-t°m-b. At±lw ]n∂oSv Kpcp-hm-bq-c-∏≥ tIm-

tf-Pn¬ A[ym-]-I-\m-bn. At±-lsØ ASp-Øn-

sS ho≠pw I≠p. ChnsS h∂n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

\S∏v apºv CjvS-am-bn-cp-∂p. DucIw ae-bpsS

apI-fn¬ \S-∂p-I-bdpw. ae-∏p-dsØ Ip∂n\p apI-

fnepw Ib-dpw. F¥n-\m-W∂v ae-I-bdn \S∂-

sXm-s°-sb∂v C∂v Btem-Nn-®m¬ A∂v ]-

tXy-In®v ]Wn-sbm∂pw C√m-™n-´m-sW∂v a\-

n-em-hpw. Ct∏mƒ ka-b-an-√m-Ø-Xp- sIm≠v \S-

∏p-an-√. hoSns‚]n∂n-ep≈ ]qt¥m-´-Øn¬ Ip-d-

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

144

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

®p t_m¨km-bn-sbms° D≠v. AsXms°

I-≠v AhnsS Ipd®p \S-s∂-¶n-em-bn.

Xnc-°ns\ Fß-s\-bmWp kao-]n-°p-∂Xv?

Xnc-°p-≈Xv hnj-a-amtWm? Icp-Wm-I-c-s\-t∏m-

se, DΩ≥Nm-≠n-sb-t∏mse?

Icp-Wm-I-c\pw DΩ≥Nm-≠n°pw Xnc-°n-s√-¶n¬

Ah-cpsS BtcmKyw Xs∂ icn-bm-hn-√. Icp-Wm-

I-c\v Ipd®v sS≥j≥IqSn-bp-s≠-¶nte Djm-dm-

hq. F∂m¬ F\n°v Aß-s\-b-√. Xnc°v IqSn-

tb Xocp-sh-∂n-√. H‰-°n-cp∂v hmbn-°m\pw C-

jvS-am-Wv. ]t£, Xnc°v FX Atem-k-c-am-bm-

epw AXn-t\mSv s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sm≥ hnjaw tXm-

∂m-dn-√.

Xnc-°p-aq-e-ap-≠mb \jvS-ßsf∏‰n Nn¥n-

®n- pt≠m? CjvS-ap-≠m-bn´pw Dt]-£n-t°-≠n-

h∂ ioe-ßƒ...

]Ir-Xn-`wKn ImWm≥ F\n°p ]tXyI Xm-

¬∏-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]Ir-Xn-bpsS Nne ]tXy-

I-X-Iƒ Fs∂ F∂pw BI¿jn-®n-cp-∂p. apsºm-

cn-°¬ \oe-°p-dn-™n-]qØp F∂p tI´-t∏mƒ

Rm≥ AXp ImWm≥ CSp°n `mK-Øp-t]m-bn.

IqsS Nne kplr-Øp-°fpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. bmX-

bmWv as‰m-cn-jvSw.

bmXm-th-f-Iƒ Fß-s\-bmWv D]-tbm-K-s∏-

Sp-ØpI? ]Ir-Xn-`wKn I≠mtWm?

bmX F\n°v ]T-\-th-f-bm-Wv. CuPn-]vXn¬

]Tn-°p-tºmƒ ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ kµ¿in-®v Ipdn-s∏-

SpØv Rm≥ teJ\w Fgp-Xn-bn- p-≠v. Ncn-X-kvam-

c-I-ßƒ ImWm-\mWv F\n°v G‰hpw Xmev]-

cyw. CubnsS sslZ-cm-_m-Zn¬ t]mbn-cp-∂p. \m-

\qdv sIm√-Øn-\-∏p-d-ap≈ ss\km-ans‚ `c-W-

Im-esØ∏‰n ]e-Im-cy-ßfpw a\- n-em-°m≥ I-

gn-™p. sslc-Zm-_m-Zn¬ ss\km-an-t‚Xv A-√m-

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

145

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Ø ]e tIm´-Ifpw a‰pap≠v. F∂m¬ Xnc-°n´

bmX-bm-b-Xn-\m¬ AsXm∂pw ImWm≥ ]‰n-

bn-√. AXn¬ k¶-S-ap-≠v.

Im¿ bmX CjvS-amtWm?

Ipd®v CjvS-amWv F∂p ]d-b-Ww. Imdn-em-

hp-tºmƒ a‰v Akz-ÿ-X-I-sfm-∂p-an-√. AXp-sIm-

≠v hmbn°mw Fs∂mcp ]tbm-P-\-ap-≠v.

bmX-°nsS ]m´p-tIƒ°-sem-∂p-ant√?

]m´p-tIƒ°pw. Ad-_n-Km-\-ßfpw lnµn Km\-

ß-fp-amWv CjvSw.

GXp ÿe-amWv C\n ImWm≥ BK-l-ap-

≈Xv?

Dkv_°n-ÿm-\n¬ t]mI-W-sa∂p Iptd-°m-

e-ambn BK-ln-°p-∂p. ]hm-NIhN-\-ßƒ

kw_-‘n®v B[nIm-cn-I-ambn Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≈

lZokv]WvUn-X≥ Camw _pJm-cn-bp-sS- P-∑ \m-

Smb _pJmd, Dkv_-°n-ÿm-\n-em-Wv. Ahn-sS-

t∏mbn F√mw ImW-W-sa∂v BK-l-ap-≠v.

Fgp-]Xmw hb- nepw kpµ-c-\m-b-Xp-sIm-

≠p tNmZn-°p-I-bm-Wv. CuPn]vXn¬ ]Tn-°p∂

ImeØv h√ _‘hpw....?

ehv As -b¿ BtWm Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. Aß-

s\-sbm∂pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]ns∂ kpµ-c≥

BsW-s∂ms° h√-hcpw ]d-bp-∂-X-t√. Rm≥

Aßs\ ]d-™n- pt≠m? (ap-JØv kpµ-c-am-sbm-

cp Nncn)

Xßƒ°p tZzjyw hcn√ F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xp

icn-bmsWm?

tZzjy-Øns‚ Imcy-a-t√, Nne-t∏mƒ h∂n-´p-

≠m-hpw.

