Materialism and the Dialectical Method by Maurice Cornforth

8/10/2019 Materialism and the Dialectical Method by Maurice Cornforth

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Materialism

a

nd

the

Dialectical

Method

By MAURICE CORNFORTH

INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS, NEW OR!

i

/

Copyright by

INTERNATIONAL

PUBLISHERS CO.,INC., 1953

i

Fourth (re!"e#$E#!t!o% & by

'ur!)e

Cor%*orth, 19+

-

F!r"t U.S. E#!t!o%,191

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CONTENTS

PARTI'ATERIALIS'

CH A P T E R I PA R T 6

PH I L O S O P H 6 . .

. .

C H A P T E R 4

' A T E R I A L I S ' A N

I E A L I S ' . . 1

CHAPTER 3

'ECHANISTIC

'ATERIALIS'

. . 49

CHAPTER 7 FRO '

'ECHANISTIC TO

IALECTICAL

'AT

ER L8

LIS'..............

72

CHAPTER 5 THE

IALECTICALCONCEPTION OF

E0ELOP'ENT . .

. . 79

PARTIIIALECTICS

CHAPTER +

IALECTICSAN

'ETAPH6SICS . .

5

CHAPTER CHAN/E

AN INT ER CO NN EC TI ON

. . 1

CHAPTER THE

LAS OF

E0ELOP'ENT . .

1

CHAPTER 9

CONTRAICTION...........................

92

CHAPTER12

E0ELOP'ENTAN

NE/ATION . . 1 2

C H A P T E R I I A

SCIENTIFIC ORL

OUTLOO: . " # $ %

REAIN/LIST............................

14+


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A

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Th!" >!ttee o* theCo>>u%!"t Prty o*/ret Br!t!% !% 1952.Tht " e?o %#

t!o% Ihe>#e>o"ty %# #ohe ery !#e!%*@o"e the> u@o% !#e>""e" o* or#!%ry

@eo@" o* the

@h!the or= o* the @rt!)uo"t ?e%er< "@e)t, he "o)!< b"!" !% !#e"


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h!)h re*e, %#h!)h, there*ore, #o %ot"@r!%? re#y>#e out o*the he#" o* @h! th!" e >y@ro)ee# "te@ *urther.he% "o)!ety !" #!!#e#

!%to )

@h!@rt!


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the @@er%)e o* the>o#er% or=!%? ),the"e , %#to o@@o"e th!" @h!

@eo@, )ou

"o)!u"t )t " the %?ur#o* !t" )o"t)o%")!ou" "e)t!o% o* !t")e%t *or !%%!%?%# [email protected] *u. A%#!t !" %ot u"t %e)o%o>!) theory, %or yete)!) %# @o

@o

@rty @h!ree>bo#!e# the ?e%ere"

@h!

@ou"t be

)o%)er%e# to *or>u@rt!y be,re %ot o% bo#!e" )e%t" !%)o>@r!"o% !th %other!% the or=!%? out o* thetruth bout the oro"t

@ro?re""!e )


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@h!@t!b=e th!"), !% !e o* the)tu< h!"tor!)< @o"!t!o%%# ro.

For e>@e >e% ere by%ture "!##. Eeryth!%?" rr%?e# !% *eu#, !% the "e%"e o*!t" be!%? h!#ebou%#,

@etr!*!e# #o)tr!%e, #o)tr!%eh!)h ro"e aay from theh!?hro# o* #eee%t o*or" o*

@h!!%or!ty, "tr!!%?

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to !>@o"e !t" ru""e" o*the @eo@ !% "ube)t!o%

but !t !" @h! %#

te"te# by e@er!e%)e %#@r)t!)e. It #oe" %ot !%e%t "y"te> " @re!ou"

@h!=eeeryth!%? *!t !%to !t.

Thu" #! ree>bo#!e# !% the to*eture" o* 'r!"t

@h!e#!.

I% or#er to u%#er"t%#th!%?" "o " to )h%?ethe> e >u"t "tu#y the>,%ot ))or#!%? to the#!)tte" o* %y b"tr)t"y"te>, but !% the!r ree%t by#!=e our theor!e")orre"@o%# to the ree%" tht our out

I% #!ter!e%# " )rr!e# throu?h)o%"!"te%thr>o%y !th the *)t")o%)e!e# !% the!r o% %#%ot !% *%t"t!))o%%e)t!o%. A%#>ter!ore th% th!".

1+


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Ih@te

r

To

'A

TER

IALI

S'

AN

IE

ALI

S'

Ma

teria"i

mand

Idea"i

m#p

poed0a

yof

Interpreting

very

2ue

t

ion

'

ter!t!)"y"te>. It !" rther yo* !%ter@ret!%?, )o%)e!!%?o*, e@

!%ter@ret!%? ee%t", o*)o%)e!!%? o* th!%?" %#the!r !%ter)o%%e)t!o%", !"o@@o"e# to the !#e !" o@@o"e# to!#eter!ter! re %ot too@@o"e# b"tr)t theor!e"bout the %ture o* theor", o@@o"!te >orter!

Vih

!% "hort,


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!%#u


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ree# or@o* !#eter! !" the y o*!%ter@ret!%? th!%?" h!)hre?r#" the "@!r!tu< "

@r!or to the >ter!re?r#" the >ter!< "

@r!or. I#eter!eth!%?"@!r!tu re)o?%!"e"tht eeryth!%? "@!r!tu< !"#e@e%#e%t o% %#

#eter>!%e# by "o>eth!%?>ter!y"ter!ou" %#u%=%ob


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"u)h !>@ort%t@he%o>e% " the ?rotho* )ro@" ere @ut #o% tothe )t!!ty o* "@!r!t !t" be#e

the )or% ?ro.Fro> the >o"t@r!>!t!e t!>e" >e%@er"o%!*!e# %tur< *or)e"!% th= y. !th the b!rtho* )

" the =!%?" %# >o%@eo@

bo#y ?o# %# >% thehee% %#the erth the*or>" %# !#e" o* th!%?",?r"@e# by the !%te, there !"ter!< orter!ter!< re

re" o* h!)hthe >ter!< re

Some !arietie of Preent%dayIdea"it Phi"oophyAt th!" @o!%t *eob"ert!o%" >y beu"e*u< )o%)er%!%?"o>e )hr)ter!"t!)#o)tr!%e" o* >o#er%

bour?eo!" @h!.

A%# the% ?!%, th!""ube)t!e !#e o* #o)tr!%e )o%)er%!%?=%o"e h"be)o>e ery *"h!o%be " "t!

@"" our )o>@rehe%"!o%.

22


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ehe"ee%

tht,t

botto>,!#e

be

ythe

!#eter!, o% theother h%#, =%o" o%eor


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u/e&tive !#eter!!##

@h!e t!>e they ""ert thtthe >ter!< or !" >u)h bu"e#

by @h!ter!< th!%?" ree, reu#e !% eery*or> o* !#e!%

""ert!o%" o* !#e ""ert" tht

the >ter!< or>tter. (The >o"tetre>e*or> o* th!" ""ert!o%!" "ube)t!e !#etter #oe" %ote!"t t o*the >y"ter!ou"%# u%=%obter!.

24


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1. 'ter!ter!e" !%to

be!%?o% the b"!" o*>ter!< )u"e",r!"e" %# #eeot!o% o*>tter.

2. 'ter!tter !"obe)t!e re!%# %# tht*r *ro> the >e%t the>ter!e%t< or "@!r!tu< !" @ro#u)t o*>ter!< @ro)e""e".

3. 'ter!u)h !% the>ter!< ory %ot be =%o%

there !" %o u%=%ob ter!

h!)h h" %o bee%"tte# !% !t" >o"t ?e%er"!" %ot %o@@o"!t!o% betee%

b"tr)t theor!e" o* the%ture o* the or@ort%)e.

Let u" )o%"!#er "o>e o*the ery @r)t!)< y" !%h!)h the o@@o"!t!o% o*>ter!!" >%!*e"te#.

