MATERIALS AND METHODS · 2015. 5. 24. · Tawfik et al. (2003) ... Tubers of jerusalem artichoke (local cv.) were planted on May 6, 2001 and April 28, 2002, at a 50 cm intrarow spacing

J. Agric. & Env. Sci. Alex. Univ., Egypt. Vol. 3 ( 1 ) 2004

95

EFFECT OF NTIROGEN AND POTASSIUM

FERTILIZATION AND THEIR INTERACTIONS ON

GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF JERUSALEM

ARTICHOKE

FELEAFEL, M.N.

Dept. of Vegetable crop, Fac. of Agric., Alex. Univ.,Egypt.

ABSTRACT

The effects of four varying N rates ( 0 , 60 , 90 and 120

kg N fed-1

) and four K levels ( 0 ,48 , 72 and 96 kg k2O fed-1

)

and their interactions on vegetative growth characters, tuber

yield and quality of jerusalem artichoke (cv. Local) were

studied. Two field experiments were conducted during the

summer seasons of 2001 and 2002, at the Agricultural

Experimental Station Farm, Faculty of Agriculture,

Alexandria University. The results , generally, indicated

that increasing applied N rate was accompanied with

significant increases on plant height , foliage fresh weight,

tuber carbohydrate content and tuber yield characters, i.e.,

tuber yield per plant and feddan and average tuber weight

.On the contrary, leaf dry matter percentage decreased

significantly with increasing the N fertilization rate . The

results showed also that fertilizing jerusalem artichoke

plants with the highest N level (120 Kg N fed-1

) gave

significantly the highest tuber protein and N contents, leaf N

and K percentages, and the lowest tuber T.S.S percentage.

On the other hand, the number of main stems, and leaf P

and tuber K percentages showed insignificant differences

with increasing N rates. Increasing the amount of applied K

up to 96 Kg fed-1

,significantly, increased the plant height,

foliage fresh weight, leaf dry matter and K percentages, and

all tuber yield characters as well as tuber T.S.S and

carbohydrate percentages. On the other side, the different

potassium rates did not significantly affect number of main

stems, leaf N and P percentages, and tuber’s protein, N and


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K contents. Generally, the vigorous growth, tubers-yield

and quality of jerusalem artichoke could be improved

through the combined fertilization with N and K at the rates

of 120 and 96 kg of N and K 2O fed-1

, respectively .

INTRODUCTION

Jerusalem artichoke ( Helianthus tuberosus L.) is may be

considered one of the new non-traditional tuberous vegetable crops,

which is recently introduced in the Egyptian Agriculture. It has high

nutritional and medicinal values for human health due to its high

tubers contents of fructose and inulin ( Dorrell and Chubey, 1977 ;

Chubey and Dorrell, 1982 and Spitters, 1987). Its tubers contain 8-18

% carbohydrates ( Khereba, 1979 ) and about 9-10% proteins ( El-

Sharkawy, 1998 and Mansour et al., 2001) of fresh weight. Inulin is a

polysaccharide which breaks down to fructose and is considered a

better sugar for most diabetics ( Nonnecke, 1989 ). The crop produces

also a large top growth, having a high protein content, that can be

used in animal feeding.

Fertilizer requirements of jerusalem artichoke are quite high due

to its high top growth and yield potential per unit area. In Egypt, the

research work on jerusalem artichoke and its fertilization

requirements are still limited. However, the favorable effects of N

fertilizer on vegetative growth, tuber yield and tuber chemical

constituent characters of jerusalem artichoke were reported by some

investigators such as Burton (1989) , El-Sharkawy (1998) ,

Schittenhelm (1999) and El-Araby (2004) . Schittenhelm (1999) found

that jerusalem artichoke tended to have its maximum yields at the

highest used N level (120 Kg N ha-1

). Similarly, El-Araby ( 2004 )

stated that the gradual additions of N applications, up to 120 Kg fed-1

,

were accompanied with significant increases on growth, yield

characters and chemical constituents of jerusalem artichoke tuber.

