Material Selection - Case Study Summary

University of St. Thomas 2015 1

Case Study – Material Selection for Dynamic Load Transfer Strut

By Matthew Slama and Yinan Luo ETLS 771

Advanced Material Science


Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 3

Application ...................................................................................................................................... 3

Analysis ........................................................................................................................................... 5

Translation ................................................................................................................................... 5

Function ................................................................................................................................... 5

Constraints ............................................................................................................................... 6

Objectives ................................................................................................................................ 8

Free variable ............................................................................................................................ 9

Screening ..................................................................................................................................... 9

Ranking ........................................................................................................................................ 9

Documentation ......................................................................................................................... 10

Environmental Effects ................................................................................................................... 12

Tradeoffs ....................................................................................................................................... 13

Compare to Existing ...................................................................................................................... 13

Future Work .................................................................................................................................. 13

References .................................................................................................................................... 14


Abstract In this study, the material selection process was followed in order to determine the optimal material and process for a load transfer beam in a road durability simulator for dynamic force application. The process of translation, screening, ranking, and documentation was followed. The constrains in translation were a natural frequency of at least 500 Hz in the longitudinal beam direction, a fatigue strength of 48 ksi at 107 cycles, thermal expansion of less than 13 µstrain/°F, modulus of elasticity greater than 4700 ksi, and a yield strength of 48 ksi. CES Edu Pack was the database used to screen materials through the constraints. After the screening constrains were applied, there were fifteen (15) passing material candidate. The next step taken was to apply a ranking algorithm. The ranking properties were specific stiffness, cost, and thermal expansion. These property values for each material were found and normalized to the highest value of each respective property. A weighting value was applied to each property. Specific stiffness had a weight of three (3), cost had a weight of two (2), and thermal expansion had a weight of one (1). It was determined that high and medium carbon steels, low alloy steels, and stainless steels were the top three (3) of the ranking process. The materials that resulted from this ranking were AISI 1095, 4340 Steel, and 17-4PH Stainless Steel. Further investigation of these materials was conducted with the results ending with 4340 as the choice material for this application. An Eco Audit was performed on this part and a total life energy consumption was found to be 1.1e6 kcal.

Application The Road Simulator Struts are force transfer components that are part of a greater force application component, Multiaxial Spindle-Coupled Road Simulator see in Figure 1. The Multiaxial Spindle-Coupled Road Simulator is a durability test machine for the automobile industry. It is capable of testing of testing nearly all passenger-vehicles for fatigue and wear failure. It consists of a hydraulic power unit to supply the hydraulic actuators that are connected to a WFT (Wheel Force Transducer). The hydraulic actuators are configured such that all 6 degrees of freedom of each wheel may be controlled.

A closed force system is used such that the commands sent from the control unit are

compared with the actual. The closed system then uses a correction gain to compensate. The system can be controlled in either force control or displacement control [1].

Figure 1 MTS 329 Multi-axis Spindle-Coupled Road Simulator [9]


The force input function is gathered with a WFT. This unit is set up on either the test specimen or on another representative sample. A modified wheel rim is needed to be manufactured. The WFT provides a load path from the tire that is in contact with the road to the vehicle suspension and drive train. The WFT is a force transducer, as vehicle maneuvers are conducted, the WFT is able to capture all 6 degrees of freedom (Fx, Fy, Fz, Mx, My, Mz) that the wheel undergoes. This data is then recorded.

In addition, the WFT data can be coupled with accelerometers to measure the acceleration of the vehicle and WFTs. This data encompasses the entirety of the mechanical loads applied through the system. It is generally accepted in the automobile industry that aerodynamic loads are sufficiently small to not consider them in durability testing. This could change in the future as more phenomena are being pursued to enhance the vehicle performance.

This data then can be replicated by the road simulator. It utilizes the “feed forward” system to produce the same forces, accelerations, and displacements seen by the representative sample in testing. The road simulator is able to accelerate the damage seen on the vehicle. This is done by applying the same damage history seen by the WFT on the course at a higher frequency. It is generally accepted in metal fatigue that at fatigue growth rate is sufficiently independent with frequency. However, this is not the case with viscoelastic or plastic materials such as those used in bushings. This can cause some issues with applying higher frequency

content to the specimen. The data taken is sometime is replayed on the specimen. Although the system is capable of applying this, often the system is run in random damage to avoid sequencing effects. This random damage loading is typically computed by taking data from the wheel for transducer then applying a rainflow to get the cycles. These cycles are then randomized to remove sequencing effects. Automotive vehicles do have some sequencing due to acceleration, deceleration cycles but it is not the extent that airplanes see for takeoff/landing. A hybrid approach can be taken to apply sequencing effects with random loading.

Not only does the data taken by the WFT contain high frequency components but the high frequency content can become greater if the durability testing is accelerated. This poses problems for not only the hydraulic systems needing a higher operating frequency but it also poses problems with all components between the HPU (hydraulic power unit) and the vehicle. When components in the load path have low frequencies, the signal in the force transducer can be affected in two ways. One, the signal can see a span shift, seeing a differing load than actual. Two, the signal can be phase shifted. As the signal surpasses resonance, the signal sees a 180 phase shift, shown in Figure 2.


This can significantly change the damage profile applied to the component. Depending on the axis of natural frequencies and the mode, some degrees of freedom may be effected more than others. This creates problems because in multi-axis fatigue the magnitude of the force vectors are important and so does the phase in which the vectors are applied [2]. In the case of a linkage or a strut, it is only a two force member, it cannot support a high load transfer in other axis. So, if there are resonance effects in these axes, the damage and error that they contribute is inconsequential. However, in the axial direction, there is large input energy. Any resonance effects will directly affect the force applied. This can create a much different stress profile at the crack tip of the specimen, producing results that deviate from actual. Not only that but the “feed forward” compensation has a difficult time compensating due to the change in magnitude of the signal in addition to the phase shifting.

One component in the system that tends to have a low natural frequency is the strut. This is due to the length of the component. It is advantageous to limit the frequency of applied input to be 10 percent of the

natural frequency of the system. So it is critical to design components with very high natural frequencies to avoid errors in the signal. If it is not possible to make a component with a natural frequency that is 10 times higher than that some errors must be accepted due to resonance effects. Some steps have been taken to tune system components around the majority of the frequency content of the data. This can be easily done by computing a FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) and looking at the content. The natural frequency of components can be computed either by traditional methods, testing, or FEA. Furthermore, often time high frequency content is very low damage cycles. These cycles can be removed if the damage done to the component is sufficiently small that it is within the acceptable errors of the model. If a cycle does perpetrate significant damage, then it is up to the engineer to determine if the amplitude and phase shifting is acceptable.

There is considerable design done to ensure accurate measurements in a component that seems very trivial in the scope of the assembly. However, like many things, many of the “simplest” components can have the greatest challenges that must be accounted for in the design.

Analysis Translation Function The strut operates as a dynamic load transfer beam that applies force and displaces the weldment that is connected to the WFT. It must provide a stiff load path with little hysteresis, minimal resonance

Figure 2 Amplitude and Phase Shifting due to Resonance [10]


errors, impact resistance, and possess high fatigue life.

Constraints 1) The road simulator is specified to

run at 50Hz. In this case study, the requirement is to have operating frequencies below 10 percent of the system’s functioning natural frequency. Where functioning natural frequency is a natural frequency that causes a significant span error or phase shift error. Thus, the effective natural frequency requirement is 500 Hz.

Ideal Mass – Spring System

The natural frequency is the frequency at which a system tends to oscillate in the absence of any driving or damping force. This frequency is resonance. In the most basic system, an ideal mass-spring system, the natural frequency (𝜔𝑛) can be

computed by taking 𝜔𝑛 = �𝑘𝑚

where k is

the spring constant and m is the mass of the body. This system can be seen in Figure 3.

Beam Natural Frequency The system in this case study is more complex than an ideal mass-spring system. The beam considered has the mass distributed along the length. The longitudinal displacement fuction of a beam is known to be [3]

𝜕𝜕𝜕

�𝐸𝐸(𝜕)𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕� = 𝑚(𝜕)

𝜕2𝜕𝜕𝜕2

Where u is the displacement fuction, x is longitudinal length, t is time, E is the modulus of elasticity, A(x) is the cross sectional area of the beam, and m(x) is the mass per unit length.

With a beam with boundary conditions containing a fixed end and a free end, this can be simplied down to

𝑓𝑛 = (2𝑛 − 1)𝜋2

𝐿�𝐸𝜌

where 𝜌 is the density of the material. This equation can be solved for a metric to be used in material selection

𝐸𝜌

= �𝑓𝑛𝐿

𝜋2(2𝑛 − 1)�2

With given values of 𝑓𝑛 = (500 𝐻𝐻), 𝑛 = 1, 𝐿 = 60 𝑖𝑛

𝐸𝜌≥ 945000

𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑚 𝑖𝑛3⁄

This specific modulus of elasticity is a linear function that can be used in an Ashby chart on material selection.

Analytical Model Validation An FEA Modal analysis was conduted in ANSYS Mechanical. This was to validate the displacement fuction. In this, it was assumed that the tube had an outer radius of 2in, an inner radius of 1.9in, a modulus of elasticity of 29,000 ksi, length of 60 in, with one fixed end and one free end. The system was then solved for 12 modes of vibration, then by looking at the displacement shapes,

Figure 3 An Ideal Mass-Spring System [11]


the longitudinal mode was selected and the natural frequency found.

The natural frequency that was determined by the analytical solution was found to be 828.4 Hz. The natural frequency that was computed in FEA was found to be 818.7 Hz. The difference was found to be 1.2% error. The FEA model was found to have the higher natural frequency. This was not surprising as due to the nature of the elements the stiffness of the system is always found to be higher than actual. This anslysis can be seen in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Modal Analysis of Tube Structure

2) The system is a durability test system for fatigue cycling. This requires not only for the road simulator to have a fatigue life greater than the test run but for multiple test sequences. These test systems must undergo fatigue lives of over 107 cycles. Current systems see very little failure. Systems don’t see fatigue failures usually until after 15+ years of almost continuous life cycle testing. The number of fatigue cycles that the component will be designed for is 107 cycles. It is known that there can be material failures past cycles of 107. Many materials do not exhibit an endurance limit e.g. aluminum.