I#e@ort%t truth"re beyo%# the re)h o*")!e%)e. He%)e theye%)our?e u" %ot to be tho"e ho

@rete%# to =%o be"t %#

to he "o>e h!?her"our)e o* !%*or>t!o%.

I% th!" y !#e

@ree%t" u" *ro> th!%=!%?*or our"eor< %# "o)!< @rob".25

A?!%, !#eo"t !>@ort%t*or u"

you tht the be"t y to!>@roe your"eter!

@@ro)h !" )o>>o%>o%?"t >%y "o)!


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*!r%e"" %# u"t!)e, the% e)ou o* th!"be@t!o%tht !t !" "!>@ter!< *)t tht the>o#e o* @ro#u)t!o% re"t"o% the e@e" o* e!%, %# "o the"ee>@"ere" " e@o% o*re)t!o% %# ho he%"o)!br)e!#e

@ur@o"e" o* "o)!)h!%e, !th

R!?ht throu?h h!"tory,!%#ee#, !#e" o*

@h! h" bee%u"e# " >e%" o*

u"t!*y!%? the ruu)h " theyre@re"e%te# the "tr!!%? o* %e e@"ee


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u"t!*!e# h!> @!%? out the Lee

%# eane J* the>oe>e%t. The !#eoe>e%t

?re "tro%?, the)o%t!%u%)e !thK% !t o*!#e

!#ee%;" >!%#"bout the!r true )o%#!t!o%.

O% the other h%#, eeryre< "o)!< #%)eeery!%)re"e !% the @ro#u)t!e*or)e", eery #%)e o*

")!e%)e?e%erte">ter!ter! ?!%"t!#e

'ter!

be!%? the !


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%# "u@er"t!t!o%. TheRo>% @oet Lu)ret!u", *ore>@ #n theMature of +hing tht the@ur@o"e o* the to>!"t!)

theory o* the /ree=@h!e#, %#ho eeryth!%? )o>e" to

@"" !thout the!%tere%t!o% o* the ?o#".

Thu" there " bor% >ter!

@roe# to be >u)h r!)her !%)o%te%t th% the %)!e%t.

For !t tr!e# to or= outht ere the >ere

30

)e%tury, there h# @@ere#the )hr)ter!"t!) >o#er%theor!e" o* >e)h%!"t!)>ter!

'e)h%!"t!) >ter!o#e o* theor!"!%?, o* ther!"!%? bour?eo!"!e. I% or#erto u%#er"t%# !t e >u"tu%#er"t%#, *!r"t o* The *eu#< "y"te>, ho"ee)o%o>!) b"!" " o* !t"

@ro@er @o* the u%!er"e, !% ter>" o*!t" "u@@o"e# @o"!t!o% o*#e@e%#e%)e %#"ubor#!%t!o% !% tht"y"te>, %# o* the e%# or

@ur@o"e h!)h !t e!"te# to"ere.

The bour?eo!"@h!


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or=e#.The !%e"t!?t!o% o*

%ture #%)e# h%# !%h%# !th the ?eo?r@h!)e%t %# the!tt!o%, o* the>ter!

-udig .euer/a&h,the @oer*u< %#eer >ore r@!#e !%e!tb

The >e)h%!"t!)y o* u%#er"t%#!%?%ture #!# %ot r!"e,hoeer, "!>@ the *)t tht t

tht t!>e !t " o%e)h%!)#e %y ?ret

@ro?re"". It "#ee@eDue%t o* *ree >r=et, "o the>o"t @ro?re""!e

@h!

@ro)e# tht theort!o%!% ")!e%)e, %#")!e%)e @ro!#e#>ter!


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+he 0or"d and theMa&hineThe orter!

"!"t" o* %oth!%? but@rt!)" thetot@, ho#oe" !t or=G

Th!" "ee>@

Neto%;" ))ou%t o*the "o.

Neto% #o@te# the">e ?e%er< !e "the /ree= >ter!ter!e%t" o* the"u% %# @oe>e%to* the "u% )ro"" thehee%" *ro> e"t toe"t, *or e>@@ort%t th!%? "to u%#er"t%# tht the"u% " %ot ?o#

but " "!>@


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)oot!o%" "%e)e""ry. Perh@",he "!#, the "u% ?oe"

rou%# %# rou%# theerth but @erh@" !t#!"!%te?rte" %# !t"to>" "e@rte eery%!?ht, "o tht !t !" %e "u% h!)h e"ee the %et >or%!%?to h!> "u)hDue"t!o%" ere"!>@@ort%t.

Neto%, o% the otherh%#, " )o%)er%e#to "ho e)te)h%!)" o* !t, !%ter>" o* ?r!ty %#>e)h%!)< *or)e".

But u"t "E@!)uru" " %ot

!%tere"te# !% ho the"o or=e#,"o Neto% " %ot!%tere"te# !% ho !tor!?!%te# %##eee>e)h%!"t!) @@ro)h" >%!*e"te# !%Hrey;" #!")oeryo* the )!r)ue)h%!"> o*

33

)!r)uG

(a) A >e)h%!">)o%"!"t" o*

@er>%e%t@rt", h!)h *!t

to?ether.(b) It reDu!!e" >ot!e *or)e to "et!t ?o!%?.(c) O%)e "et ?o!%?,

the @rt"!%ter)t %#re"u@ " t)h,3a4 It )o%"!"t" o* %u>ber o* #!**ere%t

@rt")o?", u"t t=e!t to b!t", *!%# out ht!t" @rt" re, ho they*!t to?ether %# ho,

by the!r !%ter)t!o%",o%)e the >e)h%!"> !"

"et !% >ot!o% by the@@ot!e *or)e,they @ro#u)e the totot!o% )hr)ter!"t!)o* the >e)h%!"> !%or=!%? or#er.

Th!" !" u"t ho the>e)h%!"t!)>ter!e% o*


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the ororeoer, *!%#!%? outho the >e)h%!">or=e#, they "ou?ht to*!%# out ho to re@!r!t, ho to !>@roe !t,

ho to )h%?e !t %#to >=e !t @ro#u)e%e re"ue%t" o* >%.

The tren'th and

A!hieve"ent o#

Me!hanisti! Materialis"

'e)h%!"t!)>ter!@ort%t >!

The >e)h%!"t"ere thorou?h?o!%?!% the!r >ter! by try!%?to ete%# to there o* >!%# %#

34

"o)!ety the ">e>e)h%!"t!))o%)e@t!o%" h!)here u"e# !% the")!e%t!*!) !%e"t!?t!o%o* %ture. They "ou?ht

to !%)% %# o* the %turt but >%" #!**ere%t, "!%)e heh# "ou

Th!" #o)tr!%e "e%t!o% /o#. 6et !t" !% !t" t!>e

@ro?re""!e !e o*>%. The !e tht>e% re >)h!%e"" % #%)e !% theu%#er"t%#!%? o*hu>% %ture ")o>@re# !th the!e tht they reret)he# @!e)e" o*)>ort< "ou@rt!eter!


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6e !ie of So&iety,to

"ho% you the#!**ere%)e o* there"u h!)h !"%et, ))h!%e",

h!)h re *r >oreo%#er*u%!tr!%!"> ",hoeer, t the be"t

bour?eo!"hu>%!tr!%!">. L!=ee)h%!"t!)>ter!

bour?eo!"!e. The !e

tht

35

>% !" >)h!%e !"roote# !% the !e tht!% @ro#u)t!o% >% !" >ere @@e%#?e o* the>)h!%e. A%# !* o% theo%e h%# th!" !>@ore "hou)h!%e !%

bre or=!%? or#er.

+he 0eane and

-imitation of

Me&haniti&

Materia"im

'e)h%!"t!)>ter!

(1$ It )outer!

For !* the orter!ter!eBe!%? " @o"tu.

(4$ 'e)h%!"t!)>ter!

