Materials Handling Facts and Goootruck Guide 1 07

8/6/2019 Materials Handling Facts and Goootruck Guide 1 07

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Material Handling Facts

and Good Truck Guide


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Introduction ..............................................................................1Materials Handling

Basic Principles ................................................................2The Application ................................................................3-4Pallets & Stillages ............................................................5-6Palletless Handling & Specialised Fork Options ..............7-11

Storage Methods ..............................................................12-15Application Sectors

Pallet Transfer ..................................................................16-17Towed Trailers ..................................................................17General Purpose................................................................18Narrow Aisle......................................................................18-19

Cold Store ..........................................................................19Very Narrow Aisle System (VNA) ......................................19-21Order Picking ....................................................................21Container Handling ..........................................................22Container Stuffing ............................................................23Long Loads ........................................................................23

SafetyUseful References ............................................................24Operating & Maintenance ................................................25-26Training..............................................................................27

Technical InformationUseful Data........................................................................28

Aisles for 90 Stacking ......................................................29-30Capacities..........................................................................31Calculation of Capacity with an Attachment ....................32Axle and Wheel Loadings ................................................33Drawbar Pull (Towing) ......................................................34-35Motive Power....................................................................36-38

Customer ServicesChoosing the Right Solution ............................................39-40Customer Support..............................................................41National Network..............................................................41-42Export Markets ..................................................................43

Good Truck Guide ......................................................................44-61

Materials Handling Facts & Good Truck Guide: sixth edition/January 2007.

Contents Linde Material Handling


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1

Call 0845 608 5000 for automatic connection toyour local Linde national network company

to obtain more detailed information on our widerange of unique customer services.

This booklet comes with the compliments of Linde Material

Handling (UK) as a useful reference when reviewing your

materials handling requirements.

Keep it handy.

We hope you will find the information provides useful pointers to

ways in which the optimum handling solution can be identified.We are happy to put our extensive fund of experience at your

service as well as the comprehensive facilities offered by our

national network companies.

Linde Material Handling (UK) Ltd

Kingsclere Road, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XJ

Head Office Tel: 01256 342000

Fax: 01256 342923

Web: www.linde-mh.co.uk

e-mail: [email protected]

Introduction Linde Material Handling


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2 Call 0845 608 5000 for further information

Basic PrinciplesThe best handling solutions involve the least handling. Handlingadds to the cost but not to the value of the product.

The choice of the right equipment or system to optimise material

flow is broadly a definition of MATERIALS HANDLING and includescranes, conveyors, automated vehicles, tractors, free rangingforklifts, order pickers, stackers and pallet trucks.

The unit loadProducts, whether they be cartons, bags, cans, bottles, drums orsacks are assembled together to form a unit load.

The commonly used base on which unit loads are formed are flat,wooden (sometimes plastic) pallets, ISO containers, roll cagesand tote bins. Others are stillages, box and cage pallets, bulkcontainers, for example.

Palletless handlingProducts are often handled without pallets using specialised

attachments in place of forks: bales, white goods, cookers,carpets, tyres, drums, beer kegs, paper rolls and milk crates arejust some of the many products where attachments are utilised.

Materials Handling Linde Material Handling


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3Call 0845 608 5000 for further information

The ApplicationIt is essential to consider all aspects of an application in order toensure that the most suitable equipment is specified and the besthandling solution selected. Important factors are:

The load and the pallet or other load base typea) Pallet details

Length; width; depth; type, ie any base boards; palletunderhang under forks; are the base boards chamfered?two- or four-way access?

b) Load details

Weight; length when stacked on pallet; width when stackedon pallet; overall height of load and pallet; type of load:cartons, bags, sacks etc; is the load shrink wrapped?

Type of storageBlock stack, fixed racking, mobile racking and so on.

Stack heightWhat is the maximum top shelf height onto which loads must belifted? This will determine height of lift and define nominal andresidual capacities.

The forks have to lift the pallet above the top shelf with sufficientunderclearance to place the load on the top shelf (mast

deflections must also be taken into account).

Overhead obstructionsIs there sufficient clear headroom over the stacking area with themast fully raised?

Note any overhead obstructions either in the aisle or on thetravelling route. This will determine whether free lift or triplexmasts are necessary.

Allow for possible future changes to the application.



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The Application

DistancesTo determine whether pedestrian or rider equipment is required,the average and maximum distances covered in a typical workcycle need to be established. Sometimes a tractor/trailer system

may be the preferable method.

Surfaces/gradientsThe length of any gradient is important as well as its surface andslope. This determines the truck and battery capacity and,sometimes, the type of wheel/tyre equipment. It is also verypertinent to record the types of surfaces on the level areas.

Working area and dutyInside or outside, order picking, lorry loading/unloading, loadingdocks, container stuffing, public roads.

Careful study and definition is needed.

EnvironmentOperating in a cold store? Ambient temperature? Abrasive/dustyatmosphere? Hazardous material? Brine or salty conditions?Chemicals?

Other factors(a) Hours per shift and number of shifts.

(b) Number of pallets in and pallets out per shift.(c) Any peak periods? If so, when.(d) Electricity supply, ie single phase, three phase.(e) Delivery access: ground level/loading dock.(f) How many loading docks?



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Pallets & Stillages


Wooden pallets vary in dimensions and in design, although therehas been some success towards standardisation in Europe. Anaperture is required between the top and bottom decks for fork

entry. Where there are bottom boards they must be suitablyspaced for use with pallet trucks.

Some examples of typical pallet design are shown here:

Four-way entry flat pallet with blocks as spacers. Top deckincludes three transverse stringers,

while bottom boardsoccur on twosides only.On the othertwo (800mm)sides, entry isprovided without bottomboards. The Europallet is atypical example (800 x 1200mm).