CuPn-]vXnse A¬- -A-kvl¿ bqWn-th-gvkn-

‰n-bnepw ]n∂oSv sIbvtdm bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-

bnepw ]Tn-°p∂ Ime-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ kvac-W-

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

146

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Iƒ? k-l-]m-Tn-I-fn¬ Bcp-am-sb-¶nepw C-

t∏mgpw _‘-s∏-Sm-dpt≠m?

Rm≥ CuPn-]vXn¬ ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ ][m-\-

a¥n s\lvdp CuPn]vXv kµ¿in-°m-s\-Øn.

]Wv-Un-‰vPnsb ImWm≥ Rßƒ C¥y≥ Fw_-

kn-bn-¬t]mbn. AhnsS as‰mcp s\lvdphpw D≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. A∂sØ Aw_m-k-U¿ _n.-sI. s\-

lvdp. CuPn]vXv ]kn-U‚ v \mkdpw s\lvdp-hns‚

H∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Rßƒ C¥y≥ hnZym¿∞n-

Iƒ-°v henb kt¥m-j-am-bn. Rßƒ s\lvdp-

hn\pw \mk-dn-\p-sam∏w \n∂v t^mt´m FSp-Øp.

s\lvdp-hns‚ Hmt´m-Km v hmßp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

A-Xn-t∏mgpw ChnsS Fhn-sStbm Ds≠∂p

tXm∂p-∂p.

amen-Zzo]v ]kn-U‚ v A_vZp¬ Jøqw kl-

]m-Tn-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂v tIń-´p-≠v.

A_vZp¬ Jøqapw amen-Zzo-]nse hntZ-i-Im-

cy-a¥n ^X-lp√ Paoepw Fs‚ kl-]m-Tn-I-

fmbn-cp-∂p.

]T-\-Im-eØv Fgp-Øn¬ Xmev]-cy-ap-≠m-bn-

cp-∂-t√m. IhnX FgpXnbncpt∂m?

Ad-_n-bn¬ Ihn-X-sb-gpXn Fhn-sStbm ]-

kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. Jeo¬ Pn_ms‚ Hcp sNdp-

I-Y ]cn-`m-j-s∏-SpØn Nµn-I-bn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-

cn-®p. IqSp-Xepw teJ-\-ß-fmWv Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. ]nc-

an-Up-I-fpsS Ncn-Xw. kqbkv I\mepw \mk¿

]≤-Xnbpw, CuPn-]vXnse ]X-]-h¿Ø\w,

C-_v\p-ko-\-bp-sSbpw A¬s_-dq-\n--bpsSbpw

PohnXw XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p hnj-b-ßƒ.

A[ym-]-I≥ BIm-\m-bn-cp-∂nt√ BKlw?

CuPn-]vXn¬ Xs∂ \√iº-f-Øn¬ A[ym-]-

I-\mbn Ign-bm-sa-∂n-cns° XncnsIt]mcm≥

F-¥m-bn-cp∂p t]cW?

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

147

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

CuPn-]vXn¬ Xs∂ tPmenIn´p-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Pn-±bnepw \s√mcp tPmen Xcs∏Spambn-cp-∂p.

]t£, D∏m°v kΩ-X-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-

≠mWv Rm≥ 1966¬ Xncn-®p-h-∂-Xv. hoń¬ h∂-

Xn-\p-ti-jhpw Ad_n ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ h-

cpØn hmbn-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hoń¬ D∏sb

ImWm-s\-Øp-∂-h¿°v Nmb sImSp-Øn-cp-∂Xv

Rm\m-Wv. cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ F\n°v Xm¬∏cy-

ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

l÷v thmf-≠n-b¿ Bbn-cp∂ ImesØ

Hm¿Ω-Iƒ?

Rm\pw ]tc-X-\mb ]n.sI. DΩ¿ Jm\p-amWv

I∏-en¬ thmf-≠n-b¿am-cmbn D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

]ns∂ c≠p sh¬^-b¿ Hmô-k¿am¿. AXn-

sem∂p tUm. Icow. at‰-bmƒ sslZ-cm-_mZp-

Im-c≥. Fgp-∂q-dn¬]cw lmPn-am¿ I∏-en¬ D-

≠m-bn-cp-∂p. IS-en-f°w sIm≠v Nne¿°v O¿±n,

Nne¿°v ]\n. Ch-sc-sbms° tUmIvS-dpsS ASp-

Øp sIm≠p t]mIsems° thmf-≠n-b¿am-cpsS

Npa-X-e-bm-Wv. Hm¿°p-tºmƒ Nmcn-Xm¿∞yw

tXm∂p-∂Xpw AXn-em-Wv. ]Øp- ap-∏-Ø©p

sIm√w apºsØ Imcy-am-Wv. A∂v F´p-Zn-h-k-

sa-SpØp I∏¬ t_mws_-bn¬ \n∂v Pn±-bn

-se-Øm≥.

IpSpw-_-tbm-K-ßfpw hwim-hen tcJ-s∏-Sp-

Øepw apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ km[m-c-W-b√-

t√m. Xßƒ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ hwim-hen IrXy-

ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´pt≠m?

IpSpw-_-N-cnXw Fgp-Xp-∂ coXn s]mXp-sh-

bn√ F∂Xp icn-bm-Wv. Xßƒ IpSpw-_-Øns‚

hwim-hen ]t£, ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-

Øn-t∏m-∂p.

Xßƒ IpSpw_w Z£n-W-b-a-\n¬\n∂v hf-

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

148

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

]´-WØv FØn F∂m-Wt√m Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-

Xv. IpSpw-_-Øns‚ thcp-IƒtXSn ba-\n¬

t]mbn-´pt≠m?

1999¬ kuØv ba-\n¬ t]mbn. tIc-f-hp-ambn

]eImcy-ß-fnepw kmaywI≠p. lf¿au-Xnse

Xco-an¬ Ppam-a-kvPnZn¬t]mb-t∏mƒ \ΩpsS-

coXn Xs∂-bmWv Ahn-sS-sb∂pI≠v Rm≥ A-

¤p-X-s∏-´p. PpapA°p≈ JpØp_ InXm_v

ChnsS D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xp Xs∂. \Ωp-tSXp

t]mse sh≈-h-kvXhpw sh≈-sØm-∏nbpw. B-

Xn-Yy-a-cym-Z-bnepw ae-bm-f-°m-sc-t∏mse tXm∂n.

