Material Mechanics Brochure

Mechanics of Materials

Safety Reliability Durability Functionality

Mission of the Fraunhofer IWM Mechanics of materials

The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft promotes and under-takes applied research within an international con-text that is of direct utility to private and public enterprises and of wide benefit to society.

The Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materi-als IWM characterizes, simulates and evaluates the behavior of materials, components and systems under the influence of external forces in different environments. It works on behalf of companies and public contractors to develop solutions that improve the safety, reliability, durability and func-tionality of technical components and systems, thus making them more cost-effective, energy-ef-ficient, and economical with natural resources. This in turn helps the region, Germany and Europe to compete on the global market.

The Fraunhofer IWM places extremely high de-mands on itself in terms of its scientific achieve-ments, and holds a leading position in its core fields of expertise, i.e. material and component characterization, modeling and simulation of ma-terials, and interfacial and surface engineering. The institute allows its employees a high degree of creative freedom in their work, encouraging and supporting them in their personal development and in their scientific and business qualification.

Mechanics of materials addresses the issue of how materials behave in components and how their properties change. This study is decisive in render-ing components fit for use at extreme tempera-tures or under heavy loads, and in ensuring that the components will work reliably over a long pe-riod of time.

In addition to analyzing components under oper-ating conditions, a key field of study is the assess-ment of manufacturing processes in terms of the mechanical properties that can be achieved. It is during manufacturing that the properties and even the microstructure of a material are deter-mined and altered, for example by forming, sinter-ing or casting. The properties of component sur-faces, too, can be altered by machining or coating. In the end, it is the production yield and produc-ibility of a new product that determine the effi-ciency of the entire process.

Cross-section of a soldered con-tact. Its microstructure has been made visible by electron beam diffraction

Title pictures

Left: Defects in a solder joint on an electric componentCenter: Simulation of the effects of wear debris in the friction contact of a structured surfaceRight: Nanostructured conduc-tive surface coating for use in implants

Fracture surface of a composite material

100 µm

10 µm

Our approach

Today’s growing demands in terms of quality and efficiency are dictating what happens on the mar-ket and on the industrial production lines. Toler-ance of weaknesses and faults in the manufacture and application of components is steadily decreas-ing.

The effects of many different types of external load and their repercussions on the functional be-havior of materials and components need to be described more accurately and with a practical ori-entation.

Increasingly rapid development processes are cre-ating an ever more urgent need to use »virtual components«, and it is becoming more important than ever to develop and test parts on the com-puter.

Today’s requirements in terms of resource efficien-cy, lightweight construction and energy-saving measures mean that materials and components need to work closer to their limits. Material re-serves and load capacities need to be exploited more effectively, while losses must be avoided.

We need the ability to monitor and control the production of ever smaller structures, and it is be-coming more and more important to take the ma-terials’ microstructure and molecular structure into account when analyzing them.

Customers and partners

The industrial project partners of the Fraunhofer IWM come from all sectors in which materials and components are subjected to exceptional loads during manufacture or operation. These include machine and plant construction, automotive engi-neering and supply, materials and semi-finished parts manufacture, microelectronics and microsys-tems engineering, photovoltaics, biological and medical engineering, glass technology, optics and polymer engineering.

The institute’s public-sector customers are German government ministries, the states of Baden-Würt-temberg and Saxony-Anhalt, the German Research Foundation (DFG), the German Federation of In-dustrial Research Associations (AiF), the European Union, and numerous industrial associations, foun-dations and other research alliances.

The way we work

All thematic challenges tackled by the Fraunhofer IWM are approached from a material-based per-spective. The underlying issue is that of how mate-rial properties and component behavior change as a result of technology- or usage-related mechani-cal, thermal, chemical or electrical loads.

We seek out components’ weak spots and faults, and clarify their physical causes so that these can either be eliminated in the design phase or at least limited in their impact.

We establish links between material microstruc-tures, material properties and anisotropy in order to achieve a better understanding of the materials.

We investigate how the miniaturization of compo-nents affects their functionality and producibility, and develop the required testing processes, analy-sis and diagnosis techniques, modeling concepts and simulation tools.

We model material properties and evaluate them by multi-scale simulation.

We simulate the way material properties change during manufacture, and come up with sugges-tions as to how processes can be managed more effectively.