Four-way entry flat pallet with perimeter base. Bottom deck isboarded on all four sides sothat a pallet truck

always enters overthe bottomboards whichare usuallychamfered.This type ofpallet is used widelyin the UK (1000 x 1200 mm).



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Palletless Handling &Specialised Fork OptionsA wide variety of attachments is available for fitment to

counterbalance and reach trucks for palletless handling of variousproducts. Examples are illustrated and briefly described; we canadvise on selecting the right type for your specific requirements.

Carriage backrest extensionis a guard fitted to the forkcarriage to give support to theload when the mast is tiltedbackwards. Various heights areavailable.

Standard forged steel forksof various lengths are laterally

adjustable, and usually have aslight taper on the underside;the top face is flat, primarily forhandling palletised loads.

Fork extensions are metalsleeves which slide on to theforks and lock into placeenabling longer loads tobe handled. The extensionmust not be more than 50%longer than the original forks

(40% for trucks over 5,000 kg)and the load carried shouldnot overhang the extension.Residual capacity will be reduced with extensions fitted.



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Drum grip is a non-powered device; fittedeither to the forkcarriage or the forkswhich automatically

grips the top rim of thedrum. Another type usesself-acting clampingarms. Both can be usedto handle one or twodrums in the upended position.

Boom (ram)attachmentallows loads witha central core(tyres, coils, etc)

to be handledwithout a pallet.

Carpet boom is aspecial boom for

handling rolls of carpet; the boom being inserted into the centralcore of the carpet.

Crane attachmentis fitted to the fork

carriage in lieu offorks and convertsthe truck to a mobilecrane. The appropriatelifting regulationsthen apply.

Palletless Handling &Specialised Fork Options



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Load clamp for handling bales,cases or other suitable loads byclamping action. There are a wide

range of arms to suit the loadincluding dual-purpose arms suchas pivoting forks for clamping balesor other loads, or for use as forks for

palletised loads. An integral sideshift can be incorporated.

Carton clamp is similar in action to a

load clamp with integral sideshift.Fitted with large contact pads onarticulated arms, it is used to handleunit loads such as white goods.

The following attachments are hydraulically powered and requireone or more hydraulic supplies to the fork carriage according tothe number of functions. The attachment is mounted on the fork

carriage in lieu of forks.

Sideshift provides limited(eg 75-100mm) lateralmovement for accuratepositioning of the load.

Sideshifts can be integral(as shown) or hang-on type.

Double pallet handlers allowstwo pallets to be handled sideby side allowing fast movementof uniform loads. Multiple pallethandlers are also available.



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Rotating fork unit is arotating head (180 to 360degrees), fitted with forksfor handling bins etc.,which need to be rotatedto discharge the contents.

Rotating paper roll clamphandles paper rolls by clampingusing articulated contact pads,

then rotating them to the verticalposition for stacking on end. Split-roll units are available for handlingtwo or more rolls of the same size.


Load push-pull The load iscarried on a slip-sheet insteadof a pallet. The push-pull hastwo broad platens in lieu offorks. The load is pulled on tothe platens by a gripper, and

pushed off by a pusher plate.The attachment is alsoavailable with alternative functions including sideshift, if required.

Load stabiliser is used to stabilise highloads. The load is carried on standard forksand the attachment has a top pad

hydraulically powered to exert pressureon top of the load to ensure stability.



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Other attachments are available for many specialisedrequirements, some examples of which are:

Non-powered attachments include: tines and round forks forlifting drums etc; thin section forks for use where aperture entryis restricted; other custom-made forks and fork extensions etc.

Powered attachments for specialised applications cover a widerange, eg:

lFork positioners; sideshift optional.l

Paper roll tippling clamps (upenders), rotation optional.lBrick clamp, for unit pack of bricks.lHydraulic scoops; and others.lCask clamp and stabiliser, for handling beer kegs.

We have extensive experience in the selection and use ofattachments.

Double deepextending forks

enable loads to bestacked two deep inthe rack to increasespace utilisation.

Palletless handling pictures reproduced by permission of B&B

Attachments and Cascade.



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Storage MethodsUnit loads are stacked to optimise storage space and ensureefficient distribution. The layout and storage method chosendepends on several factors:

lThroughput frequency required (ABC analysis)lType of productlFirst In First Out requirementlTurnover rateslAccessibility to individual loadslDedicated or random storagel

Storage capacity needs.Stacking methods include:

Block stacking. Offers high density storage but restricts access toindividual loads, and stacking height is limited by the crushabilityand stability of the product being stored (unless pallet convertersare used). First In Last Out. Usually used for high turnover of

limited number of product lines.Drive-in racking. High density storage with crushability factorremoved since each pallet is separated from the one below.Usually First In Last Out, but can be First In First Out if an aisle islocated at each end of storage lane to create drive throughracking but this reduces the available storage space.

Push back racking. High density storage by placing pallets onnested trolleys or rollers within the storage lanes. The pallets arethen pushed back along the storage lane by the subsequentloads. Only practical where First In Last Out is acceptable.Restricted individual load access.

Static racking. 100% individual load access and First In First Out

logistics are provided. Commonly used with reach trucks andcounterbalance trucks.

Totally flexible with high throughput capability.



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Very narrow aisle racking. High density storage combined with100% individual load access, good space utilisation and highthroughput.

Double deep racking. As the name implies, pallets are stored twodeep. Offers 50% individual load access First In Last Out. Goodspace utilisation.

Storage capacity is increased by reducing the number of aislesrequired. Truck is fitted with telescopic or pantograph forkmechanism.

Mobile racking. High density storage while maintaining 100%individual load access. First In First Out.

Higher investment costs but good payback for right application.

Gravity racking. Pallets are fed into storage lanes from one sideand then roll down incline to be removed from other side of rack.

Storage lanes can be several pallets deep. First In First Out. Idealwhere high density storage and fast turnover is required.