The force that is being designed to for 10^7 is 7.5 kip with a safety factor of 4. This is

due to the high load that needs to be applied to the vehicle to replicate impact forces e.g. hitting a curb. Furthermore, the safety factor of 4 is necessary for the longevity of the system. It is imperative that the test machine not break due to the high costs of the specimens. If the test apparatus fails a multi-million dollar test could be scrapped. The stress through the section can be determined.

𝜎 =𝑆𝑆 ∙ 𝑃𝐸

For 𝑃 = 7500 lbf, 𝑆𝑆 = 4, 𝐸 = 0.6205 𝑖𝑛2

𝜎 =4(7500 𝑙𝑙𝑓)0.6205 𝑖𝑛2

= 48 𝑘𝑝𝑖

Thus

𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑙𝑐𝑝 ≥ 107@ 48 𝑘𝑝𝑖

This is the stress that will be designed to for infinite life design.

3) Thermal growth is also another issue that needs to be addressed. Thermal growth of the beam will cause displacement errors if the test machine is running in displacement control. The thermal growth of a beam is known to be

∆𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇

This can be solved such that

𝛼 =∆𝐿𝐿∆𝑇

Where α is the coefficient of thermal expansion of the beam material, ΔL is the change in length of the beam, and ΔT is the change in temperature of the beam. This assumes that the beam has no spacial temperature gradient. The change in length


is defined to be 0.03 in under a 40 °F change in temperature. Thus,

𝛼 ≤ 13 𝜇𝑝𝜕𝜇𝜇𝑖𝑛 ℉⁄

4) It is also important that the beam not buckle. Although the buckling may still be in the elastic region and the beam may recover, this buckling could produce extraneous loads on the specimen. Therefore, this must be a criterion that the beam must not fail. Buckling is a well-known phenomenon and the failure force can be determined to be

𝑆𝑏 =𝑛𝜋2𝐸𝐸𝐿2

The maximum force applied will be 𝑆𝑏 = 7500 𝑙𝑙𝑓. The worst case for this beam’s buckling will happen with a fixed-free boundary condition n = 0.25. The length and the area moment of inertia for the beam are already known. Thus,

𝐸 =𝑆𝑏𝐿2

𝑛𝜋2𝐸≥ 4700 𝑘𝑝𝑖

5) Lastly, the yield strength of the material needs to be sufficiently large such that the beam does not undergo plastic deformation. This is import for the both the accurate force and displacement control of the specimen but also for stability of the system. Most closed loop systems for testing have a linear gain term to change for the control of the system. However, as soon as a component in the system goes into the plastic region, the linear elastic region behavior is lost. One could develop a relationship that is nonlinear such as Ramberg – Osgood equation. However, implementation of this not only expensive but also induces major errors as the

material undergoes kinematic hardening. Furthermore, this induces hysteresis in the model. Therefore,

𝜎𝑦 ≥ 48 𝑘𝑝𝑖

Objectives There can be a huge list of objectives in a design. There are always more aspects that a design can be optimized over. However, for the study, the objectives were optimized over were decreasing cost, increasing specific stiffness, and decreasing thermal effects. The materials that were screened using the translation criterion will be ranked in respect to these objectives, respectfully.

Increasing the specific stiffness of the component not only ties into the design constraint of the increasing the natural frequency of the component but it also beneficial for energy consumption. Energy consumed by the system is proportional to the mass being moved. Therefore it is advantageous to remove as much mass as possible.

Decreasing the cost of the component is trivially important. This increases the value/cost to the customer. This is what business is founded upon.

Decreasing thermal effects is less intuitive. Thermal expansion of the strut will cause the arm to be longer than what the system “knows”. This will cause displacement errors. When the system is operating in displacement control it will potentially apply higher strain values that it expects. This could increase or decrease the fatigue life of it not only due to mean strain differences but also due to sequencing effects.


Free variable The free variable in this design is to choose the material and the process that it is fabricated.

Screening In the screening process, the constraints determined in the translation process were utilized to eliminate materials that did not meet the criterion.

The database that the materials were pulled from were those in the CES Edu Pack 2015 under Level 3 materials. Although this list is very exhaustive, material categories were used to simplify the results of the screening. This process was a hybrid of both level 2 and Level 3 databases. This was done to be able to include more advanced materials that were not included in the Level 2 database or include select processes of a specific material that allowed the criterion to be passed.

The first criterion, specific modulus was required to be 𝐸

𝜌≥ 945000 𝑝𝑝𝑝

𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑝𝑛3⁄ ,

removed almost half of the candidates. Out of the starting 3907 unique materials only 1791 passed.

The next stage was the fatigue strength required at 10^7 cycles. This removed many more materials and only 767 materials passed. The third stage composed of removing all materials with a thermal expansion coefficient greater than 13 𝜇𝑝𝜕𝜇𝜇𝑖𝑛 ℉⁄ . This removed some candidates but 697 materials passed.

The next criterion is that the material must have a Modulus of Elasticity greater than 4700 ksi. This criterion actually does not

remove any materials from this list. This is mostly due to applying the fatigue strength and thermal coefficient of expansion to the materials. All materials that have a low Modulus of Elasticity like polymers also have a low fatigue life and also a high coefficient of thermal expansion.

The last criterion is a yield strength that is greater than 47 ksi. This removed a few materials but 757 materials still passed. These 757 materials can be grouped into 22 main groups of materials. The groups of materials are listed in Table 1.

Table 1 Passed Materials in Screening Process

Although the materials that are listed could be used for this application, doing such would assure a very impractical and costly solutions. These selections will now be narrowed down.

Ranking The ranking procedure assumes that the specific stiffness will have a weight of 3, the cost will have a weight of 2, and the coefficient of thermal expansion will have a

NameAluminaBoron carbideHigh carbon steelLow alloy steelMedium carbon steelNickelNickel-based superalloysNickel-chromium alloysSilicon carbideSilicon nitrideStainless steelTitanium alloysTungsten alloysTungsten carbidesZirconia


weight of 1. These weights will be applied after each of the values has been normalized to the maximum value in the data set. The rank of the materials is shown in Table 2. The analytical results of the ranking algorithm can be seen in the appendix.

Table 2 Ranking of the Passed Materials

The materials that will be selected for documentation are the carbon steels and stainless steel.

Documentation Although there are technically 4 categories that were looked at in the ranking scheme, this study took a look at 1 material from the low alloy steel category, 1 materials that were from the carbon steel category and 1 material that was from the stainless steel category. The first on the list is 4340 low carbon steel.

4340 is an aircraft grade steel. It is generally not thought that steels as being used for

aircraft. However, 4340 exhibits a very high fatigue life and strength. 4340 is a low alloy steel. The chemical composition of the steel is tabulated in Table 3.

Table 3 Chemical Composition of 4340 Low Alloy Steel [4]

Although there is some corrosion resistive materials present in the chemical makeup of the material it is not considerable to deter significantly corrosion that would attack it. In many applications, a light oil coating is added. However, general practice is to either nickel coat or paint. Typically all low alloy steels have similar Young’s Modulus, Poisson’s ration, density, thermal expansion as that of carbon steels. This is due to the large makeup of the iron to the additives. The effects of the iron dominate the properties of the other elements in structural properties. However, select properties such as fatigue life, corrosion are highly dependent on the materials that are alloyed with iron. Furthermore, with varying temperature different structures can be formed to give differing properties.

With that said, changing between low alloyed steels, carbon included, will most dramatically manifest itself in a change in fatigue properties and also in cost.

High carbon steelMedium carbon steelLow alloy steelStainless steelSilicon carbideNickelAluminaNickel-based superalloysZirconiaNickel-chromium alloysTitanium alloysTungsten carbidesBoron carbideSilicon nitrideTungsten alloys

Name

Element Content (%)

Iron, Fe 95.195 - 96.33

Nickel, Ni 1.65 - 2.00

Chromium, Cr 0.700 - 0.900

Manganese, Mn 0.600 - 0.800

Carbon, C 0.370 - 0.430

Molybdenum, Mo 0.200 - 0.300

Silicon, Si 0.150 - 0.300

Sulfur, S 0.0400

Phosphorous, P 0.0350


The fatigue life of 4340 steel, with proper heat treatment, can be increased to a range of 85.4 – 103 ksi for 10^7 cycles. It is important to note that much of the fatigue data that was looked at had R=0. There are some circumstances where there is R=0 loading but many times it is fully reversed stress. In the case of this test machine, many of the channels will be see fully reversed stress. This is another reason why such a high safety factor was chosen. The fracture toughness was 50 ksi.in^0.5

The heat treatment that was chosen was a 205 deg C with oil quench. The steel is normalized at 1500 deg F. This austenizes the material. The material is then rapidly cooled. This process is often times plotted for tensile strength. Figure 4 is such a plot [5].

Figure 5 Tempering Diagram for 4340 Low Alloy Steel [6]

Although it is generally accepted that there is a correlation between tensile strength and fatigue life, one should be careful

because it is not always true. One must look at ductility of the material to allow some plasticity at the crack tip.

It was determined that the best heat treatment of the 4340 was a tempering at 205 deg C and oil quenched. The cost of the material per pound was also found to be nominally 0.43 USD/lbm. Furthermore, 4340 is a readily available material for standard fabrication shapes. 4340 also exhibited a much higher fracture toughness relative to other low alloy steels such as 5160.

The carbon steel that was investigated was AISI 1095. It is currently used in many high stress and high wear applications such as automotive applications. This material has a chemical composition that makes it a high carbon steel. The tabulated compositions can be found in Table 4.

Table 4 Chemical Composition of AISI 1095 High Carbon Steel [7]

Element Content (%)

Iron, Fe 98.38 - 98.8

Carbon, C 0.90 - 1.03

Sulfur, S ≤ 0.050

Phosphorous, P ≤ 0.040

Manganese, Mn 0.30 - 0.50

The fatigue life of AISI is greater than 68 ksi at 10^7 cycles. This can be achieved with the proper heat treatment. The heat treatment chosen was a 205 deg C heat treat with oil quench.

Due to the high ductility of the carbon steel, the fracture toughness of the material is high at 40 ksi.in^0.5. Furthermore, the cost of the material is quite low, running in


about 0.25 USD/lbm. This makes a very economical solution. However, it lacks the very high fatigue behavior characterize by other materials.

The last material that was looked at was 17-4 PH. This is a very high alloyed steel. It provides excellent corrosion resistance with great fatigue properties, but at a cost.

The chemical composition contains very high amounts of chromium, thus making it a stainless steel. The full composition list can be found in Table 5.