We predict how manufactured components will behave in operation by running tests in experi-mental and virtual testing laboratories, and use this information to optimize materials and compo-nents back in the design phase.

We develop coatings, coating processes and evalu-ation methods for the surfaces of tools and com-ponents.

Fraunhofer IWM 3

4 Fraunhofer IWM

Dr. Thomas Hollstein, Prof. Dr. Ralf B. Wehrspohn, Prof. Dr. Peter Gumbsch and Prof. Dr. Matthias Petzold (from left)

»We take a practical and customer-oriented approach to our work on the operational behavior of materials and the development of new components and processes.We can give you new insights and often astounding expla-nation models for component and system performance limits, based on the latest research findings in materials science and engineering.Why not experience our competence at first hand and let us help you find a solution tailored to your needs? Feel free to contact us.«

The IWM executive board

Fracture-mechanical safety analysis and ultimate load calculation for highly stressed components

Fault-tolerance and lifetime assessment of welded joints

Characterization of materials and components under dynamic loads

Crash simulation of automotive components using customized material models

Evaluation of welded and hybrid joints under crash loads

Characterization and modeling of plastics and adhe-sive bonds under crash loads

»We devise concepts for evalu-ating the safety of components, derived from the combined use of calculative methods and ex-periments up to and including component testing. Relevant applications range from proving the safety of power-plant com-ponents to carrying out crash analyses on cars.«

Dr. Dieter SiegelePhone +49 761 5142-116dieter.siegele@ iwm.fraunhofer.de

Business units

Manufacture and evaluation of smooth and struc-tured diamond-like carbon coatings for parts subject-ed to high sliding and rolling stresses

Assessment of the characteristics of materials, com-posites and coatings under application-relevant load conditions

Contact-mechanical and continuum-mechanical stress analyses

Evaluation and optimization of the performance be-havior of wear-resistant coatings and friction con-tacts

Stress analyses, testing and failure assessment of components made of ceramics and composite mate-rials

Development and application of lifetime prediction methods for functional materials, implants and com-posite components

»Our objective is to improve the operational behavior of components, to prolong their service life with the help of specially adapted high-perfor-mance materials, and to inte-grate ceramics into material systems.«

Dr. Thomas HollsteinPhone +49 761 5142-121thomas.hollstein@ iwm.fraunhofer.de

High Performance Materials and Tribological Systems

Component Safety and Availability

Fraunhofer IWM 5

Business units

Prof. Dr. Hermann RiedelPhone +49 761 5142-103hermann.riedel@ iwm.fraunhofer.de

Simulation of powder technology process steps and process chains using microstructure-based models

Microstructure, texture and damage development during shaping and forming processes

Lifetime models for high-temperature components used in the automotive and power plant industries

Finite-element analysis with special requirements

Atomistic methods ranging from molecular dynamics to density functional theory

Application to tribology, nanoparticles, interfaces in solid bodies, functional materials

»Our strength lies in closely interlinking experiments and simulations. This makes it possi-ble for us to accurately repro-duce components on the com-puter, test and refine them, and improve the relevant manufac-turing processes.«

Components in Microelectronics and Microsystems Technology

Microstructural diagnostics and physical fault analysis for semiconductor technology

Fault diagnostics and materials assessment for micro-electronic connections and system integration

Analysis of the interaction between materials and their process parameters and operating conditions in order to optimize processes

Development of new techniques for fault localiza-tion, target preparation, microstructural analysis and residual stress determination on the nanometer scale

Assessment of the strength and reliability of sensors and actuators used in volume and surface microme-chanics and of wafer-bonded microsystems

Development of testing methods for silicon microsys-tems at wafer level

»In order to ensure that micro-electronic components and microsystems behave reliably under stress, it is necessary to be able to evaluate the micro-structure and mechanics of materials down to atomic level. These are skills which we pos-sess and which we contribute to collaborations with our industri-al partners.«Prof. Dr. Matthias Petzold

Phone +49 345 5589-130matthias.petzold@ iwmh.fraunhofer.de

6 Fraunhofer IWM

Simulation of Materials, Processes and Components

Polymer Applications and Biocompatible Materials

Design, processing and evaluation of thermoplastic materials

Development of microstructure-based simulation methods and testing concepts for highly stressed lightweight fiber-composite structures

Development of new techniques for the joining and surface modification of polymer films