Turnover rates and the number of product lines involved willdetermine the storage layout using the ABC analysis:

A = High turnover, fast throughput

B = Average turnover, medium throughputC = Infrequent turnover, slow throughput

A items are stored for the fastest access while B and C items arestored progressively further away along the storage aisle.

Storage Methods



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Linde can help you to establish the most efficient and costeffective storage solution and ensure optimum utilisation.

Storage Methods

Adjustable Very Drive Double

Pallet Narrow In DeepRacking Aisle Racking

Use of floor space

Use of cubic space

Speed of throughput

Access to individual

pallets

Rotation of stock

First In First Out 4 4 - -

First In Last Out - - 4 4

Push Gravity Mobile Block

Back Racking Racking StackingRacking

Use of floor space

Use of cubic space

Speed of throughput

Access to individualpallets

Rotation of stock

First In First Out - 4 4 -

First In Last Out 4 - - 4

Definitions = Fair = Good = Very Good = Optimum



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Storage Methods

Counterbalance Reach Turret VNA



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Pallet Transfer

Hand pallet truck.Manually operated withhand hydraulic pump forelevation of forks. The idealgeneral purpose utility truck.

Powered pallet truck.Available in pedestrian,stand-on or rider versions.Designed for lorry loading/unloading and pallettransfer duties to and from

receiving/despatch andstorage areas.

Selecting a Pallet Truck

T20 S pallet truck

Application Sectors Linde Material Handling


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Pallet Transfer

Choice of truck depends on pallet throughput per hour and distancesto be travelled. Obviously, pedestrian trucks are limited by theamount of walking an operator can reasonably be expected to do

during a working shift while stand-on and seated rider versionsextend the possibilities and increase productivity (see diagram).

Pallet stacker. Based on apowered pallet truck and fittedwith a mast to provide a cost-effective combination of stackerand pallet transporter. It cannotstack pallets which have baseboards, such as the chep palletcommonly used in the UK.

Towed TrailersIndustrial electric tow tractor. Three- or four-wheeled, fortowing trailers. See drawbar pull details on page 34.

P250 tow tractor

L16 pallet stacker



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Rider electric truck. Three- or four-wheeled rider counterbalance,battery electric powered. Tilting mast, with load carried on forksin front of the truck. Will cope with hard, less than perfect

surfaces using either contoured solid (superelastic) or pneumatictyres. Cushion tyres may be required for some applications.

Engine powered truck.Four-wheeled counter-balance, powered by ICengine diesel, petrol,

LPG or CNG.

Pedestrian operated truck.Three-wheeled counterbalance, battery electric powered,requires fairly smooth, level surfaces.

General Purpose

NarrowAisleReach truck.Battery electric withmoving mast or fixedmast with transversingfork carriage, forwarehousing duties innarrow aisles from2.7 m wide. Side seatedoperator. Load retractedfor travelling, reachedforward for stacking. R17 X reach truck

H16 engine powered forklift



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Cold StoreCold store protection. Batterypowered trucks can be adaptedfor use in cold stores withtemperatures down to minus30C. Specification has evolvedfrom Lindes long experience inthis type of application, in

collaboration with major users.

Cold store cab. A uniqueintegrated cold store cab isavailable for the Linde reachtruck range which creates asuperb ambient working environment for significant productivity

increases.

Very Narrow Aisle System(VNA)A VNA system permits the narrowest working aisles for highdensity storage, dictated by the load size and not by theoperation of the truck. It also achieves the maximum stackheights on racking whilst maintaining 100% load access, highwork throughput rates and the flexibility associated with freeranging truck systems in general.

Narrow Aisle

For the lower range of truck capacities a tilting mast is fitted.Higher truck capacities are fitted with a non-tilting mast andintegral tilting forks and sideshift with lift heights to 11.5m.Designed for use on smooth, level warehouse floors.

Pallet stacker. Ideal for low lift storage of open based pallets andstillages.

R 14 X with cold store cab



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Very Narrow Aisle System (VNA)

faces. Reach and rotate mechanisms or transversely mountedtelescopic forks allow stacking to both sides. Truck can be eitherrail or wire guided. Floors and racking must be constructed todefined tolerances.

Man-down turret truck. Specialised electric VNA truck for highlevel, high density storage of unit loads in aisles as narrow as1.4 m depending on load size; ideal where a combination ofmulti-level order picking is not required.

Order PickingLow level order picker. Rider or pedestrian, adapted to carry twoor more roll cages or conventional pallets.

Medium level order picker. Floor and first shelf picking.

Medium/high level order picker. Multiple shelf level picking.

On medium and high level models, the operators cab moves upwith the load and the operator works from within the cab or,optionally, a walk-through version is available for handlingawkward or bulky loads.

N 20 low level order picker



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With a complete range of modern, laden and unladen containerhandling equipment available, our team of heavy truck specialistsis always available to offer expert advice.

Containers come in many versions with the most common sizesbeing 20' and 40' with heights of 8'6" and 9'6". Other sizes arealso encountered.

Some containers have fork pockets for use with a conventionalfront lift truck.

Container handling attachments include:

l Fixed and telescopic sidelift frames.

l Fixed and telescopic toplifts, piggyback attachments etc

l Twist locks on these attachments are inserted into the cornercastings of the containers and turned through 90 to lockcontainer and attachment together.

Container Handling

C 4230 reach stacker



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Container StuffingCounterbalance truck. Fitted with a low closed mast height,sideshift and full free lift, for operating inside standard ISOcontainers. Weight of the truck must not exceed floor loading

limits of the container.

Long LoadsSideloader. Designed for handling and stacking long loads suchas timber, metal tubes or girders, long flat sheets, for example.

H30 container stuffers

S50 sideloader



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Useful ReferencesNaturally, Linde equipment is designed for optimum comfort andsafety. All components and the finished products are producedusing the latest manufacturing techniques to ensure consistently

high standards and are subject to stringent testing and inspectionprocedures.