Table 5 Chemical Composition of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel [8]

The condition of the material that was chosen was a wrought with a heat treat of H1100. This provided a balance of fatigue strength with a very high fracture toughness. The fatigue life was 60 ksi at 10^7 with a fracture toughness of 135 ksi.in^0.5. Furthermore, the price of the material is 2.75 USD/lbm. This is much more expensive than the other two materials looked at. However, 17-4 PH does have some significant advantages.

It has a high fracture toughness, therefore it will be very unlikely to have a brittle fracture. It is stainless so there will be very little corrosion thus mitigating stress concentrations due to corrosion. There are

some more issues with using 17-4, it is very difficult to find it is some sizes, often a part needs to be machined from a billet, making the process very expensive.

The material that was chosen was the 4340 Steel. 4340 had the overall better property profile. It is very important that the component not fail. It had the highest fatigue life. It also is a material that is readily available for standard shapes.

Environmental Effects An Eco Audit was performed in CES Edu Pack. It was assumed that there were a quantity of 24 parts that would be manufactured. This is due to there being 6 DOF on each corner with 4 corners of a vehicle, summing 24. It was further assumed that there would be no recycled content and a mass of 10.8 lbm each. The manufacturing process would be primarily extrusion. The end of life condition would be completely recycled.

There is significant transportation of testing equipment. It must be manufactured then sent to the assembly and check-out facility, assumed to be 200 miles. This could be further depending on the cost of the manufacturer. There is another part of the travel, once the assembly is checked out, it is shipped to the test facility.

These test facilities can be all over the world. It is assumed that the distance traveled by sea freight was 3000 miles. The product life was assumed to be 20 years. The results of the Eco Audit are found in Figure 5.

Element Content (%)

Carbon 0.07 max

Manganese 1.00 max

Phosphorus 0.040 max

Sulfur 0.030 max

Silicon 1.00 max

Chromium 15.00-17.50

Nickel 3.00-5.00

Copper 3.00-5.00

Columbium plus Tantalum 0.15 0.45


Figure 6 Eco Audit of Mechanical Load Transfer Beam (Strut)

The total energy consumed in the life of the part is 1.76e6 kcal. However, due to the ability of steel to be recycled, some of the environmental effects can be mitigated. The total life energy consumption was 1.10e6 kcal.

Tradeoffs The largest trade-off in the choice of material was the cost. It turns out that the cost of 4340 was about twice the cost of AISI 1090 High carbon steel.

Compare to Existing Although the material that is currently in production is unknown, 4340 would be a sufficient replacement.

Future Work Although this report covered the material selection process, it did not contain a looping sequence. By this, some criterion, like inner and outer diameter of the shaft could have been optimized for each property, i.e. specific stiffness, buckling resistance, etc. Each of new designs could have been ranked, sorted, and documented.


References

[1] MTS Systems Corporation, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://www.mts.com/ucm/groups/public/documents/library/cm3_002014.pdf.

[2] R. I. Stephens, A. Fatemi, R. R. Stephens and H. O. Fuchs, Metal Fatigue in Engineering, Hoboken: Wiley-Interscience, 2000.

[3] T. Irvine, "Longitudinal Natural Frequencies of Rods and Responce to Initial Conditions," 24 March 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.vibrationdata.com/tutorials2/Long.pdf. [Accessed 12 December 2015].

[4] Azom, "AISI 4340 Alloy Steel (UNS G43400)," AZO Materials, [Online]. Available: http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6772. [Accessed 16 December 2015].

[5] Steel Forge, "AISI / SAE 4340 Alloy Steel: Forging Facts," Steel Forge, [Online]. Available: http://www.steelforge.com/alloy-steel-4340/. [Accessed 16 December 2016].

[6] Atlas Metals, "Throught-hardened Low Alloy Steel Bar 4340," 2006. [Online]. Available: http://www.atlassteels.com.au/documents/Atlas4340.pdf. [Accessed 16 December 2016].

[7] Azom, "AISI 1095 Carbon Steel," AZO Materials, [Online]. Available: http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6561. [Accessed 16 December 2015].

[8] AK Steel, "17-4PH Data Sheet," AK Steel, [Online]. Available: http://www.aksteel.com/pdf/markets_products/stainless/precipitation/17-4_ph_data_sheet.pdf. [Accessed 17 December 2015].

[9] MTS Systems Corporation, "MTS Systems Ground Vehicles," 2008. [Online]. Available: http://www.mts.com/ucm/groups/public/documents/library/mts_008357.pdf. [Accessed 5 December 2015].

[10] Petrofed Corporation, "Petrofed," [Online]. Available: http://petrofed.winwinhosting.net/upload/20-21_March14/Day%202/14_Sonu%20Patidar/Vibration%20.pdf. [Accessed 5 December 2015].

[11] Stanford University, "Vibrating Systems," Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics, 1999. [Online]. Available: https://ccrma.stanford.edu/CCRMA/Courses/152/vibrating_systems.html. [Accessed 12 December 2015].


Appendix Ranking Data

Documentation Selection Data

(psi/lbm/in^3) Normalized Low High Average Normalized Low High Average NormalizedHigh carbon steel 1.06E+08 0.14 0.236 0.263 0.2495 0.01 6.11E-06 7.50E-06 6.81E-06 0.74 272.51Medium carbon steel 1.06E+08 0.14 0.236 0.263 0.2495 0.01 5.56E-06 7.78E-06 6.67E-06 0.73 272.50Low alloy steel 1.08E+08 0.14 0.254 0.281 0.2675 0.01 5.83E-06 7.50E-06 6.67E-06 0.73 254.25Stainless steel 1.02E+08 0.14 2.67 2.94 2.805 0.08 7.22E-06 1.11E-05 9.16E-06 1.00 25.55Silicon carbide 5.46E+08 0.73 6.59 9.41 8 0.24 2.22E-06 2.67E-06 2.45E-06 0.27 10.92Nickel 9.23E+07 0.12 7.87 8.65 8.26 0.24 6.67E-06 7.50E-06 7.09E-06 0.77 9.34Alumina 3.78E+08 0.51 8.28 12.4 10.34 0.31 3.89E-06 4.39E-06 4.14E-06 0.45 8.52Nickel-based superalloys 9.40E+07 0.13 9.47 10.4 9.935 0.29 5.00E-06 8.89E-06 6.95E-06 0.76 7.95Zirconia 1.49E+08 0.20 8.46 12.2 10.33 0.31 5.83E-06 6.11E-06 5.97E-06 0.65 7.80Nickel-chromium alloys 1.00E+08 0.13 10.2 11.3 10.75 0.32 6.67E-06 7.78E-06 7.23E-06 0.79 7.49Titanium alloys 1.00E+08 0.13 10.1 11.1 10.6 0.31 4.94E-06 5.33E-06 5.14E-06 0.56 7.35Tungsten carbides 1.71E+08 0.23 8.46 13.2 10.83 0.32 2.89E-06 3.94E-06 3.42E-06 0.37 7.31Boron carbide 7.47E+08 1.00 27.3 40.4 33.85 1.00 1.78E-06 1.89E-06 1.84E-06 0.20 5.20Silicon nitride 3.76E+08 0.50 16 24.5 20.25 0.60 1.78E-06 2.00E-06 1.89E-06 0.21 5.06Tungsten alloys 7.38E+07 0.10 23.3 25.6 24.45 0.72 2.22E-06 3.11E-06 2.67E-06 0.29 3.36

RankNamePrice (USD/lb)Specific Stiffness Thermal expansion coefficient (strain/°F)

Namespecific stiffness (psi*10⁶*in³/lb)

Thermal Expansion (µstrain/°F)

Average Price(USD/lb) AverageFatigue Strength at

10ˆ7(ksi)Average

AISI 4340 205°C 106.8783069 6.39-7.22 6.805 0.409-0.451 0.43 85.4-103 94.2AISI 1050 108.4656085 5.56-6.67 6.115 0.238-0.263 0.2505 46.8-54.4 50.6AISI 1095 106.1728395 6.11-7.5 6.805 0.237-0.261 0.249 58-67 62.517-4PH 103.35097 9.94-7.3 8.62 2.65-2.92 2.785 52.8-78.6 65.7

Mechanical Load Transfer Beam - 4340 Steel

20

Product name

Product life (years)

Summary:

Eco Audit Report

Country of use World

Phase Energy(kcal)

Energy(%)

CO2 footprint(lb)

CO2 footprint(%)

Material 9.07e+05 51.5 615 51.1Manufacture 8.05e+05 45.7 557 46.3Transport 2.94e+04 1.7 19.3 1.6

Use 0 0.0 0 0.0Disposal 1.97e+04 1.1 12.7 1.1Total (for first life) 1.76e+06 100 1.2e+03 100End of life potential -6.68e+05 -442

Energy details CO2 footprint details

See notes on precision and data sources.NOTE: Differences of less than 20% are not usually significant.