Development and interfacial engineering of biocom-patible membrane materials, scaffolds and protein films

Investigations into the morphology and microstruc-ture of polymers and biological materials, and refin-ing the necessary preparation and analysis tech-niques

»Only if the depth of research into polymer processing and analysis reaches the microstruc-tural level will it be possible in future to achieve innovative solutions in the areas of com-posites and compounds.«

Prof. Dr. Ralf. B. WehrspohnPhone +49 345 5589-100ralf.wehrspohn@ iwmh.fraunhofer.de

Development of low-damage severing processes, particularly for flat and special glass materials for architectural and medical engineering applications

Basic research into the processing of brittle-fracturing materials for applications in optics, photovoltaics and toolmaking

Coating of precision tools for new manufacturing technologies: pressing, casting and embossing tech-niques, precision drilling processes

Functionalization of surfaces by coating and structur-ing

Development of processes for producing high-quality products made of glass and plastic materials by rapid hot forming

Ensuring the operational safety, determining the strength and predicting the lifetime of brittle- fracturing materials

Components with Functional Surfaces

»We are meeting industry’s growing demand for cost-effi-cient yet high-quality multi- functional components by ap-plying and perfecting the latest coating technologies, innovative thermal separation techniques and high-precision hot-forming processes.«

Dr. Günter KleerPhone +49 761 5142-138guenter.kleer@ iwm.fraunhofer.de

Fraunhofer IWM 7

Business units

Dr. Wulf PfeifferPhone +49 761 5142-166wulf.pfeiffer@ iwm.fraunhofer.de

Holistic damage analysis, expert assessment and evaluation of manufacturing processes

Application and development of techniques formicrostructure evaluation, fracture-surface analysis and hardness testing

Analysis of precipitation and transformation process-es and hydrogen content even under superimposed loads

Experimental and numerical methods of characteriz-ing and analyzing fatigue and crack propagationbehavior

Simulation and experimental determination of residu-al stress, warping and microstructural development during welding and heat treatment

Augmentation of the surface-layer strength of brittle materials by mechanical treatment

»We use accurate microstruc-ture characterization and the analysis of manufacturing and operating conditions as the ba-sis from which to derive efficient ways of extending the applica-tion limits of materials and com-ponents.«

Microstructure-based Assessment of Components

8 Fraunhofer IWM

Processing coordinatorof Fraunhofer PAZ andFraunhofer IWMDr. Michael BuschPhone +49 345 5589-111michael.busch@ iwmh.fraunhofer.de

Polymer synthesis: Development and adaptation of polymer systems on a laboratory scale; production of small and test batches

Transfer of laboratory synthesis processes to the pilot plants (up to a reactor volume of 500 liters)

Development and production of reinforced thermo-plastic parts on a pilot scale (up to a shot weight of 15 kg)

Direct mixing and compounding of polymers and the required additives

Application laboratory for innovative injection mold-ing processes on a pilot scale (IMC, foaming, Skin-Form) and development of in-situ diagnostics

Assessment of material systems and process condi-tions vis-à-vis component characteristics

Fraunhofer Pilot Plant Center for Polymer Synthesis and Processing PAZ

»The pilot plant center merges modern polymer synthesis and processing technologies under a single roof to help businesses solve complex problems along the entire polymer value chain.«

The Fraunhofer Pilot Plant Center for Polymer Synthesis and Processing PAZ is a collabo-ration between the Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM and the Fraun-hofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP.

Director of Fraunhofer CSPDr. Jörg BagdahnPhone +49 345 5589-129joerg.bagdahn@ csp.fraunhofer.de

andProf. Dr. Gerhard P. WillekePhone +49 345 [email protected]

www.csp.fraunhofer.de

Development and optimization of silicon crystallization processes, their scalability, and the material properties relevant to photovoltaics

Characterization of the microstructure and composi-tion of photovoltaic materials

Methods of increasing yield in the industrial manufac-ture of solar cells

Development of coating techniques and thin-film technology for silicon photovoltaics

Reliability of electrical connections and integration of contacting in new module concepts

Reliability assessment of modules and individual components

Electrical material analysis and solar cell characteriza-tion

Improvement of the efficiency of solar cells by »photon management«

Fraunhofer Center for Silicon Photovoltaics CSP

»We at the Fraunhofer CSP carry out targeted research to supplement that of our parent institutes, focusing on strategi-cally important topics through-out the value chain from the efficient crystallization of solar silicon to issues concerning modules. We develop tech-niques and solutions that help solar companies and suppliers of raw materials to save time and money.«

The Fraunhofer Center for Silicon Photovoltaics CSP is a collaboration between the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE and the Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM.