Each truck carries the CE mark confirming its conformity to allrelevant European Directives and Norms regarding design,manufacture and testing.

ie 98/37/EC

ISO 9001We also ensure compliance with any amendments which may beissued from time to time.

Publications available from HSE books:

l Safe Use of EquipmentPUWER 1998 (Provision of Work Equipment 1998).

l Safe Use of Lifting EquipmentLOLER 1998 (Lifting Operations and Lifting EquipmentRegulations 1998).

l Manual Handling Guidance on Regulations:Tel. 01787 881165

Fax. 01787 313995.l Health and Safety Enquiries:

HSE Infoline 0541 545500.

Safety Linde Material Handling


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Operating & MaintenanceSafety of personnel is of prime importance, particularly in theoperation of mobile equipment. Broad guidelines only arementioned here, and it is imperative that all operators should

read the relevant publications. For training details, see page 27.1. Operators must be fully trained, and only those persons

trained and authorised to drive should operate trucks,including those for whom it is a secondary function of theirjobs: maintenance engineers, delivery drivers, for example.Pre-shift checks of the equipment must always be carried

out prior to use.2. The Health and Safety at Work Act Provision and Safe Use

of Work Equipment Regulations (PUWER 98) and LiftingOperations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (LOLER 98) -or their equivalent in other countries - must be compliedwith at all times to ensure that operators and other personnel

in the area in which a lift truck is working are not subject toany risks.

3. An operating and safe working handbook is issued for theparticular range of Linde trucks, and the operator (andanyone else who may be required to drive, such as amaintenance engineer) should be conversant with all theinstructions given, and observe them at all times.

4. All users of industrial trucks should ensure that preventativemaintenance is carried out as recommended by themanufacturer. Truck safety depends on regular and thoroughmaintenance.

5. Lift trucks must be used within their rated capacity at all

times.6. When unusual or bulky loads have to be handled, care is

essential to allow for the dynamic effects of exceptional size(refer to Linde).



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Operating & Maintenance

7. No person must be lifted on the forks or on a pallet. Onlypurpose-built equipment should be used.

8. Please ask for advice on any handling requirement which is

not covered by the information published.9. Supervision of operators by suitably trained personnel is as

important as the selection, training and authorisation of theoperators themselves.



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TrainingTo ensure safe and efficient operation of your equipment it isessential that the right personnel are selected to operate andmaintain it, and are thoroughly trained in their duties.

Professional training courses are available from our nationalnetwork companies. Tel: 0800 515399.

Operator training. Courses are designed to suit the needs ofoperators with varying degrees of experience. Other optionsinclude a conversion course (for the experienced operator whenchanging to another type of truck) and programmes for

instructors and supervisors. Special courses are also arranged formanagers, safety officers and trainability assessors.

These options are offered on your own site or at local Lindenetwork centres - and can include training on any brand of truck.If you have some special need, a suitable course geared to yourrequirements can be considered.

Maintenance training. Comprehensive courses are available atour training centres - or on your own site (providing there areadequate facilities) - related to individual models, as well asspecialist courses on electronics and mechanical features. Uponcompletion of training, your own personnel will be fully equippedto plan and deal with fault finding and rectification.

Manual handling training. Courses are also available coveringthe requirements defined in Manual Handling OperationsRegulations 1992.

Training methods. These include the use of the latest visual aidsin modern lecture theatres. The operating area is well equippedwith trucks, loads and simulated conditions. The maintenance

courses include theoretical and practical work, supported byillustrative publications and other material.

The theme is: select, train, test, authorise and supervise - allto promote maximum safety, efficiency and productivity.



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Metrication. Truck designations are related to the nominalcapacity in metric terms - tonnes in the case of lift trucks,Newtons for tractors.

The table shows the S I units related to Imperial conversionfactors.

Function SI Unit Conversion Factor

Length millimetre, mm in x 25.4

metre, m ft x 0.305

kilometre, km mile x 1.609Mass (weight) kilogram, kg lb x 0.454

tonne, tonne ton x 1.016

Volume litre, litre gall x 4.546

Speed, lift metre per sec, m/s ft/min x 0.005

Speed, travel km per hour, km/h mph x 1.609Force, draw- Newton, N lb x 4.448bar pull

Pressure, kilopascal, kPa lb/in2 x 6.894hydraulic

Pressure, bar bar lb/in2 x 0.069

tyres (1 bar=110kPa)

Temperature degrees C 5/9 (F-32)Centigrade

Power kilowatts, kW hp x 0.746

TechnicalInformation

Linde Material Handling

Useful Data


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Aisles for 90StackingThe diagrams and calculations shown here represent the latest VDIrequirements to establish a practical and safe, non-intrusive operatingaisle and should be used by all suppliers of such equipment.

Pallet trucks (T) and low level order pickers (N)

Ast = Wa X + l6 + a

Pallet stackers (L) and reach trucks (R) - reach in

Ast = 90 stacking aisleWa = Turning radiusR = Load radiusl6 = Load length

Ast = Wa + (l6

X)

2

+ (b

12)

2

+ a

b12 = Load widthb13 = Min pivoting point distanceX = Axle centre to fork facea = Operating clearance (200mm)

2




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Aisles for 90Stacking

Counterbalance trucks (E) - three-wheeled, close coupledsteer or combi axle, reach trucks (R) - reach out

Counterbalance trucks (E and H) - four-wheeled with standardload (b12 b13)

Counterbalance trucks (E and H) - four-wheeled with wideload (b12 > b13)

Ast = Wa + (l6

+X)2 + (b12)2 + a2

2

Ast = Wa + X + l6 + a

2

Ast = Wa + (l 6 +X)2 + (b12b13)2 + a

2




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Capacitiesat alternative load centres

The capacities shown in VDI data sheets are quoted at between500 mm and 1200 mm load centres depending on truck rated

capacity. When longer loads are to be handled, the calculationshown below may be used as a guide only for truck capacity atalternative load centres.