Wednesday, December 16, 2015

Page 1 / 5

Energy (kcal/year)

Equivalent annual environmental burden (averaged over 20 year product life): 8.81e+04

SummaryEnergy Analysis

Eco Audit Report

Material:

Component MaterialRecycled content*

(%)

Part mass(lb)

Qty. Total mass(lb)

Energy(kcal) %

Mechanical Load Transfer Beam

Low alloy steel, AISI 4340, tempered at 205°C & oil

quenchedVirgin (0%) 11 24 2.6e+02 9.1e+05 100.0

Total 24 2.6e+02 9.1e+05 100

Detailed breakdown of individual life phases

Summary

*Typical: Includes 'recycle fraction in current supply'

Manufacture: Summary

Component Process Amount processed Energy(kcal) %


Extrusion, foil rolling 2.6e+02 lb 8e+05 100.0

Total 8e+05 100

Report generated by CES EduPack 2015 (C) Granta Design Ltd. Wednesday, December 16,

2015

Page 2 / 5

Transport:

Breakdown by transport stage

Stage name Transport type Distance(miles)

Energy(kcal) %

Transport to Assembly Facility 14 tonne truck 2e+02 7.7e+03 26.2

Transport to Customer Facility Sea freight 3e+03 2.2e+04 73.8

Total 3.2e+03 2.9e+04 100

Component Mass(lb)

Energy(kcal) %

Mechanical Load Transfer Beam 2.6e+02 2.9e+04 100.0

Total 2.6e+02 2.9e+04 100

Breakdown by components

Summary

Use:

Mode Energy(kcal) %

Static 0

Mobile 0

Total 0 100

Relative contribution of static and mobile modes

Summary

Disposal:

Component End of life option

Energy(kcal) %

Mechanical Load Transfer Beam Recycle 2e+04 100.0

Total 2e+04 100

Summary


Energy(kcal) %

Mechanical Load Transfer Beam Recycle -6.7e+05 100.0

Total -6.7e+05 100

EoL potential:

Notes: Summary


2015

Page 3 / 5

Manufacture: Summary

Component Process Amount processedCO2

footprint(lb)

%


Extrusion, foil rolling 2.6e+02 lb 5.6e+02 100.0

Total 5.6e+02 100

Material:

Component MaterialRecycled content*

(%)

Part mass(lb)

Qty. Total mass(lb)

CO2 footprint

(lb)%


Low alloy steel, AISI 4340, tempered at 205°C & oil

quenchedVirgin (0%) 11 24 2.6e+02 6.1e+02 100.0

Total 24 2.6e+02 6.1e+02 100

Detailed breakdown of individual life phases

Summary

*Typical: Includes 'recycle fraction in current supply'

CO2 (lb/year)

Equivalent annual environmental burden (averaged over 20 year product life): 60.2

SummaryCO2 Footprint Analysis

Eco Audit Report


2015

Page 4 / 5

Notes: Summary

Disposal:


CO2 footprint

(lb)%

Mechanical Load Transfer Beam Recycle 13 100.0

Total 13 100

Summary


CO2 footprint

(lb)%

Mechanical Load Transfer Beam Recycle -4.4e+02 100.0

Total -4.4e+02 100

EoL potential:

Use:

Mode CO2 footprint(lb) %

Static 0

Mobile 0

Total 0 100

Relative contribution of static and mobile modes

Summary

Transport:

Breakdown by transport stage

Stage name Transport type Distance(miles)

CO2 footprint(lb) %

Transport to Assembly Facility 14 tonne truck 2e+02 5 26.2

Transport to Customer Facility Sea freight 3e+03 14 73.8

Total 3.2e+03 19 100

Component Mass(lb)

CO2 footprint(lb) %

Mechanical Load Transfer Beam 2.6e+02 19 100.0

Total 2.6e+02 19 100

Breakdown by components

Summary


2015

Page 5 / 5

Page 1 of 11Material Selection - All Stages

CES EduPack 2015 (C) Granta Design Ltd

Name250 maraging steel, maraged at 482°C7075, T761 aluminum/aramid fiber, UD composite, 0° laminaAerMet 100Al(2009)-15%SiC(w), powder productAl-17%SiC(p),powder product, T351 (AMC217-xa)Al-17%SiC(p),powder product, T4 (AMC217-xa)Al-17%SiC(p),powder product, T4 (AMC217-xe)Al-40%Al2O3(Nextel fiber), longitudinalAl-47%SiC(f), 0/90/0/90Al-47%SiC(f), longitudinalAl-48%B(f), longitudinalAl-50%Al2O3(Altex fasern, f), longitudinalAl-50%B(f), longitudinalAl-60%C-M40(HM-C-fiber), longitudinalAl-65%Al2O3(Nextel fiber), longitudinalAl-70%Al2O3(Almax, f), longitudinalAlumina (99.5)(finegrain)Alumina (p)Alumina (pressed and sintered)Alumina, Nextel 480 (11 micron, f)Alumina, Nextel 610 (12 micron, f)Alumina, Saphikon sapphire monocrystal (100 micron, f)Alumina/10%TiO2Alumina/25%TiCAlumina/30%TiC composite (pressed and sintered)Alumina/40%B4C composite (pressed and sintered)Alumina/50%B4C composite (pressed and sintered)Aluminum, 7055, wrought, T77511Asbestos (amosite)(f)Asbestos (blue)(f)Asbestos (tremolite)(f)Asbestos (white)(f)Beryllium, grade I-220B, vacuum hot-pressedBeryllium, grade I-250, hot isostatically pressedBeryllium, grade S-200, extrudedBeryllium, grade S-200FH, hot isostatically pressedBeryllium, grade SR-200, plate, >6.35 mm thickBeryllium, grade SR-200, sheet, 0.5 to 6.35mm thickBMI/HS carbon fiber, UD composite, 0° laminaBoron (AVCO 102-200 micron, f)Boron carbide (HIP)Borsic (SiC/B/S 100-150 micron, f)Carbon fibers, high modulus (5 micron, f)Carbon fibers, high strength (5 micron, f)Carbon fibers, ultra high modulus (10 micron, f)Carbon fibers, very high modulus (5 micron, f)Carbon steel, AISI 1030, tempered at 205°C & H2O quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1030, tempered at 315°C & H2O quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1030, tempered at 425°C & H2O quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1030, tempered at 540°C & H2O quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1040, tempered at 205°C & H2O quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1040, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1040, tempered at 315°C & H2O quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1040, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1040, tempered at 425°C & H2O quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1040, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1040, tempered at 540°C & H2O quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1040, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1040, tempered at 650°C & H2O quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1050, as rolledCarbon steel, AISI 1050, normalizedCarbon steel, AISI 1050, tempered at 205°C & H2O quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1050, tempered at 315°C & H2O quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1050, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1050, tempered at 425°C & H2O quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1050, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1050, tempered at 540°C & H2O quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1050, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1050, tempered at 650°C & H2O quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1050, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1060, as rolledCarbon steel, AISI 1060, normalized



Carbon steel, AISI 1060, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1060, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1060, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1060, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1060, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1080, as rolledCarbon steel, AISI 1080, normalizedCarbon steel, AISI 1080, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1080, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1080, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1080, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1080, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1095, as rolledCarbon steel, AISI 1095, normalizedCarbon steel, AISI 1095, tempered at 205°C & H2O quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1095, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1095, tempered at 315°C & H2O quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1095, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1095, tempered at 425°C & H2O quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1095, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1095, tempered at 540°C & H2O quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1095, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1095, tempered at 650°C & H2O quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1095, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1137, normalizedCarbon steel, AISI 1137, tempered at 205°C & H2O quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1137, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1137, tempered at 315°C & H2O quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1137, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1137, tempered at 425°C & H2O quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1137, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1137, tempered at 540°C & H2O quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1137, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1141, as rolledCarbon steel, AISI 1141, normalizedCarbon steel, AISI 1141, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1141, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1141, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1141, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1141, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1144, as rolledCarbon steel, AISI 1144, normalizedCarbon steel, AISI 1144, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1144, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1144, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1144, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1144, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1340, annealedCarbon steel, AISI 1340, normalizedCarbon steel, AISI 1340, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1340, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1340, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1340, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedCarbon steel, AISI 1340, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedChromium, commercial purity, hard, >99%CrChromium-nickel alloy, 50Cr-48Ni-2Cb, as castChromium-nickel alloy, 50Cr-50Ni, as castCoated steel, stainless steel, terne coatedCobalt, commercial purity, cold worked, hard, >99.3%CoCobalt, commercial purity, soft (annealed), >99.3%CoCobalt-base-superalloy, CCM, wrought, annealed (high carbon)Cobalt-base-superalloy, CCM, wrought, hot worked (high carbon)Cobalt-base-superalloy, Elgiloy/Phynox, annealedCobalt-base-superalloy, HAYNES STELLITE 6B, wroughtCobalt-base-superalloy, HAYNES STELLITE 6K, wroughtCobalt-base-superalloy, HS 188, wrought, solution treatedCobalt-base-superalloy, L605, wrought, solution treatedCobalt-base-superalloy, MAR-M 302, castCobalt-base-superalloy, MAR-M 509, castCobalt-base-superalloy, multiphase, MP159, cold drawn, aged (solution treated)Cobalt-base-superalloy, multiphase, MP35N, cold drawn, aged (solution treated)



Cobalt-base-superalloy, UMCo-50, wroughtCobalt-base-superalloy, WI-52, castCobalt-base-superalloy, X-40, castCobalt-base-superalloy, Elgiloy/Phynox, cold workedCobalt-base-superalloy, Elgiloy/Phynox, cold worked, agedComplex phase steel, YS800 (cold rolled)Cyanate ester/HM carbon fiber, UD composite, 0° laminaCyanate ester/HM carbon fiber, UD composite, quasi-isotropic laminateDiamondDual phase steel, YS350 (cold rolled)Dual phase steel, YS600 (cold rolled)Epoxy/aramid fiber, UD composite, 0° laminaEpoxy/HS carbon fiber, UD composite, 0° laminaEpoxy/HS carbon fiber, woven fabric composite, biaxial laminaEpoxy/HS carbon fiber, woven fabric composite, QI laminateEpoxy/S-glass fiber, UD composite, 0° laminaGlass, C grade (10 micron monofilament, f)Glass, E grade (0.4-12 micron monofilament, f)Glass, S grade (10 micron monofilament, f)Glass/epoxy unidirectional compositeHigh alloy steel, AF1410Intermediate alloy, Fe-5Cr-Mo-V aircraft steel, quenched & temperedIntermediate alloy, Fe-9Ni-4Co-0.20C steel, quenched & temperedIntermediate alloy, Fe-9Ni-4Co-0.30C steel, quenched & temperedIridium, commercial purity, hard, min 99.9%Iron-base-superalloy, Cr-Ni alloy, A-286, solution treated & agedKevlar 149 aramid fiberKevlar 29 aramid fiberKevlar 49 aramid fiberLow alloy steel, 0.40C 300M, quenched & temperedLow alloy steel, 0.42C 300M, quenched & temperedLow alloy steel, 4330V, quenched & temperedLow alloy steel, 4335V, quenched & temperedLow alloy steel, AISI 3140, annealedLow alloy steel, AISI 3140, normalizedLow alloy steel, AISI 4037, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4037, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4037, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4037, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4037, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4042, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4042, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4042, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4042, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4042, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4130, air melted, normalizedLow alloy steel, AISI 4130, air melted, quenched & temperedLow alloy steel, AISI 4130, tempered at 205°C & H2O quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4130, tempered at 315°C & H2O quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4130, tempered at 425°C & H2O quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4130, tempered at 540°C & H2O quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4130, tempered at 650°C & H2O quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4135, air melted, quenched & temperedLow alloy steel, AISI 4135, normalizedLow alloy steel, AISI 4140, normalizedLow alloy steel, AISI 4140, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4140, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4140, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4140, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4140, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4150, annealedLow alloy steel, AISI 4150, normalizedLow alloy steel, AISI 4150, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4150, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4150, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4150, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4150, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4320, normalizedLow alloy steel, AISI 4340, normalizedLow alloy steel, AISI 4340, quenched & temperedLow alloy steel, AISI 4340, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4340, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4340, tempered at 425°C & oil quenched