Potassium plays a major role in many physiological and

biochemical processes; as cell -division and -elongation, enzyme

activation, synthesis of simple sugars and starch as well as accelerated

translocation of carbohydrate, necessary for tubers formation and

development ( Nelson, 1970; Marschner, 1986 and Beringer et al.,


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1990). Potassium fertilization has been shown to improve foliage

growth , tubers-yield and quality of the Jerusalem artichoke . Under

Egyptian conditions, the results showed that fertilization jerusalem

artichoke plants with K fertilizer , up to 48 kg K2O fed-1

. increased

plant height and tubers-yield (Mansour et al., 2001) . Meanwhile ,

Tawfik et al. (2003) found that growth parameters, yield and tubers

chemical constituents of the Jerusalem artichoke responded positively

with the increased levels of K application up to 72 Kg K2O fed-1

Thus , the scope of the present study was to investigate the

effect of varying nitrogen and potassium rates and their interactions

on growth characters, tubers-yield and quality of jerusalem artichoke.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two field experiments were executed at the Agricultural

Experimental Station Farm (at Abis), of the Faculty of Agriculture,

Alexandria University, during the two successive summer seasons of

2001 and 2002. Preceding the conduction of each experiment , soil

samples to 30 cm. depth were collected and analysed according to the

published procedures by Page et al. (1982). The physical analysis

indicated that the soil texture of the two experimental sites was clay

loam; containing 45.50 and 42.10 % clay, 14.70 and 14.34 % silt ,

39.80 and 43.56% sand, in 2001 and 2002, respectively . The

chemical analysis resulted in a pH of 7.5 and 7.4, total N (%) of 0.14

and 0.12 , P (%) of 0.061 and 0.067 and K (%) of 0.073 and 0.079 ,

in the first and second seasons, respectively.

The experiments included 16 treatment combinations, which

were the all possible combinations of the four nitrogen levels (0, 60,

90 and 120 Kg N fed-1

) and the four different levels of potassium (0,

48, 72 and 96 Kg K2O fed-1

). The two experiments were carried out in

a split-plot system in a randomized complete blocks design with three

replications. The main plots were assigned to the four nitrogen levels,

whereas, the four potassium levels were randomly distributed within

each of the main plots and were considered as the sub-plots. Each

sub-plot consisted of 4 rows, 4 m long and 1m width, comprising an

area of 16m2. Tubers of jerusalem artichoke (local cv.) were planted

on May 6, 2001 and April 28, 2002, at a 50 cm intrarow spacing .


06

Each two adjacent sub-plot were separated by a guard row.

Nitrogen fertilizer, in the form ammonium nitrate (33.3% N),

and potassium fertilizer, in the form potassium sulphate (48% K2O),

were applied at three equal applications; after 30 , 45 and 60 days

from planting. A seasonal total of 72 Kg P2O5 fed-1

,as calcium super

phosphate (15.5% P2O5), was broadcasted during soil preparation.

The normal cultural practices; such as cultivation, irrigation,

and disease and pest control ; were carried out whenever they were

found necessary and as ,usually, practiced in the commercial

production of jerusalem artichoke .

Data Recorded:

Vegetative growth Characters:

At 120 days after planting, three plants were randomly taken,

from the outer two rows of each sub-plot, to determine the number of

main stems plant -1

, plant height (cm) and foliage fresh weight ( kg

plant-1

). Dry matter and Mineral contents of leaves:

After 120 days of planting, random samples, from the upper

leaves of the previous plants, were collected , washed and dried out

at 70 ºC , to determine the percentages of leaves dry matter, and N , P

and K contents ; according to the methods described by A.O.A.C.

(1992) .