\√ kvt\l-ap-≈-h¿. kønZv ]c-º-c-sb-°p-dn®v

Ahn-SpsØ ]WvUn-X¿ F\n°p hni-Zo-I-cn-

®pX∂p. Hcp Ad-_nsb ]cn-N-b-s∏-´p. At±lw

hoń-te°v \n¿_-‘-]q¿hw `£-W-Øn\phnfn-

®p. Fs‚ IqsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h¿ ]d-™p, t]m-

bm¬ Ah¿ BSns\ Ad-°pw, kZy-bp-≠m-°pw.

AsXms° Ignt™ t]mcm-s\m°q F∂-Xp-

sIm≠v B £Ww kvt\l-]q¿∆w \nc-kn-t°-

≠n h∂p. kab°pd-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

]talwIqSn ASp-Ø-bnsS U¬ln-bn¬ Nn-

In-’-bn¬ Ign-™-t∏mƒ ac-W- bw D-≠m-tbm?

ac-W-`-b-sam∂pw D≠m-bn-ń-√. ac-W-sØ-∏‰n

Nn¥n-®n-´pt≠m F∂m-sW-¶n¬ ac-W-sØ-∏‰n

a\p-jy≥ Nn¥n-t°-≠Xp Xs∂-bt√?

cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ Xmev]-cy-an-√m-bn-cp∂p

F∂p kqNn-∏n-®-t√m. ]qt°mb-X-ß-fpsS ac-

W-tijw eoKv kwÿm\ ]kn-U‚ vÿm\w

Gs‰-Sp-ØXv a\-t m-sS-bmtWm?

As∂\n°v ap∏-sØm-ºXv hb-t -bp-≈q. ap-

kvenweoKv kwÿm\ ]kn-U‚ v ÿm\w Fs∂-

s°m≠v \n¿_-‘n®v Gs‰-Sp-∏n-®-Xm-Wv. _n. hn.

A_vZp-√-tIm-bbpw kn. F®pw \n¿_-‘n-®p. C-

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

149

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

Xns‚ `mcw Btem-Nn®p Ipd®pt\cw apdn-°p-

≈n¬Ibdn IX-I-S®v Ccp∂p. Rm≥ Ic-™p-

t]m-bn.

eoKns‚ t\XrXzw hln-°p-∂Xv ]n∂oSv

_p≤n-ap-´mbn tXm∂n-bn-´pt≠m?

Hcp _p≤n-ap´pw D≠m-bn-ń-√.

apkvenweoKv ]e \n¿Wm-bI Xocp-am-\-

ßfpw Xßƒ°p-hn-Sp-I-bmWv ]Xnhv. Ipg∏w

]nSn® C-Øcw Imcy-ß-fn¬ XßƒXs∂-bm-

tWm Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂Xv? Fß-s\-bmWv Xo-

cp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂Xv?

_‘-s∏- -h-cp-ambn Rm≥ Btem-Nn-°m-dp-≠v.

]t£, Ah-km-\-Xo-cpam\w Ft‚Xp X-s∂-bm-

bn-cn-°pw. Fs‚ Xocp-am\w Rm≥ Xs∂-bmWv

FSp-°p-∂-Xv. Xocp-am-\-ßƒ s]mXpsh sX‰m-

dn√ F∂mWv F\n°p tXm∂n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. F-

∂m¬ F√mw icn-bm-bn-s°m-≈Ww F∂n-√.

F¥m-bmepw apkvenw eoKn¬ Hcp Xocp-am\w

FSp-Øm¬ AXp \S-∏m-bn-cn°pw. AXn-se-\n°p

\n¿_-‘-ap-≠v. a‰p-≈-h¿ A°m-cy-Øn¬ kl-

I-cn-°m-dp-ap-≠v.

Xßsf B¿s°-¶nepw kzm[o-\n-°m≥ Ign-

bptam?

AXX Ffp-∏-a-√. Aß-s\-sbmcp kzm[o\w

Hcmƒ°p-an√.-

kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Bflobt\Xr-Xzhpw Hcp

cm-jvSo-b-]m¿ń-bpsS t\Xr-Xzhpw H∂n-®p-h-

ln-°p-∂Xp cmjvSo-bhpw aXhpw XΩn-ep≈

Iqń-°p-g-°¬ Bhnt√?

cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ Bflo-bX ]mSn√ F∂hmZ-

amWv Cu tNmZy Øn\v ASn-ÿm\w. Fs‚ A`n-

]m-b-Øn¬ cmjvSobw Bflobw IqSn-bm-h-Ww.

Bflo-b-X-bpsS Awi-an-√mØ cmjvSobw tami-

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

150

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

am-bn-t∏m-Ipw. ]q¿W-ambpw A[m¿an-I-am-bn-t∏m-

Ipw. DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-an-√m-Ø-Xm-bn-t∏m-Ipw. u-Xn-

Iw amXw aXn-sb∂ Nn¥-bm-Wn-t∏mƒ cmjvSo-

bsØ tami-am-°n-b-Xv.

apkvenweo-Kns‚ cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ Bflo-b-

X-°v ÿm\-apt≠m? Agn-a-Xnbpw A[m¿an-I-

Xbpw eoKn¬ Cs√∂v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bptam?

apkvenweo-Knepw A\m-tcmKy ]h-W-X-Iƒ

D≠m-bn- p-≠v. at‰Xp ]m¿ń-bnepwt]mse. C°m-

cy-Øn¬ eoKns\amXw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv a-‰p-

Nne e£y-ßƒ h®p-sIm-≠m-Wv.

a¥n, Fw.]n. F∂p XpSßn GXpÿm\hpw

hnfn-∏p-d-Øm-bn´pw Xßƒ IpSpw-_-Øn¬\n∂v

Bcpw A[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-ß-fn-te°v hcm-ØXv

F¥p-sIm≠v?

F√m ÿm\-ßfpw RßƒXs∂ FSp-t°≠

Bh-iy-an-√. ]m¿ń-bn¬ Ign-hp-≈-h¿ thsd-bp-

≠-t√m. a¥n ÿm\-sam∂pw Rßƒ°v Bh-

iy-an-√.