Low alloy steel, AISI 4340, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4340, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 4820, annealedLow alloy steel, AISI 4820, normalizedLow alloy steel, AISI 5046, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 5046, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 5046, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 5046, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 5046, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 50B46, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 50B46, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 50B46, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 50B46, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 50B60, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 50B60, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 50B60, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 50B60, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 5130, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 5130, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 5130, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 5130, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 5130, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 5140, normalizedLow alloy steel, AISI 5140, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 5140, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 5140, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 5140, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 5140, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 5150, annealedLow alloy steel, AISI 5150, normalizedLow alloy steel, AISI 5150, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 5150, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 5150, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 5150, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 5150, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 5160, normalizedLow alloy steel, AISI 5160, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 5160, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 5160, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 5160, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 5160, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 51B60, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 51B60, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 51B60, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 6150, annealedLow alloy steel, AISI 6150, normalizedLow alloy steel, AISI 6150, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 6150, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 6150, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 6150, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 6150, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 81B45, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 81B45, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 81B45, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 81B45, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 81B45, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 8630, air melted, quenched & temperedLow alloy steel, AISI 8630, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 8630, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 8630, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 8630, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 8630, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 8640, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 8640, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 8640, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 8640, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 8640, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 8650, annealedLow alloy steel, AISI 8650, normalizedLow alloy steel, AISI 8650, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 8650, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 8650, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 8650, tempered at 540°C & oil quenched



Low alloy steel, AISI 8650, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 8660, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 8660, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 8660, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 86B45, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 86B45, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 86B45, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 86B45, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 86B45, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 8740, annealedLow alloy steel, AISI 8740, normalizedLow alloy steel, AISI 8740, quenched & temperedLow alloy steel, AISI 8740, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 8740, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 8740, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 8740, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 8740, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 9255, annealedLow alloy steel, AISI 9255, normalizedLow alloy steel, AISI 9255, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 9255, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 9255, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 9255, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 9255, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 9260, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 9260, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 9260, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 9310, annealedLow alloy steel, AISI 9310, normalizedLow alloy steel, AISI 94B30, tempered at 205°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 94B30, tempered at 315°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 94B30, tempered at 425°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 94B30, tempered at 540°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, AISI 94B30, tempered at 650°C & oil quenchedLow alloy steel, D6AC, quenched & temperedLow alloy steel, Hy-Tuf, quenched & temperedLow alloy steel, SAE 4130, cast, quenched & temperedLow alloy steel, SAE 4335M, cast, quenched & temperedLow alloy steel, SAE 8630, cast, quenched & temperedMaraging steel, 280 (300), maraged at 482°CMartensitic steel, YS1200 (hot rolled)Molybdenum, 360 grade, wrought, stress relievedMolybdenum, 360 grade, wrought, wire, 150µm dia.Molybdenum, Alloy 362, Mo-0.5TiMolybdenum, Alloy 363, TZMMolybdenum, Alloy 366, Mo-30WNickel, commercial purity, grade 200, hard (spring temper)Nickel, commercial purity, grade 200, spring temper, wireNickel, Duranickel Alloy 301, annealed & agedNickel, Permanickel Alloy 300, annealedNickel, Permanickel Alloy 300, annealed & agedNickel-beryllium alloy, Alloy 440, hardNickel-beryllium alloy, Alloy 440, softNickel-beryllium alloy, Alloy CR-1, cast, annealed (aged)Nickel-beryllium alloy, Alloy CR-1, cast, as castNickel-beryllium alloy, Alloy M 220C, cast, annealedNickel-beryllium alloy, Alloy M 220C, cast, annealed (aged)Nickel-chromium alloy, HASTELLOY G, wrought, solution treatedNickel-chromium alloy, HASTELLOY G-3, wrought, solution treatedNickel-chromium alloy, HASTELLOY X, wrought, solution treatedNickel-chromium alloy, HAYNES 230, wrought, annealedNickel-chromium alloy, INCONEL 600, wrought (cold worked)Nickel-chromium alloy, INCONEL 600, wrought, hardNickel-chromium alloy, INCONEL 600, wrought, spring temperNickel-chromium alloy, INCONEL 600, wrought, wire (spring)Nickel-chromium alloy, INCONEL 625, wrought, annealedNickel-chromium alloy, INCONEL 671, wrought, annealedNickel-chromium alloy, INCONEL 686, wrought, annealedNickel-chromium alloy, INCONEL 690, wrought, annealedNickel-chromium alloy, INCONEL 706, wrought, annealedNickel-chromium alloy, INCONEL 706, wrought, solution treatedNickel-chromium alloy, INCONEL 713, cast, as castNickel-chromium alloy, INCONEL 713L, cast, as cast



Nickel-chromium alloy, INCONEL 718, wrought, solution treatedNickel-chromium alloy, INCONEL 718, wrought, solution treated & agedNickel-chromium alloy, INCONEL 754, wrought, annealedNickel-chromium alloy, INCONEL X-750, wrought, annealed & agedNickel-chromium alloy, INCONEL X-750, wrought, equalized & agedNickel-chromium alloy, N06008, annealed (resistance alloy)Nickel-chromium alloy, NICHROME V, annealed (resistance alloy)Nickel-chromium alloy, NIMONIC 75, annealedNickel-chromium alloy, NIMONIC 80A, heat treatedNickel-chromium alloy, NIMONIC 81, heat treatedNickel-chromium alloy, WASPALOY, wrought, precipitation treatedNickel-Co-Cr alloy, AEREX 350, cold worked, agedNickel-Co-Cr alloy, B-1900, as castNickel-Co-Cr alloy, EP741NPNickel-Co-Cr alloy, HAYNES C263 (NIMONIC 263), sheetNickel-Co-Cr alloy, IN-100, as castNickel-Co-Cr alloy, MAR-M 432, as castNickel-Co-Cr alloy, NIMONIC 105, barNickel-Co-Cr alloy, UDIMET 500, barNickel-Co-Cr alloy, UDIMET 700, barNickel-Cr-Co alloy, IN-162, as castNickel-Cr-Co alloy, IN-738C, as castNickel-Cr-Co alloy, IN-738LC, as castNickel-Cr-Co alloy, IN-939, as castNickel-Cr-Co alloy, MAR-M 421, as castNickel-Cr-Co alloy, NIMONIC 115, heat treatedNickel-Cr-Co alloy, NIMONIC 90, heat treatedNickel-Cr-Co alloy, NIMONIC PK33, heat treatedNickel-Cr-Co-Mo alloy, INCONEL 617, wroughtNickel-Cr-Co-Mo alloy, Rene 41Nickel-Cr-Co-Mo alloy, Rene 41, solution treated & agedNickel-Cr-Co-Mo alloy, Rene 41, wireNickel-Cr-Fe alloy, Alloy 705, as castNickel-Cr-Fe alloy, INCONEL 601, wroughtNickel-Cr-Fe alloy, NICHROME, annealed (resistance alloy)Nickel-Cu-Al-Ti alloy, MONEL 502, age-hardenedNickel-Cu-Al-Ti alloy, MONEL K-500, age-hardenedNickel-Fe-Cr alloy, D-979, barNickel-Fe-Cr alloy, HAYNES HR-120, annealedNickel-Fe-Cr alloy, INCOLOY 800, cold drawn, barNickel-Fe-Cr alloy, INCOLOY 800, spring temper, wireNickel-Fe-Cr alloy, INCOLOY 801, agedNickel-Fe-Cr alloy, INCOLOY 825, annealedNickel-Fe-Cr alloy, NIMONIC 942, barNickel-Fe-Cr alloy, NIMONIC PE11, barNickel-Fe-Cr alloy, NIMONIC PE16, barNickel-Fe-Cr alloy, PYROMET 860, barNickel-Fe-Cr alloy, UDIMET 630, barNickel-magnetic alloy, 45Ni-3Mo-Fe, softNickel-magnetic alloy, 45Ni-Fe, Alloy 1, cold rolled, softNickel-magnetic alloy, 49Ni-Fe, Alloy 2B, cold rolled, softNickel-magnetic alloy, 79Ni-4Mo-Fe, Alloy 4, cold rolled, softNickel-magnetic alloy, Alloy 2A, cold rolled, softNickel-Mo-Cr alloy, HASTELLOY C-22, annealedNickel-Mo-Cr alloy, HASTELLOY C-276Nickel-Mo-Cr alloy, HASTELLOY C-4Nickel-Mo-Cr alloy, HASTELLOY NNickel-Mo-Cr alloy, HASTELLOY SNickel-Mo-Cr alloy, HASTELLOY WNickel-molybdenum alloy, HASTELLOY B-2, plateNickel-molybdenum alloy, HASTELLOY B-2, sheetNickel-tungsten alloy, MAR-M 200, as castNickel-W-Co alloy, MAR-M 246, as castNickel-W-Co alloy, MAR-M 247, as castOsmium, commercial purity, hardOsmium, commercial purity, softPEEK/IM carbon fiber, UD composite, 0° laminaPolyester/E-glass fiber, pultruded composite rod, unidirectional laminatePress hardening steel, 22MnB5, austenized & H20 quenched, coatedPress hardening steel, 22MnB5, austenized & H20 quenched, uncoatedRhenium, commercial purity, hardRhenium, commercial purity, softRhodium, commercial purity, hard