Fraunhofer research centers with IWM participation

Fraunhofer IWM 9

Director of Fraunhofer PAZProf. Dr. Michael BartkePhone +49 3461 [email protected]

www.polymer-pilotanlagen.de

Core competencies of the Fraunhofer IWM

10 Fraunhofer IWM

Material and component characterization

Material characterization and determination of mechanical features

Component testing and damage analysis

Microstructural analysis and fault diagnostics in micro and nano systems

How is this competence applied?

Load limits are determined –

Components’ lifespan and operational safety –are assessed

Damage analyses are carried out and damage- –prevention solutions devised

We characterize materials and components in order to investigate their reactions to mechanical, thermo-mechanical and electro-mechanical loads and to recognize deformation and failure mecha-nisms.

Topics

Material characteristics are measured and as- –sessed on all size scales in connection with mi-crostructure and structure-altering production processes

Locally varying material properties are taken –into account during component testing

For micro-scale components, the structure and –behavior of materials are described down to atomic resolution

Fault characteristics and environmental influ- –ences are taken into account during component analysis

Ceramic rollers being qualified for use in wire pulling

Equipment

Fraunhofer IWM 11

to 2300 K and thin-film analysis facilityMobile diffractometer –Micro-diffractometer (lateral resolu- –tion of 50 µm)Drill-hole technique for depth- –resolved residual stress analysisDynamic differential calorimetry –(DSC, DTA)Temperature and heat conductivity –measurement (laser flash method)Hydrogen analyzer incl. age-harden- –ing ovenDensity and porosity measuring –facilitiesKarl Fischer titrator (hygrometry) –

Test facilities for microsystems and micro-electronic components

Pull and shear tester for joints –In-situ deformation facilities for –scanning and transmission electron microscopesMicro-optical force measuring station –with manipulation facilitiesTest rigs for strength and lifetime –predictionMicrosystem analyzer (MSA) for con- –tactless deformation and vibration analysisAutomatic electric measuring station –for measurements in the pico amp rangeBack side preparation –Wafer bond system with plasma acti- –vation

Techniques for heat treatment, thermo-physical characterization and analysis of welded joints

Heat-treatment and welding simula- –tion system (Gleeble 2000)Jominy test rig –Dilatometer up to 2000 °C –Laser flash apparatus –Differential scanning calorimeter –Differential thermal analysis –Nano, micro and macro hardness –testersRecording indentation tester up to –600 °CMobile hardness meter –

Machinery and plant for static, dynamic and cyclic testing under tensile, compressive, thrust, bending and internal pressure loads

Servo-hydraulic and electro-mechani- –cal testing machines for test forces of between 10 N and 8 MN with test chambers between 80 K and 2500 KHigh-speed tension-testing machines –up to 100 kN and withdrawal rates up to 20 m/sImpact testing machines between 1 J –and 750 JFalling-weight machines up to 7000 J –Fatigue-strength testing facilities –Internal-pressure testing facilities and –triaxial presses up to 7000 bar and 1000 KSpans for component testing –Solar module test stand –Creep laboratory –Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) –

Facilities for testing under the influ-ence of temperatures and media

Tube test rigs for long-term and in- –ternal-pressure tests up to 750 °C, with alternating-load facilities for superimposing axial tension and pressureExperimental rigs for thermo-me- –chanical fatigue up to 1800 °CExperimental rigs for thermo-me- –chanical fatigue of films and metal sheetsVacuum, climate and temperature –test chambersInductive heating systems –Corrosion test stands for aqueous –and gaseous mediaHydrogen determinator with an addi- –tional external furnaceHydrogen analyzer with tempering –chamberRotational rheometer –High-pressure capillary viscosimeter –Melt strength measuring system –Melt index meter –