CXn\v as‰mcphi-ap-≠v. ]m¿ń-bnse Xm-

t°m-¬ÿm\-ß-fn-se√mw Xßƒ IpSpw-_mw-

Kß-fmWv. bqØveoKv ]kn-U‚ v ÿm\-Øp-

t]mepw. ]m¿ń-bn¬ a‰p t\Xm-°ƒ°v, ]tXy-

In®v bphm-°ƒ°v IqSp-X¬ ]mXn-\n[yw

\¬Im-Ø-sX¥v?

]m¿ń-bnse ÿm\-ß-sfm∂pw Rßƒ kzta-

[bm Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-X-√. a‰p-≈-h¿ \n¿_-‘n®v

G¬∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. -ÿm-\-Øn-cn-°m-\p≈ C-„w

sIm≠√ IpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ Hmtcmtcm ÿm\-

Øp-≈-Xv. ]m¿ńXocp-am\w A\p-k-cn-®m-Wv.

tIm¨Kkv ssl°-am≥Upw eoKpw XΩn-

ep≈ _‘w Nne]apJ tIm¨Kkv t\Xm-

°-ƒ°p Xs∂ Akqb D≠m-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

151

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

F¥mWv Cu _‘-Øns‚ clkyw?

eoKpw tIm¨K-kns‚ tIµt\Xr-Xzhpw X-

Ωn-ep≈ _‘-Øn¬ cl-ky-sam-∂p-an-√. s\lvdp-

hns‚ ImeØp XpS-ßnb ]c-ky-_-‘-am-W-Xv.

Cµn-cm-Km-‘n-bpsSImeØv AXv i‡-am-bn.

tkmWn-bm-Km‘n-bpsS ImeØv Aß-s\-Xs∂

XpS-cp-∂p.

tIµ-`-c-W-Øn¬ apkvenweoKv ]¶m-fn-

bmbXv tIc-f-Øn¬ Hcp _m[y-X-bmtbm?

tIm¨K-kn-s\ F√m- Im-cy-Ønepw \ymbo-I-

cn -t°≠ A-

h-ÿ?

Aßs\ \ymbo-I-cn-t°≠ Ah-ÿ-sbm-∂p-

an-√. eoKv AXym-h-iy-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ AXns‚ A`n-

]mbw ]d-™n-´p-≠v. tIm¨K-knse ]iv\-ß-

ƒ kw_-‘n®pw AXv ]d-™n- p-≠v. Nne hn`mK-

ßƒ sX‰n amdn-t∏m-hp-∂Xp icn-b-s√∂pw F√m-

hcpw tbmPn-®p-\n¬°-W-sa-∂p-am-bn-cp∂p eo-Kn-

s‚ A`n-]m-bw. Ct∏mgpw AXmWv A`n-]m-bw.

_m^Jn Xßƒ D≠m-°nb ap∂-Wnsb s]mfn-

°-cpXv Ft∂ Rm≥ ]d-bq. tIm¨K-knepw

Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw Hmtcm AP≠ ]mSn-√. sam-

Øw \mSn-s‚bpw ]m¿ń-bp-sSbpw KpWwIqSn

t\m°-Ww.

tIm¨K-knse A®-S-°-Øns‚ Imcy-

Øn¬ eoKns‚ \ne-]mSv F¥mWv?

AsXms° tIm¨KkvXs∂ Xocp-am-\n-°-

s´. F√m-hcpw D≠m-hWw Ft∂ -R-ßƒ°p-

≈q. Bscbpw ]pd-Øm-°-cp-Xv. A®-S°w I¿i-

\-am-°Ww F∂ \ne-]mSv D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw

ssl°-am≥Un-s\-s°m≠v AXv AwKo-I-cn-∏n-

°m≥ Ign-™n-√ F∂mWv Rm≥ a\- n-em-°n-

b-Xv. ISpØ\S-]-Sn-Iƒ Hgn-hm-°Ww F∂v ssl-

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

152

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

°-am≥Upw BK-ln-®p-sh-∂mWv AXn-\¿∞w.

F¥m-bmepw ssl°-am≥Uv Hcp Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-

Øm¬ eoKv AXwKo-I-cn-°pw.

Hcp ]©m-b-Øv Xnc-s™-Sp∏p IqSnhcn-I-

bm-Wv. Ign™ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ apkvenweoKpw

kn.]n.FΩpw hncp≤ ap∂-Wn-I-fn¬ Bbn-cp-

s∂-¶nepw AS-hp-\-b-a-\p-k-cn®v ]c-kv]cw k-

lm-bn-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ct∏mƒ eoKpw kn.-

]n.F-Ωpw hfsc AI¬®-bn-em-Wv. hn. Fkv.

ANyp-Xm-\-µs‚ \ne-]m-SmtWm CXn-s\ms°

Imc-Ww?

Hcm-fpsS \ne-]m-Sns\ amX-ambn Rm≥ ]cm-

a¿in-°p-∂n-√. kn.]n.FΩns\ hniz-kn-°m≥

sIm≈n√ F∂v eoKn\v t_m[y-ap-≠m-bn-´p-≠v.

AXv A\p-`hwsIm≠p ]d-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. kn.]n.-

Fw. \yq\-]£ kwc-£-I-cmbn Ft∏mgpw cwK-

Øp-h-cpw. ]t£, AXn¬ Bflm¿∞-X-bn-√. A-

h¿°v Hcp AP≥U-bp-≠v. AX-h¿ \S-∏m-°pw.

Bcp IqsS-\n-∂mepw \S-∏m°pw; \n∂n-s√-¶nepw

\S-∏m-°pw.

F.sI. B‚-Wn-bpsS hnhm-Z-]-kvXm-h-\-

sbØpS¿∂p≈ eoKns‚ ]Xn-I-cWw AXn-cp-

I-S-∂-Xmbn F∂v ]n∂oSv tXm∂ntbm? AXv

tIc-f-Øn¬ kmap-Zm-bnI hn`-P-\-Øn\v hgn-

sh-®nt√?