Q = nom. rated capacity (load weight)*

C = rated load centre

C2 = new load centreQ2 = new residual capacity

X = axle centre to fork face

Q x (X + C)Q2 =

(X + C2)

Rated capacity is reduced as the load centre is increased.This method of estimating relates only to forward moments ofthe truck (and for a reach truck with reach out), and serves as aguide only.

* This figure may reduce as lift height increases.

It does not follow that greater weight can be handled at load

centres less than quoted; and at high lift the situation maybe governed by other factors. Fork stress, and stress on mastand rollers, must also be taken into account. Consult Linde asnecessary to ensure that your truck capacity is correctlyassessed for unusual loading conditions.

When an attachment is fitted to a fork lift truck, the nominal

capacity of the truck is reduced. Consult Linde, providing fulldetails of the load and the application.

Q2 Q

C

C2X




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Calculation of Capacity with an AttachmentTruck detail Q = Truck basic capacity (kg)

c = Distance from fork face to rated loadcentre (mm)

x = Distance from centre line of front axle toface of forks (mm)

x1 = Distance from centre line of front axle tocarriage (mm) (x minus s)

s = Fork thickness (mm)

Attachment M = Attachment weight (kg)details C of G = Attachment centre of gravity (mm)

LLC = Attachment lost load thickness (mm)(or distance from face of carriage torear face of load)

Load details L = Depth of load (mm)L/2 = Distance from rear face of load to centre of

load (mm) [for paper clamps use 1/2 theclamps maximum roll range diameter]


Truck Details

c

+x

=

Q x =

Attachment Movement

x1

+C of G

=

M x =

=

Movement Available

Residual CapacityX1

+

LLC

+

L/2 =

Minus

Divide by




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Axle and Wheel LoadingsAxle loadings can be calculated as shown. To obtain wheelloadings, divide the axle loadings by the number of wheelscarried on that axle. (For the purpose of these calculations two

load wheels in line, as on a reach truck, are as though carried ona single axle). Truck dimensions, service weight and unladenloadings on each axle must relate to truck specification.

Loading on rear, steer axle: QR = unladen, QRL = ladenLoading on front, load axle: QF = unladen, QFL = ladenQ = load weight Y = wheelbase

A = C + X (counterbalance truck)A = C + reach travel X (reach truck)

Counterbalance truck andreach truck with reach out

QRL = QR Q x AY

QFL = Truck Weight + Q QRL

Reach truck with reach in,and pallet truck, etc.

QFL = QF + Q x B

Y

QRL = Truck Weight + Q QFL

Floor loadings. In terms of imposed weight per unit of superficialarea, floor loadings can be calculated on the basis which isstipulated by the architect.

Ground contact pressures. This term refers to the load imposedover the contact area of the tyre, quoted in kilopascals, kg/mm 2,Ib/in2 or Newtons/mm2. For a given truck and load, Linde canquote the ground pressures as applicable to the type of tyres used.

Q

A Y

YB

Q

B = Y X + C




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Drawbar Pull (Towing)The towing capability of a tractor is defined in terms of drawbarpull quoted in Newtons (N). Two values of drawbar pull (DBP)need to be known: maximum DBP for starting from rest and

continuous or rated (rolling) DBP at which the tractor can work forlonger periods. Surface Resistance (SR) must also be allowed for;a table is given below in terms of Newtons per tonne towed load.For average calculations we use 400N/tonne starting and200N/tonne rolling.

Data:

DBP = Drawbar Pull (N).WT = Weight of Tractor (tonnes).

WL = Weight of Towed Load (tonnes).

SR = Surface Resistance (N/tonne).

98 = Conversion Factor.

G = Gradient expressed as a %, eg 121/2%.On the level, DBP = (WL x SR) Newtons.

On a gradient, DBP = (WL x SR) + ((WT x WL) x 98 x G) Newtons.

Average resistances for various surfaces (N/tonne)

Surface resistance

Surface Type Starting Rolling

Smooth concrete 300 150

Rough concrete 500 250

Macadam (good) 400 200

Smooth brick or tile 360 180

Wood 400 200

Hard gravel 700 350

Steel rails (straight line) 100 50




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Drawbar Pull (Towing)

The diagram shows a typical example using our P60Z towtractor which has a nominal towing capacity of 6 tonnes,ie rated DBP 1200N.

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

6t5t4t3t

2t

1.5t

1t

0.5t025%

20%

15%

10%

5%

0

5

10

10

15

20

1000 400030002000 5000

Permissiblehaul per hour

Speed

Speed(km/h)

Gradient

Trailerweight

Pe

rmissiblehaulperhour(m)

Drawbarpull (N)

The example shown above illustrates

a tractor towing a 2 tonne load

operating on a slope of 8%

maximum travelling speed obtainable 5km/h

permissible length of run per hour 1200m

(where the 8% slope is 60m long, the complete cycle, including the return journey, canbe performed 10 times per hour).

Load/gradient combinations shown by full line can be restarted from stationary onthe gradient.

The permissible haul per hour is the total distance travelled, including the returnjourney and any downhill gradients.

It is recommended that braked trailers are used for trailer loads exceeding2.5 tonne and for all trailer loads where a gradient is involved.

Lift trucks. Unlike tractors, counterbalance fork lift trucks onlyhave front wheel braking and rear wheel steering, and thereforetheir towing capability is restricted for practical safety, brakingand steerability reasons.




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Motive Power ElectricTrucksOn electric trucks the battery is the source of energy, and

optimum truck performance depends on correct use of the batteryand charging equipment.