Sapphire (single crystal)Sialons (Si-Al-O-N ceramic)Silica (25-35 micron monofilament, f)Silicon carbide (140 micron, f)Silicon carbide (HIP)Silicon carbide (hot pressed)Silicon carbide (hot pressed)Contains 2% Al2O3Silicon carbide (p)Silicon carbide (w)Silicon carbide, Nicalon NL-200 (15 micron, f)Silicon carbide, Nicalon NL-300 (12 micron, f)Silicon carbide, Nicalon NL-400 (15 micron, f)Silicon carbide, Tyranno M (8.5 micron, f)Silicon nitride (HIP)Silicon nitride (hot pressed)Silicon nitride (hot pressed)(5%MgO)Silicon nitride (sintered)Spectra 1000 polyethylene fiberSpectra 900 polyethylene fiberStainless steel, austenitic, AISI 201, wrought, 1/2 hardStainless steel, austenitic, AISI 201, wrought, 1/4 hardStainless steel, austenitic, AISI 201, wrought, 3/4 hardStainless steel, austenitic, AISI 201, wrought, annealedStainless steel, austenitic, AISI 201, wrought, full hardStainless steel, austenitic, AISI 201L, wroughtStainless steel, austenitic, AISI 202, wrought, 1/2 hardStainless steel, austenitic, AISI 202, wrought, 1/4 hardStainless steel, austenitic, AISI 202, wrought, annealedStainless steel, austenitic, AISI 205, wrought, annealedStainless steel, austenitic, AISI 216, wrought, annealedStainless steel, austenitic, AISI 301, wrought, 1/2 hardStainless steel, austenitic, AISI 301, wrought, 3/4 hardStainless steel, austenitic, AISI 301, wrought, full hardStainless steel, austenitic, AISI 302, wrought, HT grade BStainless steel, austenitic, AISI 302, wrought, HT grade CStainless steel, austenitic, AISI 302, wrought, HT grade DStainless steel, austenitic, AISI 304, wrought, 1/2 hardStainless steel, austenitic, AISI 304, wrought, 1/4 hardStainless steel, austenitic, AISI 304, wrought, 1/8 hardStainless steel, austenitic, ASTM F1586, wrought, annealed, nitrogen strengthenedStainless steel, austenitic, ASTM F1586, wrought, medium hard, nitrogen strengthenedStainless steel, austenitic, BioDur 108, wrought, 10-20% cold workedStainless steel, austenitic, BioDur 108, wrought, 30-40% cold workedStainless steel, austenitic, BioDur 108, wrought, annealedStainless steel, austenitic, Nitronic 50, XM-19, wrought, cold drawn, wire (nitrogen strengthened)Stainless steel, duplex, AISI 329, wrought, annealedStainless steel, duplex, ASTM CD-4MCu, castStainless steel, duplex, Ilium P, castStainless steel, duplex, Ilium PD, cast, H2O quenched & agedStainless steel, duplex, LDX2101, wroughtStainless steel, duplex, UNS S32003 (AL 2003) wroughtStainless steel, ferritic, AL 29-4C, wroughtStainless steel, ferritic, ASTM CC-50, cast, high nickelStainless steel, martensitic, 15-5PH, cast, H935Stainless steel, martensitic, 15-5PH, wrought, H1025Stainless steel, martensitic, 15-5PH, wrought, H1075Stainless steel, martensitic, 15-5PH, wrought, H1100Stainless steel, martensitic, 15-5PH, wrought, H1150Stainless steel, martensitic, 15-5PH, wrought, H1150MStainless steel, martensitic, 15-5PH, wrought, H900Stainless steel, martensitic, 15-5PH, wrought, H925Stainless steel, martensitic, 17-4PH, cast, aged at 900 to 925°CStainless steel, martensitic, 17-4PH, cast, H1000Stainless steel, martensitic, 17-4PH, cast, H1100Stainless steel, martensitic, 17-4PH, wrought, H1025Stainless steel, martensitic, 17-4PH, wrought, H1075Stainless steel, martensitic, 17-4PH, wrought, H1100Stainless steel, martensitic, 17-4PH, wrought, H1150Stainless steel, martensitic, 17-4PH, wrought, H1150MStainless steel, martensitic, 17-4PH, wrought, H900



Stainless steel, martensitic, 17-4PH, wrought, H925Stainless steel, martensitic, AISI 403, wrought, hard temperStainless steel, martensitic, AISI 403, wrought, intermediate temperStainless steel, martensitic, AISI 410, wrought, hard temperStainless steel, martensitic, AISI 410, wrought, intermediate temperStainless steel, martensitic, AISI 414, wrought, intermediate temperStainless steel, martensitic, AISI 414L, wrought, annealedStainless steel, martensitic, AISI 418, wrought, tempered at 260°CStainless steel, martensitic, AISI 418, wrought, tempered at 649°CStainless steel, martensitic, AISI 420, wrought, tempered at 204°CStainless steel, martensitic, AISI 420F, wroughtStainless steel, martensitic, AISI 431, wrought, annealed, wireStainless steel, martensitic, AISI 431, wrought, tempered at 260°CStainless steel, martensitic, AISI 431, wrought, tempered at 593°CStainless steel, martensitic, AISI 440A, wrought, annealedStainless steel, martensitic, AISI 440A, wrought, tempered at 316°CStainless steel, martensitic, AISI 440B, wrought, annealedStainless steel, martensitic, AISI 440B, wrought, tempered at 316°CStainless steel, martensitic, AISI 440C, wrought, annealedStainless steel, martensitic, AISI 440C, wrought, tempered at 316°CStainless steel, martensitic, ASTM CA-15, cast, tempered at 315°CStainless steel, martensitic, ASTM CA-15, cast, tempered at 595°CStainless steel, martensitic, ASTM CA-15, cast, tempered at 650°CStainless steel, martensitic, ASTM CA-15, cast, tempered at 790°CStainless steel, martensitic, ASTM CA-40, cast, tempered at 315°CStainless steel, martensitic, ASTM CA-40, cast, tempered at 595°CStainless steel, martensitic, ASTM CA-40, cast, tempered at 650°CStainless steel, martensitic, ASTM CA-40, cast, tempered at 760°CStainless steel, martensitic, ASTM CA-6NM, castStainless steel, martensitic, ASTM CB-7Cu, cast, aged at 480°CStainless steel, martensitic, ASTM CB-7Cu, cast, aged at 495°CStainless steel, martensitic, ASTM CB-7Cu, cast, aged at 550°CStainless steel, martensitic, ASTM CB-7Cu, cast, aged at 580°CStainless steel, martensitic, ASTM CB-7Cu, cast, aged at 595°CStainless steel, martensitic, ASTM CB-7Cu, cast, aged at 620°CStainless steel, martensitic, Custom 450, wrought, H1000Stainless steel, martensitic, Custom 450, wrought, H1050Stainless steel, martensitic, Custom 450, wrought, H1100Stainless steel, martensitic, Custom 450, wrought, H1150Stainless steel, martensitic, Custom 450, wrought, H900Stainless steel, martensitic, Custom 450, wrought, H950Stainless steel, martensitic, Custom 450, wrought, STStainless steel, martensitic, Custom 455, wrought, H1000Stainless steel, martensitic, Custom 455, wrought, H950Stainless steel, martensitic, Custom 465, wrought, H1000Stainless steel, martensitic, Custom 465, wrought, H950Stainless steel, martensitic, PH 13-8Mo, wrought, H1000Stainless steel, martensitic, PH 13-8Mo, wrought, H1025Stainless steel, martensitic, PH 13-8Mo, wrought, H1050Stainless steel, martensitic, PH 13-8Mo, wrought, H1100Stainless steel, martensitic, PH 13-8Mo, wrought, H1150Stainless steel, martensitic, PH 13-8Mo, wrought, H950Stainless steel, semi-austenitic, 17-7PH, wrought, TH1050Stainless steel, semi-austenitic, AM-350, wrought, SCT 850Stainless steel, semi-austenitic, AM-355, wrought, SCT 1000Stainless steel, semi-austenitic, AM-355, wrought, SCT 850Stainless steel, semi-austenitic, PH15-7Mo, wrought, TH1050Ti-20%TiC(p)Ti-33%Sigma (f), unidirectional, longitudinalTi-35%SiC(f), unidirectional, longitudinalTi-35%SiC(f), unidirectional, transverseTi-38%B4C(f), longitudinalTi-38%SiC(f), (0,90,0)Ti-40%SiC(f), unidirectional, longitudinalTi-45%borsic(f), longitudinalTitanium carbide (5.45)(nickel-bonded)Titanium carbide (5.83)(nickel-bonded)Titanium, alpha alloy, alpha - two aluminide (25-10-3-1)Titanium, alpha alloy, Ti-2.5CuTitanium, alpha alloy, Ti-5Al-2.5Sn-0.5Fe, annealedTitanium, alpha alloy, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, duplex annealedTitanium, alpha alloy, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, solution treated & agedTitanium, alpha alloy, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, triplex annealed