B‚Wn Aßs\ ]d-™-Xn¬ hnjaw tXm-

∂n. eoKns‚ ]Xn-I-cWw Gsd-°psd icn-bm-

bn-cp-∂p. Nne Imcy-ß-fn¬ i‡-ambn ]Xn-I-

cn-°-Ww. B‚-Wn-bp-am-bp≈ hy‡n-_-‘-Øn\v

Ct∏mgpw Ipd-shm-∂p-an-√.

F≥.Fkv.Fkpw Fkv.F≥.-Un. -]n-bpw

tbmPn-®p≈ \o°-ß-fn¬ eoKn\v Hcp ktµ-

i-ap-≈-Xm-bn tXm∂p-∂pt≠m? CØcw Iq´m-

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

153

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

bva-Iƒ h¿§o-b-am-sW∂v]d-bmtam?

Hcp kap-Zmbw A\y-k-ap-Zm-b-ßsf tami-am-

bn NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂n-SØmWv h¿§obX ImtW-

≠-Xv. kz¥w Imcyw ]d-bp-∂Xv h¿§o-b-X-b-√.

P\m-[n-]-Xy-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ A¿ln-°p∂ ÿm\-

ßƒ F√mw kwL-S-\-Iƒ°pw sImSp-°-Ww.

apkvenwIƒ lnµpkwL-S-\-I-sfbpw lnµp-°ƒ

apkvenwkwL-S-\-I-sfbpw BZ-cn-°-Ww. adn-®p-

≈ \ne-]mSv icn-b-√.

\mb¿- -Cu-gh sFIy-Øn-s‚bpw ssIkvX-

h-k-`-I-fpsS tbmPn-®p≈ \ne-]m-Sn-s‚bpw

]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ apkvenw kwL-S-\-Iƒ°n-S-

bn¬ IqSp-X¬ sFIy-Zm¿Vyw ]Xo-£n-°p-

∂pt≠m? kp-∂n, apPm-lnZv `n∂-X-Iƒ adn-I-

S-°m≥ Ign-bptam?

cmjvSo-b-ambn H∂n®p ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn¬

kp∂n, apPm-lnZv hyXym-k-sam∂pw ]iv\-am-In-

√. aX-hn-`mKw F∂\ne-bn¬ ]tXyI hnizm-

k-ßƒ D≠m-hmw. ]t£, cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ A-

sXm∂pw XS- -a-√. apkvenw eoKn¬ kp∂n-Ifpw

apPm-ln-Zp-I-fp-ap-≠-t√m. Fw. sI. lmPnbpw _m-

^-Jn-Ø-ßfpw H∂n®p ]h¿Øn-®p. Fw. kn.

kn. A_vZp- d-ln-am≥ aue-hnbpw ktlm-Z-c-∑m-

cpw apPm-lnZv t\Xm-°fmbn-cp-∂-t√m. AXp-t]m-

se koXn-lm-Pn.

Im¥-]pcw hn`m-K-Øn\v Ct∏mƒ kn.]n.

F-Ωn-t\mSv BWt√m B`n-ap-Jyw.

B cmjvSobw eoKv hncp≤w Ft∂-bp-≈q.

tIc-f-Ønse ap∂Wn `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-

Øn¬ eoKn\v Xr]vXn-bmtWm? ][m\ hIp-

∏p-I-sf√mw Ipsd-°m-e-ambn eoKv ssIhiw

h®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-¬ Imcy-amb Aa¿j-ap-≈-h-

cp-≠v.

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

154

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

B Aa¿j-sams° Akq-b- sIm-≠p-≈-Xm-

Wv. A¿l-X-bp-≈tX eoKn\p e`n-®n-´p-≈q. ap-

∂Wn kwhn-[m\w _m^-Jn-X-ßƒ D≠m-°n-

b-Xm-Wv. AXns\ Xf-fn-∏-d-tb≠ Imcy-an-√.

apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Ønse bmYm-ÿn-XnI Im-

gvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒam‰n Hcp \thm-∞m-\-Øn\p hgn-

sbm-cp-t°-≠Xp kmaq-lnI cmjvSob ]ÿm-

\-ß-ft√? apkvenw eoKv AXp sNøp-∂pt≠m?

kap-Zmb t\Xmhv F∂ \ne-bn¬ Xßƒ AXn-

\p ap≥ssI FSp-°ptam?

kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏mSv am‰m\pw hnZym-

`ym-k-]-c-ambn ]ptcm-KXn t\Sm-\pap≈ ia-ßƒ

Rß-fpsS `mK-Øp-\n∂v D≠m-hp-∂p-≠v. skan-

\m-dp-Iƒ, tbmK-ßƒ Hs° kwL-Sn-∏n®v t_m[-

h¬°-cWw \S-Øp-∂p. kmwkvIm-cn-I-am-bp≈

hf¿® kaq-Zm-b-Øn\v D≠m-h-Ww. AXn\v Du-

∂¬ sImSp-°m-\p-≠v. apºv ae-_m-dn¬ ssl-

kvIqƒt]mepw Zp¿e`-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ B

\ne-sbm° amdn. eoKv Hmô-kp-I-tfmSv tN¿∂v

hmb-\-ime ÿm]n-°Ww F∂v ]tXyIw \n-

jv°¿jn-®n- p-≠v.

tcmK-]o-U-Iƒ°pw am\-kn-I-]-iv\-ßƒ-

°pw ]cn-lmcw tXSn Xßsf Ht -sd-t∏¿ kao-

]n-°m-dp-≠-t√m? A‘-hn-izm-k-ßsf t]m-

’m-ln-∏n-°p∂ hnizm-k-Nn-In-’-bmtWm A-

h¿°p \¬Ip-∂-Xv. AtXm bYm¿∞ a-cp-

t∂m?

Rm≥ sImSp-°p-∂Xv acp-∂m-Wv. a¥hpw

X¥-hp-sam-∂p-a-√. A‘-hn-izm-k-sa-s∂ms°

]d™v AXv hnhm-Z-am-t°-≠. bq\m-\nbpw

Bbp¿th-Zhpw tN¿∂-XmWv Fs‚ NnIn-’m-

hn-[n. AXp IpSpw-_-Øn\p ]c-º-c-bmbn Inńb

Adn-hm-Wv. Rm≥ Ht´sd ]pkvX-I-ßƒ hmbn®p

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

155

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-ap-≠v.