@he%o>e% to the">e"y"te> o*>e)h%!)e=!%#" o* >e)h%!)< @ro)e""e", %eter%< )y))h!%e. For u"t " >)h!%e h" to be"trte# u@, "o !t )%

%eer #o %yth!%?e)e@t ht !t ">#e to #o. It )%%ot)h%?e !t"e


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'e)h%!"t!) theory,there*ore, er?e%)e o* ne

:ua"ity5 It "ee" )h%?eeeryherebut%oth!%? ne, %odeve"opment5

The r!ou"@ro)e""e" o* %ture)he>!)< @ro)e""e" %#the @ro)e""e" o* tter, *or e>@!)

36

!% " >u)h " the)h%?e" h!)h t=e

@e )o%"!#er the>e)h%!)< !%ter)t!o%o* to @rt!)ot!o% o* e)h. But !*to )he>!)ot!o% o*the @rt!)

Nor #o the @ro)e""e"o* %ture )o%"!"t !% there@et!t!o% o* the ">e)y)e)h%!)e

th!%?, >ot!o% o* >tter. He%)e the >ore!#e

(3$ St! e@ter!


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to>", !%ter)t!%?to?ether. The re!) %# "o)!

th!" @o!%t o* !e. A%#"o ?ret "o)!< )h%?e""ee> to "@r!%? *ro>Du!te ))!#e%t%)t!!ty !t"e )o@ureter!e% Du!teb"tr)t%

be!%? re?r#e# " "o)!< to> e%#oe#

by %ture !th)ert!% !%here%t

@ro@ert!e", ttr!bute"%# r!?ht". Th!" "e@re""e# !% the

bour?eo!" )o%)e@t!o%o* the

37

r!?ht" o* >%, %# !%the bour?eo!"reo theb"tr)t %ture o* >%,

but !" #eter>!%e# bythe "t?e o* "o)!ety !%h!)h >e% re

Nor re >e% ht theyre by %ture, butthey be)o>e ht theyre, %# )h%?e, " re"uere *or>< eDu

the re< )o%te%t o*the @ro%# *or eDu%# *oreDu

(nti%Duhring, Prt I,Ch@ter M$.

A#o@t!%? the!r b"tr)t, >e)h%!"t!)!e o* >e% " "o)!", the @ro?re""!e>e)h%!"t" tr!e# toor= out, !% % b"tr)ty, ht *or> o*"o)!ety ou% %ture, " they)o%)e!e# o* !t.

Th!" y o* th!%=!%?" t=e% oer by the"o)!>e#!te


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@ro?r>>e.$A?!%, the

>e)h%!"t!) >ter!

thou?ht tht ht >% ", h!")hr)ter %# h!")t!!t!e", "#eter>!%e# by h!3

38

e%!ro%>e%t %#e#u)t!o%. There*orethey @ro)e# tht to>=e >e% better,h@@!er %# >orert!o%< !t " "!>@

The >ter!"t%)e" %#u@br!%?!%? %# tht,there*ore, )h%?e#

>e% re @ro#u)e# by)h%?e#)!r)u>"t%)e" %#)h%?e# u@br!%?!%?,*or?et" tht)!r)u>"t%)e" re)h%?e# @re)!"ee% %# tht thee#u)tor >u"th!>"ee% re "!>@ter!< "o)!< )u"e"t or= !% hu>%"o)!ety, h!)h ?!e r!"eto %e )t!!t!e", %e!#e" %# there*ore to)h%?e# )!r)u>"t%)e"%# )h%?e# >e%G

'e)h%!"t!)>ter!


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!% !t" t!>e, !t )ou

Thu" *or the>e)h%!"t" the or%!*e"t "u)h

@ro@ert!e" " @o"!t!o%,>"", ee)h%!">, !* you)ou"" %# ee)h%!)", @re#!)teeryth!%? tht "?o!%? to h@@e%*terr#".

Th!" !" the *!r"t#o?>t!) ""u>@t!o% o*>e)h%!">. But e%ee# to ree)t !t. Forthe ore !%to be!%?%# @"" y.

The or@#e th!%?",rote E%?e@


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% u%!%terru@te#)h%?e o* )o>!%?!%to be!%? %#

@""!%? a(a)'(ud)i' Feuer*a!h%&

Th!", !%#ee#, !" ht")!e%)e !% !t"

but ")!e%)e >ore %#>ore "ho" tht they,too, )o>e !%to be!%?,

@"" y %# ?othrou?h >%ytr%"*or>t!o%".

ht !" *u%#>e%t

but e >u"t "tu#y the"o)!< @ro)e""e" h!)hre ?o!%? o%, !% the)our"e o* h!)h both!%"t!tut!o%" %# @eo@t!) ""u>@t!o% o*

>e)h%!"> !" the""u>@t!o% tht %o)h%?e )% eer h@@e% e)e@t by the)t!o% o* "o>e eter% "ee" >tter" be!%? !%ert!thout>ot!o%, or rther

!thout "eot!o%.For >e)h%!">, %oth!%?eer >oe" u%e)h%!"t"h# to bee Be!%? to ?!ethe !%!t!< !>@utter " u"t #e# >"", "o tht>ot!o% @re""e# o% >tter*ro> out"!#e. But, o%the )o%trry, you

)%%ot "e@rte >tter%# >ot!o%. 'ot!o%,"!# E%?eo#e o* e!"te%)e o*>tter.

'ot!o% !" the>o#e o* e!"te%)e o*>tter. Neer %yhere h" there bee%>tter !thout>ot!o%, %or )% there

be. 'ot!o% !% )o">!)"@)e, >e)h%!)ot!o% o* ">o!)b!%t!o% or


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#!"!%te?rt!o%,or?%!) o>e%t e)h!%#!!#u< to> o*>tter !% the or" o* >ot!o%, or !% "eer" o* the> to%)e. A

but th!" !% %o y@ree%t" !t *ro>@rt!)!@t!%? !% the>ot!o% o* the erth%# !% tht o* thehoo"t>!%ute @rt" *ro>)rry!%? out theo")!@erture, or !t"to>"

i, *ro> @""!%? throu?h )he>!)< @ro)e"".'tter !thout>ot!o% !" u"t "u%th!%=b be!%? #e#,@utter %# >ot!o%, theu%#er"t%#!%? tht>ot!o% !" the >o#e o*

e!"te%)e o* >tter,@ro!#e" the y to%"er!%? %u>ber o*

@er@!%#" he%

they th!%= bout>ter!ter!

4*


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" the oreBe!%?G ht " theor!?!% o* >tterG ht! the or!?!% o* >ot!o%G ht " the

ery be?!%%!%? o*eeryth!%?G ht "the *!r"t )u"eG The"ere the "ort o* Due"t!o%"h!)h @ue Be!%?. A%y

@rt!)ue @re!ou"

@ro)e"" o* >tter !%>ot!o%. But >tter !%>ot!o% h# %o or!?!%,%o be?!%%!%?.

S)!e%)e te)he" u"the !%"e@rb!tter %# >ot!o%.

Hoeer "tt!) "o>eth!%?" >y "ee> to be,there !" !% the>)o%t!%u< >ot!o%. Theto>, *or !%"t%)e,>!%t!%" !t"ee o%e%" o* )o%t!%u< >oe>e%to* !t" @rt".

So !% "tu#y!%? the)u"e" o* )h%?e, e"houere"ee%,ho !>@re""e# the!r"u@er!or !#e" %# !"" o*"o)!ety%or " be!%?

brou?ht bout by))!#e%t" %# eter% !" the""u>@t!o% tht the>e)h%!)< >ot!o% o*

@rt!)@o*

43

>ot!o% o* >tter %#tht e)h%!)< >ot!o% o*

@rt!)tter !" re#u)e# to"!>@e)h%!)ot!o%. Ae)h%!)ot!o% o* >tter.Hoeer r!e# the@@er%)e" >y be,hteer %e %#h!?her *or>" o* #eee%t >y


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@@er to r!"e, they reter!< or%y #!**ere%t ty@e"o* @ro)e"", h!)h ot!o% o*>tter. But they )% by%o >e%" be ot!o% h#" >tter K o* )our"eto "trt *ro> the@@e% tht ot!o% )% be re#u)e#to th!" "!>@@ot!o%r!"e %# #ee >ere )h%?eo* @ o* >ot!o%

!" tr%"*or>e# !%to%other %# r!"e" *ro>%other. The h!?her,>ore )o>@ o*

>ot!o% )%%ot e!"t!thout the @. It !"