Tubers Yield :

At harvest (180 days after planting), tubers of the inner two

rows of each sub-plot were harvested and weighed to calculate tubers

yield (kg) plant-1

, average of tuber weight (g) and total tuber yield

(ton) fed. -1

. Tubers Chemical components:

Tuber samples were taken, washed and dried out at 70 ºC to a

constant weight, to determine the dry matter content (%), then ground

to determine the total tubers protein., according to the methods

described by Pregl (1945), and the contents of N and K , according to

the methods described by A.O.A.C. (1992) . Fresh samples were also

saved to determine tubers total soluble solids, using a hand


06

refractometer, and total carbohydrates, as outlined by Malik and Singh

(1980).

Data of the two experiments were subjected to the statistical

analysis using Costat software (1985). The comparisons among the

means of the different treatments were carried out , using the Revised

L.S.D test, as illustrated by Al-Rawi and Khalf- Allah. (1980).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Vegetative Growth Traits :

Table (1) shows that the application of N at 60 , 90 or 120 Kg N

fed-1

,significantly, increased plant height and foliage fresh weight

than the control treatment in both years. These results matched well

with those obtained on jerusalem artichoke by El-Sharkawy (1998),

Mansour et al. (2001) and El-Araby (2004) and on potato by Ghoneim

and Abd El-Razik (1999).However, the number of main stems did not

significantly respond to N applied rates. This result agreed with the

findings of El-Gamal (1985), who reported that N fertilization had no

effect on the number of main stems of potato plant. The enhancing

effect of N on plant height and foliage fresh weight of jerusalem

artichoke plants can be explained on the basis of the physiological fact

that N plays a major role on protein and nucleic acids synthesis, and

protoplasm formation. Moreover, it stimulates the merstimic activity

which, in turn, results in more new organs (Russel,1973 and

Yagodin,1984).

Fertilizing jerusalem artichoke plants with K at 96 kg K2O fed-1

,

significantly, increased plant height and foliage fresh weight in

comparison with the control treatment, in both years, (Table,1).

However, potassium rates did not significantly affect the number of

main stems. These results are in a general accordance with the

findings of Mansour et al. (2001), who found that plant height of

jerusalem artichoke was enhanced as the rate of K application was

increased.

The results in Table (1) reflected some significant interaction

effects between nitrogen and potassium levels on the vegetative

growth characters of jerusalem artichoke plants. The different

comparisons, generally, indicated that the highest mean values of

plant height and foliage fresh weight, in the two studied seasons, were

obtained from the fertilized plants with 120 Kg N fed-1

and 96 K2O


06

fed-1

. On the contrary, the detected differences for the interactions

effects between varying N and K rates on the number of main stems of

jerusalem artichoke plants, appeared insignificant.


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Dry Matter and Mineral Contents of Leaves

Concerning the effects of N fertilization on the leaves dry matter

and mineral contents of Jerusalem artichoke , the results in Table (2)

illustrated that dry matter percentage reflected significant decreases

with each increase in the applied N rate, in both years . On the

contrary, leaves N and K percentages increased significantly and

successively as a result of raising the nitrogen fertilization level up to

60 kg fed-1

and up to 90 kg fed-1

, orderly. However, Leaf P percentage

did not reflect any significant response due to using different rates of

nitrogen fertilization. The obtained results seemed to confirm those

reported by El-Araby (2004) on Jerusalem artichoke and by

Ghoneim and Abd El-Razik (1999) on potato.

Results of Table (2) indicated that fertilization of jerusalem

artichoke with potassium up to 96 K2O fed-1

was accompanied with

corresponding increments of leaves dry matter percentage, in both

years. In the case of leaf K content , the results , also, showed that

significant increases were detected when the used potassium rate was

raised from 48 to 72 K2O fed-1

. On the other hand , the percentages of

N and P contents showed insignificant differences with increasing

potassium rates. These results are in accordance with the findings of

Midan et al. (1987), who found that leaves dry weight of sweet potato

was increased with increasing applied K level up to 100kg K2O fed-1

.

The interaction effects between N and K fertilizers rates on dry

matter and mineral contents of leaves are listed in Table (2) . In both

years, the results showed that the interaction of 0-72 and 0-96 Kg N –

K2O fed-1

resulted in the highest values for dry matter percentage.