]mW-°mSv sImS-∏-\-°¬ Xd-hm-ń¬ Znh-k-

hpw FØp∂ FXtbm t]¿°mWv inlm_v

Xßƒ km¥z-\-a-cp-fp-∂-Xv.

hnizm-k-Øn-s‚bpw ssI∏p-Wy-Øn-s‚bpw

Huj-[-kv]¿iw Adn-™-h-cn¬ kmlnXy A-

°m-Zan ]kn-U‚ v bqk-ên tIt®-cn-bp-ap-≠v.

At±lw Hcp A\p-`hw Cßs\ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-

bn-cn-°p∂p:

Rm\pw Fs‚ ]Xv\n IZo-Pbpw IqSn ]mW-

°m vsN∂v At±-lsØ I≠Xv Hm¿°p-∂p. Hcp

hnj-a-L- sØ XcWw sNøp-hm≥ th≠n-bmWv

Rßƒ At±-lsØ ]mW-°mSv sN∂p I≠-

Xv. Rm\pw Fs‚ ]Xv\nbpw Rßƒ°p-th≠n

A√m-lp-hn-t\mSv ]m¿∞n-°-W-sa∂v At±-l-

tØmSv At]-£n-®p. Rß-fpsS C∂sØ ]bm-

k-ßƒ C√m-Xm-°n-Ø-cp-hm≥ ]tXy-In®v A√m-

lp-hn-t\mSv ZpB sNø-W-sa∂pw Rßƒ At]-

£n-®p. DS-s\-Øs∂ B alm≥ c≠pssIIfpw

Db¿Øn-s°m≠p Ad-_n-bn¬ Hcp ]m¿-∞-\-

sNm√n. F∂n v Rßsf Im∏n°v £Wn-®p. he-

XpssI Db¿Øn Fs‚ Npa-en¬ Xtem-Sn-s°m-

≠v kvt\l-tØmsS Xßƒ ]d™p: Xm¶ƒ

t]mbvs°m-≈q. A√mlp c£n-°pw. Rßƒ

Xncn®pt]m∂p. t]mcp-tºmƒ Fs‚ ]Xv\n IZo-

P \qdp-cq-]-bpsS ]Øpt\m´p-Iƒ Xß-fpsS ssI-

bn¬ ka¿∏n-®p. H´pw aSn-°msX At±lw B

Id≥kn-Iƒ ssIbn-se-SpØv IZo-PsbXs∂ Xn-

cn-t®¬∏n®p-sIm≠p ]d-™p: tamtf, F\n-°n-

sXm∂pw th≠, \nßƒ kam-[m-\-tØmsS t]m-

bvt°m-fq. Xncn®v Rßƒ tIt®-cn-bn-se Rß-

fpsS hk-Xn-bn-se-Øn. GXm\pw Znh-k-ßƒ

Ign-™-t∏m-tg°pw Rßsf _m[n® hnj-a-L-

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

156

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

´w Rß-fn¬\n∂v AI∂pIgn-™n-cp∂p F∂

kt¥m-j- h¿Ø-am\w Rßƒ°p Inń.''

Znhy-amb Cu kn≤n At±-l-Øn\p ssIh-

∂Xv \nc-¥-c-amb km[p-P-\-tk-h\w H-∂p-sIm-

≠p amX-am-sW∂v Rm≥ Icp-Xp-∂p.

A\nkvemanIw F∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂ ]e-

Xn-s\bpw cmjvSo-b-]m¿ń-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ ap-

kv-enweo-Kn\v \ymbo-I-cn-t°≠n hcnt√? DZm-

l-c-W-Øn\v ]eni ]mSn√ F∂ XXzw. AXp

ew-Ln-°-s∏-Sp-I-bt√?

Nne hn´p-ho-gvN-Iƒ°v \Ωƒ \n¿_-‘n-X-

cm-hpw F∂Xv icn-bmWv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Hcm-

ƒ Hcp ]pXnb Im¿ hmßp-∂p. apgp-h≥ ]Whpw

sImSp-Øm-bn-cn-°n-√ AXp hmßp-∂-Xv. AXn\v

Hcp t_¶v hmbv]- th≠nhcmw. AXp tcJ-I-fn-

¬ Imt´≠nhcpw. hmbv]-bm-hp-tºmƒ ]en-ibpw

D≠mhpw. Cßs\ Nne ]mtbmKnI ]iv\-ß-

fp-≠v.

Fß-s\bpw ]W-ap-≠m-°Ww F∂ I®-

hS-Xmev]-cy-Øn¬ apkvenw kap-Zmbw ]n∂n-

em-sW-∂p ]d-bm≥ Ign-bptam?

]W-tØm-Sp≈ B¿Øn IqSn-h-cn-I-bm-sW-

∂Xv icn-bm-Wv. AXp-]t£, GsX-¶nepw Hcp

kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-b-√. temI-Øns‚

s]mXpHgp°v B coXn-bn-em-Wv. apkvenw kap-

Zm-bsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw I®-hSwsNbvXv

em -ap-≠m-°p-∂Xv \njn-≤-amb Imcy-a-√. dkq¬

(]-hm-N-I≥) sNbvX sXmgn-emWv I®-h-Sw. ]en-

itb \njn-≤-am-bn-´p-≈q. [\-k-ºm-Z\w Hcp

sX‰mbn ImWm≥ Ign-bn-√. ]W-Øn-\mbn ]Ww

D≠m-°-cpXv F∂p ]d-bmw. IrXy-ambn Hcp hn-

lnXw k°mØp sImSp-°pI F∂ ISa Hm¿a-

s∏-Sp-Ømw. ]t£, I®-hSw sNø-cp-sX-t∂m, em -

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

157

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

ap-≠m-°-cp-sXt∂m Hcp kap-Zm-b-t\-Xm-hn\pw

]d-bm≥Ign-bn-√.

_m_dnakvPnZv XI¿°-s∏´ Znh-k-ap-≠m-

b hnImcw? A∂v Dd-ßm≥ Ignt™m?