44


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!%"e@rb the"!>@, but !t"%ture !" %ot ehu"te#thereby. For e>@!)" o*>ot!o% )%%ot bee@ the ".For e>@ter! o* >y"ter!ou""o>eth!%? *ro> out"!#e

!t< *or)e. Butto "y tht h!?her*or> o* >ot!o% )%%ot

be re#u)e# to !" %ot to "y tht !t)%%ot be #er!e# *ro>

the !% the)our"e o* the ter!

)ert!% "t?e !% the#eee%t o* >ore)o>@" o* %o%tter, %# r!"e"" re"u!%" to #e>o%"trtee@er!>e%t

Thu" the >e)h%!"t!)@ro?r>>e o* re#u)!%?ot!o% o* >tterto "!>@e)h%!)ot!o% >u"t beree)te#. e %ee#rther to "tu#y ot!o% o* >tter, !%the!r tr%"*or>t!o%"o%e !%to %other, %#" they r!"e o%e *ro>%other, the )o>@ the "!>@ the @o"!%?the bo#!e" o* ther!ou" >e>ber" o*"o)!etythou?h to #o"o ou.A))or#!%? to th!"theory, the hoot!o% o* "o)!ety !" to

be e@!) )h%?e"t=!%? @!) @ro)e"" h"

bee% #e")r!be#. Th!" !"% e>@e)h%!"t!)@ro?r>>e o*re#u)!%? )o>@ot!o% to "!%?

@ro)e"". But the t"= o*e@


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#eee%t )%%ot be*u" o*"o)!< )t!!ty r!"e %#

@@oe>e%t o*"o)!ety.

+hing and their

Inter&onne&tion

(7$ The to be >e%t!o%e# !" tht e)h o*the th!%?" or @rt!)=e u@ thetotother th!%?", " %

!%#e@e%#e%t u%!t.Pro)ee#!%? o% th!"

""u>@t!o% !t *o


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tr%"*or>e# by !t"re %#!%#e@e%#e%t o* !t" @rt".But the >utu< rey eDu!te#"@here o* the "tu#y o*the >e)h%!)%

%ture. For hu>%%ture !" e%;""o)!< ree)h%!"t!)>ter!ter!h!)h oer)o>e" thee=%e""e" %# %rro,

#o?>t!) ""u>@t!o%"o* >e)h%!">.

Th!" !" #!ter!u%#er"t%#" the or )o%"!#er"tht >tter !" o#e o* e!"te%)eo* >tter, "o tht there)% %o >ore be >tter!thout >ot!o% th%>ot!o% !thout >tter.'ot!o% #oe" %ot heto be !>@re""e# u@o%

>tter by "o>e out"!#e*or)e, but boe u%#er"t%#"the >ot!o% o* >tter ")o>@rehe%#!%? " o* >ot!o% o*>tter, thetr%"*or>t!o% o* o%e*or> !%to %other, the#eee%t o* the*or>" o* >ot!o% o*>tter *ro> the "!>@@the


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!% the u%!er"e, th!%?")o>e !%to be!%?,)h%?e %# @"" out o*

be!%?, %ot " "e@rte!%#!!#u< u%!t", but !%e""e%t!< re

th% the *or>er >e)h%!"t!)>ter!e)h%!"t!) "t%#@o!%t>#e by #!ter!e)h%!"t!)>ter!

A))or#!%? to tht)o%)e@t!o%, the u%!er"ee. It " hu?e

>)h!%e h!)h e th!%?",=e@t ?r!%#!%? out the">e @ro#u)t", e%t o%%# o% !% @er@etue# out o* the)o>@

bo#!e" ro"e h!)hbe?% to >%!*e"t the@ro@ert!e" o* tter. St!

L!!%? or?%!">"e%t throu?h @% h!>"e


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)o>>u%!"t "o)!ety, !%h!)h

52

the hoo%=%o *ou%# out "ho to u%#er"t%# %#e@

'r;" ")!e%t!*!)#!")oer!e" bout the#e by@@o%"trte#

ho to u%#er"t%#

be)o>e >"ter" o* the*uture.

Idealist Con!eptions o#Chan'e and ,evelop"ent

Ho #!# bour?eo!"th!%=er" try to ))ou%t*or the u%!er"e o* the> he h#to "y oer @er!o# o*>ore th% )e%tury.

He?e< "!# tht theho


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!%)re"!%? !%te?rt!o%o* >tter, %# he @utth!" #o% to ht he)

*o


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")!e%)e, %# )o>>o%e@er!e%)e !t"e=e u%bro=e%)o%t!%u!ty the

bour?eo!" @ro?re""bro#e%!%? #o% *ro>@re)e#e%t to @re)e#e%t," Te%%y"o% o%)e

e@re""e# !t. To hethou?ht #!**ere%t

e@ter!o%y!th the *)t" )o%)e!e# !% the!r o%%# %ot !% *%t"t!))o%%e)t!o%!"%"ere# by #!ter! )o%"!#er"the u%!er"e, %ot ""tt!), %ot "u%)h%?!%?, but " !%

)o%t!%u< @ro)e"" o*#eee%t. It)o%"!#er" th!"#eee%t, %ot " ">ooth, )o%t!%uou" %#u%bro=e% @ro)e"", but" @ro)e"" !% h!)h

@h"e" o* ?r#uter!< @ro)e""e"the>"e

@ro)e"" o* %ture %#"o)!ety.The >!% !#e" o*

>ter!

be the "ube)t o* the*oe# the> u@ !% h!"

Phi"oophi&a" 6ote/oo75The e""e%t!< !#e o*>ter!e% %#

@ro)e""e" o*%ture. . . . Th!" ter!e%t !th!%the >ter!< or,e@to "o)!

@


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>e%t !% %ture %#"o)!ety. To %"er th!"

@rob " to )o%#e>%the )@!t

@h!ter!.

Th!" #!")oeryreo

tr!u>@h o* >ter!, by #o!%?y !th the !tt!o%"o* the >eree)h%!"t!)>ter!

It " o*

@h!


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Ch@ter S! IALECTICS

AN 'ETAPH6SICS

+he Metaphyi&a" 0ay of ++iininge he "ee% ho >ter!e)h%!"t y, but ho >e)h%!"t!)>ter!e%t. For th!" e %ee# >ter!etho# o*"tu#y!%? %# u%#er"t%#!%? th!%?" !% the!r re< )h%?e %##eee%t.

A" "u)h, !t "t%#" o@@o"e# to metaphyi&5ht !" >et@hy"!)"G Or >ore e)t@e%, a-o.t

/0hu>% %ture. The%e "hou% %ture !% "u)h y tht e re)o?%!"etht >e% e%t o*"o)!ety. e "h !#e" bout hu>%%ture h!)h )orre"@o%#to the )tu< )o%#!t!o%" o*>e%;" e!"te%)e %# tothe!r )h%?e %##eee%t. But yet

@eo@% %ture !% ery #!**ere%t y, "thou?h there ere "u)h th!%? " hu>% %tureh!)h >%!*e"te# !t"e@et@hy"!)< b"tr)t!o%,o* the >et@hy"!)< yo* th!%=!%?.

The >et@hy"!)!%#oe" %ot th!%= !% ter>" o*re< men, but o* '%!% the b"tr)t.

'et@hy"!)", or the>et@hy"!)< y o*th!%=!%?, !", the%, thty o* th!%=!%? h!)hth!%=" o* th!%?" (!$ !%b"tr)t!o% *ro> the!r)o%#!t!o%" o* e!"te%)e,%# (4$ !% b"tr)t!o%*ro> the!r )h%?e %#

#eee%t. It th!%=" o*t! %other,!?%or!%? the!r !%ter)o%%e)t!o%", %# (4$" *!e# %# *roe%,


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!?%or!%? the!r )h%?e%# #eee%t.