Microscopic techniques for material characterization

Transmission electron microscope –(TEM 200 kV) with X-ray analysis sys-tem (Nanospot EDX)HR, LV and UHV scanning electron –microscopes (SEM) with combined energy and wavelength dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX, WDX) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analy-sisAnalytical scanning electron micro- –scope with EDX/EBSDEnvironmental scanning electron –microscope (ESEM)Light-optical microscopes –Atomic force microscopes (AFM) –Confocal microscope –Focused ion beam (FIB) system (single –beam)Focused ion beam systems with SEM –(dual-beam FIB) and combined EBSD and EDX analyticsFocused ion beam system with envi- –ronmental SEM and adapted cryo-genics2-D X-ray inspection system –IR thermographic camera with lock- –in systemUV/VIS spectrometer –Infrared spectrometer –Micro and macro hardness testers –(fully automatic and manual)Nano-indenter with tempering unit –

Techniques for structural, deforma-tion and residual stress analysis

Quantitative image analysis systems –High-speed and IR cameras –ARAMIS system for optical, three- –dimensional strain measurementSpeckle interferometer for contact- –less deformation and vibration analy-sisDual-beam laser extensometer for –contactless deformation measure-mentX-ray diffraction systems for tension –measurement, phase and texture analysis and particle-size determina-tion with high-temperature facility up

Core competencies of the Fraunhofer IWM

12 Fraunhofer IWM

Modeling of materials and simulation

Development and adaptation of material models

Numerical methods

Simulation of components and manufacturing processes

Material modeling and simulation help to repro-duce load scenarios and processes for existing or planned materials and components on the com-puter, and to develop and improve them for use in their intended applications.

How is this competence applied?

The deformation, damage and fracture behav- –ior of materials under a wide range of load types is described and predicted

The simulation of components yields informa- –tion on their safety, service life and optimization potential

The results of process simulations are incorpo- –rated in tool design and process management

Topics

Model-specific characteristics are measured –(design of experiments)

Different simulation methods are combined –

Elaborate tests are carried out in a »virtual –laboratory«

The properties of materials are predicted and –altered under a »virtual microscope«

Information on materials at the atomic, crystal- –line and component level is verified by multi-scale simulation in order to accurately assess components and manufacturing processes

Simulation of friction and wear processes on an atomic scale

Equipment

Fraunhofer IWM 13

HardwareLinux server farms and Linux clusters with 32-bit and 64-bit processors, par-allel computers based on IA64 with shared-memory multiprocessors (SMP), participation in Fraunhofer teraflop cluster at ITWM, Kaiserslautern

Software ABAQUS, ANSYS, MSC PATRAN/ –NASTRAN, MSC MARC, PAM-CRASH, PAMStamp, LS-Dyna, FEAP and SYSWELD software packages for finite element (FE) simulation of com-ponent behavior and manufacturing processes»Gvect« software for generating –FE models from grain orientation measurements made by the electron backscatter diffraction method (ANSYS and ABAQUS)»Fitit – ®« software for identifying parametersModels for statistical strength and –life-cycle description of silicon com-ponents»OpenFOAM« software for describ- –ing flow processes in tribologySoftware programs developed specif- –ically for applying the boundary ele-ment method (BEM): ATHENE, OREAS, algorithms for simulating micro-crack fieldsFE post-processing tools for damage –simulation and strength prediction in fiber composite laminates with drill holes and kerfs (ANSYS, PATRAN/NASTRAN)Programs for quantum mechanical –calculations and atomistic simula-tions of material properties: ab-initio density functional theory, semi- empirical tight-binding electron structure methods, molecular statis-tics and molecular dynamics methods with bond-order potentials and with classic multi-body force fields

Material modelsMaterial models based on atomistic, –micro-mechanical, phenomenological or statistical concepts for use in the software packagesDescription of ductile damage –Description of non-isotropic harden- –ing in metalsDescription of deformation and –failure of plasticsDescription of piezo effects –Description of wear processes –Lifetime prediction based on fatigue –in high-temperature materialsReplacement models for simulating –join connections (spot-welded, punch-riveted, laser-welded, adhe-sive and hybrid joints) under crash loadsCell models for factoring in the mor- –phology of multi-phase materialsModels for simulating manufacturing –processes: powder pouring, die pressing, drying, debinding, sinter-ing, rolling, forming, welding, sepa-ratingDescription of the ion transport in –porous electrodes: time scales for charging and discharging superca-pacitors, carbon-nanotube-actuators and Li-ion batteriesMesoparticle models for fluidic pro- –cesses in tribology and tape casting

Simulation of the crash behavior of spot welds

Core competencies of the Fraunhofer IWM

14 Fraunhofer IWM

Interface and surface technology

Surface layer evaluation und tribology

Coating and functionalization

Bio-surface and interface analysis

Development of forming and separation processes

How is this competence applied?