\ΩpsS mK-Øp-\n∂v ]tIm-]-\-]-c-amb \S-

]-Sn-Iƒ H∂pw D≠m-hm-Xn-cn-°m-\mWv A∂v i-

≤n-®-Xv. Aº-e-ß-fpsS aXn-en¬ t]mepw Bcpw

sXmScpXv F∂v kap-Zm-bmw-K-ß-tfmSv Rm≥

A`y¿∞n-®p ]kvXm-h-\-bnd-°n. Hcp Ipg-∏-hp-

ap-≠m-bn-√.

A_vZp¬ \mk¿ aA-Z\n-tbm-Sp≈ eoKns‚

\ne-]m-Sn¬ Imcy-amb am‰w ImWm-\p-≠-t√m.

a-A-Z\n-bp-ambn `mhn-bn¬ H∂n®v ]h¿Øn-

°m-≥ km[y-X-bpt≠m?

aA-Z\n-tbmSv am\p-jnI ]cn-K-W\ Im´Ww

F∂p]d-bp-∂Xv eoKns‚ \ne-]m-Sn¬ h∂ am‰-

a-√. aAZ\n eoKns\ FXn¿°p-∂-bm-fm-Wv.

At±-l-tØm-Sp≈ cmjvSob \ne-]m-Sn¬ Hcp

am‰-hp-an-√. At±-l-Øns‚ Pbn¬tamN-\-Øns‚

Imcy-amsW-¶n¬ AXp Xan-gv\mSv k¿°mcpw

tImS-Xnbpw Xocp-am-\n-t°≠ ImcyamWv.

`mjm-t]m-jnWn hm¿jn-I-]-Xn∏v 2005

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

158

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

P\m-[n-]-Xy-tN-cn-bpsS i‡n-tkm-X v]n.-sI. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿

]mW-°mSv kønZv apl-Ω-Zen inlm_v Xß-fp-ambn Rm≥ BZy-

ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-∂Xv apkvenw eoKpw kn.-]n.-sF.bpw Hcp-an®v tIcfw

`cn-®n-cp∂ Ime-Øm-Wv. sFIy-ap-∂-Wn-bpsS cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬

apkvenw eoKn\v ][m-\-s∏´ ]¶p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kønZv A–p-d-ln-

am≥ _m^Jn Xßfpw Npcp-ßnb Imew ]mW-°mSv ]qt°mb

Xßfpw At±-l-Øns‚ \ncym-W-tijw inlm_v Xß-fp-sams°

sFIy-ap-∂Wn `c-WsØ apt∂m´p sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn\v \n¿Æm-

b-I-amb ]¶p-h-ln-®n- p-≠v. ]qt°mb Xß-fpsS ac-W-tijw eoKns‚

t\Xr-ÿm-\Øp inlm_v Xßƒ h∂p. Rm\∂v sFIy-ap-∂-Wn-

bpsS tIm˛-Hm¿Un-t\-j≥ IΩ-‰n-bn¬ AwK-am-Wv. Aß-s\-bmWv

inlm_v Xß-fp-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

sFIy-ap-∂-Wn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-ßƒ N¿® sNøm≥ ae-

∏p-dØv ]mW-°m-Sp≈ Xß-fpsS hk-Xn-bn¬ Rm≥ t]mbn-´p-≠v.

A∂v inlm_v Xßƒ sNdp-∏-am-Wv. F¶nepw ]Iz-X-bm¿∂ s]cp-

am‰w, CcpØw hs∂mcp t\Xm-hns‚ ]Xn-Om-b-bmWv F∂n¬ Df-

hm-°n-b-Xv. Bh-iy-Øn\p amXw kwkm-cn-°p∂ ]Ir-Xw. hfsc

hn\-b-]q¿∆-amb CS-s]-S¬. kvt\lw \nd™ hy‡n-sb∂v ]Xy-

£-Øn¬Øs∂ B¿°pw tXm∂pw. inlm_v Xß-sf-°p-dn®v A°m-

e-Øp-Xs∂ F∂n¬ aXn-∏p-f-hm-°nb Imcy-ß-fm-Wn-sX-√mw.

]n∂oSv cm„o-b-ambn Rßƒ hgn-]n-cn-™p. Rßƒ CS-Xp-]£

ap∂-Wn-bpsS cq]o-I-c-Whpw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn apt∂m-´p-t]m-bn.

apkvenw-eoKv as‰mcp hgn-°pw. AXn-\p-ti-j-am-hs´ apkvenw eoKv

159

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

bp.-Un.-F-^nse ][m-\-s∏´ Hcp LS-I-I-£n-bm-hp-Ibpw AXns‚

t\Xr-ÿm-\-Øp-Xs∂ ][m\ ]¶p-h-ln-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

\ΩpsS C∂sØ hn[n-\n¿Æm-b-I-amb ]iv\w h¿§ob ^mkn-

k-Øns‚ sh√p-hn-fn-bm-Wv. atX-Xc C¥y°v \nc-¥c oj-Wn-bmbn

h¿Øn-°p∂ kwLv]-cnhmdns\-°p-dn®v ]s£ P\-ßƒ th≠X

a\- n-em-°n-bn-´pt≠m F∂ Imcyw kwi-b-am-Wv. h¿§o-bX B]¬-

°-c-am-Wv. kwLv]-cn-hm¿ ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ h¿§obX cmPy-

Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏n-s\-Øs∂ tNmZyw sNøp∂ Xc-Øn-em-Wv.

ln‰vedpw aptkm-fn-\n-bp-sams° ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXn-cp∂ h¿§o-

b-Xsb ]c-ky-ambn _lp-am-\n-°p-hm≥t]mepw kwLv]-cn-hm¿ aSn-

°p-∂n-√.

hfsc Bkq-Xn-X-ambn ]h¿Øn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ kwLv]-cn-hm-

dns\ t\cn-Sp-hm\pw ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw C¥y-bn¬ G‰hpw hn]p-

e-amb atX-X-c-i-‡n-I-fpsS sFIy-\nc Bh-iy-am-Wv. C¥y-bnse

aX-\yq-\-]-£-ßƒ°pw P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-ÿm-\-ßƒ°pw C°m-cy-

Øn¬ ][m\ tdmfp-≠v. B ]¶v hln-t°-≠-sX-ßn-s\-sb∂v Ah¿

Kuc-h-ambn Nn¥n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Hcp h¿§o-b-Xsb as‰mcp h¿§o-

bX sIm≠v ]Xn-tcm-[n-°m-\m-hn-√. h¿§o-b-X-bpsS hf¿®-bm-bn-

cn°pw êw. aX-\yq-\-]-£-ßƒ atX-Xc P\m-[n-]-Xy-i-‡n-I-fp-

ambn Hcp-an®v t]mcm-´-Øn\p i‡n-]-I-tc-≠-Xp-≠v.

lnµp-aX hnizm-kn-I-sf√mw B¿.-F-kv.-Fkv A\p-`m-hn-I-f-√.