O%e e>@et@hy"!)" h" e "o >u)h

@rt %# @r)e< o* )urre%tbour?eo!" !#eoet@hy"!)< *o)r)ye he o)r)y *or ho>, *orthe e@ o*?oer%>e%t, there !" %o#e>o)r)y h!)h !" %ot""o)!te# !th the ru o* #e>o)r)y )h%)@!to)r)y !" h!?her *or> o* #e>o)r)y th%, "y, the" re< "o)!< ree%t >!?ht"ub"eDue%te h!"y. Th!" !" %othere>@et@hy"!)".I% th!" )"e the>et@hy"!)< )o%)e@t!o%o* !%te


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*! the %ture, @ro@ert!e"%# @ote%t! u@ eeryth!%? !% *or>uet@hy"!)" o*te% >e%"

the "er)h *or theute )o%"t!tue%t" o*the u%!er"e. Thu" the>ter!

u"t " >u)h>et@hy"!)!%" " the

59!#e

@h!uore !" th!"e!#e%t.

It "hou h!)h e#!")u""e# !% the

@re)e#!%? )h@ter" )%eDuy et@hy"!)"

be)u"e they ) toree)t %y @h!,>et@hy"!)" >e%"%y theory h!)h #e"eet@hy"!)u%!)t!o% !" 6e,ye, Ny, %y, *orhteer !" >ore th%the"e )o>eth o* e! th!%? e!there!"t" or !t #oe" %ote!"t !t !" eDue "o>eth!%?eet@hy"!)< y o*th!%=!%? !% the *or>uoreth% @>o% "e%"e.But tht o% "tu#y!%? th!%?" !%the!r re< )h%?e" %#!%ter)o%%e)t!o%"!% et@hy"!)< " %y")hoo< o* @h! eeryo%e tthe!r tr#e u%!o% br%)h>eet!%? !" e!ther )!e !""ue" >yyet @roe % % hoebout @ro"e. he% they

e@ ht @ro"e!", he e)" hy, I;e

bee% "@e=!%? @ro"e y

S!>!et@hy"!)!% y

The >et@hy"!)!% h"h!" *or>u


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The u"e o* the>et@hy"!)< e!theror@@er! !* there!" r!*t betee% the>,the% they re %ot or=!%?to?ether. But o% the)o%trry, they re or=!%?to?ether %# yet there rer!*t" betee% the> %#e )%%ot u%#er"t%# they they or= to?ether%or *!?ht the> e**e)t!ebetee% )@!t

@e)e*u

@eo@et@hy"!)< yo* th!%=!%?. A%# th!" !"

be)u"e, >!"eth!%? ery %e)e""ry

%# u"e*u o* ) %# ""!?%!%? the!r

@ro@ert!e" %# re A to B, or by!t" be!%? A !% "o>ere@>. Ntur b!r#" be)u"e,>o%?"t other th!%?",>>>@


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h!>>e o* )"t%)e", he% !t*!r"t ro"e, )%%ot *or tht

re"o% be ter!e)h%!"t!)theory h" be)o>eretro?r#e, re)t!o%ry.'e)h%!">, h!)h "

@ro?re""!e !% the r!"!%?@h"e o* )@!tet@hy"!)< yo* th!%=!%?.

For e>@!#"t o* th!"

@ro)e"" e%ter !%to @h"e!% h!)h e )%%ot "y

b"oeth!%? u%#er?oe")h%?e, %# the &on&ept!% ter>" o* h!)h e try to"u> u@ the )hr)ter!"t!)"o* the th!%?" !%oe%"

e%#.A%# he @o!%te# out tht

"!>!


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fundamenta" oppoite5For e>@

A?!%, !% >the>t!)",there !" ##!t!o% %#"ubtr)t!o%, @ber o* different th!%?",different @ro@ert!e",different re@" o* hober o* #!**ere%t

@ro@ert!e" %# #!**ere%tree%t%!*e"te# !% the"e

@ro@ert!e" %# re" bout)@e%t, the%trueto !t" hb!t o* th!%=!%? o*e)h th!%? !% !"o"e@rte@


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o@@o"!te" !%outue )"e" the bu!@ou%#"%# !% other )"e" the!r

bre=!%? #o%, but eery%other, but o%t!)". Here the*u%#>e%t< o@ert!o%"re the to o@@o"!t!o%",##!t!o% %# "ubtr)t!o%.A%# "o *r !" !t *ro>

be!%? the )"e tht##!t!o% %# "ubtr)t!o%)% be u%#er"too# e)h@rt *ro> the other, tht##!t!o% )% bere@re"e%te# " "ubtr)t!o%

%# !)e er" thu" theo@ert!o% o* "ubtr)t!o%(b$ )% bere@re"e%te# " %##!t!o% (b$.S!>!

The u%!ty o* o@@o"!te",the!r !%"e@rbo%!ou" %# "tb@orry, tr%"!tory,ree%t< @o%!*e"t!%?the>"et!o%".

Thu", *or e>@


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%# re@uore th% )o%#!t!o%< %# te>@orrythe )o%*

t!o%", hethertr%"*or>t!o%" o% %to>!) ")!)t!o%", %# !%h!)h !" e%o% o*%ture %# "o)!ety.

Co%trry to>et@hy"!)", the !> o*#!@rehe%#e# " )o>@#eth!%?" but " )o>@@""!b

bee% !%tro#u)e# !%to

%ture o%!%#"th!"re)o?%!t!o% !" the=er%e< o* the#!?e", !#e", e""e%t!e%o%" the e""e%)e o*#!%# !t" #o)tr!%!re&ro1essors, -eca.se

23!t !%)@rehe%"!o% %#**!r>t!e re)o?%!t!o% o*the e!"t!%? "tte o*th!%?", t the ">e t!>ee%try e!"te%)e

be)u"e !t


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V

Ch@ter See%

= CHAN/E

AN

INTERCONNECTION

+he Dia"e&ti&a" veru the

Metaphyi&a" 0ay of

+hining

I% !#e@@ro)h #!**er" *ro> >et@hy"!)et@hy"!)", #!eth!%? !" the "t%#@o!%t o* the!r>oe>e%t, the!r )h%?e,the!r #eee%t, the!r )o>!%? !%to

be!%? %# ?o!%? out o*be!%?.

(3)Co%trry to>et@hy"!)", #!@ . . .Du%t!tt!e )h%?e"to o@e%, *u%#>e%toe>e%t, " tr%"!t!o% *ro> % o@@ the et@hy"!)", #!the oe>e%t %#)h%?e.

Conidering +hing in +heir

Inter&onne&tion andCir&umtan&e The#!etho##e>%#", *!r"t, tht e"hou


61/113

ber. e hee e>@et@hy"!)" !" to th!%=o* th!%?" !% % b"tr)ty, !"o the!rre the

)o%)rete )!r)u>"t%)e"!% h!)h they e!"t.

The @r!%)!@

" t!>e he% theBr!t!"h or=er" ere*!?ht!%? *or te%hour#y. They ere r!?ht ttht t!>e %ot to >=ethe!r !>>e#!te #e>%#% e!?hthour #y, "!%)eth!" " %ot yet ree" he% !t !" %ot)orre)t. Su)h >tter"he to be u#?e#))or#!%? to the )tu"t%)e" o* the)"e. S!>!

"t%)e" !% re"t%)e" o* e)h)"e.

Thu" !%-eft%0ing

Communim Le%!%rote

O* )our"e, !%@oet!>e" etre>e@u"the the br!%" to%>u%!"to@@ortu%!">. But !t !"%oth!%? o* the =!%#orrther, !t !" the eryo@@o"!te. It !" the @@ !% re


62/113

Co>>u%!"t" re ?u!#e#by the @r!%)!@e%t" hou"t%@ur"ue !% e)h )"e !% the"t%)e".