The battery. The voltage (V) of the battery is determined in thebasic design of the truck. In general, for Linde trucks, most pallettrucks and stackers operate at 24 volts, reach trucks at 48 voltsand VNA and counterbalance trucks at 48 or 80 volts.

The capacity of a battery is usually defined in Ampere-hours (Ah)at the 5 hour rate. The true measure, however, of the energyavailable in a battery and therefore the amount of work it can doper charge, should always be quoted in kilowatt hours (kW h).

Thus kW h = V x Ah1000

A wet battery is filled with electrolyte, a mixture of deionisedwater and sulphuric acid. Other types of battery are available,eg maintenance-free (gel type).

2H2SO4 (dilute sulphuric acid). Specific gravity is a measure of thedensity of the sulphuric acid in the electrolyte at any particularstate of charge.

Electrolyte specific gravity related to state of charge (guide)

State of charge Approximate specific gravity(% charged) (corrected to 30C)

Standard cells High capacity cells

100% 1.280 1.295

75% 1.240 1.250

50% 1.200 1.210

25% 1.160 1.160




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Motive Power Electric Trucks

Electrolyte temperature and available capacity. Whenoperating in low ambient temperatures the batterys electrolytetemperature falls and available capacity decreases accordingly.

The following diagram shows how to estimate available capacity.

These are guide figures only as other factors can also affect the capacity.

Wet batteries should not be discharged below 80% of their ratedcapacity and maintenance-free batteries below 60%.

Topping up electrolyte. Various systems are available to enableeasy manual or automatic topping up of the battery electrolyteand low maintenance batteries are therefore optionally available

which minimise gassing and topping up requirements.The charger has to be correctly matched to the battery, ie for theappropriate nominal voltage and its start-of-charge current mustbe that recommended by the manufacturer to suit the cellcapacity. Other factors to be taken into account in choosing theright charger for your specific application requirements are:

(a) 12 hour or 8 hour charging period(b) type of AC mains supply to be used (single phase, three

phase)(c) voltage

Linde can assist in making the right choice and suggest layouts forthe charging room, if required.

Battery changing has been given special attention in the designof our trucks to ensure simple, efficient battery changing andchecking routines.

Ambient AvailableTemperature Start of 8 hr shift End of shift Capacity

0C to 5C 38C to 40C 10C to 15C 95% to 97%

30C 30C to 40C 5C to +5C 75% to 85%

Electrolyte Temperature




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Motive Power EngineTrucks

Controlcylinder

Fuelinjectionpump

Diesel engine

Hydrostaticlift pump

Powersteering

Control

Drive pedal

Hydrostatic

transmissionpump

Fuels: diesel, LPG, petrol, compressed natural gas (CNG).

Transmissions: Hydrodynamic torque converter with clutch pack Electric power transmission (diesel-electric) Hydrostatictransmission Linde hydrostatic transmission with automaticengine speed control.

The hydrostatic transmission system fitted to all Lindeengine trucks up to eight tonnes has no clutch,

gear shift ormechanicaldifferential thuseliminating allcomponents requiringfrequent maintenanceor replacement.

Hydrostatic braking through the transmission means the servicebrake is only used for parking or emergencies resulting in minimalwear and reduced maintenance.

Fully enclosed transmission prevents ingress of dust, water andother contaminates making it ideal for heavy duty, demanding

environments, with maintenance routines kept to a minimum formaximum uptime.

The Linde hydrostatic drive system enables reverse direction tobe selected at any speed (within safe operating practice) withoutdamaging the transmission; ideal for duties requiring frequentshunting backwards and forwards.

The automatic engine speed control system delivers the preciseamount of torque required for a specific hydraulic functionensuring that the engine is never over revved, resulting in quieteroperation, lower exhaust emissions, less fuel consumption andlonger engine life.




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Choosing the RightSolutionWhether it is a straightforward or more complex application, we

invite you to take advantage of the experience and expertise ofour sales and technical teams to help you identify the mostefficient and cost effective handling solution.

Linde offers a range of unique services to meet every need, largeor small.

1. Direct purchase of equipment.

2. Contract hire through Linde Financial Services.The rates include preventative maintenance, scheduled servicingand replacement parts for the period of the contract. Thecustomer is able to conserve capital, and maintenance is theresponsibility of the supplier.

3. Finance lease also provides a means of conserving capital and

the terms are unchanged for the contract period. Full servicefacilities are available in the normal way, and there is a choice ofoptions at the end of the contract period.

4. Short term hire - We have a fleet of over 10 000 trucksavailable for hire for periods of one week upwards, to meetseasonal peak periods or unscheduled requirements. One call on

0845 609 3333 will connect you to Linde Lift Truck Hire at yourlocal dedicated national network service for a rapid response.

5. Buy the Hour - Within your fleet you may have a truck which,while essential, is only used for certain peak periods of theworking shift. Usually this truck costs as much to rent as your fullyutilised trucks due to a notional working shift period. We have

an equitable solution for our customers by offering Buy the Hourwhereby these niche trucks are contracted for a minimum of 250hours a year with additional utilisation time charged for the actualhours used thus ensuring costs are minimised while meeting peakdemand requirements.

CustomerServices



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6. Linde Approved - Quality used equipment is always availablethrough our national network companies.

7. Parts - Comprehensive stock of original parts for both new and

older trucks.8. 1 000 factory-trained service engineers means we are neverfar away anywhere in the country. Our local customer knowledgeensures that we fully understand your operational requirementsand the service history of each truck.

9. Maintenance contracts designed to minimise costs and

maximise uptime are tailored to suit individual needs.

10. Maintenance training - Courses are available to train yourown personnel to plan and deal with fault finding andrectification.

11. Warehouse planning and simulation Our STRATOS systemestablishes optimum storage layout, throughput, type of handlingequipment and energy requirements. The proposal is verifiedusing a simulation programme.