Customized coating solutions and processes are –developed for highly stressed components

Interfaces and surfaces are evaluated using the –latest analyzing techniques

Low-damage separation techniques and –strength-enhancing shot-peening processes are developed for brittle materials

Topics

The development of coatings is supported by –simulations of film growth, tribological contacts and adhesion phenomena

Surface characteristics such as friction, optics, –moistness, conductivity, topography and adhe-sion are adjusted

The reciprocity of animate and inanimate mate- –rial is analyzed and influenced

Interface and surface technology is used to identify loads affecting the surfaces of compo-nents, and to modify these surfaces for better functionality and performance.

Atomic force microscopy image of a tribo-logically stressed aluminum cylinder bore

Equipment

Fraunhofer IWM 15

Systems for coating and surface technology

Plasma CVD coating systems (CCP/ –ICP)Sputtering systems –DC triode coating system –DC pulse coating system –High-frequency magnetron bias coat- –ing systemIon-beam coating system –Ion-beam-assisted, electron-beam –vaporization systemPVD coating systems –Multi-source coating system –Vaporization/sputtering systems –Flame spraying facility –Plasma etching system –Wet-chemical coating systems –(spin coating, knife coating)Ion etching system for sample prepa- –ration and surface processingClass 1000 clean room –

Surface analysis facilitiesLight-optical microscope –Atomic force microscopes (AFM) –Confocal microscope –Laser-scanning microscope –Confocal Raman microscope, micro- –Raman spectrometerAnalytical scanning electron micro- –scope with EDX/EBSDDigital microscope –Focused ion beam systems –Time-of-flight secondary ion mass –spectrometer (TOF-SIMS)UV/VIS spectrometer –Infrared spectrometer –Glow discharge optical emission –spectrometer (GDOES)X-ray and interferometric residual –stress metersWhite-light interferometer –Contact angle goniometer –

Techniques for surface and hardness testing

Micro and macro hardness testers –(fully automatic and manual)Nano-indenter with tempering unit –Recording indentation tester up to –600 °CEquotip rebound hardness tester –Roughness measurement device –Profilometer –

Techniques for wear analysis and tribological characterization

Pin-on-disk testers –Rolling and sliding abrasion test rigs –Ball-bearing test rig –High-speed rotary seal test rig –Micro-tribometer –Wear measuring facility with radio –nuclide technology for extremely low wear rates (1-5 nm/h)Friction and wear measuring facilities –Scanning scratch test –Roughness measuring facility –

Systems for forming and separating glass

Blank pressing system for precision –optical components made of inor-ganic glassPressing systems for hot embossing –Laser cutting system for thermal sep- –aration

Special techniquesPrecision turning and milling ma- –chinesShot-peening systems for strength- –ening and structuring surfacesElectrostatic spinning facility –

Aluminum oxide mem-brane colonized with cells

1 µm

Freiburg branchWöhlerstrasse 1179108 Freiburg, GermanyPhone +49 761 5142-0Fax +49 761 5142-110

[email protected]

The work of the Fraunhofer IWM complies with a quality management system certified to ISO 9001:2000.(Certificate D07/2316/3361)

Institute director and spokesman for the directorate Prof. Dr. Peter GumbschPhone +49 761 [email protected]

Director of Freiburg branchDr. Thomas HollsteinPhone +49 761 [email protected]

Institute director and director ofHalle branchProf. Dr. Ralf B. WehrspohnPhone +49 345 [email protected]

Deputy director of Halle branchProf. Dr. Matthias PetzoldPhone +49 345 [email protected]

Marketing, public relationsFreiburgThomas GötzPhone +49 761 [email protected]

HalleJasmine Ait-DjoudiPhone +49 345 [email protected]

Halle branchWalter-Hülse-Strasse 106120 Halle, GermanyTelefon +49 345 5589-0Fax +49 345 5589-101

[email protected]

Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM Freiburg and Halle

www.iwm.fraunhofer.de