O% ?e%er< Due"t!o%",too, the ?rete"t)o%*u"!o% )% r!"e *ro>*or?ett!%? the #!e>ber" o* the LbourPrty )o%t!%ue to "y,tht

73

%t!o%

%t!o%!%" !% theh%#" o* the e@

b"!" o* e@

A?!%, !% @oe%t" @eo@e%t".Thu" !t !" r?ue# tht !*e #e*e%# the #e>o)rt!)r!?ht o* the or=er" !% )@!t %# the!%tro#u)t!o% o* "o)! %# there!%tro#u)t!o% o* )@!ter ?rou@!%?" !% theU.S.S.R., ho "ou?ht tore"tore )@!t, th!" !"u%#e>o)rt!), th!" !"tyr%%y Su)h %r?u>e%t oeror!ty o* the

@eo@


63/113

%# )ou%terreoe%t. Let the)@!to)r)y !% ?e%er


64/113

r!% " tht o* the!%terre#e")r!be e)h "@e)!e""e@rte@e%t.

I% )o%"!#er!%? ho)h%?e" t=e @!%e the eter%ou%t!>@ort%)e %ot o%e%t, but to ht!" )o>!%? !%to be!%?.

The Ru""!%Bo@


65/113

r!"!%? %# ?ro!%?,thou?h !t " "t!er!)%!>@er!the !>@er!oreth% the @o!%? to

b!rth !% the>, ht !"r!"!%? %# >o!%? he#.

Th!" !" ht ?oo#"e)retry or or?%!"er#oe".

Su)h e>@e%t.

A'ainst .Ready+"ade

!he"es.4.Truth is

Al)ays Con!rete.

So>et!>e" @eo@?!%e tht #!@e%t o* the'r!"t #!etho# #oe" %ot >e%tht e @@eth!%?h!)h Le%!% !%"!"te#o% ?!% %# ?!%.I%#ee#, !% h!" @>@he%t< the"!"o* #!e%by truth !" e,"o>e b"tr)t


66/113

*or>ueb"tr)t, @re)o%)e!e#")he>e " the!r ?u!#e.

A))or#!%? to "o>euthor!t!e", the'r!"t #!ter!u"t #e@!)t theh!"tor!)< @ro)e"")orre)to%"trte the)orre)t%e"" o* thetr!# !" %oth!%? but re

He?e@t to ;@roe;

%yth!%? by tr!#"!" b"ur#, ht"!?%!*!)%)e )%e>@


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tr!#" re %ot ee%>e%t!o%e#, %# tht !tou%t" tore?r#!%? "o)!>u%!">. F!r"t the)@!to)r)y %#!%tro#u)e the *")!"t#!)ttor"h!@, %# the%

the or=er" !

@re"ere bour?eo!"

#e>o)r)y %# to#e*et the *")!"t", %#tht !


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or=!%?)>e%)e to

bu!.L"te%t C@!t@er!ore o%e@oer tte>@t" to!>@o"e !t" #o>!%t!o%o% %other %# the >orehr#"h!@" they !>@o"eo% the @eo@ore)% the @eo@

r. So r !" %ot!%e!tb@er!!t"e@er!

I% #e ")he>e,"o>e b"tr)t *or>ue%" @""!!ty, "u@@ort*or )@!t

!%ter)o%%e)t!o% %#>oe>e%t, "ho" u"ho to *or?e he#ho to *!?ht, ht etho# to the or=!%?)oe>e%t.

80


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EN

T

0hat Do 0e Mean /y>Deve"opment>?he% e "tu#y %y

@ro)e""e", hether o*%ture or o* "o)!ety, eMateria"im, tht there!" re%e< %##eee%t, here"o>eth!%? !" ter!e )y)e%!%? o* the or##eee%t. e"@e= o* #eee%there "t?e by "t?e"o>eth!%? %e =ee@"e>er?!%?.

Thu" there !" #!**ere%)e betee% >ere&hange %# #eee%t. eee%t !")h%?e @ro)ee#!%?))or#!%? to !t" o%!%ter%< @eree%", %ot ?ett!%?

b!??er, but @""!%? !%to Du

!t "@!%" !t"ee%tG Th!" !"the *urther t"= o*>ter!

to *!%# ht ?e%erbe !*you re e%??e# !%)h%?!%? "o)!ety. e!uu"t t )ert!% @o!%t?!e r!"e to Du

br!%? bout Duu"t "tu#y!t" Du%t!tt!e b"!",%# =%o ht >u"t be!%)re"e# %# ht#!>!%!"he# !* thereDu!re# )h%)e !" to be

brou?ht bout.

Ntur< ")!e%)ete)he" u" ho @ure83

!% %ture For e>@b!%e# !% the to>?!e" #!**ere%t =!%#" o*to>", to>" o* #!**ere%tee%t" !th #!**ere%t)he>!)< @ro@ert!e".

Thu" % to> )o%"!"t!%?o* o%e @roto% %# o%ee


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% to> o* he, %#"o o%. S!>!@ou%#",the ##!t!o% o* o%e to>to >o!)ot!o%, !.e.!thout Du%t!tt!e!=e ur%!u> bo>b !t !"%e)e""ry to he the!"oto@e, ur%!u>435the >ore )o>>o%!"oto@e, ur%!u>43,!ere!)e!?ht, #e@e%#!%? o%the %u>ber o* %eutro%"

@re"e%t !% e)h )"e.But th!" Du%t!tt!e#!**ere%)e o* to>!)

e!?ht, 435 %# 43,>=e" the Du

@ro@ert!e" reDu!re# *orthe bo>b %#

"ub"t%)e !thout tho"e@ro@ert!e". Further,h!%? ?ot Du%t!tyo* ur%!u>435, )ert!% )r!t!)< >""o* !t !" reDu!re# be*ore!t !


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!" %ot e%ou?h, the)h!% re)t!o% h!)h)o%"t!tute" the e

@=e !t?o o**. The ther>o%u)

Pla!e Throu'h the

Unity and tru''le o#

Opposites

I% ?e%erthe )o%te%t, o* the@rt!)u

@rt!)u

he% het !" @@"" o* ter

)o%t!%e# !% =ettot!o% o*the >oo"" o* ter !%"!#e the=etto to

be?!% u>@!%? )"". A Du

be?!%" to bubbe#

!%to "te>. Th!" )h%?ee!#e%toe @rt%# u>@ *ree er"u" the*or)e" o* ttr)t!o%

betee% the>. The*or>er te%#e%)y !"re!%*or)e# to the @o!%there !t oer)o>e" the


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)"e, o* the eter%@

betee% the te%"!@e# !%toDu

and *itori&a"

Materia"im'

Co%trry to>et@hy"!)",#!e%o* %ture, *or eth!%?#ee


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the !%ter%< )o%te%to* thetr%"*or>t!o% o*Du%t!tt!e )h%?e"!%to Du

@ro)e"" o*#eee%t *ro>the o%!ou"u%*oe%, but " #!") % ob"!" o* the"e)o%tr#!)t!o%".

e he to u%#er"t%#th!" )o%)retee%t< the"!"

o* #! the?e%er< @r!%)!@

I " %ot !% #oubttht >!# the eerbe#!


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"o)!< "y"te> !t"e brou?htbout

the )o%)e%trt!o% o*the >e%" o*

@ro#u)t!o% !% %u*)tor!e", the!rtr%"*or>t!o% !%to>e%" o* @ro#u)t!o%h!)h ere !% *)t"o)!

@ro#u)t!o% )o%t!%ue#to @@ro@r!te the

@ro#u)t,

betee% "o)!

"tru??


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"o)!< @ro#u)t!o%%# )@!t

betee% @ro the"tru??

@u"tu"t b"e the t)t!)" %#"trte?y o* !t" ))@!t

t or=, ho"e"tru??e *u%#>e%t interna")o%tr#!)t!o%".