12. Fleet management Our system package, in conjunctionwith data logger, monitors and reports all uptime and downtimepercentages, and analyses factors causing downtime so thatremedial action can be taken to ensure high productivity and

lower handling costs.

13. Fork Truck Training We offer local, fully accredited operatorand instructor training courses on all types of materials handlingequipment at each of our national network companies. For moretraining information, call 0800 515399.

Choosing the Right Solution

CustomerServices



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Customer SupportLinde is close to your business. Ten regional national networkcompanies throughout the UK and Ireland offer the mostcomprehensive range of products and services through 23strategically located centres. You will find the address of the nearestcustomer service centre listed below. Each centre is fully equipped tohelp you with the full range of handling equipment, services, hire,maintenance and training options described in this section. Each isgeared to the needs of its local area and would welcome theopportunity to assist you with your current and future handling needs.

National Network

CustomerServices



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National Network

Linde Material HandlingScotland Ltd3 Milton RoadCollege Milton NorthEast Kilbride G74 5DHTel: 01355 233601Fax: 01355 235833

Linde Jewsburys LtdPioneer WayCastlefordWest Yorkshire

WF10 5QUTel: 01977 668722Fax: 01977 628842

Linde Castle LtdLinde WayAycliffe Industrial ParkNewton AycliffeCounty Durham DL5 6HRTel: 01325 311526Fax: 01325 315860

Linde Severnside LtdNorth RoadBridgend Industrial Estate

Bridgend, Mid GlamorganCF31 3SZTel: 01656 766600Fax: 01656 648668

Handling & StorageEquipment Company LtdBlaris Industrial EstateAltona Road, LisburnCo. Antrim BT27 5QBTel: 028 9266 1010Fax: 028 9266 7711

Linde Sterling LtdWinwick RoadWarringtonCheshire WA2 8JFTel: 01925 651177Fax: 01925 417011

Linde Creighton LtdRadial PointDartmouth RoadWest BromwichWest Midlands B66 1BG

Tel: 0121 524 3300Fax: 0121 524 3999

Linde Trifik LtdUnit 1 Haslemere IndustrialEstate, Charlton Mead LaneHoddesdon, HertfordshireEN11 0DJTel: 01992 443381Fax: 01992 468050

Linde Material HandlingSouth East LtdAffinity PointGlebeland Road

York Town Industrial EstateCamberley, Surrey GU15 3BUTel: 01276 403400Fax: 01276 403499

Linde MaterialHandling (Ireland) LtdUnit 22, Greenhills Ind. Est.Walkinstown, Dublin I2Republic of IrelandTel: 00 353 1 456 6626Fax: 00 353 1 456 6518

CustomerServices



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Export MarketsEuropeApart from the UK, our parent company Linde AG has subsidiarycompanies in France, Spain, Italy, Austria, Poland, Czech Republic,

Hungary and Sweden with headquarters in Germany, plusestablished professional dealers in Netherlands, Belgium,Portugal, Finland, Slovak Republic, Russia, Baltic States, Norway,Denmark, Greece, Turkey and Iceland.

World MarketsLinde subsidiary companies are located in Singapore, China,

Japan, Australia, Chile, Brazil, South Africa, Middle East, USAand Hong Kong, with specially selected Linde dealers in all otherkey markets.

Wherever your global operations may be, we offer a locallong-term partnership for all your materials handling needs.

CustomerServices



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Good TruckGuide


Multi-purpose engine powered trucks featuring the unique Lindehydrostatic control for unequalled performance and reliability,together with fuel-efficient, low sound, low emission engines.

Engine CounterbalanceTrucksUp to 3.5 t

Models H14, H16, H18, H20, H25, H30,H35

Capacity 1.4-3.5t

Length to Face of Fork/Width 2212-2805/ 1086-1630mm

Lift Height 3150-6495mm

Height of Overhead Guard 2123-

2210mm

90 Stacking Aisle Width 3570-4326mm

Service Weight 2590-4665kg

Engine Type Diesel, LPG


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Good TruckGuide


Like their smaller capacity counterparts, the unique designfeatures of these models ensure excellent operator comfort andcontribute significantly to high work throughput with minimum

fatigue.

Engine CounterbalanceTrucks4 to 5 t

Models H40, H45, H 50

Capacity 4.0-5 .0 t




2416mm





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Good TruckGuide


High capacity models with overhead mounted tilt cylindersproviding smooth operation and mast stability. The Linde torsionsupport system ensures reduced torsional stress of the mast for

an extended working life.


Models H50, H60, H70, H80

Capacity 5.0-8.0t



Height of Overhead Guard 2714mm





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Good TruckGuide


The heavyweight range incorporates innovative technology toprovide reliability plus economy, ergonomic and functionaldesign, simple and safe working, clean, low emission operation.


Models H100,H120,H140,H150,H160,H180

Capacity 10.0-18.0t

Length to Face of Fork/Width 4518-5445/ 2545mm


Height of Cab 2905-

2950mm



Engine Type Diesel


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Good TruckGuide


Versatility and a wide range of options enable specificrequirements to be met with inverted forks, alternative forkcarriages and specialised attachments.

Engine CounterbalanceTrucks18 to 52t

Models H180, H 200, H 220, H 236, H250,H280, H320, H370, H420, H460,H520

Capacity 18.0-52.0t



Height of Cab 3250-3670mm



Engine Type Diesel


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Good TruckGuide


Dedicated empty container handling trucks capable of stacking all

types of empty containers, including reefers, up to eight high.

Empty Container Handlers

Models C80/3-8

Capacity 8.0t

Overall Length/Width 5630-6540/ 3500-4000mm


Height of Cab 3520-

4605mm

90 Stacking Aisle Width 13900-14905mm (40' container)


Engine Type Diesel


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Good TruckGuide


High performance laden container handling trucks with ultra-widemast combining excellent rigidity with optimum visibility, suitable

for a great variety of application characteristics.