However, the interaction effects between N and K rates were not

found significant on the mineral contents of leaves.

Tubers yield

The results of Table (3) showed clearly that the successive

increases in the nitrogen fertilization were always associated with

corresponding and significant increments in the tubers yield plant-1

,

total tubers yield fed-1

and average tuber weight of Jerusalem

artichoke , in both years. The stimulatory effects of N on jerusalem

artichoke yield might be related to the effect of N on plant growth

(Table,1) which , in turn, enhanced the production of more

photosynthates required for tuber formation and development. These

results agreed to a great extent with those reported by Schittenhelm


00


06

(1999). El-Araby (2004) found that a maximal jerusalem artichoke

yield was achieved when the plants were fertilized with N at the rate

of 90 kg fed-1

. Reversel results were reported by Mansour et al.

(2001), who used 20 Kg N fed-1

and obtained a higher tuber yield

than that of 40 kg N fed-1

, in drip-irrigated sandy soils .

Regarding the effects of K fertilizer, it was generally noticed that

the soil application of K fertilizer at varying rates, significantly,

increased tuber yield (kg) plant-1

, tubers yield (ton) fed-1

and average

tuber weight (g), compared to the control treatment in both years.

However, raising the applied potassium level from 72 to 96 kg K2o

fed-1

did not show any significant response on the tubers yield plant-1

, in the second year, and average tuber weight, in the first year. The

favorable effect of K application could be related to the basic and a

major role of K in many physiological and biochemical processes, on

cell division and elongation, enzyme activation, synthesis of simple

sugars and starch, and acceleration of carbohydrate translocation

necessary for tuber formation and ; development (Marschner, 1986).

These results appeared to be in a close agreement with those obtained

by Mansour et al. (2001) and Tawfik et al. (2003) , who found that the

local cultivar tubers yield increased successively as the K level was

raised from 24 to 48 and 72 kg K2o fed-1

. Also, Bourk (1985) reported

that K application increased the proportion of dry matter diverted from

the foliage to the under ground plant organs of sweet potato. Likely,

Gowda et al. (1990) and Mukhopadhyay and Jana (1990) concluded a

positive correlation between the addition of K and the tubers yield of

sweet potato.

Concerning the interactions between the different applied N and K

fertilizers rates (Table, 3), the comparisons among the mean of

various treatment combinations, clearly , indicated that jerusalem

artichoke plants which received high N and K fertilizers rates (120-

96 Kg N- K2o fed-1

) resulted in the heighest significant mean values

for all the studied yield parameters, in both years . Mansour et al.

(2001) reported that fertilizing jerusalem artichoke plants with 20 kg

N fed-1

,combined with 24 or 48 kg K2o fed-1

rates, reflected the

optimum rates to maximize tubers yield in drip-irrigated sandy soil.


06


05

Tubers Chemical components Data presented in Table (4) showed that tuber’s carbohydrate

percentages reflected some significant increments with each increase

in the applied nitrogen level, in both seasons. Similar findings were

recorded by El-Araby (2004) on jerusalem artichoke and Abd El-

Razik and Gabr (1999) on sweet potato . Tuber’s T.S.S percentage

decreased significantly as a result of raising the nitrogen fertilization

rate from 90 to 120 kg fed-1

. Such a result is in a general agreement

with those of Constantin et al. (1984). Tuber’s total protein and N

percentage showed also significant increases when the applied N level

was increased to 60 kg fed-1

. However, raising the nitrogen applied

rate up to 90 or 120 kg fed-1

did not reflect any significant response

on tuber’s total protein and N percentage, in the two growing seasons.

Concerning, tuber’s total K percentage the results showed

insignificant differences with increasing the N rates.

Regarding the effects of potassium fertilization, the results of

Table (4) illustrated that the application of K in varying rates ,

significantly, increased tuber’s T.S.S and total carbohydrate

percentages compared to the control treatment, in both years.