Thu", *or e>@oe>e%t, tht !", %o"eoe>e%t, buto%

@r!te @@ro@r!t!o%!%here%t !% tht "o)!ety.It #oe" %ot r!"e " re"u

by Co>>u%!"t?!ttor" %# So!et?e%t". A%# they

be )ouerere*!%e>e%t o*

@h!@ort%)e.Bour?eo!" theor!"t",

*or e>@!%te !%%# e%# !th the#e"tru)t!o% o* the "y"te>!t"e@ !tout, %# "o to @re"ere


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the "y"te> !%t)t.Pre)!"eo)r)y.

It " !% o@@o"!t!o%to "u)h "h to the theory

o* the )

betee% 'r!"t%# % or#!%ry @etty(or ee% b!?$

bour?eo!". Th!" !"

the tou)h"to%e o%h!)h the re "houot!e *or)e o* Du

@ro)e""e" o* %ture %#"o)!ety, %# tht !%or#er to u%#er"t%#,)o%tro< %# >"terth!%?" !% @r)t!)e e>u"t @ro)ee# *ro> the

)o%)rete %. For

e>@


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re< )o%tr#!)t!o%. A%#!* the >oe>e%t o*"o)!ety )o>b!%e" thete%#e%)y to "o)!

@r!te @@ro@r!t!o% o*the @ro#u)t", tht !" re< )o%tr#!)t!o% too.

The e!"te%)e o*)o%tr#!)t!o%" !% th!%?"!" ery *>!

94

%# !t !" o*te% re*erre#to !% eery#y)o%er"t!o%". Fore>@rr!e# )ou@@

A re< )o%tr#!)t!o% !" unity o* o@@o"!te".There !" reo#!*!e#!t. A >oe>e%t !thout)o%tr#!)t!o%" oue>oe>e%t. It !" the@re"e%)e o*)o%tr#!)t!o%", tht !",o* )o%tr#!)toryte%#e%)!e" o* >oe>e%t, or o* u%!ty %# "tru???!%e, !* you )%, "o)!ety !thout)o%tr#!)t!o%". Th!"oue th!%?" !%the ">e y" @eo@


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Hoeer, %o "u)h"o)!ety e!"t" or eer)ou the ery %ture o*the )o%#!t!o%" o* hu>%u"t

97

ter!

bu>@!%? !%to %#bou%)!%? o** o%e%other. Su)h u%!er"eouot!o%o* @rt!)e >ot!o%.

The re< u%!er"e !" %ot

b!o" !% "@e)!*!)

@ro)e""e"$ h!)h >=e"u@ the re< )h%?!%?

@ro)e""e" o* the re@t!o%. The)o%tr#!)t!o% betee%*or)e" o* @ro#u)t!o% %#ret!o%" o*"o)!ety. Thu" !% )@!t

betee% %y "@e)!e" o*e%t re)o%tr#!)tory. Theor?%!"> e t!>e !t"e%!ro%>e%t )o%t!%"thret" to !t" %, th!")o%tr#!)t!o% t=e" the*or> o* the "@e)!*!))o%tr#!)tory re% %#%ture %# th!" reore"@e)!*!) *or>" !th e)h"t?e o* >%;" "o)! !" o% o* "tru??.

The #!"t!%)t!o%

betee% %t?o%!">%# %o%%t?o%!"> !%the )o%tr#!)t!o%" o*"o)!ety !" o* ?ret

@r)t!)< !>@ort%)e.There re >%y)o%tr#!)t!o%" !%"o)!ety, %# !t i

@r)t!)!"t=e% *or )o%tr#!)t!o% o* theother =!%#, the% ro%?)t!o% !" t=e% h!)h)%%ot


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e%t!ree>ber" o* "o)!ety %#?ree# #e)!"!o%" t=e%*ter "u)h #!")u""!o%.Co%tr#!)t!o%" o* th!" o%? the> o%>o%!%tere"t %# %ot #!!#e#

by %t?o%!"t!)

12

+

!%tere"t". I% "u)h)o%tr#!)t!o%" there@@er" the %eee%t o* the rt!o%"tery oer%ture !ou"e%;" >o#eo*

@ro#u)t" !th >!%!>u> e@e%#!ture o*>%u< %# !%te" o*"o)!< or?%!"t!o% %#"o)!< ". But there !" %ore"o% to e@e)t tht th!"


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#eee%t !

the!r o% "o)! %# )o%*

betee% >e% !%"o)!ety #!"@@er" %#

?!e" y to the@ro@er% >etho#o* #e)!#!%? **!r"by")!e%t!*!) @@r!"< o*)o%#!t!o%", %ee#" %#)our"e" o* )t!o%.

#%0

C

h@ter

Te%

E0EL

OP'EN

T AN

NE/ATI

ON

+he .orard Movement

of Deve"opmentI% >%y @ro)e""e" theor=!%? out o* the!r)o%tr#!)t!o%" re"u

"t?e to "t?e, e)h"t?e be!%? % #%)eto "o>eth!%? %e, %ot *oe>e%t.

For !%"t%)e, terhe% )oo$,

but the >oe>e%t !"!thout #!re)t!o% %#)%%ot be )!?ht )oe*orr# to tur% ter!%to "te> !* e re>=!%? !)e# #r!%=",the% !)e !" >oe*orr#. The *)t !"tht !)e )% tur% !%toter %# ter !%to"te>, %# b)= ?!%,%# th!" >oe>e%t h"%o #!re)t!o% o* !t" o%.

he%, hoeer, e)o%"!#er "u)h >oe>e%t " tht o*"o)!ety, e *!%# tht !th" #!re)t!o% o* !t"o% "o)!ety >oe"*orr# *ro> @r!>!t!e)o>>u%!"> to " " to )@!t to)o>>u%!">. Th!" !" >oe>e%t !th #!re)t!o%, *orr#>oe>e%t.

He?e< u"e# to th!%=tht %tur< @ro)e""e"ere .

The )h%?e" thtt=e @


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r!ou" they >y be,eh!b!t o%

be)u"e !t r!"e" *ro>!%ter%< )u"e".

ht, the%, !" theb"!" o* #!re)t!o% !%@ro)e""e", o* the!%ter%< )u"e" o*


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*orr# >oe>e%t o*#eee%tG It !" to

be *ou%# !% thee!"te%)e %# o@ert!o% !% tho"e

@ro)e""e" o* e""e%t!". Th!" !" ht?!e" r!"e to #!re)te#"er!e" o* "t?e", @ro)e"" o*#eee%t !% #e*!%!te #!re)t!o%.

Thu", *or e>@%

e!"t" !% @er>%e%t)o%tr#!)toryre%;""o)!< eo"tery oer %ture,%# the >oe>e%t o*"o)!ety t=e" th!"

#!re)t!o%

br!%?" bout "er!e" o*Du

tht throu?hout !%*!%!tet!>e the !%*!%!teu%!er"e #ee%!*e"tt!o% o*"o>e >y"ter!ou" )o">!)e%t t=e"

@rt!)uoe>e%t o*#eee%t !%

@ro)e"", the% "t?e by"t?e there o))ur" tr%"!t!o% *ro> % o

#eee%t )o>e" !%tobe!%? *ro> the or=!%?out o* the )o%tr#!)t!o%!%here%t !% the oeth!%? o*the @"t *ro> h!)h !t"@r!%?" %# o* the *uture

to h!)h !t eth!%?#y!%? y %#"o>eth!%? #ee


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O% th!" b"!" there o%)e?!% r!"e" !th!% !tthe "tru??oe>e%t o* #eee%t !" the )o%t!%uou" or=!%? out o* "er!e" o* )o%tr#!)t!o%".

eee%t)o%t!%uu"tthere*ore u%#er"t%# !t")o%tr#!)t!o%" %# hothey or= out.

A @ro)e"" u"u

"o)!< @ro#u)t!o% %#@r!te @@ro@r!t!o%.Th!" b"!) )o%tr#!)t!o%!" ht #eter>!%e" the#!re)t!o% o*


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#eee%t, %>e )@!tt)h"o)!< @ro#u)t!o%.

/!e% the b"!)