Laden Container Handlers

Models C360/3-5, C400/3-4

Capacity 36.0-40.0t

Overall Length/Width 10168/ 4180mm


Height of Cab 4690mm

90 Stacking Aisle Width 17500mm (40' container)


Engine Type Diesel


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Good TruckGuide


Capable of stacking six containers high, these models can placefully laden 40 containers in the first and second rows and up to

19 tonnes in the third row.

Reach Stackers

Models

Capacity 12.0-45.0t

Overall Length/Width 11618/ 4180

Lift Height 6550 - 16000

Height of Cab 3900-4000mm

90 Stacking Aisle Width 12700-14600


Engine Type Diesel

C4230 TL, C4234 TL, C4535 TL,C4026 CH, C 4030 CH, C 4531 CH


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Good TruckGuide


Sideloaders

These models combine the flexibility and precise control ofLinde hydrostatic transmission with a robust, compact chassisdesign. Ideal for handling long loads such as timber packs,

steel plate etc.

Models S30, S40, S 50, S 60

Capacity 3.0-6.0t

Overall Length/Width 4150/1220-1400mm


Height of Cab 2510-

2600mm

90 Intersecting Aisle Width 3800-3955mm


Engine Type Diesel


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Good TruckGuide


A comprehensive range of highly manoeuvrable and versatilemodels most of which use AC drive technology. They are ideal forloading/unloading, storage/retrieval and rapid load transfer,both inside and outside. Three or four wheel configurations are

available depending on capacity.

Electric CounterbalanceTrucksUp to 3 t

Models E10, E12, E14, E 15, E 16, E18,E20, E25, E30,

Capacity 1.0-3.0t




2130mm



Battery Range 360-840Ah


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Good TruckGuide


Developed to suit a wide range of intensive and arduous indoorand outdoor applications and provide optimum operator comfortfor high productivity with minimum fatigue.

Electric CounterbalanceTrucks3.5 to 4.8t

Models E35, E 40, E 48

Capacity 3.5-4.8t

Length to Face of Fork/Width 2690-3135/ 1350mm


Height of Overhead Guard 2270mm





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Good TruckGuide


Economic and simple to operate, these models are particularlysuited to a range of industrial towing applications including airports,railways, postal services, hospitals and the automotive industry.

Tow Tractors andPlatform Tractors

Models P 30, P50, P60Z, P250,W 20

Capacity 3.0-25.0t

Platform Carrying Capacity 50-2000kg

Maximum Drawbar Pull 500-16000N





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Good TruckGuide


Powered pedestrian, stand-on or rider seated trucks designed forloading/unloading and the rapid transfer of palletised loads.Hand pallet trucks are also available.

Pallet Trucks

ModelsM 20, M25, T16, T16C, T18, T20,T30, T20SP/AP, T24SP/AP, T20SF,T20S, T20R, T30R

Capacity 1.6-3.0t


Lift Height 210mm

90 Stacking Aisle Width 1868-2490 mm




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Good TruckGuide


Pallet Stackers

Models L10, L12, L14, L14 I, L16, L16 I,L14AP, L16AP, L16AS, L10AC,L12AC, L16AC, L12R, L16R

Capacity 1.0-1.6t


Lift Height 1548-5061 mm

Minimum Mast Lowered Height 1415 mm

90 Stacking Aisle Width 2065-2530 mm



Highly versatile, pedestrian or rider operated trucks ideal forhandling open based pallets and stillages in a variety ofapplications such as load transfer, and medium lift storage/retrieval in narrow aisles and block stacking. Straddle versionsdesignated, for example, L14 AS or L14AS AP (with rider platform)are also available to handle chep-type pallets.


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These models, which now include the revolutionary X range,incorporate AC technology, and are ideal for high lift narrow aislestorage. The unique design features enable the operator to workin comfort in order to maximise efficiency and achieve highthroughput ratios.

Reach Trucks

Models R 10 C, R 12 C, R 14 C, R 14, R 14 X,R 16, R 16 X, R 17 X, R 20, R 25

Capacity 1.0-2.5t

Length to Face of Fork/Width 1 157-1588/1080-1600mm

Lift Height 2 825-12000mm

Height of Overhead Guard 2 110 2530mm

90 Stacking Aisle Width 2 655-2882mm

Service Weight 2 630-4220kg

Battery Range 270- 920Ah


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Good TruckGuide


Available with a wide range of specification variations, includingelevating operators platform or high lift forks, enabling them tobe adapted precisely to suit a particular application or materials

handling system. Close proximity of the forks to the work stationenables a very efficient operator picking cycle.

Low Level Order Pickers

Models N 20, N20HP, N24HP, N 20L,N 20 LI, N 20 V, N 20 VI

Capacity 0.7-2.4t

Length to Face of Fork/Width 1252 - 1830/712 -792mm

Picking Height Ground + one

Lift Height 213- 2400mm

Service Weight 840- 1515kg



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Purpose built, multi-level compact order pickers developed forpicking operations in medium and high storage areas. Both walkthrough and supplementary lift versions are available.

Medium and High LiftOrder Pickers

Models V 10, V 11, V 12

Capacity 1.0-1.2t


Picking Height 2765-10480mm


Minimum Aisle Width 1010-1380mm




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Good TruckGuide


Designed for high density, very narrow aisle applications, the Kseries of combi trucks offer the multi-purpose storage/retrieval/order picking solutions required in many of todays modernwarehouses. Turret trucks (A range) are the ideal very narrowaisle solution for unit load storage/retrieval.

Very Narrow AisleCombi and Turret Trucks

Models K 05 - K 15, K 15, A 10, A 13, A 15

Capacity 0.5-1.5t


Picking Height 4330-16180mm


Minimum Aisle Width 1350mm




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Materials Handling Facts and Goootruck Guide 1 07

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