C¥y-bpsS ss]Xr-Ihpw ]mc-º-cy-hp-sams° kmam-PyXz hncp≤

ka-c-ß-fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv. PmXn- aX t`Z Nn¥-Iƒ°-Xo-X-ambn

Km\v[n-Pn-sb-t∏m-ep-≈-h¿ t\XrXzw \¬Inb kmam-PyXz hncp≤

ka-c-ßƒ lnµp-°ƒ F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ C¥y-°m¿ F∂ hnIm-c-am-

Wv Ahsc Hcp-an-∏n®p \n¿Øn-b-Xv. AXmWv C¥y-bpsS ]mc-º-

cyw. h¿§o-b-X-bpsS Nq≠-bn¬ Hcp sNdnb hn`m-KsØ tIm¿sØ-

Sp-°m≥ Ign™p F∂-√msX hen-sbmcp iX-am\w lnµp-°-sfbpw

Iøn-se-Sp-°m≥ ^mkn-Ãp-Iƒ°m-bn-ń-√.

hfsc PmK-X-tbmsS kwLv]-cn-hm¿ AS-°-ap≈ h¿§o-b-i-‡n-

Iƒs°-Xnsc \nc-¥-c-amb Bi-k-b-k-a-c-ßƒ \S-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. B

ImgvN-∏m-tSm-sS-bm-bn-cn-°Ww aX-\yq-\-]-£-ßsf ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-

°p∂ kwL-S-\-Iƒ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xv. ^mkn-Ãp-i-

‡n-Iƒs°-Xnsc hnim-e-amb atX-X-c-]-ÿm\w A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.

tIc-f-Øns‚ ]tXyI cm„ob kml-N-cy-Øn¬ c≠p-ap-∂-Wn-

Iƒ \ne-\n¬°p-tºmƒØs∂ A`n-]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ß-ƒ \ne-\n¿Øn-

160

aXw kaqlw kwkvImcw

s°m≠p Xs∂ tbmPn-°m-hp∂ taJ-e-I-fn-sems° tbmPn-®p-sIm≠v

CS-Xp-]£ ]ÿm-\-ßfpw aX-\yq-\-]-£ß-fp-sams° tbmPn-®p-

\n¬tI≠-Xp-≠v.

B¿.-F-kv.-F-kv. BI-a-W-ßƒ hf-sc-tbsd i‡n-s∏-´p-h-cn-I-

bm-Wv. CXn-s\-Xnsc \yq\-]-£-ßƒ AtX \mW-b-Øn¬ Xncn-®-Sn-

°p-∂-Xm-hs´ kzm`m-hn-I-ambn KpWw sNøp-I-bn-√. tIc-f-Ønepw

sNdn-b-tXm-Xn-em-sW-¶nepw apkvenw hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ Xoh-hmZw i‡n-

s∏-´p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. AØcw ]ÿm-\-ßƒ apkvenw eoKn\pw sh√p-hn-

fn-bm-sW-∂-Xm-Wv bmYm¿∞yw. apkvenw eoKv Xoh-hmZ \ne-]m-Sp-

Iƒ kzoI-cn-®n-ń-s√-∂-Xns‚ G‰hpw henb sXfnhv Atbm-≤ym-]-

iv\-Øn¬ eoKv kzoI-cn® \ne-]m-Sp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. sshIm-cn-I-amb

aplq¿Ø-ßƒ Gsd-bp-≠m-bn-´p-t]mepw XnI®pw ka-Nn-Ø-X-tbm-

sS-bmWv inlm_v Xßƒ Cu ]iv\sØ t\cn-´-Xv. hfsc ]Iz-

amb Hcp t\Xr-Xz-Øn\p amXta CXp km[y-am-Iq. tIc-f-cm-jvSo-

b-Øn¬ Cu \ne-]m-Sm-hs´ \n¿Æm-b-I--hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. F≥.-Un.-F-^v-

-]n.-Un.]n t]mep≈ kwL-S-\-Iƒ kzoI-cn® \ne-]m-Sm-bn-cp∂p C°m-

cy-Øn¬ apkvenw eoKv kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv F¶n¬ tIcf cm„obw

Xs∂ IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿Æ-am-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. C∂v Imivao¿ t\cn-Sp-∂-

Xp-t]m-ep≈ òIcamb Hc-h-ÿ-bn-te-°p-t]mepw Hcp-]s£ AXv

\oßn-t∏m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p.

tIc-f-cm-„o-b-Øn¬ s]mXp-hnepw \yq\-]-£-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬

]tXy-In®pw kzm[o-\-ap≈ apkvenw eoKv Xoh-hm-Z-Øn-s\-Xnsc i-

‡-amb t]mcm-´-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xn\pw mkn-Ãp-i-‡n-Iƒs°-Xnsc

atX-X-c-Iq- mbva F∂ Bibw ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-ep-sams° ap≥ssI

FSp-Øn-´p≈ Imcyw it≤-b-am-Wv. inlm_v Xß-fpsS t\Xr-]m-

Shw C°m-cy-Øn¬ apkvenw-eo-Kns\ kzm[o-\n-®n- p-≠m-Ip-sa∂v Rm≥

a\- n-em-°p-∂p.

Hcp cm„ob t\Xmhv F∂-Xn-ep-]cn kmaq-ly-˛-km-kvIm-cn-I-˛-a-

X-cw-K-ß-fnepw tkh\ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-ep-sams° ]tim-`n-®p-\n¬-

°p∂ inlm_v Xßsf Hcp tIhe cm„o-b-°m-c-\mbn ImWm≥

Rm\m-K-ln-°p-∂n-√.

(2001¬ Fgp-Xn-b-Xv)

Matham Samooham Samskaram

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