Titanium, alpha alloy, Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V, duplex annealedTitanium, alpha alloy, Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V, single annealedTitanium, alpha alloy, Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V, solution treated & stabilizedTitanium, alpha-beta alloy, Ti-3Al-5Mo, annealedTitanium, alpha-beta alloy, Ti-4.5Al-3V-2Fe-2Mo, annealedTitanium, alpha-beta alloy, Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo, annealedTitanium, alpha-beta alloy, Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo, solution treated & agedTitanium, alpha-beta alloy, Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo, triplex agedTitanium, alpha-beta alloy, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo (6-2-4-6)Titanium, alpha-beta alloy, Ti-6Al-4V, agedTitanium, alpha-beta alloy, Ti-6Al-4V, annealedTitanium, alpha-beta alloy, Ti-6Al-4V, castTitanium, alpha-beta alloy, Ti-6Al-4V, solution treated & agedTitanium, alpha-beta alloy, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, air-cooled annealedTitanium, alpha-beta alloy, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, annealedTitanium, alpha-beta alloy, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, solution treated & agedTitanium, alpha-beta alloy, Ti-6Al-7NbTitanium, beta alloy, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, solution treated & agedTitanium, beta alloy, Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al, annealedTitanium, beta alloy, Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al, solution treated & agedTitanium, beta alloy, Ti-15Mo-3Al-3Nb, duplex agedTitanium, beta alloy, Ti-15Mo-3Al-3Nb, single agedTitanium, beta alloy, Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al, annealedTitanium, beta alloy, Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al, solution treated & agedTitanium, beta alloy, Ti-5Al-2Sn-4Mo-2Zn-4Cr (Ti-17)Titanium, commercial purity, Grade 3Titanium, commercial purity, Grade 4Titanium, commercial purity, Grade 4, annealedTitanium, metastable-beta alloy, Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4MoTitanium, near-alpha alloy, Ti-0.3Mo-0.8NiTitanium, near-alpha alloy, Ti-4Al-4Mo-2SnTitanium, near-alpha alloy, Ti-5.5Al-3.5Sn-3Zr-1NbTitanium, near-alpha alloy, Ti-5.5Al-3Sn-3Zr-0.5NbTitanium, near-alpha alloy, Ti-5.8Al-4Sn-3.5Zr-0.7NbTitanium, near-alpha alloy, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo (6-2-4-2)Titanium, near-alpha alloy, Ti-6Al-4Zr-2.5Sn (Ti-1100)Titanium, near-alpha alloy, Ti-6Al-5Zr-0.5MoTitanium, three-phase alloy, Ti-11Sn-5Zr-2.5Al-1MoTool steel, AISI A10 (air-hardening cold work)Tool steel, AISI A2 (air-hardening cold work)Tool steel, AISI A3 (air-hardening cold work)Tool steel, AISI A4 (air-hardening cold work)Tool steel, AISI A6 (air-hardening cold work)Tool steel, AISI A7 (air-hardening cold work)Tool steel, AISI A8 (air-hardening cold work)Tool steel, AISI A9 (air-hardening cold work)Tool steel, AISI L2, tempered at 205°C (special-purpose)Tool steel, AISI L6, tempered at 315°C (special-purpose)Tool steel, AISI O1 (oil-hardening cold work)Tool steel, AISI O2 (oil-hardening cold work)Tool steel, AISI O6 (oil-hardening cold work)Tool steel, AISI O7 (oil-hardening cold work)Tool steel, AISI S1, tempered at 205°C (shock-resisting)Tool steel, AISI S1, tempered at 650°C (shock-resisting)Tool steel, AISI S2 (shock-resisting)Tool steel, AISI S5, tempered at 205°C (shock-resisting)Tool steel, AISI S5, tempered at 650°C (shock-resisting)Tool steel, AISI S6 (shock-resisting)Tool steel, AISI S7, tempered at 205°C (shock-resisting)Tool steel, AISI W2, annealed (water-hardening)Tool steel, AISI W5, annealed (water-hardening)Tool steel, chromium alloy high carbon, AISI D2 (cold work)Tool steel, chromium alloy high carbon, AISI D3 (cold work)Tool steel, chromium alloy high carbon, AISI D4 (cold work)Tool steel, chromium alloy high carbon, AISI D5 (cold work)Tool steel, chromium alloy high carbon, AISI D7 (cold work)Tool steel, chromium alloy, AISI H10 (hot work)Tool steel, chromium alloy, AISI H11 (hot work)Tool steel, chromium alloy, AISI H12 (hot work)Tool steel, chromium alloy, AISI H13 (hot work)Tool steel, chromium alloy, AISI H14 (hot work)Tool steel, chromium alloy, AISI H19 (hot work)Tool steel, low carbon, AISI P2 (mold)



Tool steel, low carbon, AISI P20 (mold)Tool steel, low carbon, AISI P3 (mold)Tool steel, low carbon, AISI P4 (mold)Tool steel, low carbon, AISI P5 (mold)Tool steel, low carbon, AISI P6 (mold)Tool steel, molybdenum alloy, AISI M1 (high speed)Tool steel, molybdenum alloy, AISI M10 (high speed)Tool steel, molybdenum alloy, AISI M2, high carbon (high speed)Tool steel, molybdenum alloy, AISI M2, regular carbon (high speed)Tool steel, molybdenum alloy, AISI M3, class 1 (high speed)Tool steel, molybdenum alloy, AISI M3, class 2 (high speed)Tool steel, molybdenum alloy, AISI M30, class 2 (high speed)Tool steel, molybdenum alloy, AISI M33 (high speed)Tool steel, molybdenum alloy, AISI M34 (high speed)Tool steel, molybdenum alloy, AISI M36 (high speed)Tool steel, molybdenum alloy, AISI M4 (high speed)Tool steel, molybdenum alloy, AISI M41 (high speed)Tool steel, molybdenum alloy, AISI M42 (high speed)Tool steel, molybdenum alloy, AISI M43 (high speed)Tool steel, molybdenum alloy, AISI M44 (high speed)Tool steel, molybdenum alloy, AISI M46 (high speed)Tool steel, molybdenum alloy, AISI M47 (high speed)Tool steel, molybdenum alloy, AISI M6 (high speed)Tool steel, molybdenum alloy, AISI M7 (high speed)Tool steel, tungsten alloy, AISI H21 (hot work)Tool steel, tungsten alloy, AISI H22 (hot work)Tool steel, tungsten alloy, AISI H23 (hot work)Tool steel, tungsten alloy, AISI H24 (hot work)Tool steel, tungsten alloy, AISI H25 (hot work)Tool steel, tungsten alloy, AISI H26 (hot work)Tool steel, tungsten alloy, AISI T1 (high speed)Tool steel, tungsten alloy, AISI T15 (high speed)Tool steel, tungsten alloy, AISI T2 (high speed)Tool steel, tungsten alloy, AISI T4 (high speed)Tool steel, tungsten alloy, AISI T5 (high speed)Tool steel, tungsten alloy, AISI T6 (high speed)Tool steel, tungsten alloy, AISI T8 (high speed)Tungsten carbideTungsten carbide-carbon (69.5)Tungsten carbide-carbon (71.5)Tungsten carbide-carbon (77.01)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (72)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (73)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (74.8)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (76)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (76.5)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (77)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (77.02)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (78)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (79.8)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (80)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (83.5)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (84.02)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (84.2)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (84.8)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (85)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (85.01)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (86)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (87)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (87.2)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (87.5)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (88)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (89.01)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (89.02)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (89.03)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (90.01)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (90.02)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (90.21)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (90.22)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (91.01)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (91.04)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (92.01)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (92.02)



Tungsten carbide-cobalt (92.03)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (92.04)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (93.01)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (93.02)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (93.03)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (93.04)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (93.2)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (93.7)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (94.01)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (94.02)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (94.03)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (94.2)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (95.01)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (95.02)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (96)Tungsten carbide-cobalt (96.7)Tungsten carbide-nickel (89.04)Tungsten carbide-nickel (91.03)Tungsten carbide-nickel (94.04)Tungsten carbide-nickel/chrome (91.02)Tungsten carbide-nickel/chrome (94.03)Tungsten carbide-tantalum carbide (70)Tungsten carbide-titanium carbide (56)Tungsten carbide-titanium carbide (60.5)Tungsten carbide-titanium carbide (69)Tungsten carbide-titanium carbide (84.01)Tungsten carbide-titanium carbide (85.02)Tungsten-rhenium alloy, W-25ReZirconia (transformation toughened)(L)Zirconia (Y-TZP)(HIP)Zirconia (yttria stabilized, transformation toughened)Zirconia bio-ceramicZirconium carbide

Project

First Saved Saturday, December 05, 2015

Last Saved Wednesday, December 16, 2015

Product Version 16.1 Release

Save Project Before Solution No

Save Project After Solution No

Page 1 of 10Project

12/17/2015file:///C:/Users/luo03891/AppData/Roaming/Ansys/v161/Mechanical_Report/Mechanical...

Contents

� Units

� Model (B4)

� Geometry

� Strut_Test

� Point Mass

� Coordinate Systems

� Mesh

� Modal (B5)

� Pre-Stress (None)

� Analysis Settings

� Loads

� Solution (B6)

� Solution Information

� Results

� Material Data

� Structural Steel

Units

TABLE 1

Model (B4)

Unit System Metric (m, kg, N, s, V, A) Degrees rad/s Celsius

Angle Degrees

Rotational Velocity rad/s

Temperature Celsius

Geometry

TABLE 2Model (B4) > Geometry

Object Name Geometry

State Fully Defined

Definition

Source E:\MTS Strut\Nodal Analysis Strut_Test_files\dp0\Geom\DM\Geom.agdb

Type SolidWorks

Length Unit Meters

Element Control Program Controlled

Display Style Body Color

Bounding Box

Length X 0.1016 m

Length Y 1.524 m

Length Z 0.1016 m

Properties

Volume 1.2047e-003 m³

Mass 9.4566 kg

Scale Factor Value 1.

Statistics

Bodies 1

Active Bodies 1

Nodes 105579

Elements 15390

Mesh Metric None

Basic Geometry Options

Solid Bodies Yes

Surface Bodies Yes

Line Bodies No

Parameters Yes

Parameter Key DS

Attributes No

Named Selections No

Material Properties No

Advanced Geometry Options

Use Associativity Yes

Coordinate Systems No

Reader Mode Saves Updated File No

Use Instances Yes

Smart CAD Update No

Compare Parts On Update No

Attach File Via Temp File Yes

Temporary Directory C:\Users\luo03891\AppData\Roaming\Ansys\v161

Analysis Type 3-D

Page 2 of 10Project


TABLE 3Model (B4) > Geometry > Parts

TABLE 4Model (B4) > Geometry > Masses

Mixed Import Resolution None

Decompose Disjoint Geometry Yes

Enclosure and Symmetry Processing Yes

Object Name Strut_Test

State Meshed

Graphics Properties

Visible Yes

Transparency 1

Definition

Suppressed No

Stiffness Behavior Flexible

Coordinate System Default Coordinate System

Reference Temperature By Environment

Material

Assignment Structural Steel

Nonlinear Effects Yes

Thermal Strain Effects Yes

Bounding Box

Length X 0.1016 m

Length Y 1.524 m

Length Z 0.1016 m

Properties

Volume 1.2047e-003 m³

Mass 9.4566 kg

Centroid X 8.8903e-018 m

Centroid Y -9.483e-017 m

Centroid Z -7.5864e-018 m

Moment of Inertia Ip1 1.8208 kg·m²

Moment of Inertia Ip2 2.269e-002 kg·m²

Moment of Inertia Ip3 1.8208 kg·m²

Statistics

Nodes 105579

Elements 15390

Mesh Metric None

Object Name Point Mass

State Suppressed

Scope

Scoping Method Geometry Selection

Applied By Remote Attachment

Geometry 1 Face

Coordinate System Global Coordinate System

X Coordinate -8.468e-019 m

Y Coordinate -0.5842 m

Z Coordinate -6.7744e-019 m

Location Defined

Definition

Mass 20. kg

Mass Moment of Inertia X 0. kg·m²

Mass Moment of Inertia Y 0. kg·m²

Mass Moment of Inertia Z 0. kg·m²

Suppressed Yes

Behavior Deformable

Pinball Region All

Coordinate Systems

TABLE 5Model (B4) > Coordinate Systems > Coordinate System

Object Name Global Coordinate System

State Fully Defined

Definition

Type Cartesian

Coordinate System ID 0.