However, the differences between the three K levels on the above

mentioned traits were not high enough to be significant. The detected

positive effects of potassium fertilizer on the biochemical constituents

might be related to the well known role of K on improving

photosynthesis process and on enhancing the translocation of

carbohydrates towards storage organs ( Bidwell , 1979 ). Nevertheless,

tuber’s total protein, N and K percentages did not respond positively

respond to the increased the applied K levels, in both years.

The comparisons presented in Table (4) illustrated the presence

of some interaction effects, between the different N and K fertilizer

levels, on tuber’s T.S.S and total carbohydrate contents , in both

seasons. The comparisons among the sixteen treatment combinations ,

generally , indicated that the combinations of O–96 kg N- K2o fed-1

and 120 –96 kg N- K2o fed-1

were the most beneficial treatments which

gave significantly the highest means values for tuber’s T.S.S and total

carbohydrate contents ,orderly, in both years. However, tuber’s total

protein, N and K percentages were not affected.

In view of the previous results, vigorous growth, tuber yield and

quality of jerusalem artichoke could be improved through the


66


66

fertilization with N and K at the rates of 120 and 96 kg N–K 2O fed-1

,

respectively.

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الملخص العربً

مواصفات تأثٌر التسمٌد النٌتروجٌنً و البوتاسً و التداخل بٌنهما على النمو و المحصول و جودة الطرطوفة

مصطفى نبوي فلٌفل

قسم الخضر ـ كلية الزراعة ـ جامعة اإلسكندرية.

كجم 026، 06، 06صفر ، معدالت لكل من التسميد النيتروجيني ) أربعةتمت دراسة تأثير

و كددد لأ تدددأثيرات ، ن للفددددا أ 2وبدددكجدددم 00، 22، 84، صدددفر ) بوتاسدددين للفددددان و التسدددميد المواصددفات النمددو الخضددرح و ملصددول الدددرنات والملتددو الكيمدداوح علدد بينهمددا ت التددداخا

من خال تجربتين لقليتين أجريتا خال الموسم الصديفي لعداميلدرنات نباتات الطرطوفة ، و لأ .جامعة اإلسكندرية ـ كلية الزراعة –في ملطة البلوث الزراعية 2662و 2660 / كيلدو جرامدا 026لتد النيتروجينديمستو التسميد فيالزيادات أن و قد أظهرت النتائج طرطوفددةالخضددرح لنباتددات الالنمددو مواصددفات فدديزيددادات متتابعددة ومعنويددة فدديتسددببت قددد فدددان

الدددرني ) ملصددول صددفات الملصددول مواباإلضددافة ىلدد ، )ارتفدداا النبددات ، والددوزن الطدداز رنات للنبات و للفدان باإلضافة ىلد متوسدط وزن الدرندة ، وكد لأ علد ملتدو الددرنات مدن الد

الكربوهيدرات. بينما أشارت النتائج ىل أن النسدبة المئويدة لملتدو ااوران مدن المدادا الجافدة قدد دل العدالي نقصت معنويا مع زيادا معدل التسميد النيتروجيني. عاوا عل لدأ ، فدأن ىضدافة المعد

مدددن التسدددميد النيتدددروجين قدددد أعطددد أعلددد القددديم بالنسدددبة لملتدددو ااوران مدددن )النيتدددروجين و البوتاسدديوم ، و ملتددو الدددرنات مددن ) البددروتين و النيتددروجين ، و أقددل القدديم بالنسددبة لملتددو

دد السددقان الدددرنات مددن المددواد الصددلبة ال ائبددة الكليددة ، بينمددا لددم تلدددث أيددة اسددتجابة فددي كددل مددن عددالرئيسددية للنبددات ، أو ملتددو ااوران مددن الفوسددفور و ملتددو الدددرنات مددن البوتاسدديوم مددع زيددادا

التسميد النيتروجيني.ارتفداا النبدات أ للفدان أد ىلي زيادات معنوية فدي 2كجم بو 00بمعدل لطرطوفةتسميد نباتات ا

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