)o%tr#!)t!o%, the% @ro)e"" !" )hr)ter!"e#by %u>ber o* b!? %#">The b"!))o%tr#!)t!o% or=" out

by the !%"tru>e%t

betee% the or=!%?)

)@!t to "o)! the#o>!%%)e o* o%e "!#e totht o* the other " !e%t< )h%?e !%the Du

Thu", *or e>@bour?eo!"!e o* #o>!%t!o%

by the b!? )@!t

bour?eo!"!e )%%ot bethe @r!%)!@y be )o>@e o* the )o%troer"y%o r?!%? rou%# "o>eo* the Thou?ht" o*Ch!r>% 'o tur%"o% !he Due"t!o% o**!%#!%? the @r!%)!@e%t".

+he Bd"e of 6egation inDeve"opmentThe *orr# >oe>e%to* #eee%t,)o>@ to "o)!

@ro#u)t!o%)o%tr#!)t"ht !" o the @"t

@r!te @@ro@r!t!o%,%# %e *or)e r!"e",the or=!%? )


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"t?e ?!%"t the#e*e%#er" o* the o

o* "tru??ore@e#e#eee%t th% tohe, ht e!"t" h"%ot to be "u@@ the)@!t

Co>@r!%? the#!ter!!"t )o%)e@t!o%,e >y "y tht the o%ere)o?%!"e" %#e>br)e", h!ere>e%!%? ?!%, !t >e%"@ %# !% o@@o"!t!o%

to the o


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the oo!%? @ro)e""

##8

o* #eee%t " ho ere bor%o* )@!te%t *ter)@!t, !" %ot#e"troye# he%)@!t

@re"ere# %# )rr!e#*urther.

Th!" @o"!t!e)o%te%t o* %e?t!o% !"%ot u%#er"too# by


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be brou?ht bout o%be)u"e o* the

#eee%t o* the)o%tr#!)t!o%" o* tht"y"te> !t"e "!>@eth!%?. For !%"t%)e, !* I >u"tu%#er"t%# %e?t!o% !*e re to u%#er"t%#the poitive roe%t, the %eDue%t

the %e?t!o% o*%e?t!o%.

A))or#!%? to thee%" "!>@@! tothe ". The %et"t?e !" *eu#.

E)h "t?e r!"e" *ro>the @re!ou" o%e, %#%e?te" !t. So *r e he"!>@e" %etGCo>>u%!">. Here there!" retur% to the

be?!%%!%?, but t h!?her>u%!">, b"e# o%etre>e!t!e *or)e"o* @ro#u)t!o%, )o>e")o>>u%!"> b"e# o%etre>e


104/113

*or)e" o* @ro#u)t!o%%# )o%t!%!%? !th!%!t"ee%#ou" %e

@ote%t!e%t o* )

re"uThe !>@ort%)e o*th!" )o%)e@t!o% o*%e?t!o% o* %e?t!o%#oe" %ot

@et!>e" tht >yh@@e% %# "o>et!>e"

%ot, #e@e%#!%? o% the"@e)!*!) )hr)ter o*the @ro)e""e" o*

#eee%t.6et the re@et!t!o% o*


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% ere @ro)e""e" o*#eee%t %#,>oreoer, to br!%? !tbout !" o*te% %

!>@ort%t !> o*@r)t!)e. The!>@ort%)e o* the)o%)e@t!o% o*%e?t!o% o* %e?t!o%

"!>@

by the!r be!%?re@ro#u)e# t

Duu"te%t !"!% o@ert!o%.

Neerthe!t!e )o>>u%!">to )o>>u%!">. The"e)o%# @@er%)e o*)o>>u%!"> !" o% o* theer

@h!,

%# >o#er%>ter!

Th!" >o#er%>ter!

Diihring, >i %ot the>ere ree"tb

@er>%e%t*ou%#t!o%" o* th!"

oter!o"t )


106/113

@o!%te# out tht the @re)@!t

by )@!t

@re)@!t

@ro@erty !" !t"eore, but!% %e *or>, o% h!?her @ro@erty *or the@ro#u)er, but ?!e"h!> !%#!!#u>u%!"t"o)!ety, %# ))or#!%?to h!" %ee#" !% the

*u

@o%#" !>e#t rre"t!%? the %e)@!t %# *or "o)! h##e"troye#, but to#e"troy )@!t

S!>!


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the 192", %te#"o>eho to rre"t the

@ro)e"" o* )@!t " b"e#o% "ho!%? tht th!" "!>@o""!b

by 'r!"t @rt!e", !" tru@t!o%" (!#e

our )o%)e@t!o%" o* th!%?" >u"t be b"e# o%)tu< !%e"t!?t!o% %#e@er!e%)e, %# >u"t

be )o%"t%tI%#ee#, #!ter!

u"t " they re(>ter!

The ">e )%%ot be"!# bout other

@h!@t!o%" o* o%e=!%# or %other, %# tryto ere)t "y"te> o%the b"!" o* tho"e""u>@t!o%". But "u)h""u>@t!o%" rerb!trry o% !" !% %o"e%"e @h!here they erero%?, ht the!r#!")oer!e" re >=e"% e%# o* the o


108/113

'o#er%>ter!

@h!!ter!@

@re"ere# bo,%# @re"ere# "re?r#" !t" reter!ter!%!*e"te# !t"e", "o tht !%the @"t the ")!e%)e"he %eer bee%)o%"!"te%tter!e%""ho!%? the or#er %##eee%t o* the>ter!< orthe >ter!< or !"

>%!*e"te# e"@e)!% %ture. TheUto@!%" or=e# out")he>e" *or % !#e!) ot!o% o* )@!t r!"e" " the

%e)e""ry %et "t?e !%the eo"e@ort%t o*


110/113

orr!e# be)u"e they *eee%t" #o %ot=%o ho to @ut the!r#!")oer!e" to @ro@er u"e.They he ?oo# )u"e toorry bout th!". S)!e%)e

!" #!")oer!%? the "e)ret"o* %u)@


111/113

h!#eou" o* *!%#!%? hoto )h%?e "o)!ety, "otht the "t %e *or)e"o* @ro#u)t!o% )% beu"e# !% the "er!)e o*hu>%!ty. For the *!r"tt!>e !% h!"tory the

@o""!b!

e!"t". The t"= !" to*!%# ho to >=e tht

@o""!b!

th!" @r)t!)< t"= thtthe theory o* #!ter! !"%# )% o%

bu!>u%!"t"o)!ety.

(4)!ter!

@h!" %# r?u>e%t"

by the bu)=et*uo"t o* the> %e!theror!?!%< %or )o?e%t, !*o%e t=e" the troub

#$8


112/113

o@@re""!o% o* o%e %t!o%by %otherG Ho to e%#the e@%

by >%G Ho toe"tb". e >u"tu#?e @h!

@ro?re""!e >oe>e%t"!% the @"t. True, therere>!% !th!% the r%="o* bour?eo!" @h!)rry *orr# "o>e o*the"e @o"!t!e !#e". Forthey re !#e" h!)h)%%ot by %y >%%ero* >e%" beet!%?u!"he#. But the

@re!@h"!e >e%;"he

)@!t "=" to beu#?e# %# !e%t to "ho they out o* )@!t

@eo@"teryoer %ture.

!ter!

@h!

It !" the @h!oe>e%t o* the@eo@


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>oe>e%t )%%ot )h!ee )o%")!ou"%e"" o* !t"eto h!)h #!ter! tur%", !" the @rob o* u%#er"t%#!%? the *or)e" o*#eee%t o* "o)!ety. The )h!e* @rob !" to re)h "u)h% u%#er"t%#!%? o* "o)!ety, o* >e%;" "o)!< )t!!ty %# o*the #eee%t o* hu>% )o%")!ou"%e"", " !etho# !th h!)h e he bee% )o%)er%e# !% th!"oe re @@ter!

REAIN/ LIST

The *or=e# !th % "ter!"= re the be"t *orbe?!%%er".

MAR; AND EN

Materialism and the Dialectical Method by Maurice Cornforth

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