Origin

Origin X 0. m

Origin Y 0. m

Origin Z 0. m

Directional Vectors

X Axis Data [ 1. 0. 0. ]

Y Axis Data [ 0. 1. 0. ]

Z Axis Data [ 0. 0. 1. ]

Page 3 of 10Project


Mesh

TABLE 6Model (B4) > Mesh

Modal (B5)

TABLE 7Model (B4) > Analysis

TABLE 8Model (B4) > Modal (B5) > Initial Condition

TABLE 9Model (B4) > Modal (B5) > Analysis Settings

Object Name Mesh

State Solved

Display

Display Style Body Color

Defaults

Physics Preference Mechanical

Relevance 0

Sizing

Use Advanced Size Function Off

Relevance Center Coarse

Element Size Default

Initial Size Seed Active Assembly

Smoothing Medium

Transition Fast

Span Angle Center Coarse

Minimum Edge Length 0.303230 m

Inflation

Use Automatic Inflation None

Inflation Option Smooth Transition

Transition Ratio 0.272

Maximum Layers 5

Growth Rate 1.2

Inflation Algorithm Pre

View Advanced Options No

Patch Conforming Options

Triangle Surface Mesher Program Controlled

Patch Independent Options

Topology Checking No

Advanced

Number of CPUs for Parallel Part Meshing Program Controlled

Shape Checking Standard Mechanical

Element Midside Nodes Program Controlled

Straight Sided Elements No

Number of Retries Default (4)

Extra Retries For Assembly Yes

Rigid Body Behavior Dimensionally Reduced

Mesh Morphing Disabled

Defeaturing

Pinch Tolerance Please Define

Generate Pinch on Refresh No

Automatic Mesh Based Defeaturing On

Defeaturing Tolerance Default

Statistics

Nodes 105579

Elements 15390

Mesh Metric None

Object Name Modal (B5)

State Solved

Definition

Physics Type Structural

Analysis Type Modal

Solver Target Mechanical APDL

Options

Environment Temperature 22. °C

Generate Input Only No

Object Name Pre-Stress (None)

State Fully Defined

Definition

Pre-Stress Environment None

Object Name Analysis Settings

State Fully Defined

Options

Max Modes to Find 12

Page 4 of 10Project


TABLE 10Model (B4) > Modal (B5) > Loads

Limit Search to Range No

Solver Controls

Damped No

Solver Type Program Controlled

Rotordynamics Controls

Coriolis Effect Off

Campbell Diagram Off

Output Controls

Stress No

Strain No

Nodal Forces No

Calculate Reactions No

General Miscellaneous No

Analysis Data Management

Solver Files Directory E:\MTS Strut\Nodal Analysis Strut_Test_files\dp0\SYS\MECH\

Future Analysis None

Scratch Solver Files Directory

Save MAPDL db No

Delete Unneeded Files Yes

Solver Units Active System

Solver Unit System mks

Object Name Fixed Support Displacement

State Fully Defined

Scope


Geometry 1 Face

Definition

Type Fixed Support Displacement

Suppressed No

Define By Components

Coordinate System Global Coordinate System

X Component 0. m

Y Component Free

Z Component 0. m

Solution (B6)

TABLE 11Model (B4) > Modal (B5) > Solution

The following bar chart indicates the frequency at each calculated mode.

FIGURE 1Model (B4) > Modal (B5) > Solution (B6)

Object Name Solution (B6)

State Solved

Adaptive Mesh Refinement

Max Refinement Loops 1.

Refinement Depth 2.

Information

Status Done

Post Processing

Calculate Beam Section Results No

Page 5 of 10Project


TABLE 12Model (B4) > Modal (B5) > Solution (B6)

TABLE 13Model (B4) > Modal (B5) > Solution (B6) > Solution Information

TABLE 14Model (B4) > Modal (B5) > Solution (B6) > Results

Mode Frequency [Hz]

1.180.24

2.

3.552.83

4.

5. 678.15

6. 679.47

7. 705.78

8. 707.03

9. 788.31

10. 789.42

11. 828.38

12. 949.52

Object Name Solution Information

State Solved

Solution Information

Solution Output Solver Output

Newton-Raphson Residuals 0

Update Interval 2.5 s

Display Points All

FE Connection Visibility

Activate Visibility Yes

Display All FE Connectors

Draw Connections Attached To All Nodes

Line Color Connection Type

Visible on Results No

Line Thickness Single

Display Type Lines

Object Name

Total

Deformation

Total

Deformation

2

Total

Deformation

3

Total

Deformation

4

Total

Deformation

5

Total

Deformation

6

Total

Deformation

7

Total

Deformation

8

Total

Deformation

9

Total

Deformation

10

Total

Deformation

11

State Solved

Scope

Scoping Method

Geometry Selection

Geometry All Bodies

Definition

Type Total Deformation

Mode 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Identifier

Suppressed No

Results

Minimum 0. m

Maximum 0.48815 m 0.48909 m 0.61633 m 0.61572 m 0.61498 m 0.61438 m 0.6167 m 0.61613 m 0.45997 m

Information

Frequency 180.24 Hz 552.83 Hz 678.15 Hz 679.47 Hz 705.78 Hz 707.03 Hz 788.31 Hz 789.42 Hz 828.38 Hz

Page 6 of 10Project


TABLE 15Model (B4) > Modal (B5) > Solution (B6) > Total Deformation

TABLE 16Model (B4) > Modal (B5) > Solution (B6) > Total Deformation 2




Mode Frequency [Hz]

1.180.24

2.

3.552.83

4.

5. 678.15

6. 679.47

7. 705.78

8. 707.03

9. 788.31

10. 789.42

11. 828.38

12. 949.52

Mode Frequency [Hz]

1.180.24

2.

3.552.83

4.

5. 678.15

6. 679.47

7. 705.78

8. 707.03

9. 788.31

10. 789.42

11. 828.38

12. 949.52

Mode Frequency [Hz]

1.180.24

2.

3.552.83

4.

5. 678.15

6. 679.47

7. 705.78

8. 707.03

9. 788.31

10. 789.42

11. 828.38

12. 949.52

Mode Frequency [Hz]

1.180.24

2.

3.552.83

4.

5. 678.15

6. 679.47

7. 705.78

8. 707.03

9. 788.31

10. 789.42

11. 828.38

12. 949.52

Mode Frequency [Hz]

1.180.24

2.

3.552.83

4.

5. 678.15

6. 679.47

7. 705.78

8. 707.03

9. 788.31

10. 789.42

11. 828.38

12. 949.52

Page 7 of 10Project







Mode Frequency [Hz]

1.180.24

2.

3.552.83

4.

5. 678.15

6. 679.47

7. 705.78

8. 707.03

9. 788.31

10. 789.42

11. 828.38

12. 949.52

Mode Frequency [Hz]

1.180.24

2.

3.552.83

4.

5. 678.15

6. 679.47

7. 705.78

8. 707.03

9. 788.31

10. 789.42

11. 828.38

12. 949.52

Mode Frequency [Hz]

1.180.24

2.

3.552.83

4.

5. 678.15

6. 679.47

7. 705.78

8. 707.03

9. 788.31

10. 789.42

11. 828.38

12. 949.52

Mode Frequency [Hz]

1.180.24

2.

3.552.83

4.

5. 678.15

6. 679.47

7. 705.78

8. 707.03

9. 788.31

10. 789.42

11. 828.38

12. 949.52

Mode Frequency [Hz]

1.180.24

2.

3.552.83

4.

5. 678.15

6. 679.47

7. 705.78

8. 707.03

9. 788.31

10. 789.42

11. 828.38

12. 949.52

Page 8 of 10Project



TABLE 26Model (B4) > Modal (B5) > Solution (B6) > Results


Material Data

Mode Frequency [Hz]

1.180.24

2.

3.552.83

4.

5. 678.15

6. 679.47

7. 705.78

8. 707.03

9. 788.31

10. 789.42

11. 828.38

12. 949.52

Object Name Total Deformation 12

State Solved

Scope


Geometry All Bodies

Definition

Type Total Deformation

Mode 12.

Identifier

Suppressed No

Results

Minimum 0. m

Maximum 0.61811 m

Information

Frequency 949.52 Hz

Mode Frequency [Hz]

1.180.24

2.

3.552.83

4.

5. 678.15

6. 679.47

7. 705.78

8. 707.03

9. 788.31

10. 789.42

11. 828.38

12. 949.52

Structural Steel

TABLE 28Structural Steel > Constants

TABLE 29Structural Steel > Compressive Ultimate Strength

TABLE 30Structural Steel > Compressive Yield Strength

TABLE 31Structural Steel > Tensile Yield Strength

TABLE 32Structural Steel > Tensile Ultimate Strength

Density 7850 kg m^-3

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 1.2e-005 C^-1

Specific Heat 434 J kg^-1 C^-1

Thermal Conductivity 60.5 W m^-1 C^-1

Resistivity 1.7e-007 ohm m

Compressive Ultimate Strength Pa

0

Compressive Yield Strength Pa

2.5e+008

Tensile Yield Strength Pa

2.5e+008

Page 9 of 10Project


TABLE 33Structural Steel > Isotropic Secant Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

TABLE 34Structural Steel > Alternating Stress Mean Stress

TABLE 35Structural Steel > Strain-Life Parameters

TABLE 36Structural Steel > Isotropic Elasticity

TABLE 37Structural Steel > Isotropic Relative Permeability

Tensile Ultimate Strength Pa

4.6e+008

Reference Temperature C

22

Alternating Stress Pa Cycles Mean Stress Pa

3.999e+009 10 0

2.827e+009 20 0

1.896e+009 50 0

1.413e+009 100 0

1.069e+009 200 0

4.41e+008 2000 0

2.62e+008 10000 0

2.14e+008 20000 0

1.38e+008 1.e+005 0

1.14e+008 2.e+005 0

8.62e+007 1.e+006 0

Strength Coefficient Pa Strength Exponent Ductility Coefficient Ductility Exponent Cyclic Strength Coefficient Pa Cyclic Strain Hardening Exponent

9.2e+008 -0.106 0.213 -0.47 1.e+009 0.2

Temperature C Young's Modulus Pa Poisson's Ratio Bulk Modulus Pa Shear Modulus Pa

2.e+011 0.3 1.6667e+011 7.6923e+010

Relative Permeability

10000

Page 10 of 10Project


Material Selection - Case Study Summary

Documents